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B
.
t
d d
dt
dt
d
SayN 1
dt
(1)
(2)
E.dl
d
dt
We know that
(3)
B.ds
(4)
(3) E.dl = dt
B.ds
(5)
If the conductor (circuit) is stationary constant and the flux is changing w.r. to time then the
d
d
can be modified as
when
is bringing inside integral.
t
dt
dt
(5) E.dl
S
B ds
t
(6)
(6)
E.dl Curl E ds
S
Curl E ds
B
ds
t
B
B
(or) x E
t
t
Ex:
flux is stationary.
Ex:
1) Generators
winding)
2) = -N
2) = Blu Sin
d
dt
Moving conductor (Circuit) in a constant field (Invariant with time) {dynamically induced
e.m.f}
If we place a charge (q) in an electric field it will experiences a force. i.e. F = EQ.
If we place current carrying conductor, it (charges are moving) with velocity u
experiences force
F = BIl Sin
=B
Q
l Sin
t
l
= Q U B Sin u
t
F=Q
UxB
F
U X b , E = U x B , E = V B Sin
Q
We know that E
V V
V E.l
d
l
Area
OA time t1
Afferdt
1
a ad
2
1 2
= a d
2
OB dt
=
d
dt
= B. ds
d = B. ds
1 2
1
d
a d
Ba 2
= Ba 2
=
2
2
dt
2
2dt
= 2 N/60
Modification of Maxwells equations for time varying fields: Maxwell stated that Amperes law is not valid for time varying fields and it is valid only for
time invariant fields. For Maxwell modified Amperes Law as
H.dl I I
Q) Prove that
(or) Curl H = J + Jd
H.dl I I
(or) Curl H = J + Jd = J +
D
dt
B
t
(1)
J.ds
Curl H ds =
J.ds
(2)
Curl H = J
xH=J
. ( x H) = . J
invariant fields.
i.m. ( x H) = 0
.J = 0
(3)
(4)
But from continuity equation we know that So Maxwell has modified Amperes Law as
follow.
Div J =
.J =
(5)
.J =
(6)
fields
(.D)
t
.J = .
.J + .
=0
t
(7)
[_]=0
.J + .
0
= 0 . J
t
t
.J + .Jd = 0
(8)
. (J+Jd) = 0
x H = J + Jd
x H=J+
D
t
curl H.ds =
J. ds +
JD ds
H.dl = I + Id
(11)
D dD
Id
Id
dD
d
A Q/A A
dt
dt
Id
dQ
But Q = CV
dt
Id =
V
t
Hence it can be seen that displacement current is the current through the capacitor.
Conduction current & Displacement current Density: I
V VA
R
l
I
EA
E
l
I
V 1
A
l
Vm
l
V Sin wt
V
m
l
l
(1)
Last
By observing equations (1) & (2) peak value of conduction current is independent of
frequency where as peak value of displacement current (Id) depends on w.
Case (2) Displacement current density
Jd
dD
dE dV d
Vm Sin wt
dt
dt
l dt
l dt
Jd=
Vm w
Vm w
Cos wt
Cos wt
l
l
J = Jdm Cos wt
Vm w
l
Where Jdmax =
(2)
V. Imp
1) Maxwells equations for time varying fields:
1. Div D =
2. Div B = 0
B
t
3. Curl E =
4. Curl H = J
5. Div J =
D
t
(Continuity equation)
t
2) Div B = 0
4) Curl H = 0
5) Div J = 0
3) Curl E =
B
t
A field (F) with amplitude (F0) and rotating in anticlock wise direction with an angular
velocity of w is called harmonically varying field
F = F0 ejwt
= F0 (cos wt + j sin wt)
D = D0 ejwt
Similarly
D
D 0 (e jwt )jw
t
D
jwd [ D D 0 e jwt ]
t
B
jwb
t
Similarly
*** Imp.
1. Div D =
2. Div B = 0
B
jwb
,
3. Curl E = t
4. Curl H = J + JD = J+
D
j jwd
t
= E + jw E
= E ( + jw)
5. Div J +
jw
t
2H
2E
2
&
E
=
0
0
t 2
t 2
We know that
Curl H = J + Jd
=E+
xH=
Curl E =
dD
dt
dD
dt
xH=
J=E=0
dE
dt
xE=
B
[ M.W 4th equation
t
H
t
xH
t
.
D
.E
t t
x ( x H) =
d
( x E)
dt
x H = J (0) + Jd
d
xE
.H
dt
( .E) - 2E = -
d
xE
( .H) - H =
dt
2
xE
H
t
(1)
B
t
2E
D E
t 2
.B = 0
.H=0 .E=0
- 2E = -
2E
t 2
2E
(r = 1, r = 1 for
t 2
2E = 0 0
t t
- 2 H = -
D
t
2H
H = 0 0
t 2
free space)
(2)
2 E = 0 0
2E
t 2
(3)
equation.
equation in terms of H.
Maxwell stated that time varying magnetic field (or) time varying electric field produce a
field called electro magnetic field.
The E.M. wave equation in physics is in the form of 2 f =
on comparing equations (2), (3) with (4) u =
1
0 0
1 2f
u 2 t 2
(4)
3x10 8 m/Sec
Maxwell has theoretically proved that E.M waves travel with the velocity of light, between
transmitter & Receiver.
Pointing Vector
=ExH
S = E x H
= E H Sin 90
= EH
V
= l 2 r
VI
2 rl
Power
S = Area Cylindrical Capaicty
S =
Power
from this equation poyting vector gives power per unit area.
Area
The direction of power flow at any point is normal to both E & H vectors, that means S is I r
to the plane containing the vectors E & H.
. S = .(E x H )
= H. Curl E E . Curl H
B
E. Curl f
t
. S = H.
d
H
E. J
. S =H.
t
t
= H.
. ( A x B = B. Curl A A. Curl B
S = E x H
H
E
E.J E
t
t
R 1
1
2
E 2 E.J
H
t 2
t 2
r 1
1
2
2
H E E.J
t 2
2