INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

(SKMM 4413)

Dr. Mohd Farid bin Muhamad Said

Room : Block P21, Level 1, Automotive
Development Centre (ADC)
Tel : 07-5535449
Email: mfarid@fkm.utm.my

HISTORY OF ICE

History of Engine
YearEngine Development
1673Engine concept developedHuygens,Holland
1766 Steam Engine discoveredWatt,Britain
18764 cycle Otto cycleOtto,Dutch
1881Discovering of 2 cycle engineClerk,Britain
1886Discovering of gasoline engine, actual use
Daimler,Dutch
1895Discover of diesel engine, actual use
R.Diesel,Britain
1900Passenger usage of gasoline and diesel engine
BritainDutch, America
1903Improvement of gasoline engine to fly first airplane
Wright,America
1909Mass production of vehicles engineFord,America
1914Passenger use of airplane engine
1936Discover of jet engineF.Whittle,Britain

HISTORY OF ICE

Car History

First mass product

car( Ford type T 1908)

First car made by

MITSUBISHI 1917

First car made by

HINO 1915

First car made by

TOYOTA 1934

First car made by

DATSUN 1932

HISTORY OF ICE

Introduction of Engine
The purpose of a gasoline car engine is to convert gasoline into motion
so that your car can move. Currently the easiest way to create motion from
gasoline is to burn the gasoline inside an engine. Therefore, a car engine is an
internal combustion engine -- combustion takes place internally.

There is such a thing as an external combustion engine. A steam

engine in old-fashioned trains and steam boats is the best example of an
external combustion engine. The fuel (coal, wood, oil, whatever) in a steam
engine burns outside the engine to create steam, and the steam creates motion
inside the engine.
Internal combustion is a lot more efficient (takes less fuel per mile) than
external combustion, plus an internal combustion engine is a lot smaller than an
equivalent external combustion engine. This explains why we don't see any
cars from many manufactures using steam engines.

HISTORYType
OF ICE
of

Engine

HISTORY OF ICE

Automotive Passion

1.7 million

Can buy 680 Nano

Saleen S7
SSC Ultimate Aero TT

Veyron

2500
Reventon

Tata Nano

McLaren F1

DEFINITION
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (ICE)
Engine a device which transforms one form of
energy into another form.
Heat Engine - a device which transforms the
chemical energy of fuel into thermal energy and
utilizes this thermal energy to perform useful work
(mechanical energy).

Power range from 0.01 kW to 20,000 kW.

Normal vehicle nowadays require power output to the
order of 100 kW.

INTRODUCTION
Classification of heat engines

INTRODUCTION

External engine combustion takes place outside the engine.

Internal engine combustion takes place within the engine.

(e.g. steam engine or turbine, and gasoline or diesel engines).
The most widely used engines are:
The reciprocating internal combustion engines. (have been
found suitable for the use in automobiles, motor-cycles and
scooters, power boats, ships, slow speed aircraft, locomotives
and power units of relatively small output.)
The gas turbine

The steam turbine

INTRODUCTION
Advantages of reciprocating ICE compare to the steam engine are:

Mechanical simplicity and improved efficiency due to the

absence of heat exchangers in the passage of the working
fluid (boilers and condensers in steam turbine plant).
Higher thermal efficiency due to:
All its components are worked at an average temperature which is
much below the maximum temperature of the working fluid in the
cycle.
Moderate maximum working pressure of the fluid in the cycle
produces less weight to power ratio.
The possibility of developing a small power output reciprocating
internal combustion engines.

INTRODUCTION
The main disadvantages of reciprocating internal combustion
engines are:
The problem of vibration caused by the
reciprocating components.

Only liquid or gaseous fuels of given specification,

which are relatively more expensive, can be
efficiently used.

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
ICE can be built in many different classifications.
For a given engine, using a four or two-stroke Otto or Diesel
cycle, the classifications are characterized by:
piston-cylinder geometry
valve arrangement
air Intake
fuel delivery system

cooling system

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Piston-cylinder Geometry

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Piston-cylinder Geometry
The choice of a given arrangement depends on a number
of factors and constraints, such as engine balancing and
available volume.
The in-line engine is the most popular as it is the simplest
to manufacture and maintain.
The V engine is formed from two in-line banks of cylinders
set at an angle to each other, forming the letter V.

A horizontally opposed or flat engine is a V engine with

180 offset piston banks.

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Piston-cylinder Geometry
A radial engine has all of the cylinders in one plane with
equal spacing between cylinder axes.
Radial engines are used in air-cooled aircraft applications
since each cylinder can be cooled equally.
Since the cylinders are in a plane, a master connecting rod
is used for one cylinder, and articulated rods are attached
to the master rod.
The reciprocating motion of the connecting rod and piston
creates inertial forces and moments that need to be
considered in the choice of an engine configuration.

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Valve Arrangement
Gases are admitted and expelled from the cylinders by valves that
open and close at the proper times, or by ports that are uncovered
or covered by the piston.
Poppet valve is the primary valve type used in internal combustion
engines since they have excellent sealing characteristics.

The poppet valves can be located either in the engine block or in

the cylinder head, depending on manufacturing and cooling
considerations.
Older automobiles and small four-stroke engines have the valves
located in the block, a configuration termed underhead or L-head.
Currently, most engines use valves located in the cylinder head, an
overhead or I-head configuration, as this configuration has good
inlet and exhaust flow characteristics.

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Valve Arrangement

Poppet Valve
nomenclature

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Valve Arrangement

L-head (Valve in Block)

I-head (Valve in Head)

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Valve Arrangement

Overhead Camshaft

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Valve Arrangement
A camshaft rotates at half the engine speed for four-stroke
engine controls the valve timing.
Lobes on the camshaft along with lifters, pushrods, and rocker
arms control the valve motion.
The valve timing can be varied to increase volumetric efficiency
through the use of advanced camshafts that have moveable
lobes, or with electric valves.
With a change in the load, the valve opening duration and timing
can be adjusted.

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Valve Arrangement

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Air Intake

Naturally Aspirated
Most automobile used NA engine.

Air or fuel-air mixtures are forced into

the cylinders by vacuum caused by
cylinder movement.
NA engines generally gives less power
than either turbo or supercharged
engines of the same displacement and
development level but tend to be
cheaper to produce.

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Air Intake
Supercharging
Supercharging is mechanical compression of the inlet air to a
pressure higher than standard atmosphere by a compressor
powered by the crankshaft.
The compressor raises
the density of the
incoming charge so that
more fuel and air can
be delivered to the
cylinder to increase the
power.

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Air Intake
Turbocharging
In turbo charging exhaust gas leaving an engine is further
expanded through a turbine that drives a compressor.
The benefits are:

improves engine power output, realistically

double the equivalent NA engine
improves fuel consumption of the engine,
thus more economical
improves emissions, as it allows more
complete and thorough combustion
compensate for high altitude air density loss

Almost 100% diesel engines are turbocharged,

while its only 6% for gasoline engines.

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Fuel Delivery System
Some fuel systems use a carburetor. It sits on top of the engine
intake manifold. The carburetor mixes the air and fuel into a
combustible mixture.
Instead of carburetor, most engines have electronic fuel injection
(EFI) system.

An electronic control module (ECM) or computer, controls one or

more fuel injectors. When the engine needs fuel, a signal from
the ECM opens the injector.
There are 3 types of electronic fuel injection:

Throttle-body injection (TBI)

Multipoint Port Injection (MPI)

Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI)

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Fuel Delivery System
A throttle body injector is a fuel injector located at the intake
manifold before the manifold branches to the individual cylinders.
Due to its distance from the cylinders, it injects a continuous
spray of fuel into the manifold.

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Fuel Delivery System
Port fuel injectors are located in the intake port of each cylinder
just upstream of the intake valve, so there is an injector for each
cylinder.
The port injector does not need to maintain a continuous fuel
spray, since the time lag for fuel delivery is much less than that
of a throttle body injector.
Direct injection are available on some spark ignition engines.
With direct injection, the fuel is sprayed directly into the cylinder
during the late stages of the compression stroke.
Compared with port injection, direct injection engines can be
operated at a higher compression ratio, and therefore will have a
higher theoretical efficiency.

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Fuel Delivery System

GDI

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Cooling System
Some type of cooling system is required to remove the
approximately 30% of the fuel energy rejected as waste heat.
There are two main types of cooling systems: water and air
cooling.
The water cooling system is usually a single loop where a
water pump sends coolant to the engine block, and then to the
head.
Warm coolant flows through the intake manifold to warm it and
thereby assist in vaporizing the fuel.
The coolant will then flow to a radiator or heat exchanger,
reject the waste heat to the atmosphere, and flow back to the
pump.

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Cooling System
When the engine is cold, a thermostat prevents coolant from returning
to the radiator, resulting in a more rapid warm-up of the engine. Watercooled engines are quieter than air-cooled engines, but have leaking,
boiling, and freezing problems.
Engines with relatively
low power output, less
than 20 kW, primarily use
air-cooling.

Air cooling systems use

fins to lower the air side
surface temperature

Valve
Arrangement

Cooling
System
Water

L-Head
I-Head

ENGINE
CLASSIFICATIONS

Air

Air Intake
NA

Piston Cylinder
Geometry
In-line

Horizontally Opposed
Vertically Opposed
V engine

Radial

Supercharged

Fuel Delivery
System
Carburetor
TBI
MPI
GDI

Turbocharged