UNIVERSITY OF STO TOMAS

AMV College of Accountancy

MANUEL ROXAS
Philippine History

Bagnes, Abigail M.
Barquin, Karyl Faye S.
Bicera, Ma. Yvonne Victoria C.
Cabading, Sylvia Naomi F.
Calderon, Sophia Amica S.

Prof. Emelita P. Samala

I. INTRODUCTION
The state of the Philippines during the time of the Americans was a division. There were
divisions when it came to the government, the people running the government and a lot more.
This is the era with which came Manuel Roxas. He was a very important man during this time
and he is who this paper is all about.
In this paper we will talk about Manual Roxas; his life story before being part of the
government and his life during the American occupation in the Philippines. We will mention
his life before he became the President of the country and the achievements he had during this
time. We will discuss his presidency and the crises and controversies, the projects he proposed
and the way he handled the stresses of being the head of the country, Values are very important
for people of our generation so we have also added the morals we can learn from Manuel
Roxas.

II. BODY
A. BIOGRAPHY
Manuel Acua Roxas was born in Capiz,
Philippines on January 1, 1982. His father, Gerardo
Arroyo Roxas died before he was born. He studied in
the Univeristy of the Philippines and graduated in
the College of Law in 1914 and was the Bar
topnotcher. In the year of 1917, he began his
political career as a member of the municipal
council of Capiz, which was renamed in his honor,

to Rosario Acua Roxas, where he was the governor for the years 1919 to 1921, and was then
elected to the Philippine House of Representatives as Speaker of the House and a member of the
Council of State. He was married to Trinidad de Leon, and had two children, Maria Rosario and
Gerardo Manuel, who soon became a member of the Philippine House of Representatives and a
leader of Liberal Party.
Roxas became a member of the unicameral National Assembly after the Commonwealth
of the Philippines was established in 1935, where he served as the Secretary of Finance in
President Manuel L. Quezons cabinet during the years 1938 to 1941. In 1941, after the
amendments to the 1935 Philippine Constitution were approved, he was elected in the
Philippine Senate, but with the outbreak of World War II he was unable to serve.
During World War II, Roxas was made as the liaison officer between the
Commonwealth government and the United States Army Forces in the headquarters of General
Douglas MacArthur. He accompanied President Quezon to Corregidor where he supervised
Philippine currency to avoid the Japanese in capturing it. After President Quezon left
Corregidor, Roxas went to Mindanao to direct residence there, and with Quezons departure,
Roxas was considered the Executive Secretary, and designated as successor to presidency in
case the President, or the Vice-President, Sergio Osmea were captured or killed. In the year of
1942, Roxas was captured by the Japanese and was brought to Manila, where he signed the
Constitution by the Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic. He was able to escape to an Allied
territory during 1944, where American forces arrested him, thinking that he was a Japanese
collaborator, but was soon cleared by General Douglas MacArthur, who reinstated him as an
officer of the United States Armed Forces, which resuscitated his political career.

In 1945, the Congress

of the Philippines was
convened, with the legislators
of 1941 choosing Roxas as
Senate President. He ran for
presidency of the liberal wing
of the Nacionalista Party, in
the Philippine National
Elections of 1946, where his
opponent was Sergio Osmea. With the support of General MacArthur, Roxas won 54% of the
vote in the April 23, 1946 election, and the Liberal Party won the majority in the legislature. He
became first president of the new republic, after the United States recognized Philippine
Independence on the 4th of July 1946. In April 15, 1948, President Roxas suffered a fatal heart
attack after delivering a speech at Clark Air Base in Angeles, Pampanga, which caused his death
that abruptly, ended his presidency, and was then succeeded by his vice-president, Elpidio
Quirino.

B. BEFORE PRESIDENCY
Before Manuel Roxas became the Fifth president of our country, he was first a lawyer
and then became a provincial governor of Capiz in the days of the Commonwealth and was
later elected to sit at the House of Representatives. On his first term he became Speaker for the
Body and a member of the Council of State.

He was also a member of numerous government missions wherein he contributed to the laying
of the foundations of Philippine Independence. Some of these are being the Chairman of

Bigasang Bayan, the Chairman for the National Economic Council, Secretary to the President,
and Secretary of Finance.
Roxas and, the then President of the Senate, Manuel Quezon, were not afraid of the
Americans when it came to protests. They were joined by Sergio Osmena to Washington D.C.
for the Philippine Independence Mission. There they influenced the passage of the HareHawes-Cutting Act. He was stopped by Manuel Quezon because Quezon then believed that this
could compromise the future Independence of the Philippines. This then divided the

Nationalista Party. In 1934, Roxas was part of the convention that revised the Philippine
Independence and Commonwealth Act.
During the WWII, Roxas was part of Jose Laurels pro-Japanese government. He helped
the Japanese by acquiring rice for the Japanese army. Despite these he still helped his fellow
Filipinos whenever he can. After the war, the collaborators were tried but Roxas was defended
by his friend, Douglas MacArthur.
After all the wars, Roxas was elected Senate President. During his time as Senate
President he showed greatness in statesmanship and intelligence. He was also given the
nickname Master of Economics. He was also one of the seven wise men who made the
Constitutional Convention.

C. CONTRIBUTIONS OF MANUEL ROXAS TO THE COUNTRY

As the third republic of the Philippines began, Manuel Roxas was left with a povertystricken country to govern. There was economic recession due to the WW2's aftermath,

especially in Manila. Production rates of goods diminished because farms and factories were
wrecked by the war. Many citizens and soldiers were obliterated. Transportation system was
down because the war ravaged numerous roads and bridges through bomb explosions. 80% of
the buildings destroyed were school buildings, resulting to a weakened educational system.
Along with all these were the catapulting unemployment and crime rates, and the continuous
meddling of the Americans in the Philippine government. With the presence of an unstable
state, the responsibility of rehabilitating and reconstructing it befalls into the hands of the first
president of the Third Republic or the 5th president of the Philippines, Manuel Acua Roxas.
As stated earlier, Manuel Roxas was faced with a severely damaged country occupied by
traumatized people who hunger for a change in lifestyle. When he became president, the
majority of his contributions were dedicated to the rehabilitation of the current state of the
Philippines. He promulgated laws such as the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and the Bell Trade
Act more commonly known as the Philippine Trade Act. These were some of the programs he
established to help revitalize the nation and its economy.
However, during his term, there was still an existing connection between the Philippine
and American government. Although the Philippines was already an independent country at
that time, the President continued to request for financial aid from the United States to establish
and support the laws and programs he created. In return to the aid, the US government
demanded access to the Philippines' natural resources and requested that the Philippines
remain as a US military base.
Despite the destitute image that the Philippines has obtained from asking help from a
past colonizer, the financial assistance that the USA has allotted for the Philippines was of great
help in improving the nation. Many infrastructures were reconstructed, farms were under

maintenance and the educational system started to recover. These marked the gradual increase
in the economy.
Lastly, the term of Manuel Roxas also involved the declaration of amnesty among those who
were arrested for collaborating with the Japanese during the World Was 2, leaving aside those
who had committed serious and violent crimes who were to be punished.
These were the famous contributions of the Roxas administration to the Philippines.

D. LAWS AND PROGRAMS

In 1946, the US congress offered 800 million dollars as rehabilitation money in
exchange for the ratification of the Bell Trade Act. It was passed by the US congress specifying
the condition of the Philippine economy governing the independence of the Philippines from
the Americans. A system of preferential tariffs was implemented which discouraged
government officials to control the countrys import-export market. The Philippine peso
followed the US dollar currency. Aggravating the Filipino citizens, U.S. citizens and
corporations were granted equal access to the natural resources of the country. Many
nationalists were not in favor of the bell trade act because it was a curtailment of Philippine
sovereignty, virtual nullification of Philippine independence as said by former president Sergio
Osmena.
Roxas supported the acceptance of two important laws passed by the Congress of the
United States to the Philippines. These laws were The Philippine Rehabilitation Act and the
Philippine Trade Act (Bell Trade Act).
On August 5, 1946, the Treaty of General Relations was ratified between the Philippines and
the US. It recognized Philippine independence as of July 4, 1946 and relinquished American

sovereignty over the Philippine Islands. The establishment of US bases was also included in this
treaty. On March 14, 1947, the Treaty of General Relations was signed.
On September 7, 1946, Manuel Roxas granted a General Amnesty to guerrillas who were
imprisoned during World War 2. On January 28, 1948, General Amnesty was given to all
those arrested for conniving with Japan. An earlier amnesty hindered Roxas because of his fear
that the Americans might stop rendering financial assistance to the country.
On January 1, 1947 under the Bell Trade Act, the Parity Amendment was introduced. It
gave American citizens and corporations equal rights to Filipinos to utilize natural resources
and operate public utilities. On March 11, 1947, it was ratified in a national plebiscite.

BENEFICIARIES OF THE LAWS AND PROGRAMS

The Treaty of General Relations was both beneficial for both countries (America and
Philippines). It is an advantage for the Philippines because their independence was recognized
and the Americans surrendered their rule over the country. When it was ratified in 1947,
the Military Bases Agreement became advantageous to the Americans because it allowed them
to have US military bases in the country. 23 of those bases were leased for 99 years which
means that they can leave the Philippine soil only by 2045.
General Amnesty was beneficial for the people who were caught conniving with Japan
during World War II. Guerillas and people who served in key positions during the Japanese
occupation may be reinstated in the government like Jose P. Laurel who was the president
during the Japanese occupation.
The Bell trade act (the inclusion of the Parity Amendment in the constitution and the
signing of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement) was dominantly an advantage for the American

citizens and businesses. As mentioned, they were given equal rights as Filipinos to exploit the
countrys natural resources. There was a great interference by the US government to the
management of the economy of the Philippines. Roxas was highly criticized by nationalists for
the ratification for this act.

HOLES AND SHORTCOMINGS OF THE LAWS

Manuel Roxas failed to speculate the consequences of his decisions manipulated by
American government officials. In the Bell Trade Act, conflicting interests were compromised.
Policies under this act, as reiterated were mostly beneficial for America than for the Philippines.
For 800 million dollars, the Philippines resources could already by exploited by US citizens
and business; their economy will also be closely tied to the United States economy. Roxas did
not consider the real cost of signing this Philippine Trade Act. Although rehabilitation money
was important to revive the country, the preservation of whats left in the country was more
vital to the Filipinos. The Military Bases Agreement was also one of the flawed policies because
it gave the Americans military control in the Philippines. Because of this, there is still no
absolute freedom for the Filipinos. The country was again put at stake because of his reckless
westernized decisions. Although his policies were made to remedy the countrys post war state,
there were motives and controversies surrounding his decisions.

E. PROBLEMS, CRISES AND CONTROVERSIES

Since the country was worn out by the war, the economy was struggling because of low
productivity development and high unemployment rates. Harvest and yield became low
because farms and factories were damaged. Production of rice, sugar, coconuts, abaca, coconut

oil, cigars, tobacco, gold and chrome, manganese and lumber and other source of revenue were
put to a halt because of the destruction of manufacturing facilities. Thus, food shortage occurs
and there is a widespread hunger in the country. Because businesses were closing, number of
jobs available for people is decreasing rapidly. Unemployment rates were rising at a fast pace.
Education also severely weakened. School buildings and instruments to teach children were
destroyed and some teachers were killed during the war. Problems were enumerated at the
same time as President Roxas oath taking was held near what was left of the Philippine
legislative building on P. Burgos street.
Our problems are great and difficult.
Yet look about you, my fellow citizens. The tragic evidence of recent history
stares at us from the broken ruins of our cities and the wasting acres of our soil.
Beneath the surface of our daily strivings lie deep wounds of war and economic
prostration. The toppled columns of the Legislative building before which we stand are
mute and weeping symbols of the land we have inherited from war.
There is hunger among us. In the mountain provinces and in other far-flung
areas of our land children starve. Prices race with wages in the destructive elevators of
inflation. The black market with all its attendant evils of disrespect for law and public
morality thrives in the channels of commerce
Plagues of rats and locusts gnaw at our food supplies. Public health and
sanitation have been set back a quarter of a century.
Housing for most of our urban citizens is shocking in its inadequacy and
squalor. Disease and epidemic threaten, and we have to thank Divine Providence that
the death toll is still relatively small.

Our communications are destroyed, stolen or disrupted, and many of our

countrymen are still today cut off from the main currents of national life. Schools have
been burned and teachers have been killed, our educational system is in large measure
of shambles.
But our aim is not alone to rebuild the economy that was broken and destroyed by
war. That is only the beginning of our task, stupendous as it is. We must feed the hungry
and heal the sick and disabled. We must wage war against inflation and unemployment.
That is the obvious foundation stone of national rehabilitation.
Also, after trying to fix the long list of the national problems, graft and corruption
sprung and did not stop in the government. Scandals such as the surplus war property scandal,
school supplies scandal and Chinese immigration scandals emerged during his time.
In the government sector, there were too many interference by the American
government. Policies done by Roxas were highly influenced by US officials. These policies
mostly benefited the welfare of their country. He was pressured even by the foreign
conquerorsthe Americans as his speech below implies. Also, an implied hint of utang na
loob may have sprung in Roxas mind after the promised assistance of American capital for the
development of our resources, which looks necessary for him to support them back whenever
they need it.
Realizing the need of the Philippines for the promotion of productive and other
economic enterprises as soon as possible, I shall welcome the assistance of American
capital for the development of our resources. My administration will maintain stable
political and economic conditions to safeguard investments. I believe that the
reconstruction of the Philippine economy, so urgently necessary in order to provide

employment to millions of our people and to raise their standards of living, can only be
more rapidly accomplished in this manner. I am confident that American capital jointly
with Filipino capital will find attractive opportunities in the Philippines.
Our problems are great and difficult. Our time is short. The Philippine
experiment is of tremendous importance to the fate of nations struggling for freedom. It
must not fail. America cannot afford to allow it to fail. I appeal for American
understanding of our difficulties and for the willing and sustained cooperation of the
American Government.
Because of the existing Western influences allowed by the former president, the
HUKBALAHAP movement still created immense riot and commotion in the country. Roxas
attempts to destroy the HUKBALAHAP created a negative notion to the masses. The people
believed that he was not able to manage the Huks and failed to halt the movement.
Although Roxas was successful in his objective to obtain rehabilitation funds from
America to repair what has been destroyed in the Philippines, he was still criticized for his
subjective decisions concerning policies executed in the country. Also, negative impression of
other people around has been nagging him but still he doesnt want to have issues with it. One
of these people is Tomas Confesor, the guerrilla leader and former Secretary of the Interior in
Osmeas cabinet. The situation below will describe how this person stubbornly refused the
request of the president, weeks before the proclamation of independence:
Some two weeks before the arrival of our foreign visitors, the Manila Hotel
management announced that all civilian guests had to vacate their rooms one or two
days before July 4th in order that the hotel might be able to accommodate the
distinguished representatives from aboard who were coming to Manila for the

inauguration of our Republic. With one single exception, all the Filipino and American
civilians who were then living in the hotel gladly left the premises and did their best to
find temporary quarters elsewhere. The lone exception was Tomas Confesor, the
guerrilla leader and former Secretary of the Interior in Osmeas cabinet. He stubbornly
refused to vacate his room and dared anyone to put him out, announcing that he would
meet force with force. Rather than make an issue of it the hotel management left him
where he was.
One, criticism in Roxas administration is his solidarity with the Americans. He was too
close to them to the point that he allowed US military bases in the country (23 were leased for
99 years), permitted trade restrictions for Filipinos and gave special privileges for US property
owners and investors. Three of the known justifications of his strong camaraderie will be
described below. First of these justifications is that Americans use their influence to change the
date for Philippine Independence and pattern it to their own celebration of independence.
When the original draft of the Hawes-Cutting Independence Bill was being
prepared in Washington way back in 1930, Roxas suggested that the date for the
inauguration of the Philippine Republic should be either December 30th, namely, Rizals
death anniversary, or January 1st i.e., New Years Day. Weather conditions in the
Philippines during the first and last months of the year are usually excellent and Roxas
believed it would be very advantageous to always have good weather on such an
important anniversary. But every American senator and congressman who had
anything whatsoever to do with the Independence Bill insisted that the date should be
July 4th. They argued that it would be most appropriate to have the American sponsored
Philippine Republic celebrate its independence day on the same date that the American

people commemorate their freedom. Undoubtedly there was a great deal to be said of
this idea, especially from the viewpoint of the world publicity. Roxas did not press his
point any further and so the date of July 4th was inserted in the bill.
From this point, there may be some causes that can be implied. First is that there is a
strong connection between Roxas and the American, next, he just doesnt want to fight a
powerful country and lastly, it is already his trait way before.
Second justification is giving our full support in terms of military defense to America
even though our countrys force is not that strong.
We will be as wholehearted as any nation in our devotion to the ideals of an
indivisible peace and an indivisible world. We will maintain with all our strength and
all our power our obligations to the United Nations, and to the causes set forth in the
United Nations charter to which we are a signatory. In the same way we will maintain
friendly and honorable relations with all our neighbors and look forward to the day
when peace and security will be maintained by mutual consent and by the collective
conscience of mankind, Roxas said.
The President then discussed the problem that had arisen as a result of Soviet
aggression and of our need to align ourselves with the country who has proved to be
our friend for so many years. He felt that we could not adopt a fence sitting policy but
that we must contribute what we could to help maintain the worlds freedom.
Also, this is one of our problems, we lack military defense for our own country but
Roxas generously give his hand to other country. He put aside the security for his own
countrys safety.

Lastly, preparing and making the best efforts to welcome the foreign visitors
Americans, he again set aside the own need of his people for a better place for the visitors. It is
a kind thing for him to do but he must put into mind that Americans wanted to help us because
were in need and he must show it that the Philippines is just starting to grow and cannot
afford such sacrifice of wealth to Manila Hotel.
Two or three days prior to the inauguration of or Republic, distinguished visitors
from the United States began arriving in Manila. Many other countries also sent their
emissaries and representatives including several Ambassadors and foreign ministers.
Housing facilities at that time were extremely inadequate here. The only hotel that
could offer anything decent was the Manila Hotel, but even that government hostelry
only had the barest essentials. There was not even enough paint available in the country
to paint the interior of this building. Thus the foreign dignatories found that they were
being accommodated in rooms that still bore the scars of war, that their only source of
illumination was an electric bulb dangling from a cord, and that a simple iron bed or an
army coot, a couple of chairs and unvarnished table constituted the only pieces of
furniture inside their chambers.
Based on the description of the Manila Hotel, it is not as fancy as other
international hotel. It needs renovation. If it is offered to serve as temporary shelter of
the visitors, it must look like as good as their home.
Roxas action caused his citizens to feel like he surrendered the countrys freedom to the
Americans because of some revisions in the Philippine constitution that looked like that more
Americans than Filipinos will benefit from its new form. The new law gave parity rights to the
Americans in exchange for rehabilitation money to fix the country. People were aggravated

because most of his policies were dictated by General Mac Arthur and Commissioner Paul
McNutt. Because of this, they were furious at Roxas to the point that there were plans of
assassinating him. Fortunately for the former president, he escaped an attempted murder by a
Tondo barber, Julio Guillen, who threw a grenade on the platform at Plaza Miranda after the
President addressed the rally of citizens.
Roxas problems did not stop there. He was impaired by his illness caused by lack of
sleep, incomplete meals and too much stress in his governing country. After about two years of
reigning, he dedicates himself to the country together with all of his efforts and time to the
pursuit of independence but sadly his body gave up on him because of heart attack worsened
by his later lifestyle.
Even though he did not finish his four-year term, Roxas did his best as a great leader
and keep his calm towards the peoples look of him. He tried his ablest to keep up with the
overwhelming and fast-paced situation faced by the Philippines after the damage of war to
independence of the country. It is a great leap of faith and stress to handle for him or for any
president during that time and some of them may not be able to overcome it.

III. VALUES LEARNED

Although Manuel Roxas may have done a few projects that contributed to the
restoration of the country, it was quite visible that his leadership skills are not very effective. It
takes a lot of courage to become an effective leader, in which we believe, Roxas lacked. In his
term, he feared that the support of Americans in our government would be lost, therefore
causing a greater decline on the country's economy. As a result, he chose to rely on the money
that the US government provides for us, however, compromising the wholeness of our freedom

that the Filipinos worked very hard for. Nevertheless, it must also be taken into account that he
had good intentions and plans, but were poorly executed.
From the presidential term of Manuel Roxas, we can obtain several values that he enacted as
a leader of the country. Some of these are the sense of responsibility, overall concern for the
country and its citizens, and wisdom.
First of all, he possessed a sense of responsibility because he was able to establish a
number of laws and programs that helped in the betterment of the country. He was very
committed to his position and was not focused on the money and power that he was to attain
upon his appointment as president. Also, he was able to manage a slight recovery on the
situation of the Philippines in spite of the ruins caused by the World War II.
Secondly, he had an overall concern for the country and its citizens which can be
observed from his Inaugural Speech. In his address, he stated that his aim was not only to
rebuild, repair and replace the destroyed infrastructures and declining economy, but also to
tend to the needs of those who have been affected by the war; the sick and disabled, the
orphans and those who are financially challenged.
Thirdly, Manuel Roxas showed resilience in his decisions. He had to carry the
responsibility of being President to a government that was in a state of recovery. Difficult as it
may seem he made sure that most of his decisions had mostly positive effects on the country for
the country could not afford to have more issues than it already has. He had to be flexible in
the changing times.
(Fourthly)Despite being resilient the former president was a man who could stand his
ground. There were a lot of unpopular opinion on how he would run the government but he

cast these critiques aside so that he could focus on the well-being, improvement and
development of the country.
Fifthly, Roxas is a family man. He gives his little free time to spend it with his daughter,
Ruby in Baguio for relaxing. Based on Lichaucos book, spending his time with his daughter is
the only rest time he had for there are a lot of meetings, conventions and etc. that Roxas needed
to attend.
Sixthly, Manuel Roxas respect his parents. According again to Lichaucos book, Roxas
lived with the principle imparted by his mother Kung ano ang iyong itinanim siya ang iyong
aanihin. This justifies that he works hard for the reach the goodness of his people. He kept that
principle as he entered and leave politics.
Lastly, he is, for us, a wise man, because despite the inconvenience that the war has
brought to usthe lack of resources and financial supporthe was still able to formulate a
solution to one of the main problems. Although his solution was not much favored by the
people, it cannot be denied that his projects improved the status of the country.
We have learned in studying his presidential term that an effective leader must possess
a sense of responsibility, courage, wisdom, but most of all, honesty, as we say that honesty is the
best policy. He who is not honest cannot become a good leader because he is bound to end up
in committing evil deeds such as corruption and the like, thus, resulting to the foundation of an
uncivilized society.

IV. CONCLUSION
Manuel Roxas is the first president of the third republic and he was left with the ruins
of everything above the ground after the war. Production reduced, education destroyed,

unemployment rate increased, interference from America heightened, and the HUKBALAHAP
movement intensified. It was the downfall of the economy for the Philippines but Roxas did not
let his hopes shattered and be buried to the ground but instead he tried to be a responsible
president, a leader. Even though the Philippine aim is to be independent, he tried to stand alone
for his country but his sovereign is weak and devastated so he asked for help to the Americans.
Since the state of the country is still feeble, his inauguration speech focused on the
rehabilitation of the country. In exchange for 800 million dollars of rehabilitation fund, the
Bell Trade Act or the Philippine Trade Act was signed. Along with that policy, others like the
General Amnesty and Military Bases Agreement was executed. Most policies were manipulated
by American government officials who made the policies more beneficial to the American
citizens. Issues like the Bell Trade Act were highly criticized by people because it allowed
Americans to exploit the Philippines natural resources. The countrymen felt they were cheated
because that right should have been exclusive to Filipino citizens. People tried to kill Roxas but
luckily he was not hurt.
To look it in to different perspective, Roxas dedicated his life to try to satisfy the needs of
his people even though it means to sacrifice his health and his time as a normal living person
with his family. Roxas died because heart attack and worsened by his lack of his sleep and
skipping meals.
Roxas left a legacy to his people for he is a truly dedicated person with good intention of
rehabilitating the country and he put the legit independence in his time that we are now
enjoying.

V. REFERENCES
Arce, M., Domingo, K., Garcia M., Nisperos, B., Tan, L., & Uy, K. (n.d.). Philippine Presidents

Welcome to KASPIL2 Blooms Site!. Retrieved from

http://bloomspresidents.wordpress.com/manuel-a-roxas/
Lichauco, M. P. (1952). Roxas: the story of a great Filipino and of the political era in which he

lived. Manila, Philippines: Kiko Printing Press.

Manuel Roxas. (n.d.). Retrieved from Senate of the Philippines (16th Congress):
https://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/senpres/roxas.asp

Manuel Roxas. (n.d.). Retrieved from Republic of the Philippines: Presidential Museum and
Library: http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/third-republic/manuel-roxas/

Manuel Roxas. (n.d.). Retrieved from Encyclopaedia Britannica:

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/511166/Manuel-Roxas
(n.a.). (2013), Presidents of the Philippines and their Achievements and Contributions.
Presidents of the Philippines and their Contributions. Retrieved from
http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-theirAchievements-and-Contributions