Phase of National Movement

I. Moderate Phase (1885-1905)

II. Extremist Phase (1905-1919)
III. Gandhian Phase (1919-1947)
IV. Socialist Phase (1928-1947)
V. Revolutionary Phase (1899-1947)
MODERATE PHAASE
Petition
Protest
Prayer
NATURE & CHARACTER
1. Liberal in Character
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

: Liberty of Indians,
___________
: Progressive - Inspired by the vision of new India.
:
: Demanded Demo (Reforms & changes)
:

Progressive
Egalitarian
Democratic
Non-violent
Constitutionalist
Urban in character
Elitist (came from upper middle class)
Westernized in outlook.
Believe in British sense of justice & fairness
Efficacy of British rule
Non-sectarian
Secular
Anti-colonial
Economic Critique
Partially successful

1886 - Public Service Commission established.

1891 - Age of consent.
1892 - Simultaneous commencement of civil services in British & India.
Modes Phases of In Nationalist Movement
1.

2.

Formation of Congress in Dec. 1885 mark the beginning of new phase in

the history of modern India. The Congress was the symbol of the coming
of age of Indian (NM) and the Indian National movement commenced as a
result of foundation of congress.
Beginning in 1885 till the attainment of Independence in 1947 the INM
under sent a no. of ideological transformation. Difference ideologies such
as the moderate ideology, the extremist ideology Gandhian ideology, and
socialist ideology guided & dominated the Anti-British. Struggle one after
the other.

I)

Moderate Phase of INM:

i)

Nature & Character:

1)

Modern Phase of INM was characterized by a liberal outlook:

The moderates demanded liberal reforms. They believed in
the efficacy of evolution and had no revolutionary agenda.
Moderate stood for the liberty of Indians from the clutches of politician
administration and socio- economic quits.

2) Moderates were progressive i n their outlook:

They were inspired by the vision of brighter future.

They always supported the progressive initiatives of the Govt.

3)

Motives were egalitarian in outlook.:

They believe in equality of mankind.
They demanded that the in must be treated at par with the
British citizens.
They were against any kind of discrimination among in Indian and the
British citizens.

4)

Pre-dominance of the democratic outlook was another important feature of

moderate (NM):
The moderate were inspired by the vision of democratic.
They were in favour of greater representation of Indian in legislative
bodies.
Expansion
&
grater
empowerment
of
legislative
council.
Grater Association of Indian with the administration & the gradual
transfer of India responsibility into Indian hands were some of the
prominent democratic reforms of moderate.

5)

Moderate believed in the efficacy of non-violent method. They never used

or encouraged any violent practice. They were completely peaceful in their
outlook.

6)

Moderates were constitutionalist in their character.

They realized on constitutional methods of agitations.
Petition & Prayers memorandums of news of newspaper. Pamphlet
& journals and the raising of issue in legislative council were some of the
main methods adopted by the moderates.

7)

8)

Most of the moderate leaders were western educated. They were

westernized in their outlook. They were convinced about the efficacy of
western practices and had faith in western institutions.
Moderates were urban in character. They were largely from big cities.

9)

In terms of the social backgrounds the Moderate were elitist

Upper middle class and upper class dominated the NM during moderate
phase.
Participation of common masses was absent.
Modernists believed in the efficacy of British rule. They were commenced
that the British rule was good for Indian.
Moderate of the opinion that British rule must continue instead of
weakening it they work of strengthen it.
Moderates had firm belief in the British sense of justice & fairness.
These leaders were convinced that British were good people and British
Government was genuinely interested in the progress and up-liftment of
Indian masses.
They were of the opinion that if something was wrong in Indian. It was
primarily because of the limitation of bureaucracy.
10) The moderate had no faith in the efficacy of mass moment. They failed to
envision of any role of masses in nationalist activities.

They were of the opinion that common public can make no contribution
to the process of programme of India as nation & and task had to
be solicited by intelligent _______________

11) Moderate were secular in outlook. Followers of all the faith had
participated in nationalist activities during this phase.
Indian four president of INC were from for different faiths.
12) Moderate phase of national movement was non sectarian in outlook.
Moderate raised only national issue.
The class issue concerning any specific group were deliberately avoided
to maintain unity among diverse interest group in India.
13) Moderate were anti-colonial rule in character.

They were against the ongoing exploitation of Indian resources being

carried out for the benefit of British.

They condemned this colonial rule responsible for the poverty hunger
and famines prevailing in India.
Moderate failed to understand that British rule was essentially colonial.
They were under the impression that bureaucracy was respective for the
suffering of masses.
14) Economic critique of British rule was the main identity of moderate.
They had analyzed the impact of British rule on every dimension of human
life main focus was on the analysis of eco impact.
Dada Bhai Naroji put forward Drain theory leaders like M G Ranade & R C
Dutt had also contributed to the analysis of eco impact of British rule.

British rule had held resp. for poverty, hunger, unemployment and deindustrialization in India.
It was empowering that the drain of wealth did not allow the formation of
capital req. for the emergence of new India.
The re-occurring famines resulting in the death of millions of people also
considered
to
be
an inevitable outcome
of
the
ongoing
colonial exploitation.
Moderate had failed to built sufficient pressure on British rule but is must
be emp. that they were not complete failure.

Critical examination of the Achievements of Moderates

1. Moderate were the true nationalists- They were truly concerned the
sufferings of their fellow Indians.
2. Moderate had constantly demanded the greater Indianization of
administration, simultaneous holding of CSE in India. Reduction in military
expenditure,
increase
in
the
expenditure
of
developmental activities, separation of executives and
judicial
administration at district level, expansion and greater empowerment of
legislative council, direct election for the assemblies.
3. Moderate raised the nationalist demand continuously but they could have
only limited impact on the British rule.

Their policies of petition & prayers were not taken seriously by British.
After they were treated with contempt. But these moderates did not lose
heart they were aware of the fact that they were dis-timed to do the spade
work and to burring themselves as the foundation stone for the
construction.

In spite of the continuous neglect and insults hurled on them. Moderate

contd. to work hard to create a new India.

4. The efforts of moderates had resulted in no of significant achievements as

well.
In 1886, public service commission was established.
In 1891, age of consent Act was enacted to fight against the evils of child
marriage. (Age from 10 to 12)
in 1892, Indian council Act was enacted to expand and empower the
legislative council.
A resolution was introduced in the British house of common at their
behest in 1893 to demand the simultaneous holding of Civil Service
Examination (CSE) in India along with Landon.
In 1885 Welby commission was appointed at the demand of moderates
to suggest measures for better management of in expenditure.

The economy critique put forward by the moderate was their greatest
contribution because it had exposed the true exploitive character of
British rules and it had opened the eyes of younger nationalist who had
no faith in the efficacy of British rule in India.

INC was founded in Dec. 1885

For the Ist few years the British Government followed the policy of wait
& watch towards INC.
They were under the impression that INC would limit its activities to the
socio well matters.
Govt. was accepting congress to work as a safety value for British India
because of this the congress was neither supported nor attacked for Ist
few years.

2)

In Dec. 1886, Annual session of INC held in Calcutta Governor General

Lord Duffrin hosted a dinner party for the delegates of congress but he
conscious not to address them as member of INC. He called them as
distinguished visitors of city.

3)

4)

In 1867 (Dec.,) the annual session of INC was held in Madras

when the leaders of INC would not find a proper venue to hold a session
governor of Madras assisted them in arranging the place.
By Dec. 1887 Nationalist character of congress had clearly __________
in open.

In Madras session the British role was held resp. for Indian poverty and
other problems being faced by the masses.
Ones the nationalist character of INC one act in open the British started
condemning it.

5) In 1888 Governor Gen. Lord Guffno termed congress as a body

representing a nuoroscopic minority.
Leaders of INC were condemned as selfish babus who respsented noone but themselves.
6)

In 1895, Sec. of state Lord Hamiltor condemned INC as an anti state

body.
Lord Elgin II condemned congress in 1897. He empower that India was
congress with sword & shall be with sword only.

7)
While condemning INC 1905, Lord Curzin commented that congress is
totaling to its downfall and my greatest desire which being in India is to see
its peaceful demised.

8)

The British government engineered Surat Split in Dec. 1907 to destroy

congress.

Basic weakness of moderate

1)
2)
3)

Failed to understand the true character of British rule. They could not see
that the British rule was essentially colonial.
Moderate could not envision any role of masses.
Moderate were too acefist and because of that there demand was not
taken seriously by Britisher.

Social composition of early congress

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

Early congress leaders came from the urban upper middle class and the
upper class.
Most of them are western educated.
Secular in their outlook.
During this period INC was dominated by middle class intelligent, man of
legal field & journalist etc.
Lawyers, merchants, Bankers landlord educationist teachers and reformers
were the main constituent of early congress leaders.
Among all the professions the legal prof. were most representing during
21892-1909 39% of INC delicate were layers 15% were traders the
journalist doctors and teachers were about 3% each.
Out of 13837 delegates of congress during this period who participation
12383 = Hindus
912 = Muslims
210 = Parsis
174 = Christians

8) Among the traditional social group land lords were most represented
because 19% of congress memories were landlords during this period.
Rise of Extremists (E)
Introduction
1) Around the closing years of 19 th century the Indian national movement
witnessed the emergence of new ideas and thinking. Nationalist leaders
started perusing a new line of action and a transformative character of
anti-British struggle came to fore-front. These ideas were for more radical
their the ideas of early nationalist and they are popularly B/W as the
extremist.
2)

The extremism was visible in the demands being raised by the nationalist
leaders and the methods adopted by them with the passage of time these
new ideas and approaches gained prominence in congress and the
extremist phase commenced in national movement.

Factors and forces responsible for the rise of extremism

1)

The emergence of extremism symbolize the maturity of INM as the

nationalist leaders of this phase had better understanding of prevailing
politico administration circumstances in India.
Rise of extremism in India was not result of any sudden development but
it was the culmination of the process of nationalist awakening going on for
more than ac.

2) Realization of true character of British rule had played the most important
role in the ___________of England.
Efforts made by early nationalist had clearly proved that British rule was
essentially colonial & exploitative in character.
The economic critique put forward by leaders like Dada Bhai Naroji had
highlighted that the large position of Indian national wealth had been
drowned out to British every year.
They proved that the destruction of India. India was not an accident but
results of carefully adopted British policy.
Because of this younger generation of Indian nationalist lost faith in British
sense of Justice and fairness and extremist outlook emerged.
2)

Failure of moderates in building sufficient pressure on British in

Government to get their demand fulfilled had forced the younger
nationalist to abandon the old methods and approval and to preface a new
line of action.
Policy of petition & prayers was producing no result and because of their
nationalist leaders had to adopt a tougher line of action which resulted in
the emergence of failure of moderates.

3)

The England nationalism had emerged as a reaction against the growing

was termination in India.
Younger generation of India nationalist had great faith in the superiority
of Indian culture and the policy of westernization being followed by the
British in India was considered as an attack on India culture by these
nationalist.

They strongly oppose any kind of British interference in India socio

culture matters and because of this reason Tilak had opposed the age of
consent act of 1891.

4)

The economic hardship being faced by the masses in India were also
responsible for the rise of economic moderate.

Indian was struck repeatedly by famines during the closing years of 19 th

massive famine had struck almost whole of Indian in 1896-97 even before

5)

The victory of Japan & Russia (1905) and defeat of Italy at the hands of
Ethiopia had gritty emboldened the Indian national.

These successes of Asian & African nation against the European powers
had shattered the myth of European invincibility.

The Indian nationalist had started realizing that they would also stand
against the British imperialism successfully and this new found
confidence had manifested itself in the born of economic moderate.

6)

Reactionary policies of Lord Curzon had also played an important role in

the rise of (EM) in national movement.

7)

the masses could come out of this arises another famine visited the
country in 1889-1990. Millions of lifes were lost but British Indian
Government contd. to behave with deep apathy. No serious step was
initiated to mitigate the suffering.
In 1896-97 western Indian was struck by severe epidemic of plague less
people died due to plague and more were killed by Government action.
Plague committee burn the houses to control and epidemic. The
Government action was in human.
This extreme crises faced by the masses had intensified the anti
British sentiments and the political extremism visible in congress was the
expression of the same.

Curzon was strong imperialist he had firm faith in the superiority of

European culture and missed no opportunity to humiliate India.
He followed the policy of ______________ Government cannot by
reducing the role of rep. element the Calcutta co-operate act 1899 and
India university Act (1904) were the express of same approach.
The ______ outlook exhibited by Lord Curzon had hurt Indian national
settlements and the Economic Moderate in INC was the result of the
same.

Partition of Bengal in (1905) had proved to be the last nail in the coffin of
moderate in India.
Moderate had pleased repeatedly and had requested government not
partition the provenance of Bengal but these requests had fallen on deaf
ears.
The partition of Bengal was implemented in 1905 inspire of strong public
opposition this gave a fatal blow to the credibility of moderates and the
agenda of radical nationalist h ad started appearing to the masses the
moderate could pushed into the background and the extremist emerged in
forefront of anti-British struggle.

Character of extremist
1)
2)

Radical, Aggressive.
Progressive but not in socio-cut scenario.

3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)

Non-violent.
Democratic
Egalitarian
Part of lower MC
were not western insp. By the glory of Indian culture.
Mass movement.
Had no faith in the efficacy of British Rule.
Anti Colonial, Anti British rule.
Highly successful.
No faith in British sense of justice.

Nature and Character of Extremist

1)

Extremist national were radical in their outlook in their approach. They

were not satisfied with the demands of reforms being put forward by E.
They emp. On complete transformation of existing politico, admn.,
system in India.
This radical outlook manifested in their demand of swaraj and in their
methods of Swadeshi and boycott.

2)

The Extremists were progressive in their outlook. They were in favour of

reforms and demanded large scale transformation but in socio cult area
the E appeared to be reactionary.
The age of consent act was opposed by Tilak not because he was against
reform but because he was against British interference in India socio-cult
life.

3)

Extremists were non-violent like the moderate.

They never used any moderate method themselves nor they ask other to
adopt violent matters.
At times the activities of rev. was justified by them.

4)

Extremists were democratic in their outlook.

5)

Extremists were egalitarian in their outlook.

6)

In terms of their social backgrounds the ext. came from lower MC of

Indian town and cities. They were not elitist like the moderate.

7)

Extremists were Indianised in their outlook. They drew inslp. from

greatness of Indian cult. They had firm faith in their glory of Indian history
and heritage.
They were firmly against westernization.

8)

The extremist had full faith in the strength and capacity of masses. They
believed in the efficacy of mass movement public rallies were organized
by them, marches were undertaken, Strikes and look outs were carried
out an large scale.

9)

The extremist nationalist had no faith in British sense of justice and

fairness. They were aware of the true character of British rule and were
convinced that British rule was essentially exploitative.

10) The extremist did not believe in the efficacy of British rule. They put
forward the demand of swaraj. Bal Gangadhar Tilak had emp. That swaraj
was the only osol of sufff. of masses and as without swaraj there could be
no social reform, no industrial progress and Indian was lacking national
life under British rule.
11) The extremist were strongly anti colonial in their outlook and they opposed
British rule as well. They suffered from no illusion like_____ , had suffered
for decades. They knew than so old British benevolence and paternal
imperialism was only the myth. It had no real substance.
12) Extremist was secular in their outlook but the use of religious slogans by
leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and AUrbindo Gosh had allowed the
separatic forces like Agha-Khan and Saiyed Ahmed Khan to condemn as
Hindu leaders because of this the Muslims found difficult to associate with
the progress of ext. at times.
13)

Extremist leaders were not keep themselves aloof from class issues. They
focus on national agenda but the same time reach the demand of different
section of Indian population.

14) The extremist were highly successful in their fight against British rule.
Critical examination of the achievement of Extremist
1)

Rise of examination in national movement had symbolized the begging of

new phase as the extremist put forward new demand and use new
methods.

2) Rise of examination had Infused a new zeal in anti-British struggle. They

strongly oppose the British rule without getting scared by the night of
British empire.

Use of instruments like swadesi and boycott and non cop passive
resistance and mass rally etc. had transformed the character of anti
British struggle.

Swadesi & Boycott became the essential component of national most

hereafter.

3)

Demand of swaraj put forward by extremist had also imparted a new

orientation to the anti British struggle.

4)

Though swaraj could not be attained immediately but the declaration issue
by Lord Montargue in Aug., 1917 had accepted the demand of swaraj in
principal. It was empowering by him that ultimate object of the ongoing
process of construction reform was to grant domicile status to India.

5)

The extremist nationalist had expanded social base of anti British struggle.
Swadeshi must launched by them had pulled the women, students and
common masses into the anti British struggle.

6) The annulment of partition of Bengal in 1911 was the greatest achievement

of extremist. The British had failed in their approach to Indian on
communal lines because the partition of Bengal was followed by a radical
mass movement in which Hindus and Muslim both participated.
7)

The process of political awakening triggered by the activities of extremists

had continued to gained strength with the passage of time & ultimately
resulted in the liberation of India from British rule in 1947.

Limitation of Extremist
1)

The extremist nationalist had made immense contribution to India

struggle against British rule but at the same time. It must be emp. That
their activities had contributed to the weaking of nationalist struggle at
time.

2)

Extremists strongly condemned moderates. These early Extremists were

termed as leaders without back & weak knee. Moderate were termed as
pol. Beggers such kind of condemnation of early nationalist had resulted in
a serious ideological of INM.
Surat split of Dec. 1907, was the result of same.
Surat split had resulted in the sudden death of swadesi movement. The
atmosphere of political activitism prevailing in India had immediately
converted into _________ passivenism. What British had failed to achieve
to the partition of Bengal had been achieved by them through Surat split.

Gandhian Phase
Introduction:
1) In the long annals of in history a no. of great leader have emerged on
scene. In the long list of these leaders the name of Mahatma Gandhi came
foremost. Arrival of father of nation from South Africa in 1915 had marked
the beg of new phase in In history & this change was confirmed by rise of

Mahatma Gandhi as the undisputed Supreme leader of nationalist

movement in 1919-20.
2)

Rise of Gandhian leadership has been explained differently by different

section of historian.
Colonial historian South Africa Judith M Brown have empower that rise of
Mahatma Gandhi was the result of very skillful top level pol game.
It has been empower that the Gandhiji was a great manipulator of men &
event
He captured national leadership by sidelining others.

3) Close examination of the circumstances leading to the rise of MG clearly

reveals that the Gandhian leadership did not emerge suddenly. His rise as
the supreme leader was the result of a long process spanning across a
more than a decade.
He instead of capturing national leadership Gandhiji was forced by the
masses to accept the responsibility of leading them no. of factors working
together had prepared the back gram respective for the rise of Mahatma
Gandhi.
Factors/forces responsible for the rise of Gandhi
I.

Role of his South African Experiments

1)
When Gandhi ji returned from South Africa in 1915. He was not an
unknown personality. News for of the successes of his struggle in South
Africa had been reached India much before ______ ________ in
person.
2) The histories of his remarkable fight against whitle rule in had reached
very corner of India when Gandhi ji visited different parts of India
thousands used to flock to the Bus stops and to the railway station to
have a glimpse of a great soul. He was already more popular than most
of Indian leaders at the time of its return in 1915.

II)
i.
ii.
iii.

Role of prevailing crises situation in India.

Period from 1915 to 1920 was the phase of great ________ in India.
At the time of return of MG war was going on , the items of common use were
being exported by the colonial regime of British India. To meet the military
needs because of these masses were facing immense eco hardship.
Normal law of land had been replaced by the defense of India act 1915. The
Indian were not allowed to raise their voice. Even the limited freedom
enjoyed by India before 1915 had been taken away. People were seeking with
anti British discontent.

iv.

Indeed of rewarding India for their full corporation during war period. The
Indian Government enacted Rowlett act in Mar 1919 to make war time
restriction permanent. This act was enacted despite of strong opposition
of Indian nationalist.

v.

On 13th April 1919, Jalian Wala Bagh Case - 100of innocent were killed, when
police open fire on unarmed peaceful gathering without any fore warning.
An event of extreme volatility h ad developed in India by 1919-20 and the
masses were looking for the leadership of leader of true strength, Gandhi ji
rose to the occasion he raised his voice against the exploitation being carried
out by colonial regime in strong way and the masses accepted Gandhi ji as
their superior leader.

vi.

3)

Role of prevailing leadership vacuum

1)

By 1919-20 a leadership vacuum had develop in India. Moderate and

extremist had lost their effectiveness.

2)

Moderate were too weak to be effective and extremist largely made

hollow noise. They promised a lot and delivered a little.

3)

Most of the prominent leaders of early phase had died or were not in a
position to fulfill the aspiration of masses. Gokhle died in 1915, Tilak left
this world in Aug. 1920. In nationalist looking for new leadership and
Gandhi ji was the best alternative.

4)

Role of typical character of Gandhian movement

1.

The Gandhi movement was the true mass movement. Gandhi had great
faith in the strength and capacity of masses.

Gandhi believed that no struggle cans successes without the

participation of commoners. He gave a call to every section of Indian
population to join the anti British struggle.

2.

Gandhi must was pan India movement, the national struggle was no
longer limited to the streets of towns and cities. Gandhi had carried the
struggle to in villages.

3.

Gandhi movement was a multi class movement.

All the section of in population South Africa the peasants the workers,
the landlords, the business classes women and student etc. had
participated at national struggle under Gandhian leadership.

Gandhi believed in the inclusive character of national struggle and he

did not believe in leaving behind any section of population

4.

Secular Character was another important feature of Gandhian movement.

Gandhiji was equally close to the Hindus and Muslims. These followers were
from all the faith.

5.

Gandhi movement was essentially a satyagrah (i.e. fight for truth). He

always stood for the right and opposed the wrong.

6.

Gandhi movement was ethical moral struggle. He always used right means
to achieve its ends.

7.

Gandhi movement was non violent in character.

8.

Progressive in character.

9.

Gandhi was a democratic movement.

10.
11.

Gandhi movement was a egalitarian and non- discriminative.

Gandhi movement was a comprehensive concept. It was a composite
struggle.

Gandhi struggle was not limited to pol. Issues only.

Gandhiji raised his voice against socio. cult and eco events as well.
He fought for the liberation of women, upliftment of lower classes and spread
of a vocational education. Gandhi must was a process not an event. It
commenced with the arrival of Mahatma Gandhi and continued till its death.
Movement was organized by Gandhi ji through active and passive phases:
Mass agitations was launched during active phase and during passive phase
village reconstructive progress was undertake the VRP of Gandhiji.
Promotion of cottage industries- Upliftment of women & lower class.
Spread of ______ education - prohibition (of liquor)
Eradication of enforceability - Promotion of Hindu Muslim unity.
VRP used to re-energize the masses after the long phase of active agitation
so that anti British struggle could be restarted with a greater strength.
12. Gandhi movement was a restrained movement. Gandhi believed in the
efficacy of gradual evolution. He had no faith on the revolutionary agenda. As
and when the movement breached the limited prescribed by the Gandhi ji,
the agitation was either called off or suspended.
13. During the phase of struggle, mass agitation was launched and pressure was
being built on government. The strategy of compromise and trace manifested
itself in the form of agreements with the government on different occasion.
14.

The Gandhi movement was characterized by the use of novel methods.

Gandhi was the master of mass agitation. He used variety of techs hunder
strikes, marches and civil disobedience. Every time the govt. found itself on

wrong foot and they open____________ were always baffled by its

techniques.
5) Role of Gandhi jis Personality
1) Strength of Gandhi ji personality had always played an important role for
his rise the supreme national leader.
2) Gandhi was a down-to-earth person. He lived like a most ordinary man. His
long was that of the commoner & because of this every Indian could
indentified himself with Gandhi.
3) Gandhi was preached what he preached. There was no different B/W his
words and actions. The ethical moral foundations of Gandhi were very
strong and because of that Gandhi could in the trust of the masses.
4) Gandhi took genuine interest in the problems and sufferings of the people.
He was aware of the challenges of ground level and because of that the
millions used to jump at nation struggle on a single call of Gandhi.
6) Role of his early successes
1. Early success of Mahatma Gandhi had also played an important role in his
rise as the supreme leader of national movement.
2. Gandhi organized champaran satyagrah (1917). Ahmedabad Mill strikes
(1916) Khera salt in (1918). All these 3 agitation were successful in achieving
their objective.
3. These successes of Mahatma Gandhi had commenced the masses that o nly
his methods could force the mighty British Empire to bend on his knees and
the masses had developed complete faith in Gandhian leadership. He was the
only hope for the millions and remained as undisputed leader till his death in
1948.
4. The social base of NM was ______ expanded by the Gandhian movement.
The peasants the workers and even the tribal people had started
participating in national movement under his leadership.
Gradually the business class of India also jumped into the anti British
struggle.
Students left the school & colleges to fight against British rule and the true
multi class character of NM started becoming visible.
5. The ethical moral foundations of national movement were greatly strengthen
by the wise of Gandhi.
He was a firm beliver in the efficacy of right means to achieve the ends.
He always stood by truth & under his leadership the NM had assumed to
form of satyagrah.

He opposed the evil and stood by the good irrespective on the

consequences involved.
Gandhi fought with the strength of soul force against the might of British
empire.
6. The NM was given new aims and objectives by the rise of Gandhi.
The aim of Swaraj was defined clearly by Gandhi for the Ist time Nagpur in
DEC. 1920. In 1929 the goal of swaraj was at replaced by Poorma Swaraj.
7. New methods of struggle became the part of national movement during
Gandhi phase.
The concept of passive resistance was greatly strengthen by him.
Non- coporation & civil disobedience became the main weapons of national
struggle after 1919-20.
Gandhi resorted to hunder strike repeatedly. Peace marches was organized
to mobilize the masses.
8. Gandhi movement had successfully berased the fear of British night from the
heart and mind of common masses in India.

At the ______ of Gandhi____used to participate in National struggle

people would see their own eyes the helplessness of colonial regime in
front of Gandhi.
Masses realized that the strength of British empire was nothing in front of
determined peaceful agitation government was bound to accept the
gandhian demands.
This new found confidence among masses had played an important role in
the access of anti British struggle.
9. Gandhi movement contributed significantly to the liberation of women.
Gandhi believed that no nation can be progressed without the active
contribution of women.
Thousands of women left the household activities to participate in national
struggle. Sarojini Naidu, Usha Mehta participated actively in national
struggle.
Contribution made by them forced the society to change its outlook
towards women.
10. Gandhi was a firm belives in the concept of communal harmony. He always
strived hard to strength H-M unity. This participation in khilafat movement
was inspired by the same outlook.
He was always against the communal forces and fought single handed by
to maintain peace during communal riots. Gandhi was termed as one man
army by Lord Mount batten for his efforts towards the restoring peace in
riot Bengal in 1946-47.
11. VRP of Gandhi was also of immense significance.
This prog. Played an important role in the spread of nationalist awakening
among the villagers. Process of integration of rural people with the national
movement was greatly strengthen.

 Indian helped in fighting against socio-religious evil because ______ of untouch ability and upliftment of lower class were the important components
of Gandhians reconstruction progress.
12. The Gandhi movement brought immense pressure over the British India
Government colonial regime was forced to hasten the process of reform. It
was this pressure built by Government movement that forced British to
_____ India in 1947 without Gandhian leadership the down of
Independence could have never been visible in 1947.
Socialist Phase
i)

Introduction

1)

During closing years of 1920s the NM witnessed the emergence of a new

ideology which was marking difference from the existing ideas.
Leaders supporting this ideology were largely from younger generation and
they were not happy with existing state of affairs. This new ideology and
K/N as socialism.
Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, S. C. Bose, Acharya Narendra Dev, Jaiprakash
Narayan, Meenu Sayal and other were in a forefront of these ideological
transformations.

2)
3)

ii)

Factors & forces responsible for the rise of left.

1) Rise of left within congress during 1920s & 30s was the result of the
politico-adm. and socio-economic circumstances prevailing in India.
2) Limitation of Gandhian movement had played an important role in the rise
of left.
Peasants and working class were not satisfied with Gandhian strategy of
gradual evolution. Gandhi was emph. on the concept of change of heart.
He was of the opinion that every wrong does will one day realized his
mistake and will change him.
Gandhi believed that Swaraj will be the penecia of all the problems but the
____________ and workers knew very well that most of their suffering
was due to Indian element. The generation of younger leader was looking
forward of the complete transformation of existing socio-eco life and they
started tooling forward left to achieve that.
3) The growth of modern Industrial in India had prepared the circumstance
necessary for the rise of left. By 1920s no of modern ind. had emerged in
India.
Condition of workers was quite pathetic. They were being exploited by
capitalist in every possible way.
This prevailing exploitative envt. Had forced the worker to look towards
socialism.
4) The growing nationalist conscience among the masses had also played an
imp. role for the wise of left.

By 1920s land of ________________-awakening had reached a quite

light level. Consciousness was no longer limited to towns & cities & even
the villages had come under the inp. of Nationalist Movement.

Because of this growing consciousness the large section of common

masses were not happy with Gandhi strategy of P-CP STS ______
wanted sustained struggles and all out fight against British rule till the
objection were not realized.
5) Success of Russian Rev. of 1917 had also p layed an imp. role in the rise
of left in Indian National movement.

Russian rev. was the first realization of the socialist principle I n

practice. Socialism was just a theory before it.

The success of Bolshenik had emboldened the socialist all over the
world and its impact is visible in India as well.
6) Phenomenal success of Russian socialist economy _________ 1920s &
30s had convinced the leaders like pt. Nehru that socialism was the most
effective solution to the Indias problems.

Russia was most backward region in England till 1920 and within span
of less than 2 decades Russia had got transformed into a super power.

When capitalist economics were dealing under depression during 1930s

the Russian social was growing under leap and bounce.
7) Sense of disillusionment caused by sudden withdrawl of mass movement
by Gandhi had forced the peasants and workers to look towards
atterative ideologies.
This quest for alternatives had forced them to adopt socialism.
Acc to the peasants and workers the NCM & CDM was suspended by
Gandhi ji at a time when the movement were at their peak.
8) Leaders like Pt. Nehru, SC Bose, Acharaya Narendra Dev and Jaiprakash
Narayan had also played an important role in the ____________ of left.
Pt. Nehru had visite Brossels to participate in the International conference
against col. & imperialism. At this conference he came under the inf. Of
socialism.
While returning India Pt. Nehru had visited Mosco and he saw the
phenomenal success of Russian eco with his own eyes by the time he
returned home he was a strong socialist.
S.C. Bose was constantly associate with Pt. Nehru till 1939. Both of them
worked together to Guide congress towards socialism.
Other leaders like Acharaya Narendra Dev & JP Narayan also contributed
significantly to the spread of socialism in congress.
III) Nature & character of socialist phase
1)
Socialist leaders were the part and parcel of INC because of this
________________ ideas of very much similar to other INC leaders.
They were democratic, progressive, anti-colonial egalitarian, secular and
broad base in their outlook.
2) Socialist leaders defected fundamentally with other INC leaders on some

important issues.
They had no faith on the Gandhian strategy of STS & PCP. They wanted
that mass movement must continued __________ till the time aims
were not realized.

They were firm believes in the strategy of continuous struggle.

3) Socialist leader believe that dominion status Swaraj would not help Indian
in red way. They were in famous of Poorva Swaraj.
They were convinced that pol. Independence would be meaningless in the
absence of socio-economic freedom.
They were in favour of complete transformation of existing socio-eco life.
Abolishment of Jamindari System and social reforms in factories were
their main demand.
4)

Socialist were non violent but they were not in favour of making non as
their weakness.

When Gandhi announced the suspensiojn of NCM in feb. 1922 as a

result of chori-chora incident leaders like Pt. Nehru and SC Bose had
opposed it.

Socialist believed that minor violent incidence triggered by extreme

British suppression must not be allowed to affect the fate of whole
movement.

5)

Socialist believed in the concept of welfare of state. They were of the

opinion that state must shoulder the responsibility for the upliftment of
masses.
State must initiate the socialist reform to create an egalitarian socialist
eco orders.

6)

Socialist were in favour of extending NM all over India including the

princely state. Gandhi was not in favour of this.
Gandhi believed that circumstances in native India were different from
those of British-India.

Impact of Left
1)

2)

3)

Rise of left within INC had radicalized national movement significantly

because the socialist believed in the strategy of continuous struggle.
Social were against the letting the minor violent incident affecting the fate
of whole movement.
Social base of National movement was widened significantly by the rise of
social because their policy and progress were in cons___ with the
aspiration of P & workers.
With the rise of left these classes had started participating in National
Movement in large No.
National movement was given new aims and obj. by the socialist leaders.

Aim of dominion status was abandoned at Lahore in Dec. 1929, INC

adopted poorna swaraj as the objection for anti British struggle.

4)

Rise of left had transformed the NM into the PAN India movement because
national struggle were no longer limited to the boundaries of British India.
1939 INC declared that here after mass movement would be all over India
including the native state.

5)

Rise of left had infused new energy in the NM because this was the
ideology of younger generation & the youth had started participating in
large no.

6)

Outlook of leaders like Mahatma Gandhi was also affected by the rise of
left.
Under the information of left wing ideas the Gandhi became much more
aggressive by 1940s
In summer of 1942 Gandhi was most aggressive leader in NM at the time
even the leaders like pt. Nehru were not i9n favour of mass movement. It
was Gandhian aggression that had forced INC to launch Quit India
Movement.

7) Rise of left had turned the policy and progress of INC towards the
aspirations of peasants and workers.
In 1931 at Karachi session INC adopted a resolution on eco reforms and
fundamental rights. For the India time the meaning of swaraj for the
common people ehad defined at Karachi session. How would swaraj inf.
Their life was outlined.
In 1936 at Faizpur session INC had adopted resolution with the demand of
abolishment of jamindari system, feudal ceases, abouishing of Beghar &
reduction in land revenue.
In 1937, when general election were held the congress manifesto also
highlighted the aspiration of common masses the congress provision
ministry had initiated a no of steps to improve the condition of workers
and peasants.
8)
Pressure built on British Government by the rise of left had played an
important role in forcing the British out out of India without the energy and
____ inflused by leftist ideas the goal of freedom could have renowned for
away.
Revolutionary extremism
1) Introduction

i)

Indians struggle against British rule consisted of a no of ideologies,

methods and strategies and among there ideologies the rev. extension
was one of the most prominent.
During the closing years of 19 th C the rev. extension ideologiest stated
emerging in NM and it continued to inspire a large section of younger
generation to fight against a british rule.

2)

Factors and forces resp. for the rise of rev. extremism

1)

The revolutionary extremisim was the result of the prevailing circumstance

in India during 1980s
The masses were suffering immensely due to the colonial character of
British rule.
2) Level of nationalist consciousness had used significantly by the closing
years of 19th Century.

3)

Younger generation of India had received education. They had embibed

the modern ideas and were aware of the foreign character of British rule.
Younger nationalist could not tolerate the sufferings of their countrymen
and jumps into anti British struggle with their full force.

Rise of revolution extremism was also the result of failure of main stream
Nationalist activates represented by INC.
INC had failed to pressurize the British effectively to extract something
concrete from the British rule.

On most of the occasion the leaders of INC were treated screen fully,
they were reduced & despised by the British.
The younger generation had go convinced that the western bondage of
British colonial rule could be shattered only by suing western hammer of
violence.
They had started believing in the efficacy of bombs and pistel because
they knew that it take a loud noise to make the deaf hear.

4)

The revolution extremism was also triggered by the sense of

disillusionment created by sudden withdrawal of Gandhian mass movement
and the failure of swadesi movement.

Surat split in dec. 1907 had resulted in the sudden death of swadeasi
movement.
In 1922 the ________ was suddenly withdrawl by Gandhia as the result
of chauri chaura incident.
Similarly in Mar 1931 CPM was suspend by Gandhi
Most of the revolutionaries used to participate in mainstream nationalist
activities but whenever this movement were stopped suddenly they were
left disillioned.

Moving host their faith in peaceful methods these younger nationalist

used to turn towards revolutionary activities.

5)

The information of violent revolution movement going on in other

Countries had also played an important role in triggering extension in India.
Revolution movement is going on Ireland against British rule and the
activist of _________ revolutionaries has inspired the young Indian
_____ to adopt the same strategy.
6) The revolution ideas of leaders like Ashwini Kumar Dutt & Raj Narayan Bose
in Bengal, Vishnu Shastri Chiplinkar in Maharashtra and Sardar Ajit Singh
in Punjab had also inspired the younger generation of ____ to followed the
path of revolution extension.
7) Repressive policies followed by British India Government at the time when
the masses were dying in millions due to the calamities like famine,
plague had shaken the conscience of younger nationalists.
In 1896-97 Pune and its neighborhood was strucked by the epidemic of
plague but people suffered more due to the inhuman activities of plague
committee headed by Mr. Rand i.e. why ____________________assist Mr.
Rand. This was the Ist expression of Revolution extension.
In 1898, Govt. had enacted new law by which preaching of national
movement was dec. as seditious offence .
In 1908, newspaper Act was enacted to prevent the use of newspaper &
journals in nationalist activities.
Tilak was awarded 18 months RI for praising the act of chapekar
Brothers. An these develop had disguised the younger nationalist and
they decided to over throw British rule by force.
3)

Character of Revolutionary Extremism

1)

Nature & character of Revolution extremism movement in India was

having the elements of change and continuity while some of the essential
element had contd. throughout their struggle against British rule. Some
of the dimensions of their activities had evolved with the passage of
time.

2)

Revolution was anti-colonial, democratic, progressive secular & were hard

core nationalist. They loved the nation more than themselves.

3)

During this initial phase the revolution had limited understanding of the
character of British rule in India.

They were undce the impression that assignation of unpopular individual

official would terrify the British to leave India & the sufferings of masses
would come to the end.
This outlook had inspired the revolution like Chapekar Brother (Attempt
to kill Mr Raid) Barendra Kumar Gosh, Bhupendra Nath Dutta (Kill Mr
fuller Liftinena Governemt of West Bengal -1907) as well as the
association of Mr Jackson (unpopular DM of Nasik) by Anant Lakshman
Karkare in Dec. 1909.

4) During the intial phase the revolutionaries were locally organized and there
was no PAN Indian association,.
Mitra mela Anushelan Samiti & Abhinav Bharat etc. were the association of
these revolutionaries PAN India new was absent.
5) By 1920s the revolutionaries h ad develop the comprehensive
understanding of true causes of suffering of masses.
They had realized that colonial British rule was one of the many crises.
Revolution like Bhagat Singh & Bhagwati Charan vohra had realized that
most of the suffering of India was due to limitation of socio-eco life. They
had started demanding the complete transformation of existing socio-eco
order.
Revolution movement had started exhibiting the influence of socialistic
ideas.
Bhagat Singh expressed his socialist understanding in his book. Why I
am Ethisct.
6) During 1920 PAN (India) platform successfully developed by revolution.
Hindustan Republican Assoication (HRA) founded in 1924.
In 1928 it was renamed as (HSRA).
7) Instead of assassinating individual officials the revolution had started
pursuing a grand agenda to awakened the India.
Dropping of bombs in Central legislative assembly in April 1929 by Bhagat
Singh & Bhatukeshwar Dutt against the passing of trade dispute bill and
public safety bill was the expression of the same.
They did not try to hurt anybody and bomb was thrown deliberately on
empty chairs.
8)

During 1930s revolutionary activities stared exhibiting the information of

Gandhi s ideas as well .

9)

Jatin Das died after prolonged fast of 64 days in Jail in Sep. 1929.
Surya Sen the leader of IRA (Indian Repulican Association) used to wear
khadi dothi and Gandhi cap

During 1940s the revolution movement assurmed the form of full flashed
military invasion.
INA was formed in 1942 by captian Mohan Singh RasBihari Bose and
others. Later the command of INA was handed over to Subash Chandra
Bose.
INA organized invasion of india in July 1944 with Japanese support to
push the British out of India.

Contribution

1. Truly committed and hard care nationalist and their activities inspired the
younger generation.
2. Revolution leads by Eg. Not by words.
3. These Revolution assassinated no. of unpopular officials.
4. Provided an alternative strategy for those who are not happy with
Gandhian method of struggle.
5. Heroic activities of revolution praised by Nehru.
6. Significant contribution of freedom struggle.
4) Contribution of Revolutionary extremism.
1)

Revolution extremism movement of leaders like Bhagat Singh Chandra

Shekhar Azad and others enjoys a place of great significance in Indias
struggle against British rule.
Direct contribution of revolution extremism to the success of anti British
struggle was not much. But their indirect contribution was really
remarkable.
2) Revolution was hard core nationalist. They were fully committed to see
their nation liberated from British rule.
They were ready to sacrifice their life at the altar of Indian freedom
struggle. Many of them gave their life happily and hissed the galose to see
the national flag flying high.

3)

Revolution leads by extremism not by words- they were true ___of soil.
Their heroic sacrifices inspired everybody.
Even the mainstream INC leaders believing in non violence could not
remained.
1933 Pt. Nehru had praised the heroism of Bengal revolution for which
he was awarded 2 years IR.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak had suffered imprisonment repeatedly for praising
the contribution of young revolution.

4) Revolution extremism movement provided an alternative strategy to fight

against British rule to those nationalist which were not happy with activities of
INC.
Younger generation having firm belief in the effectiveness of bombs and
pitel could fight against British rule under the banner of Revolution
extresism.
5) Revolution exstremism Movement had infused great energy in anti-British
struggle and the momentum against by Breedom movement as the result of
their heroic sacrifiies had played an important role in pushing the British out
of India.
6)
As a result of the sacrifices of revolution extremism the participation of
younger generation in NM had set significantly. Social base of main stream
nationalist activities had used significantly.

7) Revolution played an important role in the spread of the spirit of nationalism

in native state. These revolutions used to escape into the native state after
executing their plans in British India. During their stay in native state. They
used to spread the message of NM.
8) Activities of revolution extremism not limited to the boundries of India only
but many of them were active outside India as well activities of these
revolution had helped in internationalizing. The cause of Indian struggle
against British rule.
Revolutionary extremist movement outside India
1) Shayam ji Krishna verma and its associated founded India house in
London in 1905.

They published a journals titled as India socialist.

50 years of revolution of 1857 were liberated as golden jublee.
VD Sawarkar was also associated with India house. He wrote the book
first war of India independence to h ighlight the significance of revolution
of 1857.

2) In 1908 Madan Bhikaji Kama founded Paris Indian society. She was the first
the unfust tricolor flag in 1907 at stutt gurt conference of socialist to highlight
the cause of India independence.
3) In 1913 Madan Lal Dhingra assassinated William Curzon (Wylle) the political
ADC to India House.
4) In 1913 Gadar movement started by Baba Harnam Singh and Sohan Singh
Bekhana in San Fransisco.

Journal filled Ghadar was published by them in Hindi, Gujrati, Gurmukhi

and Urdu language.

5) The Ghandinath planned India revolution to author British rule due this
could not be executed successfully.
6) In 1940 Sardar Udham Singh Assisinated Sir Michel O Dyer in London. He
was Lf. Governor of Punjab at the time of Jalianwala Bagh Masa.
7) OM 1942, INA was formed by cap Mohan Singh ras Bihar Bose and others
with the ____________________in Singapore.
Partition of Bengal

1) Provision of Bengal was pertained by the Government of Lord Curzon in

1905 to fulfill the British colonial objectives and weakened Indian National
Movement.
2) At that time the province of Bengal consisted of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
It had a total populating of about 80 million. It was a very bug province
to be administrated effectively forma single centre. 2 new provinces was
created by portioning Bengal.
3) East Bengal and Assam put together with capital at Dhaka.
This province having total population of 31 million out of which 18 million
were Muslim and 12 million were hindus.
4) West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa were left together with capital at Calcutta.
This province had the total population of about 54 million out of which 42
million were Hindus and 9 million were Muslims.
5) Partition plan was not in public arena since Dec. 1903.
It was announced on 19 July 1901 officially.
Implemented on 16 Oct., 1905.
Why was province of Bengal partitioned
1) Partition of Bengal was master stroke of Lord Curzan internal policies.
Curzan was a great imperialist. He was a firm believer in the contribution of
British role in india. He was racist in his outlook and was strongly against the
growing nationalist consciousness in India.
He was determined to crush India (am) and had commented that while
being in India. It is my greatest desire ot see the peaceful demise of
congress.
To decimate INC and to weaken India (NM) partition of Bengal was
carried out.
2) Administrative inconvenience was put forward as the explanation for the
partition of Bengal.
He was emp. That the province of Bengal was too big to be administered
effectively from 1 single centre.
But Indian reality the partition as carried out to weaker india )(NM)
The Bengalis NM was symbolizing. In NM at this time .
Spirit of NM was strongest in Bengal and the H-Muslim unity was the real
source of its strength.
Partition of Bengal was carried out to create a Muslim majority province.
To convenience the Muslims that the British were their real supporters. It
was used as a fodder to strengthened the separatist forces.
Sec. of state Heerbard Risley had commented that Bengal united was a
power and divided Bengal will pull in several different ways.

Impact/significance of partition of Bengal

1)Partition of Bengal was carried out to weaken India NM but in reality it had
resulted in strengthening the national movement
Development that followed the announcement of partition plan in July 1905
had infused a new energy in anti-British struggle and national movement had
got greatly radicalized.
2) Partition of Bengal was great setback for moderate leaders
Moderates have been requisition the Government not to portion the province of
Bengal but their please that fall on of deaf Earns.
The announcement of partition had shattered their ideas of faith in for sense of
justice & fairness.
Moderates had lost their political appeal and radical propoaganda of the
extremist had started attracting the masses.
3) Swadeshi movement was launched by the congress to oppose partition of
Bengal.

This was the Ist mass movement in the history of Indias struggle against
British rule. The national movement was transformed in to the mass
movement by it.
The swadesi movement imparted a new orientation to the anti-British
struggle. The reforms and concessions were no more the demands of
national movement aim of swaraj was put forward.
Swadesi & Boycott were adopted as a weapon to fight against British
rule. Hereafter these instruments had became an integral part of nation
movement.
The immense mass support attracted by swadesi, movement had pushed
the extremist to forefront and moderates had resided to the background.

4) Partition of Bengal provided an opportunity to H&M to come together

strongly to oppose the British colonial rule.
Festival of Rakshbandhan was celebrated to the day the partition was
implemented.
Both the communities held fast.
5) Chain of events triggered by the portion of Bengal had continued to gain
momentum with the passage of time.
Mass base of national movement continued to wider and the pressure build by
the national movement forced the British to leave India in 1947.
Surat Split
Introduction

1) India Dec. 1907, the extremist of congress were expelled by the moderates
and the INC got divided into 2 groups. This division is famously K/N as Surat
Split.
Circumstances responsible for Surat Split
1) Surat split was the outcome of ideological difference b/w the moderates and
extremists.
Moderates and extremists had difference vision of India. They defused in
their outlook towards British rules. Their methods and strategy were
difference and they were guided by different objectives.
2) These ideological different were further intensified by the development that
followed the participation of Bengal.
3) Growing radicalization on national movement had brought immense
pressure on British rule.
British adopted a 3 prong strategy to counter the growing strength of
(NM).
As per this strategy the moderates were to be conciliated by giving the
indication of reforms, extremist were to be isolated and were to be
suppressed by using force.
4) Growing condemnation of moderates by extremist had pushed them into
British trap.
Moderates were being termed as the backless people having no pride.
They were been considered as burdon on INCC>
The ext. were trying to capture the leadership of INC by getting their
person elected as INC president.
Diff. were emerged in 1906 at Calcutta session but the issue were
resolved by aggressing pn the name of Dada bhai Naroji.
INC had adopted 4 resolution C/d Swaraj, swadesi, Boycott and national
education.
Moderates were not in favour of them but could not oppose them
because of public pressure.
5) Appointment of lord morley as a section of state for India had given the new
ray of hope to the moderates. They had started believing that if the resolution
of 1906 had been taken back the govt. would definitely accept their demand.
They came to Surat session with the determination to take back the
resolution of 1906.
On the other hand the extremist came to session to capture the
leadership of INC and to push the unnecessary baggage of moderates
aside.
6) Moderates ere in numerical majority so that they could get their candidate
elected as INC, president.

When the session was going on the ideological difference could ______
into an open physical fight police pulled out the extremist & mod.
Adopted a resolution to expel them from congress.

Impact of surat split

1) Surat split was a great setback for the INM because the prevailing even of
activism had been converted into the env. of complete passivism.
Swadesi movement died immediately because the moderate had no interest in
it and extremist was no more in a position to provide their leadership.
Surat split was a remarkable success of British policy of divide and rule.
What the British had failed to achieve through the partition of Bengal was
realized by them through Surat split.
2) Mod. Continued to be remained that part of INC but without nay
effectiveness and extremist could do nothing once they are out of I NC.
Moderate and extremist were like shield and sward and they could be effective
only by being together.
3) Extremists were suppressed by British government successfully.
4) Bal Gangadhar Tilak was punished with 6 years RI and send to Andale.
Arbiind Gosh trailed to Alipur conspiracy case and once equated he left active
politics and left to Pondicherry.
5) Failure of ongoing mass agitation had disillusioned the younger generation
of Nationalist. Many of them started believer in the efficacy of violent
methods.
Revolution extremist gained popularity among younger nationalist
6) Surat split had seriously affected the movement without any doubt but at
the same time it thought the tough lesion to Indian nationalist.
This bad experience did not allow any further division in INC in future when
similar ideological different had developed after the withdrawal of NCM in
1922-23.
Name rule movement
Introduction
1) HRM was launched by Bal Gangadhar TIlak and Mrs Annie Besant in 1916
to fight against the colonial British rule.
2) Term house rule was adopted from Ireland because a similar movement
was going on there against the British domination.
3) HRM had 2 branches which headquarters at poona Adyar Branch of HRM
lead by B.G. Tilak was headquartered at Poona and was that of Annie BesantAdyar.

Areas of both these branches were to avoid any clash or conflict b/w the
supporters of each other.
Airms & objectives
1) HRM was launched with objective of attaining self rule within British empire
with all peaceful constitutionalist methods.
2) Movement was launched to provide a went to along accumulated anti
British discontent among the masses.
3) To educate the masses over once of the obj. of home rule and to mobilize
them to fight against British rule for the attainment of the same was another
imp. obj. of this movement.
4) The leaders of HRM wanted to convince the British government that the
grant of home rule would be in their larger interest because self ruled India
would be in a better position to help British during war period.
Circumstances responsible for launching of HRM
1) HRM was respond and reaction to a politico adm. and economic
circumstances prevailing in India.
2) Colonial character of British rule in India was the most important factor
behind the launching of the HRM.
3) Outbreak of WWI had made the life much more difficult in India.
The ordinary law of the land had be replaced by the defense of India Act 1915
whatever the liberty was available to people had been taken away.
The export of items of common use to melt the needs of military forces had
pushed the masses into serious economic difficulties.
The level of anti- British discontent had reached at revolutionary height and
leaders like Mrs. Annie Besant felt that mass movement must be launched
immediately to provide vent to anti British discontent.
It had been almost 8 years since the end of Swedishi movement.
I event of political passivism had been going on in India since the time.
Moral of the masses was going down and the leaders like Tilak felt that itfno
mass agitation was launched immediately if would be difficult in future to
start any mass movement.
Without worrying about the war time condition. HRM was started by BG Tilak
and Mrs. Annie Besant.
Character of Movement
1) HRM was a completely peaceful and constitutional movement.
2) Home relists did not want to create any difficulty for the British government
at the time when the empire was fighting for its existence against German
alliance.

3) They used newspaper and journals to educate awakened and mobilized the
masses.
4) B.G. Tilak used his papers Maratha and Kasseri. Mrs. Annie Besant used her
paper New India and common weel.
5) Rallies and marches were organized to convince the government about the
grant of Home rule to India.
Reaction of British India Government
1)
In-spite of being a peaceful and constitutionalist movement the
government did not take the activities of home rulist easily every effort was
made to curbe the movement.
2) The province of defense of India act of 1915 was used strongly.
Newspaper Act 1908, Indian press Act 1910 were used against Indian
newspaper and journals.
3) Large no of agitator were arrested.
Mrs. Annie Besant was also put under House arrest.
Significance
1) HRM enjoys a place of great significance in the history of Indias struggle
against British rule. The env. Of political passivism prevailing in India since
Surat split was transformed into pol. activism
2) The extremist leaders scattered by British repression after Surat Split
regained their lost mass base.
At the same time moderates were pushed into ______ forever.
The INC leadership fell into the hands of extremist in Dec 1916 at Lucknow
session. The extremist had regained entry in congress.
Election of Mrs. Annie Besant as INC president in Dec. 1917 confirmed the
dominance of extremists.
3) The HRM restarted the tradition of mass movement against British rule.
This tradition continued to gain strength with the passage of time and
ultimately succeeded in pushing British out of India.
4) Pressure built by HRM had forced the British government change its policy
towards India.
In Aug 1917 an announcement was made by Lord Montague the section of
state of India which is famously K/w as August declaration.
This Dec. had proclaimed that the ultimate obj. of ongoing process of
constitutional reforms is to grant dominance status to India.
Swaraj could not be attaining immediately it was no longer a revolution
demand. The British government had agreed to accept this demand in future
through the exact time period was not announced.
Non Co-operation Movement
1) Introduction
The History of Indians struggle against British rule the Indian nationalist had
organized a no. of mass movement to push the British out of India and in the
long list of such movement NCM was one of the most significant.

NCM was launched on 1 Aug. 1920 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi
later on INC had joined it and movement had assumed the character of true
nationals struggled.
Circumstances responsible for lauching of NCM
1) NCM was a respond and reaction to the circumstances created by the
colonial British rule in India.
2) The NCM was not an isolated phenomena but it was an integral component
of Indians struggle against British rule going on since almost a century.
The nationalist struggle commenced by the extension and moderates were
carried further by the NCM under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
3) The policy of regression and suppression practiced by British in India after
the end of Ist war had created a immediate circumstances responsible for the
launching of NCM.
Indian had cooperated with the British whole hearted by during war period.
Leader like Gopal Krishna Gokhle and Gandhi ji had travelled across the length
and breadth to encourage the youth to join British array so that empire could
fight successfully against Austro German alliance.
In nationalist were expecting significant concession and reform after the end of
ww-I but the rewards came into the form of ___ act and Jalliawalla massacre.
Rowlett act enacted in Mar 1919 had made the war time restriction permanent.
It was implemented by the Government in-spite of strong.
Hundreds of innocent civilians were measured without any provocation in
Jallianwala Bagh in 1919 Hunter committee appointed by the Government had
carried out inhuman whitewash.
These develop had shattered the Gandhian faith in British sense of justice and
fairness. Mis-conscience got deeply wounded & this responsive cooperator
became a non cooperator.
NCM launched in Aug 1920 was the expression of the same. This was his fight
against a immoral British rule. As he believed that the co operation with the
good & non copperation with evil was the duty of everybody.
4) The khilafat issue had also played an important role in launching NCM
In Sept. 1919 All India Khalafat Committee was formed by leaders like Haqeen
Azmal Khan, Maulana Abdul Azad, Mohd. Alo and Sofet Ali etc. to oppose the
treaty of services imposed on Turkey by the victor powers of WW-I as the
province of this treaty was against the prestige of caliph.
The treaty of severe had provided for the dismemberment of ottoman empire
caliph was no more to have any control on many of Islamic Holy Places
because of this Muslims all was the world opposed treaty of S & reaction had
surfaced in India in the form of khilafat committee.
5) Gandhi believed that the Khilafat issue had provided best opportunity to
forge lasting HM unity.
He believed that the unity on a emotional issue like Khilafat would be
permanent because it involved the masses acc. To him the Lucknow unity had
failed to keep the H-M together because that was essentially a pact b/w
leader without any involvement.
Gandhi joined khilafat committee and in Nov.1919 he was elected as its
chairman.

When the British Government refused to accept the demand of revising the
treaty of severs the NCM was launched by the Khilafat committee on Ist Aug,
1920 to achieve the same.
6) Gandhiji asked INC to start a mass movement so that the fight against
British could be carried to new heights.
The leaders of INC could see the wisdom in Gandhian outlook. A sp. Session
was held in Calcutta in Spt.1920 and on 4th Sept. congress decided to launch
a mass movement with the demands of swaraji rectification of Punjab wrongs
and redressal of khilafat issue.
With this the NCM of INC and Khilafat movement commenced as parallel mass
movement against British rule.
Programme of NCM
1) The NCM emp. on withdrawing cooperation with govt. at every level and in
every form.
2) Swadeshi & Boycott were the most essential weapons of NCM.
3) Use of Indigenous goods were promoted throughout India and determined
boycott was carried out of every British institution practice and product.
4) Boycott of Govt. school, colleges and courts
Surrender of Govt. title and honours
Boycott of election by refusing to vote.
Resignation from Govt. services.
Peaceful court arrest.
Promotion of national education
Organization of worker from national service
Setting up of national fund to support nationalist activities.
Promotion of Hindu Muslim unity
Peaceful agitation and demonstration against the govt.
5) It was an in vision that if NCM failed to pressurize the Govt. then civil
disobedience would be carried out later on.
No rent, no revenue campaign would be organized.
6) In Dec. 1920, Annual session of INC was held at Nagpur
Hereafter constitution of INC was amendment.
Attainment of Swaraj through all peaceful legal means was Dec. to be the obj.
of national struggle.
NM was no longer to be limited to the constitutional means and the congress
had decided to adopt ever extra constitutional methods in its fight against
colonial British rule.
Significance of NCM
1) NCM was launched by Gandhi ji with the promise to attain Swaraj within 01
year provided all Indian participate in national struggle peacefully.
Movement had continued for almost 18 months and was withdrawl by Gandhi
ji. In Feb 1922 as the result of chauri chaura incident.

Aim of Swaraj could not be realized but the NCM had transformed the
character of anti British struggle. Inspite of failing in its objective to attaining
swaraj the movement was highly significant.
2) The NCM was the Ist true mass movement
It had _________ the social base of national struggle significantly as the
peasants workers, women. Student etc had participated in it in large no.
3) NCM had transformed the national movement into PAN India movement.
NCM was not limited to the street of towns and cities but the national struggle
had engulfed the remotest villages in India.
4)
Remarkable success of NCM in mobilizing the masses had proved the
efficacy of Gandhian methods of struggle.
Massive mass participation witnessed all over India had confirmed that
Gandhian methods were really effective.
The success of NCM in mobilizing the masses had pushed Gandhi into the
forefront of national struggle. Gandhi emerged as undisputed leader of NM.
5) Fear of British rule was erased from heat and mind of masses.
6)
NCM contributed significantly in strengthening the ethical and moral
foundation of national struggle.
7) Movement contributed significantly to the liberation of women.
8) The NCM had __________ the Hindu & Muslims to common platform. It was
a remarkable move toward strengthening the Hindu Muslim unity.
Though this unity could not last long and had ended much before the
movement was withdrawn but the effort was really commendable.
9) NCM gave new methods of struggle to INM.
10) Sudden withdrawal of NCM in Feb.1922 had resulted in the sense of
disillusionment among the large section of Nationalist.
Many of the leaders believed that movement was at its peak & cal to suspend it
suddenly was like a calamity.
This sense of disillusionment had shattered their faith in the efficacy of
gandhian method of struggle and forced them to look towards the ideological
alternative.
The revolution extremists got the boost as many young lost faith in the efficacy
of peaceful method.
Peasants and workers were pushed toward socialism.
Leader like Moti Lal Nehru and C.R. Das rejected this Gandhian call to boycott
the forth coming election and at times it appeared the INC was heading
towards another split.
Swaraj Party
Introduction
All India congress Khilafat Swaraj party better ___ as swaraj party was formed
in Mar. 1922 by CR Das Moti Lal Nehru and their supporters at Allahabad to
participate in forth coming general election as per the constitutional
arrangement created by Act of 1919.

2) The Swarajist also ____ as pro changes wanted to participate in the

forthcoming general election to expose the hollowness of the system created
by Mont. Chelms Ford.
3) It was the group within INC the Swarajist did not leave INC in-spite of the
different strategy adopted by them.
Circustances leading to formation of Swaraj Party
1. Formation of swaraj party was the result of sense of disillusionment created
by sudden withdrawal of NCM in Feb. 1902.
2) NCM was started by Mahatma Gandhi with the promise of attaining Swaraj
within 01 year but even after a massive mass movement for 15 month
nothing concrete was achieved.
When the movement was at its peak it was suddenly withdrawal by Gandhi due
to chauri choura incident.
This sudden withdrawal had left the section of INC leaders completely
disillusionment. They had started doubling the efficacy of Gandhian method of
struggle and them. Gandhian gave a call for boycott of forthcoming general
election his leaders did not agree.
3)
Even after the withdrawal of NCM Gandhi wanted that the NC with the
British should continue.
Leaders like Vallabh Bhai Patel and Dr. Rajendra Prasad etc were in favour of it.
They were ______ as no changer.
On the other hand leaders like CR Das & Moti Lal Nehru _______as pro
changes were in favour of participation in general election.
The annual session of INC was held at Gaya in Dec. 1922.
The no changers were in majority in congress. INC decided to continue the
strategy of non cooperation with British rule by boycotting the forth coming
election.
The pro changers formed a group k/n as Swaraj party to participate in election.
Aim and objective of swarajists
1) Swarajists were true nationalist like other leaders of INC.
They were not greedy of power as sometime perceived their obj. was to
expose the happiness of system of Dyrarchy introduced by the act of 1919
and to strengthen the fight against British rule by participating in the election.
2) Swarajist wanted to carry non cooperation into the legislature so that a new
method of struggle could be provided to Indians nationalist.
3) Their objectives was to entice the Assembly form majority of their own or
by joining hands with other like minded parties to block the anti India
government resolutions and to push forward the nationalist agenda.
4) Swarajist was of the opinion that boycott of general election by INC could
enable the anti INC forces to capture the power and they could use this power
against national interest.
Significance of Swarajist activities

1) Swarajist had started their activities with great enthusiasm and in spite of
limited time period available to them they had made significance success in
general election.
Swarajist had won majority in Central provenance. They emerged as demonist
party in Bengal. They were quite inflectional in Punjab & North Western
Frontier (NWF) province.
They won 45 out of 145 seates in CLA Centraol Legislative Assembly).
2) Participation of Sawarjist in general elections gave a s significant political
experience to India nationalist. This experience in handy in future when
greater power was handed over to Indian through the act of 1935.
3) The activities of swarajist provided an alternative strategy to the nationalist
forces to continue their struggle against British rule.
The nationalist dissatisfied with Gandhian strategy could pariticipate in general
election and because of this the political activism could continued in India in
spite of withdrawl of NCM.
4) Sawarjiist blocked no of government resolutions successfully on the
expenditure on military matters etc. and pushed a no of nationalist resolution
related to the promotion of education.
5) Sawarji exposed the hollowness of the system of Dyrarchy with was
introduced by British with high hopes.
The government general and governors had to use their veto power repeatedly.
Factors Responsible for the decline of Swarajists
1) Swarajists had started their activities with great promise but within a span
of few years their steamed got dissipated. Mass base of swaraji got depleted
and by 1926 they were no more a force to rekcon with
2) Over the period of time swaraji had accepted the no of official position.
In 1925 Witthal Bai Patel assumed the office of speakers of CLA and Moti Lal
Nehru became the member of Skeen committee (for suggesting military
reforms).
Such actitivities adversely affected their reputation and the people started
believing that Sawarji had ______ away from their original goal.
3) Death of CR Das in 1925 had also given the serious blow to the popularity
of Swaraji .He was their biggest mass leader.
4) Appointment of Siman Commission in Nov. 1924 had changed the direction
of INM. Swaraji abandoned their separate line of section and joined handed
with the mainstream INC activities in form of Anti Simon Commission
agitations.
Simon Commission
1) In Nov. 1927 a royal commission was appointed by British Government
under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon as per the provisions of the act of
1919.

2) Appointment of Simon commission had pushed the anti British struggle in

India into a new phase.
3) Act pf 1919 provided that a Royal commission shall be appointed after a
period of 10 years to look into the functioning of system created by that Act.
This commission was to be appointed in 1929 but the ruling conservative party
government of British decided to appoint it almost 2 years before the
schedule.
General election was due in Britian in 1928 n& it was widely believed that
conservative would lose power and liberal party government would be
formed.
Existing conservation party government did not want to leave the respective of
appointing of such a important commission into the hand of inexperience
liberal party government and on whose ________ was depend the future of
British Indian empire.
4) There were 07 members in Simon Commission & all o f them were
Europeans.
Indians response to Simon Commission/Significance
1)
The appointment of Simon Commission deeply hurt the nationalist
sentiments of all India because of its all white character
Not a single India was considered fit to contribute to the p rocess of deciding
Indias pol future.
All white character of Simon Commission was clear indication of the colonial
attitude of British government because they wanted to decide its future
themselves.
2) News of appointment of Simon Commission had triggered the massive
nationalist agitation all over India.
Demonstrations marches and rallies were organized all over India.
Much before the landing of Simon Commission on India soil and strong anti
British fevour had gripped the nation.
3) Simon Commission was welcomed everywhere with black flags.
The nationalist adopted novel strategies to oppose Simon Commission.
The demonstrators used to stand on both sides of railway lines and roads with
black flag whenever Simon Commission use to travel from one place to
another.
Black flags were flown over the venue of the Simon Commission meetings
where nationalist were not allowed.
At Lucknow Khali Uj-Jama coined the slogan Simon goes back and this
became the watch word of anti Simon Commission agitation.
4) The arrival of Simon Commission had infused the new energy into Indias
struggle against British rule.
Event of political passivism prevailing in India got transformed into Poll
activism.
An intense mass movement unseen before came into the forefront and the
foundation of British rule started shaking.

5) The appointment of Simon Commission had strengthened the bonds of

unity among Indian Nationalist.
Swarajist abandonment their separate line of action and joined hand with
mainstream INC activities.
Nationalist section of Muslim league had also participated in anti Simon
Commission agitation such kind of strong unity had very few parallels of
whole course of Indias struggle against British rule.
6) Nationalist organized Swadesi and Boycott movement successfully during
anti Simon Commission agitation.
7)
Development associated with anti Simon Commission agitation had
intensified the revolutionary extremision.
While leading a demonstration at Lahore in 1928 Lalaji was fately wounded
during police lathi charge because of which he died in Nov.
Bhagat Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad and their associate took revenge of Lal ji
death by assassinating the ACP. Saunder the police officers resp. for Lathi
charge.
Anti SC agitation prepared the background for the launching of CDM in mar.
1930 which had carried the national struggle into a new phase.
Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM)
Introduction
1) CDM was launched by INC under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi to
pressurize the Brtish government to grant poorva Swaraj to Indial.
2) Circumstances leading to launching of CDM
1) CDM was respond and election to the policies and prgorames of the colonial
British rule in India.
2) The expatiation and suffering being faced by the masses under British rule
h ad resulted in services discontent.
This anti British discontent had come out in open time and again in the form
of revolts. Rebellions and mass movement. The CDM launched in Mar. 1930
was the part of the same.
3) The immediate circumstances responsible for the launching CDM were
prepared by the appointment of Simon Commission in Nov. 1927.
The all white character of Simon commission was strongly opposed by India
nationalist.
Due to the domestic demonstration organized in India by nationalist forces lord
Birkenhead challenged. In leaders to come together and prepare a draft for
constructional reform. If this draft was acceptable to all the major India
parties them British government promised to implement it immediately.
This challenge was accepted by India leaders and all party conference was
held at Delhi in May 1928 and a committee was appointed under the
chairmanship of Moti Lal Nehru to prepare a draft for reform.
This draft K/n as Nehru report was completed in Aug 1928. It was like a mini
constitution of India.

Muslim league did not accept because of different on certain provision. But the
leaders of all party conference decided to hand over the report to the
governor general Lord Irvin to implement it.
At Calcutta session held in 1928 congress gave a period of 01 year to British
government to accept and implement Nehru report. It was emph. That if
Nehru report was not accepted by 31 Dec. 1929 then INC would abandon the
demand of dominance status and would fight for poorna swaraj.
As Nehru report was not accepted by government INC adopted Poorna Swaraj
resolution at Lahore in 31 Dec. 1929 and authorized M. Gandhi to launched
mass movement to pressurize the British Government for the attainment of
the same.
This movement was launched in the form of CDM on 12 th Mar. 1930.
Manifestration of CDM in different part of India
NWFP movement was led by Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan. It was launched by his
red Shirt movement. Movement attracted massive mass support and because
of this the soldier of Gorkha regiment refused to open fire on unarmed
agitators when they are asked to do so.
NWP movement was launched with a progress of
1) no rent no revenue.
2) local illegal news sheets (patrikas)
3) Magic lantern and
4) Prabhat pheris were used to mobilized the masses.
3) In Eastern India
1) Movement was against chaukirari tax and against union board tax
municipality tax.)
4) In Assam
1) Movement was against Cunningham circular.
2) Cunningham was education member in the government executive council.
This circular was issued by him to prevent the participation of students in
nationalist activities.
Surety was demanded from the parents of student and thiat their words wont
participate in nationalist activities.
5) Nagaland
1) Movement was led by Rai Gandhinism. She was young tribal girl of about
20 years of age. She lead a demonstration.
6) In Gujrata
1) No revenue campaign was organized.
1) In Central & peninsular India
Movement was launched against forest lost. These lost had imposed no of
restrictions on the tradition right of forest dwellers.
Flag agitation was organization at Bundur was of AP, Calicut and at Surat.
At Bundur agitation was led by Toter Narasiah. He was badly beaten by police.
He fell unconscious b ut did not leave flag.
A Calcut-Flag agitation was led by P Krishna Pillai.

At Surat -Kids organization leg agitation by using novel method. Their flags
and when this practice. Their flags and when this practice continued. The put
lags all their cloths and this flag to jump on the street and these policemen
could do nothing but behave as meek spectator.
8) Salt Agitation was important component of CDM at Dharsana (Gujarat)
salt agitation was led by M Gandhi in the beg. When he was arrested Abhas
Taiyab Ji became the leader.
After his arrest the responsible of leadership was assumed by Sarojini Naidu.
Completely non violent, determined demonstration were held by the people at
Dharsana.
American Journalist web miller was an eye witnessed to Dharsana
Satyagrah .He wrote that during the whole scorching (hot) day the waves of
demonstrators continued to march towards Dharsana salt faction. When
group of agitator used to collapse income due to brutal police lathi charge.
The other group used to march towards factory and this process continued
whole of the day.
Sarojini Naidu leader the demonstrator from front and she exhorted them not
to give up their fight Gandhi body is in Jail but his soul is with you. Indias
prestige is in your hand and you must not use any violence under any
circumstances. You will be beaten but you must not resist. You must not
raised hands to ward off the blows.
This spirit of extreme agitation seen at Dharsana filled the entire movement
with great energy.
Salt agitation also organized at Wadala (Mumbai) Madras and at Sainaks Tolai
Salt Work (Karnataka)
Other agitations
Laborers organization a massive strike at Sholapur (Maharashtra) complete
administration had been paralysised from ay 07 to 16 1930. The parallel
government was ran by them
Mill owners had also participated in CDM. They refused to use the foreign
youre in making of the clothes.
Marches were organization by India Nationalist to reach coast to manufacture
salt to violate salt law.
A march was led by K Kelappan from Calicut to payannur. Another march was
lead by C Gopalachari from Tiruchalapali to Vedaranyum.
Main stands or stands of different parities in CDM
1) CDM was launched by congress and congress was fully behind it.
2) Socialist was fully with the movement.
3) The neo swarajists such as NC Kelkar and Satyam Murthi had refused to
resign from legislature. They did not participate in movement.
4) Muslim league remained away.
5) Orthodox Hindu Platform such as RSS and Hindu Maha Sabha also remained
away.
5) Working class leadership or trade union movement were with CDM.

Stand of Business class

1) For the Ist time the Indian Business class had declared its support for mass
movement.
2) By this time the Indian capitalist were quite strong. They had also realized
that government want take them seriously without the support of INC.
Many of them had got convinced that sooner or later the power could move
into the hands of INC it was impossible for them to avoid nationalist
movement.
3) Though many of the progress of nationalist movement such as swadesi &
boycott were in favour of Indian capitalist but till 1930. They had remained
always from active participation in nationalist movement.
Business class did not want to agree the British.
Some of the activities associates with mass movement such as labor strike
used to hurt the interest of business class but when the call was given by
Ganidhi to launch CDM. Business class had decided to support CDM to protect
their long term interest by sacrificing some short term gains.
4) The Indian business class had decided to support the CDM with the hope
that it would be for few months but when the movement continued for almost
a year the business leaders started feeling restive.
Other started persuaded congress to suspend the movement and the critics of
Gandhian pact belived that the pressured of business class had p;ayed an
important role in the suspension of CDM in March 1931.
Karachi Congress and CDM
1.) Karachi session of congress was held from 26-28 Mar 1931.
At this session Gandhi Irwin pact was raffled by congress.
2) The critics of Gandhi Irwin pact was believed that this pact was a result of
pressure built by capitalist and land borders on congress leadership to keep
the rising of peasant and workers in check.
Growing participation of peasants and workers had greatly radicalized the
movement. It was appearing as if the movement would succeed in
overthrowing the existing social eco structure.
The class divisions present among the various sections of Indian nationalist
had come. Out in forefront and to keep the interest of dominant group sofe
the movement was suspended by Gandhi
As Gandhi Irwin pact was approved by INC at Karachi session it has been
emph. That this session was an indication of certain basic weakness of entire
movement.
3) The closure examination of resolution adopted at Karachi session clearly
confirmed the rise of common masses in nationalist struggle.
Gandhi Irwin pact was a reflection of Gandhi strategy of STS & PCP.
At Karachi congress had adopted resolution on fundamental right a national
economy program and provision of this resolution were in accordance with the
aspiration of P&W.
Without their dominance in national movement such resolution could have
never been adopted.
Karachi session was an indication of new found strength of NOM.

Meaining of Swaraj for masses was defined by the congress for Ist time at
Karachi session vision of Swaraj.
Demanded by INC was to include.
Basic civil heights as freedom of press speech, assembly and association.
Equality before law.
Election on the basis of universal adut suffrage.
Free and compulsory primary education.
Subsidential reduction in rent and taxes.
Protect of women, peasants and minorities.
Better conditions for workers including living wage and limited working hours.
Govt. ownership and control over key industries mines and transport.
Significance of CDM
1) It was II great mass movement.
2) Expanded the mass base for national movement further (Pew participated
in large no.)
3) Prove the efficacy of Gandhian method of struggle once again
4) Infused new energy in anti British struggle by fighting for the objective of
poorna Swaraj.
5) Massive radical demonstration and agitation was held all over India.
6) Participation of women and children was really remarkable.
7) At Dharsana Sarojin Naidu led the agitation at Surat kids organization flag
agitation.
8) CDM proved to be training ground for the younger leaders like sarojin Naidu
and it Nehru for the Ist. They had handled important responsibility.
9) CDM had reflected the rise of socialist ideology in national struggle which
dominating and direct movement in future.
Separatist Movement in India
Introduction
1) The Ist half of 20th C was the age of the remarkable transformation in India.
During this period the INM emerged as a force to reckon and Indian gain
independence on one hand and on other hand a strong separate movement
emerged leading to the partition of the country.
2) The Muslim separate movement respective for the partition of nation was
the result of the socio-eco and political circumstances prevailing in India Beg.
Around the middle of 19 th Century . This separate movement had continued to
gain strength and ultimately forced the nation to accept the creation of
Pakistan.
Larger background of separatist movement.
1) Larger background of MSM was prepared by the failure of Muslim socio- rel
reform movements in guiding the Muslim masses on to the path of progress
and modernity.
The muslim socio-rel reform movement were backward looking. They emphasis
upon restoring the purity of IS/am. They were against the western education
and English along.

Because of Muslim, this could not get appointments under the state and
coutinued to remain trapped in backwardness.
2) On the other hand hindus had progress significantly because of the liberal
and progressive character of Hindu socio-rel. reform movement.
The socio rel reform movement of Hindu leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Keshave and sen and Ishwar and Vidhyasagar had strongly supported the
western education of English language.
Because of this Hindu could get apt under state and could move ahead on path
of progress.
3) By the middle of 19 th Century the Socio eco condition of Hindu & Muslims
were contrasting different.
These difference had caught the eyes of Muslim intellectuals like Abdul Latif
Saiyed Amir Ali Saiyad Amir Hussain and Saiyad Ahmad Khan.
These leaders were aware of the fact that the socio economic backwardness
among Muslims was the result of lack of western education among them.
They started promoting western education among the Muslims and the cultural
movement commenced.
4) This movement was liberal and progressive. It was largely a political and
there was no separatist touch in it.
A slight competitive spirit was present western to Hidnus because the
moderate had to campsite against them.
5) Saiyad Ahmad Khan started Aligarh movement to promote western learning
among Muslims.
In 1864, He stood scientific society also k/n as translation society to
translation. Western work into Urdu so that Muslims could use them.
In 1875, MAO College was established at Aligarh.
Emergence of Separatist Movement
1) Foundation of congress in Dec. 1885 changed the political scenario in India
significantly.
The INM had emerged with INC and by 1888 the real nationalist poll
character of INC had come out in open.
It had became quite clear that INC was not a safety wall for the British India
empire . The British started applying their policy of divide and rule by brain
washing the Muslim leaders like Saiyad Ahmad Khan that the demands of
democratic polity being put forwarded by INC were anti moderate.
They were convinced that India the pol. Adm. system demanded by INC the
Muslim would be left on the mercy of Hindu because in a democratic polity
the majority rules.
2) Saiyad Ahmad Khan was a great supporter of Hindu Muslim unity till 1884.
While delivering a speech at gurudaspur in 1884. He ____ that Hindu and
Muslim were like a 2 eyes of beautiful bride c/d India. The terms like Hindus &
Muslim man were only religious distinction otherwise we all belong to same
nation
By 1888 Saiyad Ahmad Khan became the great opponent of Hindu Muslim
unity while delivering a speech at Meerut in 1888.

Hindu-Muslims were not only 2 nations but they were also 2 nearing nation .
Hindu & Muslim can never be together peacefully.
3) Hindu & Muslim had been living together for may ____without killing each
other. Spirit of communalism was absent in India before 1890s
For the Ist time communal riots took place in India in 1890 and this in
communalism _____ triggered by Brraj.
4) Communal forces continued to gain strength with the passage of time due
to British pol. of _______ and Rule.
Partition of Bengal was carried out in 1905 to create Muslim majority provision
so that moderate could be convinced that British were there true saviours.
The information of Moderate league in 1906 was blessed by Governor General
Lord Minto the emergence of moderate league had provided a PAN Indian
platform to the separate forces.
Separate election was granted to Muslim in 1909 to convince the Moderate
that their interests were saved under British rule.
5) The strong opposition of separate election by INC and orthodox Hindu
group had further strengthened the Muslim separate forces because
separatist leaders could sell their communal agenda to the Muslim masses
more effectively.
Emergence of the movement for separate state form muslim
Introduction
1) For the Ist time the ideal for separate state was put forward by Abdul
Sattar and Abdul Jabbarm, two brother at Moscow while they were attending
2nd CI (communist International)
In 1924, Lala Lajpat Rai put forward the view that Moderate should be along
religious lines.
IN 1930, Mohd Iqbal put forwarded the view that creation of an autonomous
unit in North Western part of India subcontinent would be in large interest of
moderate.
In 1933, Choudry Rehmat Ali an UG student at ______ coined the term
Pakistan by taking letters from the name of M majority provision in India. He
demanded the creation of Pakistan as a separate state for Moderate.
These were the views of certain individual and were not supported by any
majority party. When Jinnah was asked about the demands put forward by
Rehmat Ali Jinnah had termed him as kid not aware of ground realities in
India.
2) The movement for the separate state emerged in a real way after 1937.
A general election of 1937, INC was remarkably successful where as Muslim
league was miserable failure.
INC formed could govt. in province but moderate league could not succeed in
any of the province was outsmarted by other Muslim party.
Muslim league won just 4.4% of Muslim vote could not even open its account
in Bihar, Orissa , Sindh and CP.
3) The INC and Muslim league had shared a tacit understanding during the
general election of 1937. They had agreed that they will form government
together irrespective of the outcome of the election.

Their manifesto was quite similar and they had consciously avoided attacking
each other.
After the result of the election INC refused to invite Muslim league to
participate in ministries because such an invitation could have hurt the
sentiments of voters who had rejected the policies of Mulim league.
The refusal of INC to invite M-league to join the ministry had humiliated it.
When INC decided to organize mass contact program to win over the support
of Muslim masses after the election of 1937. The league felt that its very
existence was under threat.
Found itself pushed in a corner. The league decided to adopt a radical
communal propaganda to expand its mass base through religious
__________.
Till 1937 Muslim league was emp. that the Muslim interest were in danger a
need to be protect through concession and reservations.
After 1937 the league started emp. that the Islam was in danger under the
Hindu majority rule of INC.
No. of fabricated reports were prepared to create an env. of fear and con.
(Terrify) among the Muslims.
Pinpur Report 1938
Sharif report 1939
Fazal Ul-Haqs report 1939 were published. In theses report it was emp.
Those Mosques were being demolished. Holy Quran being burnt and Muslim
women were being burnt in INC rolling state.
The other Muslim parties were being pressurized to join hands with Muslim
league. Nos. of branches of Muslim league emerged all over Indian with span
of few year.
This policy of radical polarization persuades by Muslim league was highly
successful.
In general election of 1945-46 Muslim league won 75% of Muslims beat. It
came to power in Sind and Bengal.
In the election of constituent Assembly held in 1946 Muslim league won 75 out
of 78 Muslims seat.
In this way league had transformed itself into a major pol force by 1945-46. At
this new found strength was sued by Muslim league to obstruct the process of
constitutional advancement and to impose the partition on nation.
Circumstances leading to freedom and partition (1937-1947)
Introduction
1) After the general election of 1937, the INC ministries were formed in 08
provinces and kind of pol stability had started becoming visible in India.
2) Sense of humiliation perceived by Muslim league as a result of miserable
defeat in election and refusal of INC to invite Muslim league to join ministries
had forced league to adopt a policy of communal polarization which has been
historically the shortest way to expand mass base in politics.
In the beg the Muslim league was not a major challenge and because of that
nobody took leave that seriously but gradually league became and force to
reckon with in Indian political scene.
3) Beginning of WW-II gave a new direction to the political division in India.

India was immediately declared as a party to war by governor general lord

Lithlingo without consulting Indian leaders.
This unilateral dec. of India as a party to war was taken as a national
humiliation by INC and when nationalist opinion was not taken seriously by
British govt. INC asked its pro. Ministries to resign.
On 27 Oct., 1939, INC ministries tendered their resignation. Muslim league
celebrated the exits of INC ministries by organizing day of deliverance on 22 nd
Dec. 1939.
These dev. Had resulted in a serious political deadlock in India & it countd. For
almost a decade.
August offer
Introduction
On 08 Aug, 1940 governor general Lord Lithlingo mode an announcement on
behalf of British Government to conciliate Indian nationalist and this
announcement famously K/n as August offer.
Circumstances heading to the announcement of August officer
1) August offer was announced as a result of circumstances created by the
beginning of battle of Britain.
2) The German forces had started attacking the British mainland and the
British government came under immense pressure.
3) The government felt the need of generation Indian support to counter these
challenge and to conciliate Indian Nationalist.
The August offer was announced by Governor General
Provision of August offer
1) The governor General executive council would be immediately expanded by
including more Indian in it.
2) A war advisory council would be set up immediately to advise the
government in the handling of a war.
3) After the end of war steps shall be taken to setup a constituent assembly to
draft a new constitution for India.
4) It was emph. That subject to the fulfillment of certain condition such as
needs of defence of the minority rights position of all India services and
treaties with native starts. The drafting of new constitution shall primarily be
carried out by Indian themselves and the Indian constitution would be based
on the Indian concept of socio eco and political structure.
5) It was emp that the minority opinion would be given full weight.
6) Indian the mean time it was expected than Indian would extend their full
support to the British was efforts.
Indian Reactions
1) The august offer was immediately rejected by Indian Nationalist.
INC was demanding immediate transfer of Indian responsibilities into Indian
hands but August offer just provided for expansion of governor general
executive council.

2)
INC wanted that the constitution making process must be started
immediately.
3)
Over emph. Placed on minority opinion were also interpreted as a
deliberate move of a British government to use a minorities ot block the
process of constitutional advancement in India.
4) INC decided to launch individual satyagrah because it did not want to create
any difficulty for the government at the time when British empire was fighting
for its existence against axis power
Individual Satyagrah was organized during Oct Dec. 1940 Aacgarta Vonoba
Bhave was the Nationalist satyagrah and Pt. Jawhahar Lal Nehru was 2 nd to
offer satyagrah.
5)
India the mean while Battle of Britain had ended and the British
government continued its policy of neglecting INC.
Cripps Mission
Introduction
1) In March 1942 Brittan Government sent Sir S Cripps as a one member
mission to Indian to conciliate Indian nationalist and to win their support for
Britain war efforts.
Circumstances leading to the arrival of CM.
1) Arrival of CM was the result of the circumstances created by the entry of
Japan in the world war.
On 7th Dec. 1941, Japan entered the war with a deck on Pearl Harbor.
Within the span of few month of Japan had captured whole of South East Asia
and Japanese forces had started knocking on Indian doors.
Entry of Japan had transformed the character of world war. The Britain
governor came under immense pressure and felt the need of full Indian
support to counter the threat posed by Japan.
2) Government of PM Winsten Charil decided to sent Sir S Cripps with a draft
declaration to win over the support of Indian nationalist. This mission arrived
in India in Mar. 1942.
Provisions of Cripps Plan
1) Sir Cripps had detailed discussions with Indian leaders and in April 1942 he
put forward his proposal which is famously K/N as Cripps plan.
2) It was emp. that a constituent assembly would be set up after the end of
war to draft new constitution for India.
3) It was emp. That if no Indian plan could be agreed upon for the election of
the members of constituent assembly. By the end of the war then the
principle of proportion representation would be used to election the members
of constituent assembly.
4) Subject to the fulfillment of 02 conditions the governments agreed to
accept and implement the constitution so framed these condition.
The provinces shall have the eight to accept or orject new constitution.

Constituent Assembly shall have to sign a treaty with Britain government to

cover all necessary matter arising after complete transfer of resp. into Indian
hands.
The British government had also declared that the arrangement shall be made
for the participation of native state in constitution making process.
India the mean time Indian were invited to join the councils of common wealth
and league of nation.
It was expected that Indian could extend their full support to Britain was
efforts.
Critical examination of the provision of Cripps plan
1. Cripps plan was nowhere close to Indian aspiration as the Indian nationalist
were demanding immediate transfer of all Indian respective into Indian
hands. But the Cripps plan had proposed that constitution making process
would be started only after end of the war.
2. The INC was not so much against the long term provision of Cripps plan as
it was against immediate provisions.
The Cripps plan was termed as post dated cheque on a failing bank.
INC condemned the right given to province to accept or reject a new
constitution because it was direct threat to unity and integrity of India.
INC wanted that the nominees of native state in constituent assembly should
be elected through popular vote but the Cripps plan had provided for their
nomination by native rulers.
The INC decided to launch a mass movement when Cripps plan failed to satisfy
their aspiration.
3. The Hindu Mahasabha also opposed Cripps plan because the principle of
non accession of provinces was a direct threat to the unity and integrity of
India.
4. The Sikhs opposed the Cripps plan because they believed that in case the
province of Punjab refuses to accept the new constitutions the Sikhs would be
left on the mercy of Muslims.
5. Depressed classes lead by Dr. Ambedkar also rejected Cripps plan because
nothing was provided to safeguard the interest of depress classed.
6. Muslim league also opposed Cripps plan because it wanted the election of
constituent assembly in accordance with the system of sep. election. The
principle of proportions representation was against their interest. Muslim
league rejected C-plan because demand of separate state was not accepted
clearly.
Merits of Cripps plan
1. The comparative analysis of C-plan and August offer reveals that the C.
Plan was significantly ahead to the system proposed in August offer.
2. It was __________ accepted that the Indian union would have the eight to
leave British common wealth.
Demand of complete independence had been accepted by C-plan indirectly.
It was quite clear that India would be free to leave British empire if not as a
single union but def. in the form of 2 or more entities.

3. The August offer had provided that new constitution shall be primarily draft
by India but C-plan declared clearly that the drafting of new constitution shall
be carried out by India solely.
The principle of proportional rep. proposed by the C-plan was also a significant
improvement because it had declared that the policy of _________ & role had
been dropped by British. They were no more interested in using the weapon
of minorities opinion the block the constitutional advancement.
4. August offered had invited India to join the government general ex. Council
and war advisory council but the Cripps plan invited India to join the council
of common wealth and league of nation.
5. Cripps plan had provided for the setting of interim government not just the
expansion of Governor General Council.
6. August offer had proposed that the issue of drafting the new constitution
shall be taken up after the end of war but Cripps plan had provided even a
formula to elect the members of constituent assembly.
Questions
C-Mission gave India a post dated cheque EC.
C. proposal opened the door for as no. of petitions elucidate.
How did the outbreak of WW-II effect Indian political scene. Did Cripps mission
succeed in resolving India pol. Cries.
Present a critical and comparative acc. Of August offer and Cripps plan.
Highlight the reaction of India nationalist to a Crips plan. How dod INC respond
to the failure C. Mission.