Independent Film Producers

Business and Legal Affairs Checklist

2009
By John W. Cones, J.D.

Table of Contents
Introduction

.................................................

Setting Up a Film Development or Production Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Protecting the Chain of Title to Intellectual Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hiring Members of the Production Companys Professional Team . . . . . . . .

10

Arranging for Development Finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

Development Phase Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

Arranging for Production Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

Financing of Non-Production Budget Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

Pre-Production Activities

.......................................

18

Principal Photography Period Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

Post-Production Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

Marketing to Distributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26

Distribution-Related Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27

Film Performance Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

List of Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33

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INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this checklist is limited to serving as a comprehensive reminder to
independent film producers of many of the business and legal tasks and sub-tasks (i.e., projects and
sub-projects) that they may find necessary to undertake, or have someone handle for them, in the
process of financing, developing, producing and distributing one or more feature-length motion
pictures. Not all tasks listed will be necessary or appropriate for each project (see Alternative
Tasks below).
Specific Limitations:
1. Business and Legal Not Creative This checklist is first limited to those matters falling
into the business and legal affairs category as opposed to the creative aspects of a feature film
for which a producer may shoulder overall responsibility.
2. No Definitions of Terms Second, no attempt has been made here to explain or define
many of the technical terms used in creating this checklist, since, after all, it is merely a
checklist. If you are not familiar with any of the terms used here, look them up in the
Dictionary of Film Finance and Distribution or other published resources cited in the
Checklist Bibliography starting on page 30.
3. No Explanation of Law The very nature of a checklist is merely to remind users of the
tasks involved in accomplishing a project. Thus, no attempt is made here to explain the
underlying laws, rules or regulations that may make such tasks necessary or prudent. For
additional information in that regard see the several books cited in the Checklist
Bibliography that cover the broad topic of entertainment law.
4. No Checklists for Specific Agreements Although the specific agreements to be used are
often named in parenthesis following many of the points made in the checklist, and listed
alphabetically starting on page 26, this checklist is limited in the sense that it does not
attempt to go into the detail (with a few exceptions) that may be associated with similar but
more narrow checklists commonly created by or used by entertainment attorneys in
conjunction with each of the specific contracts typically negotiated and drafted as part of a
motion picture project. For additional detail regarding the contents of such contracts see the
100 or more samples of such agreements in the book Film Industry Contracts cited in the
Bibliography starting on page 26, along with the other entertainment law related books cited
in the Bibliography that may contain additional sample agreements.
Alternative Tasks Not all of the tasks listed in this checklist are necessary to perform in
conjunction with every film project, specifically because there is such a wide variance in film
budgets and forms or combinations of film finance. Thus, some tasks are listed as alternatives which
create choices to be made by the producer. A producer using this list must, in each instance,
determine whether it is necessary to perform a specific task listed for his or her film project.
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Producer Support Services Further, the comprehensive nature of this checklist does not
suggest that each of the listed tasks necessarily need to be performed directly by a films producer.
Many other specialists may be enlisted by a producer to perform certain tasks. Such professionals
may include entertainment attorneys, securities attorneys, executive producers, tax incentive
consultants, foreign sales agents, entertainment lenders, production accountants, screenwriters,
directors, casting directors, line producers, insurance brokers, producers representatives, profit
participation auditors and so forth. How much help a producer may have often depends, once again,
on the level of budget involved, and the background and expertise of the producer. For a
comprehensive listing and descriptions of hundreds of film industry jobs see Introduction to the
Motion Picture Industry A Guide for Filmmakers, Students & Scholars also cited in the
Bibliography starting on page 30.
Chronological Order Although the checklist is intended to be presented in an approximate
chronological order, some tasks are performed at varying times on certain film projects either
because of the personal preferences of the individuals involved or because producers tend to do what
they can when they cannot control the timing of all or related events. For that reason, some
redundancy is built into the checklist since certain tasks may be performed at varying times, as
chosen by the producer, during the life of a film.
Usefulness Beyond Producers Based on the assumption that most film personnel are hired
by and/or supervised by the producer to some extent, it would be beneficial to all filmmakers to
develop a better understanding of what tasks producers are responsible for moving forward in these
limited areas of business and legal affairs, so that they might better work together as a team in
seeking to accomplish their overall goal of owning, producing and benefitting from a quality motion
picture that may be of interest to distributors and movie-going audiences.
Names of Agreements The names of the many agreements that may be generated during the
development, production and distribution of a motion picture are set out with initial capital letters
in the text of the checklist. An alphabetical list of 140+ such agreements appears at the end of the
checklist just before the Bibliography. If nothing else, that list of agreements should make it clear
that the development, production and/or distribution of a motion picture is a document-intensive
endeavor. Thus, whoever sets out to engage in such activities must be capable of managing the
creation and use of such documents. This leads us to one of the very first tasks to undertake:

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BUSINESS AND LEGAL AFFAIRS CHECKLIST

Q

Determine who among the producer group will be primarily responsible for business and
legal affairs related matters.

SETTING UP A FILM DEVELOPMENT OR PRODUCTION COMPANY

Q

Determine whether a company is needed at the current stage in the filmmakers career.
Q

If so, ascertain whether the company being created is to serve as an ongoing

operating company or as an investment vehicle used to fund one or more projects.

Decide whether the company will focus on development, production or

distribution.

Discuss with various attorneys whether your needs require the assistance of an
entertainment attorney, securities attorney or general business attorney and the nature of
the specific tasks to be accomplished.
Q

Determine whether you want to work with the attorney or attorneys selected on an
hourly fee basis, flat fee basis or some other arrangement (Attorney Engagement
Letter).

Establish the form of doing business for the operating company (sole proprietorship,
general partnership, corporation or member-managed LLC).

If sole proprietorship or general partnership, determine if Fictitious Name Filing is

necessary.

If so, execute Fictitious Name Filing (dba).

If general partnership, arrange for drafting of General Partnership Agreement.

If a corporation, determine if regular C corporation or S corp is desired and

arrange for the preparation and filing of the Articles of Incorporation with
Secretary of State in the selected state.

If a corporation, also arrange for the preparation of the Minutes for the
shareholders meeting and the board of directors meeting, along with the
corporate Bylaws (Certificate of Adoption of Corporate Bylaws).

If a member-managed LLC, arrange for preparation and filing of the Articles of

Organization with the Secretary of State in the selected state.
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If a member-managed LLC, arrange for preparation of the LLC Operating

Agreement for member approval.

Determine who the owner or owners of the member-managed LLC will be.

Determine in which state the business is to be formed and based.

Discuss with the attorney or attorneys when it would be best to form the company for
legal reasons and then with an accountant for the tax aspects.

Contact the IRS and obtain the Federal Tax ID number (aka Employer Identification
number or EIN) for the company.

Establish relationship with an accountant or accountants and discuss the services

provided.
Q

Hire a general business accounting firm (Accountant Engagement Letter).

Seek out the more focused production accounting firms or services and determine
whether their services may be needed on a specific project.

Hire a production accounting firm, if needed, prior to the start of the films
production.

If the accountant appears to go beyond accounting matters and provides what

should be more fairly characterized as legal advice, double check such matters
with an attorney.

Discuss and determine the insurance needs of the company or project with insurance
agents or brokers.

Determine whether the company will maintain physical offices and where.
Q

Consider an office-in-the-home arrangement or an executive suite as the initial

office.

Arrange for a phone, fax and e-mail for the company.

Consider creating business cards, letterhead and envelopes.

Develop a company logo, if needed.

Consider whether to trademark the company logo, and discuss with an attorney.
-5-

Determine whether to create a website to promote the company and how best to
go about creating such a website.

PROTECTING THE CHAIN OF TITLE TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Pitching An Idea
Q

Study and implement a plan to protect ideas through contractual means (implied-in-fact
agreement; see entertainment law texts).
Q

Put the idea into a written form (Treatment or Script) that can be registered with
the U.S. Copyright Office.

If pitching an idea for a film to a production company creative executive, seek to

have an agent or entertainment attorney negotiate a waiver of the production
companys Submission Release.

In the pitch meeting, try to get the production company to agree that the owner of
the concept will be reasonably compensated if the idea is used by the production
company (implied-in-fact-agreement).

Confirm implied-in-fact contract for an idea pitched to a creative executive with

Written Confirmation after the pitch meeting (Implied-in-Fact Contract
Confirmation Letter).

Using an Existing Screenplay

Q

Determine whether an existing screenplay is to be optioned and/or acquired, or draft

agreement to do both (Option/Acquisition Agreement).

Hiring a Screenwriter to Write an Original Script

Q

Ascertain whether a screenwriter needs to be hired to write a Script.

Q

If so, work with entertainment attorney in drafting a Screenwriters Agreement

and negotiate the terms of the agreement.

If the screenwriter is a member of the Writers Guild of America, make sure the
production company is a WGA signatory and that other WGA requirements are
observed.

Make sure Screenwriter Agreement has work-made-for-hire language when

appropriate.
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Make sure the contract is signed by the employee and/or independent contractor.

By having the screenwriter sign a properly drafted Certificate of Authorship,

confirm that the Scripts structure, plot, scenes, characters and dialogue are
original with the screenwriter, if that is the case.

If the Screenplay is based in part on someone elses copyrighted work, have an

entertainment attorney help determine whether permission is needed (Copyright
License).

If such script elements were taken from another copyrighted work, have
entertainment attorney verify the screenwriter had the right to create a derivative
work based on that source.

For fictional films, check all character names to make sure no one in the real
world shares the names or the names are those that many people share.

Once completed, have the screenwriter or screenwriters sign a Certificate of

Authorship, to begin the Scripts chain of title.

Adapting the Work of Another

Q

Determine whether a book, short story, essay or article is to be adapted into a screenplay.
Q

If so, check to see if an underlying work to be used is in the public domain.

If another persons work is being adapted, obtain permission to do so (Copyright

License Request Letter).

Investigate the status of the copyrights for all source material used as a basis for
writing the Script.

More specifically, if a Screenplay is to be adapted from an existing literary

property: identify the owner, cross check owner information with the copyright
office, contact the owner and negotiate a deal, obtain a Copyright Search Report,
negotiate and draft the Literary Property Acquisition Agreement and sign.

If appropriate, hire a professional copyright research company to conduct a full

copyright search and prepare the Copyright Search Report.

Life Story Rights

Q

Determine whether someones life story needs to be acquired.

-7-

If so, acquire life story rights (Life Rights Consent and Release).

Obtain required written Consents and Release for all depicted individuals.

Seek to avoid libel and defamation claims by ensuring that all portrayals and
discussions about individuals are true and accurate.

Seek to avoid invasion of privacy claims by making sure the Script is not prying
into someones personal life in an overly intrusive manner.

Fair Use Considerations

Q

Determine whether using portions of an underlying work constitutes fair use (i.e., the
circumstances of the use rise to the level of an acceptable exception to the prohibition
against the use of anothers copyrighted work) per the four following court guidelines.
Q

Determine whether the use is a non-profit educational use as opposed to a

commercial use (i.e., purpose and character of the work).

Determine whether the work being borrowed from is non-fiction (i.e., scientific,
biographical or historical) as opposed to fiction and/or more oriented toward
entertainment (i.e., nature of the copyright work).

Determine the approximate percentage of the portion being used as compared to

the whole of the copyrighted work, and the percentage of the copyright work used
as compared to the whole of new work.

Determine whether the use will have any adverse economic impact on the market
for or value of the copyrighted work, and if so, what level of impact.

Recognize, of course, that it is generally preferable to stay out of court altogether

due to the time, expense and uncertainty of outcome on such questions, and the
best way to avoid court is to obtain the written permission of the copyright holder
to use the work.

Writer Collaboration
Q

Determine whether it may be helpful to collaborate with another writer.

Q

If collaborating on development of a Script with one or more other writers,

negotiate and draft a Writers Collaboration Agreement.

If collaborating with one or more other writers, form a suitable company for the
business.
-8-

In writer collaboration situations, once the Script is registered with the U.S.
Copyright Office, see that the copyrights are assigned to the company formed by
the collaborating writers (Copyright Assignment).

Also register this assignment with the U.S. Copyright Office.

Have each collaborating screenwriter sign the Certificate of Authorship to begin

the Scripts chain of title.

Copyrights
Q

See that all steps involved in properly registering the Script with the U.S. Copyright
Office are taken.
Q

Always display the proper copyright notice on the cover of all copies of the Script.

Complete the property copyright form for registration and pay the fee when
submitting the Script to the U.S. Copyright Office.

Work with entertainment (production) attorney to negotiate and draft appropriate

agreements that relate to the transfer of the Scripts copyrights.

Make sure that the contracts transfer copyrights from the writer, screenwriter or
literary property owner to the production company intending to produce the film.

Make sure all purported copyright transfers are in writing and signed by the owner
or the owners agent.

Make sure that all Copyright Transfers and Assignments are recorded with the
U.S. Copyright Office in a timely manner.

Organizing the Chain of Title

Q

Create a file, file folder or binder in which to keep all copies of the Scripts and films
Chain of Title Documents, organized chronologically, with no time gaps.
Q

Start the Chain of Title with the Certificate of Authorship.

Make sure there are no undocumented gaps in the time-line for the Scripts and
films chain of title (otherwise, the film may not be accepted for distribution).

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Be prepared to present the complete Chain of Title for the Script and film (in
chronological order) to SAG, the films errors and omissions insurance company
and distributors upon request.

HIRING MEMBERS OF THE PRODUCTION COMPANYS PROFESSIONAL TEAM

Q

Determine if and for which tasks the assistance or advice of one or more attorneys is
required or would be helpful (for example):
Protecting the Chain of Title to intellectual property;
Negotiating and/or drafting Acquisition of Rights Agreements;
Assistance with development financing;
Forming the production company;
Preparing internal company documents;
Providing advice regarding employees and independent contractors;
Assistance with film production financing activities;
Federal and state securities laws compliance;
Preparing a Screenplay Clearance Report;
Drafting and/or negotiating key Cast and Crew Agreements;
Drafting or consulting on other production related agreements;
Advising on union issues;
Setting up and managing actor/director escrow accounts (Escrow Agreements);
Negotiating, advising and/or drafting Distribution Agreements;
Filing a lawsuit against a distributor (Complaint).

Decide when and for what specific tasks to hire an entertainment attorney (or
securities attorney) to help with development, production and/or distribution
matters.

Determine and set out in the Attorney Engagement Letter exactly what tasks are to
be performed.

Determine on what basis the attorney will be paid (hourly, flat fee, etc.).

Negotiate and sign Attorney Engagement Letter.

Determine which tasks require the assistance of one or more accountants or profit
participation auditors (for example:
General business accounting;
Tax advice and tax return preparation;
Production accounting;
Film performance and profit participation monitoring;
-10-

Profit participation demand on distributor;

Expert testimony in lawsuit against distributor.
Q
Q

Determine whether you will need to hire a profit participation auditor.

Identify entertainment industry insurance agents/brokers with whom to discuss insurance

needs.
Q

Determine what kinds of insurance coverage are required or recommended

(Insurance Policy).

Once production financing is in place, pay premium for Insurance Policies.

Determine if a completion bond company will be part of the professional team and
whether to obtain a Completion Bond.
Q

Obtain a copy of one or more completion bond applications and/or checklists to

determine whether the production company is able and willing to comply with all
of its requirements.

If so, arrange for Completion Guarantors Letter of Intent and then when
appropriate sign the Completion Bond Producers Agreement.

Also sign the Guarantors Takeover Agreement which under certain

circumstances allows the completion bond company to takeover production of the
film.

ARRANGING FOR DEVELOPMENT FINANCING

Q

Determine whether financing is needed for the development phase of one or more films
and whether development financing can or should be raised separately from production
financing.
Q

To do that, determine whether the costs associated with the acquisition of

underlying rights, developing the Script or attaching elements to create a
producers package (i.e., at least the Script, budget and attached elements) can be
handled out-of-pocket or must be raised from third-party sources.

If development financing is needed, determine which development phase tasks

need to be undertaken (acquisition of rights, development of script, attaching
elements and/or marketing the completed package to production financing
sources).

Decide if a fully developed package (i.e., at least Script, budget and attached
-11-

elements) is required to access the desired form of production financing (e.g.,

production-financing/distribution deal, negative pickup deal or foreign pre-sales).

Consider hiring the services of a casting director to help determine the costs of
attaching elements (Casting Director Agreement).

Note that a certain amount of money is generally required in order to obtain a firm
commitment (including specified dates) from actors and a director.

Also, determine offering costs for subsequent investor offering for production
funds, if needed.

If so, include adequate funds to cover cost of promoting project to production

financing sources in Development Budget.

Determine how development funds are to be raised (gifts, grants, lender, active
investors, passive investors, industry sources, etc.).

Once development funds are available, perform each of the development tasks as
needed.

If a development deal at a studio is sought, see that ideas to be pitched are contractually
protected through an implied-in-fact contract, subsequently confirmed in writing.
Q

Determine the necessary elements of an Implied-in-Fact Contract in a story idea

pitch situation.

DEVELOPMENT PHASE TASKS

Q

Rights Acquisition If underlying rights need to be acquired, acquire rights to material

such as book, short story, stage play, life story, essay, treatment, concept and/or
previously produced film (i.e., for film remake).
Q

Make sure production company is acquiring rights from all owners of the
underlying. rights (Acquisition Agreement).

Secure all necessary rights before writing the Script.

Hiring Screenwriter If a screen writer is to be hired, negotiate and draft the Writers
Service Agreement.
Q

Work with entertainment attorney to determine the form or forms of

compensation to be paid to the writer, recognizing that there are only two forms of
compensation: fixed and contingent, and that the contingent category includes
-12-

deferred, profit participations, bonuses, etc.

Hire one or more screen writers to write the Script.

If the production company needs to hire a writer or buy a Script from a writer who
is a WGA member, the production company needs to become a signatory with that
union.

Make sure Writer Service Agreement contains work-made-for-hire language in

addition to writers assignment of all copyrights to the resulting Script to the
production company.

If the screenwriter is writing with another writer, negotiate and draft a Writers
Collaboration Agreement.

Life Story Rights If script is to be based on someones life story, secure the rights to
that life story (Life Rights Consent and Release).
Q

Make sure a Life Rights Consent and Release is signed by every individual whose
lives may be portrayed in the motion picture.

If someone does not consent, write them out of the movie or change the character
so substantially that they are not recognizable.

Script Development Hire a producer and/or director to work with the screenwriter in
developing the Script.
Q

If an existing Script is purchased, see that a copyright search is performed to

confirm whether the Script is in the public domain and/or to confirm ownership.

To punch up a Script or make it more commercial, if desired, hire a script doctor

to polish the Script.

Have screenwriter(s) sign Certificate of Authorship to start chain of title.

Register the Script with the U.S. Copyright Office when completed.

See that Script copyrights are assigned to the production company that is
producing the film (Copyright Assignment).

See that the owner of the Script assists the production company in registering the
assigned copyrights to the Script.

-13-

Make sure the production company has a signed contract granting it the right to
make a motion picture (Acquisition Agreement).

As each new document conveying rights to the Script or film is created, record
each with the U.S. Copyright Office so as to maintain the unbroken record of the
motion pictures ownership (i.e., Chain of Title).

Budget Create preliminary Production Budget.

Q

Hire line producer to prepare Budget based on Script and Script Breakdown (Line
Producer Employment Agreement).

In the alternative, utilize available computer software to prepare Budget.

Packaging Engage in packaging activities (i.e., make offers in effort to attach director
and talent for lead roles).
Q

Use a casting director to help identify suitable and available talent, and develop
offers.

Submit the Script through an agent or an entertainment attorney to possible

directors and lead talent.

Determine whether full pay or play offers to talent or non-refundable deposits

based on a percentage of their salary can be funded with development budget.

Work with casting director to conduct auditions for selected roles.

Determine whether one or more recognizable name actors or actresses are to be

hired.

Have entertainment attorney draft Talent Deal Memos for use in packaging talent.

ARRANGING FOR PRODUCTION FINANCING

Q

Determine whether one or a slate of films will be produced.

Determine estimated production cost and costs of obtaining financing.

Determine which form or forms of film finance are most likely to successfully fund
production costs of the current project (gifts, grants, lender, investor, tax incentives,
studio/industry, foreign options).

-14-

If gifts, review tax consequences of gift giving and start identifying, then asking
prospective gift givers.

If grants, start researching possible grant sources and prepare Grant Applications.

If bank loan without distribution deal, consider possible collateral options.

If seeking financing from people or companies in the film industry, use Producers
Package, not a Business Plan.

If seeking bank loan supported by distribution agreement and guarantee (Negative

Pickup Distribution Agreement), start approaching distributors, entertainment
lenders and completion guarantors with Producers Package.
Q

Include Cash Flow Schedule in package prepared for entertainment

lenders.

If negative pickup deal is available, review and sign Interparty Agreement and the
banks Loan and Security Agreement.

If seeking foreign pre-sales, arrange for representation by foreign sales agent

(Foreign Sales Agency Agreement).
Q

If foreign pre-sales are sought, create Package and Promotional Materials

in consultation with foreign sales agent, then approach entertainment
lenders and completion guarantors.

With respect to the various forms of lender financing, determine whether a

Completion Bond will be needed.
Q

If so, study requirements of completion guarantors and apply for the

Completion Bond.

If a studio P-F/D deal is sought (Production-Financing Distribution Agreement),

create Producers Package to present to studio executives.

If investor financing, determine whether active or passive investors are to be

approached.
Q

If active investors with knowledge and experience in the film industry,

provide information through a Business Plan, accompanied by appropriate
active investor investment vehicle.

-15-

Consider which of the four active investor investment vehicles may

work best for this project: Investor Financing Agreement, Joint
Venture Agreement, the initial incorporation scenario or the
member-managed LLC.

Identify finders who may be able to introduce the producer to

prospective active investors (Finders Agreement) in a nonsecurities transaction.

If active investors with little knowledge or experience of the film

industry, arrange for the securities attorney to prepare a Securities
Disclosure Document and advice with respect to otherwise
complying with the federal and state securities laws, since a
security is being sold.

If passive investors, discuss the proposed offering with an experienced

securities attorney, since again, a security is being sold.
Q

Determine which of the passive investor investment vehicles

would be advantageous for this particular project: offering of
corporate stock in an existing corporation, units in a limited
partnership or units in a manager-managed LLC.

Investigate the rules relating to the use of finders in a securities

offering, noting that such rules are different from the use of finders
in active investor offerings and their participation is very limited.

Work with securities attorney in preparing required Securities

Disclosure Document (e.g., Private Placement Offering
Memorandum, Offering Circular or Prospectus).

If a limited partnership is the investment vehicle, work with the

attorney in drafting the Limited Partnership Agreement, Securities
Disclosure Document and Subscription Documents.

If a limited partnership, consult with the securities attorney to

determine when it is best to file the limited partnerships Articles
of Organization.

If a manager-managed LLC is the investment vehicle, work with

the attorney in drafting the LLC Operating Agreement, Securities
Disclosure Document and Subscription Documents.

-16-

Work with securities attorney, accountant, consultant or others in

preparing Financial Projections for the offering.
Q

If a manager-managed LLC, consult with the securities attorney to

determine when it is best to file the LLCs Articles of
Organization.

Make sure that Financial Projections are prepared in compliance

with existing SEC guidelines.

If tax incentives are to be relied upon, investigate available federal, state

and international programs.
Q

Also investigate the availability of companies to provide

production advances against prospective tax incentives.

FINANCING OF NON-PRODUCTION BUDGET ITEMS

Q

Determine whether funds will be need for various non-production budget items and
determine which line item descriptions to use in the use of proceeds presentation.
Q

Determine whether funds are needed to maintain the single purpose financing
vehicle, if used (e.g., maintaining the LLC).
Q

If so, add a maintaining the LLC line item (for example) to the use of
proceeds section of the financing materials, separate from the production
budget section.

Determine whether funds are needed for marketing the completed film to
distributors (e.g., film festivals, distributor screenings or DVD; see below).
Q

If so, add a marketing to distributors line item to use of proceeds section

of financing materials, separate from the production budget section.

Review distributors Delivery Schedule or an example of a distributors delivery

schedule.

Determine whether any non-production funds are needed to cover costs of

preparation and delivery of delivery items to distributor.
Q

If so, add a distributor delivery items to the use of proceeds section of

financing documents, separate from the production budget.

Also, estimate those delivery costs and arrange to include this line item in
-17-

the effort to raise funds for the project.

Q

Investigate whether funds may be needed to later hire a profit participation

auditor.
Q

If so, the cost of hiring a profit participation auditor may also need to be
included in the use of proceeds section of the financial documents,
separate from the production budget.

PRE-PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES
Q

Confirm that production financing is in place.

Hiring Producers
Q

If not already on board, hire the producer or additional producers (Producers Service
Agreement).
Q

In recognition of the fact that film production is a document-intensive endeavor,

look for a producer with experience in film contract negotiations, if possible.

Make sure everyone understands exactly what duties are expected of each
producer.

Define the producers specific duties in the Producers Service Agreement.

Set out in the Producers Service Agreement what rights to the film property the
producer has, if any.

Negotiate, draft and execute the Producers Service Agreement.

Work with entertainment attorney to determine form or forms of compensation to

be paid to the producer, recognizing (again) that there are only two forms of
compensation: fixed and contingent, and that the contingent category includes
deferred, profit participations, bonuses, etc.

When a production company is in charge, make sure a specific production

company executive is responsible for supervising the work of the producer(s).

Hiring a Director
Q

Begin the process of selecting the director for the film.

Q

After the Creative Producer has reviewed the reels and resumes of various director
-18-

candidates, confirm the reported credits of the preferred director candidates.

Q

Interview director candidates and decide on selection.

Negotiate, draft and execute a Directors Service Agreement (i.e., hire the
director).

Determine whether the director is working as an employee or independent

contractor.

Determine if the director is working through a loan-out company.

If so, see that the Directors Service Contract is drafted using the proper loan-out
company language, including an inducement clause (Loan-Out Agreement).

Work with entertainment attorney to determine form or forms of compensation to

be paid to the director, recognizing that there are only two forms of compensation:
fixed and contingent, and that the contingent category includes deferred, profit
participations, bonuses, etc.

Make sure the Directors Service Agreement clearly sets out how creative
approvals are to be handled, delivery requirements for the film and the directors
obligations on reshoots and other post-production tasks.

Work with the director in selecting and hiring the director of photography
(Director of Photography Service Agreement), and other key individuals the
Director needs or wants for the project.

Script Work
Q

Continue polishing the Script.

Q

Have entertainment attorney review and clear the Script (Script Clearance Report)
for all references that may be libelous or defamatory, invade the privacy of others,
infringe copyrights of others or infringe or tarnish someone elses trade or service
marks.

Make sure the Script Clearance Report is completed well before shooting begins
so the production company will have time to secure the needed Consents or make
necessary changes to the Script.

Breakdown the Script.

Scout and establish shooting locations.

-19-

Prepare Shooting Schedule.

Determine whether Storyboards would be helpful for this particular project and consider
hiring storyboard artist to create.

Stock Footage
Q

Determine what shots, if any, would be cheaper to buy from a stock footage company.
Q

If stock footage or film clips are to be used, obtain rights where appropriate (Film
Clip License Agreement).

Hiring Cast and Crew

Q

Start casting activities (i.e, break-down script for descriptions of actors needed, review
portfolios with casting director, post casting calls and plan auditions/interviews).

Try to begin negotiating Cast and Crew Service Agreements as early as possible in the
pre-production phase so as to avoid loss of leverage when time is running out, and to
leave time for alternative possibilities.

Determine whether the shoot will be union or non-union.

If SAG, consider assigning one or two producers the task of ensuring that the
production company complies with SAG rules and labor laws.

Become familiar with SAG, WGA, DGA, IATSE or other guild rules and see that
they are observed.

If working with SAG, determine which SAG contract is to be used.

Determine rules associated with specific SAG contract and observe.

Be sure and have production company become SAG signatory before signing any
SAG actors (Guild Signatory Agreements).

Contact assigned SAG representative for assistance.

Submit the required SAG Forms at least one month prior to working with SAG
actors.

Determine the most effective method to use in submitting the project to talent.
-20-

Locate prospective actors through casting director and their agents.

Make arrangements to get Scripts to selected talent.

Pitch the project to the agent first, not the actor.

Consider submitting Scripts to talent through the entertainment attorney or casting

director.

If production financing is not entirely in place, consider whether obtaining Letters of

Intent/Interest from prospective talent is possible and/or useful.

Hire or obtain Letters of Intent/Interest from creative personnel.

Work with your entertainment attorney to determine the form or forms of compensation
to be paid to the cast and crew, recognizing that there are only two forms of
compensation: fixed and contingent, and that the contingent category includes deferrals,
profit participations, bonuses and residuals.

Have entertainment attorney check to make sure the terms of Talent Agreements
are consistent with SAG requirements.

Also, have entertainment attorney check to see that Cast and Crew Agreements
are consistent with federal and state labor and employment laws.

Start hiring cast (Actor Service Agreements).

Q

Negotiate and draft Performers Service Agreements.

In negotiating with talent, be sure to keep budget limitations in mind and know
the point beyond which you cannot go.

Determine whether cast or crew members are working through loan-out

companies and whether they can be treated as independent contractors so that
agreements can be drafted accordingly.

If required, post Bond with SAG to secure the actors payroll.

Also, determine whether the SAG contract being used allows use of SAG and
non-SAG actors.

Have Cast and Crew Service Agreements signed by cast and crew members.

-21-

Create a restatement of all contractual credit provisions so as to prevent conflicts, by

having someone review all Cast and Crew Agreements specifically with respect to credit
obligations.
Q

If credit conflicts are discovered, negotiate to resolve by amending agreements.

Hiring Child Actors

Q

If hiring child actors, review special legal requirements.

Q

Determine if child labor laws may restrict the planned Shooting Schedule.

For child actors, make sure the parents give their signed Consent to allow their
children to appear in scenes dealing with adult situations (Minor Release).

Determine whether use of child actor requires court approval of their contract.

If so, obtain court approval (Court Order).

Determine whether use of one or more child actors requires establishing a trust
fund for a portion of their salary (Trust Fund Agreement).

If so, set up trust fund.

Dealing With Nudity On the Set

Q

Determine if any roles require nudity.

Q

If so, be sure to let the actors know before they audition for the part.

If nudity is required of an actor, see that a Nudity Rider is attached to that actors
contract (Nudity Rider).

If nudity is required, limit the people on the set to those required for the shoot.

Talk to the crew prior to a shoot involving nudity and remind them to behave
professionally.

Do not take still photographs of nude scenes without the prior written permission
of the actors (Photo Release).

Miscellaneous Pre-Production Issues

-22-

If animals are to be used be sure to follow all appropriate rules and guidelines.
Q

Contact the American Humane Association: Film and TV Unit for information on
best practices for dealing with animals on the set.

Obtain any necessary Shooting Permits and determine whether security deposits are
required.

Determine if Architectural Releases are needed for external shots including buildings.

If a planned scene involves the use of pyrotechnics have the entertainment attorney obtain
Special Permits, as needed.

Discuss music needs for the film and how those will be met.
Q

Determine whether pre-existing music will be licensed for the film (Music
Licensing Agreement), whether one or more pre-existing musical compositions
need to be re-recorded for use in the film or whether music needs to be composed
for the film (Composers Service Agreement), or some combination.

Because of the complexities involved in licensing music, consider hiring an

attorney with expertise in music licensing or hiring a music clearance service (aka
music permissions and licensing service).

Finalize the production budget.

Start planning to hire post-production staff.

PRINCIPAL PHOTOGRAPHY PERIOD ACTIVITIES

Q

Insurance Contact an insurance agent to add local government entities and others as
additional insureds to Insurance Policies, as needed.

Shooting Permits Identify situations where local government Shooting Permits are
required.
Q

Negotiate and have the authorized person sign the required Shooting Permits.

Determine and pay the required Shooting Permit fees.

Determine whether any Security Deposit or Bond is required, how much it is and
pay it.

Note and observe all local rules applying to the location.

-23-

Q
Q

Dont forget to recover the Bond payment if no damage is caused during the
location shoot.

Location Agreements Identify situations in which Location Agreements are necessary.

Q

Negotiate and draft Location Agreements, and have them signed.

Watch for situations on location where someone elses copyrighted work may
appear in a scene.

Artwork License Determine whether any scenes involve the appearance of the
copyrighted works of others.
Q

Either get permission through an Artwork License, to use the copyrighted works
of others that may appear in your film, or avoid their use.

Have the entertainment attorney negotiate and/or draft Artwork Licenses where
needed.

Trademarks Determine whether any scenes involve the appearance of one or more
trademarks of another, and therefore, may create potential liability for trademark
infringement or tarnishment.
Q

If so, avoid shooting trademarks on the set or work with the entertainment
attorney to obtain permission of the owner (Trademark Clearance Letter).

Work with entertainment attorney in drafting and obtaining a signed Trademark

Clearance Letters, if needed.

Make sure to clear all copyright and trademark protected materials appearing in
the film.

Depiction Releases Identify situations in which Depiction Releases (aka Extra

Agreement and Extra Release) need to be signed by extras.
Q

Have production attorney provide Depiction Release forms for extras to sign.

Make sure to include language in the Depiction Release describing how the
footage will be used.

Have entertainment attorney prepare Depiction Releases to use with passers-by

and business patrons who may appear in a scene.
-24-

Consider use of a Group Release for small groups that may appear in a scene.

Post a Notice Release outside the entrance to any location involving large crowds.
Q

Shoot footage of some of the crowd walking past the Notice Release to
serve as evidence of its posting.

Legal Liability Seek to avoid creating liability for the production company for specific
causes of action (i.e., potential lawsuits).
Q

Avoid photographing people on private property when they have a reasonable

expectation of privacy.

While shooting on location, try to avoid creating any substantial or unreasonable

interference with the use and enjoyment of anyones private property.

Work with an entertainment attorney to avoid violating anyones rights of

publicity, privacy and moral rights, as well as avoiding defamation.

POST-PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES
Q

Review and plan for post-production.

Q

Hire the postproduction company, staff or team.

Make sure work-made-for-hire and assignment of rights language appears in

agreements with post production company, staff and team to insure that their
contributions are entirely owned by the production company (Post Production
Service Agreement).

Determine screen credits for the film and make consistent with applicable guild
rules.

Make sure that the films credit roll conforms to the credit clauses in all contracts.

If WGA writers were used in writing the Script, send the Notice of Tentative
Writing Credits, Final Shooting Script, Production Companys Proposed Credits
and source material for the Script to the WGA and all writers.

Music --Finalize plans for the films musical soundtrack and implement.
Q

If not already accomplished, license the needed music that has already been
recorded (Music License Agreement).

-25-

Hire a composer if music needs to be commissioned (Composers Service

Agreement).
Q

If using a composer, also have the composer sign a Certificate of

Authorship.

Make arrangements to re-record an existing song if necessary.

Place a proper copyright notice near the films title and with the credits.

Also see that a disclaimer re the fictitious nature of the persons depicted appear in the
films credits, when appropriate.

Register the completed film with the U.S. Copyright Office.

Give cast and crew copies of the finished film on DVD with permission to incorporate
portions into their reels.

MARKETING TO DISTRIBUTORS
Q

Register the film with The Hollywood Reporter for their Films In Production list.

Consider hiring a producers representative to help in obtaining a distribution deal

(Acquisition/Distribution Agreement and/or International Distribution Agreement).

Determine which of the three methods for marketing a completed to a film distributor is
most likely to be successful: (1) film festivals, (2) screenings or (3) sending a DVD copy
directly to distributors.
Q

Submit the completed film to selected film festivals/markets.

Develop promotional materials to give out to potential buyers at festivals and

markets (Note: The cost of such materials may be a non-production budget item,
but it may be smart to raise funds specifically for this task as part of the
marketing to distributors line item) when seeking production financing.

Arrange to screen the film at selected film festivals/markets.

In the alternative, arrange to screen the film for distributor representatives at a

theatre in Los Angeles or New York.

Develop a list of distributors who may be interested in your film.

Send invitations for the films screening to distributor representatives.

-26-

In the alternative, prepare DVD copies of the completed film and deliver to
distributors with information about the film.

DISTRIBUTION-RELATED ACTIVITIES

Obtain a copy of an E&O insurance policy application and make sure the production
company can meet all of its obligations as per the application.

Review the films Chain of Title to make sure it is complete, organized chronologically
and ready to present to a prospective distributor.

Review all Talent Agreements for publicity restrictions, likeness approvals, credit and
billing obligations and publicity obligations, if any.

Distribution Agreement If getting a distributor for the film is a possibility, study and
determine the various types of Distribution Agreements that may be available for
completed films (e.g., Acquisition/Distribution Agreement or International Distribution
Agreement).
Q

Develop an understanding of the special vocabulary used in Distribution

Agreements and relating to the films revenue stream.

Work with an entertainment attorney in negotiating the terms of the Distribution

Agreement.

Check the Distribution Agreement for who pays the cost of delivery items and
what delivery items are specifically required, and when.

If delivery of delivery items is to be paid for by the producer, re-estimate the cost.

Develop a Cash Flow Chart (financial projections) based on the specific form of
film finance used and the specific Distribution Agreement obtained, if any.

Determine how the actual terms of the Distribution Agreement differ from the
related assumptions used in the films Financial Projections.

Add the distribution company as an additional insured on the production

companys E&O Insurance Policy.

If the production company is a SAG signatory, have the distributor sign the SAG
Assumption Agreement re the payment of performer residuals.

-27-

Check the Distribution Agreement to see if a general assumption provision is

included, calling on the distributor to handle calculation and payment of all cast
and crew profit participations.

If desired, negotiate for a provision to have the distributor assume the obligation
for payment of all profit participants including SAG actor residuals.

If required, execute Laboratory Access Letter for the distributor, giving

permission to the distributor to deal directly with the film lab.

If appropriate for this project, seek to exploit the film in all available markets and
media.

Depending on what markets and media are taken by distributor, seek to exploit the
other markets and media.

If the films distribution arrangements are not adequate, consider raising P&A funds (i.e.,
for distribution expenses) and seek a rent-a-distributor deal.
Q

In the alternative, consider self-distribution, including four-walling.

FILM PERFORMANCE MONITORING

Q

Arrange for accountant or others to monitor the performance of the film in the
marketplace.

Check the Distribution Agreement to determine when profit participation statements are
due.

Carefully review the distributors Profit Participation Statements for accuracy.

Hire a profit participation auditor to audit the books of the distributor, if necessary (as
authorized per the audit paragraph in the distribution agreement).

Arrange for the profit participation auditor to send a Demand Letter to the distributor on
behalf of all profit participants, if appropriate.

Hire an experienced litigation attorney with no distributor conflicts of interest to make

further demands on the distributor, and sue if necessary (Complaint; aka Plaintiffs
Complaint).
o0o--

-28-

LIST OF DOCUMENTS
The following is an alphabetical listing of many (but not all) of the documents (or as is
the case with a films chain of title or a producers package -- a collection of documents) that
may be generated in the financing, development, production and distribution of a motion picture.
Slightly differing names may be used for some of such documents. As can be easily seen by
reviewing this list of documents associated with filmmaking, it is fair to say that filmmaking is
not only a collaborative endeavor, it is also document-intensive. A review of this list also
provides filmmakers with a quick overview and better understanding of much of the work
engaged in or services provided by entertainment attorneys, securities attorneys, completion
guarantors, entertainment lenders, producers, distributors and others who may be asked to help in
financing, developing, producing and/or distributing a motion picture, along with the preparation
of the documents needed to support such activities. Examples of many of the agreements listed
below can be found in three books more fully described in the Bibliography: Film Industry
Contracts, Dealmaking in the Film and Television Industry and The Pocket Lawyer for
Filmmakers.
1. Accountant Engagement Letter
2. Acquisition/Distribution Agreement (aka Distribution Rights Acquisition Agreement)
3. Actor Service Agreement (aka Actor Employment Agreement or Talent Agreement)
4. Actor (Loanout) Employment Agreement
5. Architectural Release
6. Articles of Incorporation
7. Artwork License
8. Assumption Agreement
9. Attorney Engagement Letter (aka Attorney-Client Agreement)
10. Board of Directors Meeting Minutes
11. Budget
12. Business Plan
13. Cash Flow Schedule
14. Casting Director Agreement
15. Cease and Desist Letter
16. Certificate of Adoption of Corporate Bylaws
17. Certificate of Authorship
18. Certificate of Corporate Resolution
19. Chain of Title Documents
20. Consent and Release
21. Complaint
22. Completion Bond
23. Completion Bond Producers Agreement
24. Completion Guarantors Letter of Intent
25. Composers Service Agreement (aka Composer Employment Agreement)
26. Co-Production Agreement (aka Joint Venture Agreement)
27. Copyright Assignment
-29-

28. Copyright License

29. Copyright License Request Letter
30. Copyright Search Report
31. Corporate Bylaws
32. Court Order for Child Services
33. Crew Service Agreement (aka Crew Member Agreement)
34. Deal Memo
35. Delivery Schedule
36. Demand Letter
37. Depiction Release (aka Extra Agreement and Extra Release)
38. Development Budget
39. Director of Photography Service Agreement (aka DP Employment Agreement)
40. Directors Service Agreement (aka Directors Employment Agreement)
41. Distribution Rights Acquisition Agreement
42. Distribution Agreement
43. Distributors Acceptance
44. Escrow Agreements
45. Extra Agreement with Extra Release (aka Depiction Release)
46. Fictitious Name Filing
47. Film Clip License Agreement
48. Final Shooting Script
49. Financial Projections
50. Finders Agreement
51. General Partnership Agreement
52. Group Release
53. Guarantors Takeover Agreement
54. Guild Signatory Agreements
55. Implied-in-fact Contract Confirmation Letter
56. Insurance Policies
57. International Distribution Agreement (aka Foreign Distribution Agreement)
58. Interparty Agreement
59. Investor Financing Agreement
60. Joint Venture Agreement (aka Domestic Co-Production Agreement)
61. Laboratory Access Letter
62. Letter of Intent/Interest
63. Life Rights Consent and Release
64. Limited Partnership Agreement
65. Limited Partnership Articles of Organization
66. Line Producer Employment Agreement
67. Literary Property Acquisition Agreement
68. LLC Articles of Organization
69. LLC Operating Agreement
70. Loan and Security Agreement
71. Loan Out Agreement
-30-

72. Location Agreement

73. Makeup and Special Effects Agreement
74. Master Use License
75. Minimum Basic Agreement
76. Minor Release
77. Minutes of Corporate Meeting
78. Minutes of Shareholder Meeting
79. Models Release
80. Modified Low Budget Agreement (SAG)
81. Mortgage of Copyright and Security Agreement
82. Motion Picture Consultant Agreement
83. Motion Picture Master Recording License
84. Motion Pictures Stills/Excerpts License Agreement
85. Music Assignment
86. Music Co-Administration Agreement
87. Music Licensing Agreement
88. Negative Pickup Distribution Agreement
89. Notice Release
90. Notice of Tentative Writing Credits
91. Nudity Rider
92. Offering Circular
93. Option Agreement
94. Option and Literary Purchase Agreement (aka Option/Acquisition Agreement)
95. Performance License
96. Performers Service Agreement (similar to Actor Service Agreement)
97. Personal Release
98. Photo Release
99. Post Production Service Agreement
100. Poster/Artwork Clearance and Release
101. Private Placement Offering Memorandum (PPM)
102. Producers Service Agreement (aka Producer Employment Agreement)
102. Producers Package (a collection of documents)
103. Product Placement Agreement
104. Production Account Takeover Letter
105. Production Companys Proposed Credits
106. Production Budget
107. Production-Financing/Distribution Agreement (P-F/D)
108. Profit Participation Statements
109. Promissory Note
110. Property Release
111. Prospectus
112. Quitclaim License
113. Recording Artist Agreement
114. Rent-a-Distributor Distribution Agreement
-31-

115. Screenplay Clearance Report (aka Script Clearance Report)

116. Screenplay Purchase Agreement
117. Screenwriters Agreement
118. Script Breakdown
119. Script (aka Screenplay)
120. Script Synopsis
121. Securities Disclosure Document
122. Shareholder Meeting Minutes
123. Shooting Permits
124. Shooting Schedule
125. Short Form Copyright Assignment
126. Special Permits for Use of Pyrotechnics
127. Story Boards
128. Stunt Performers Agreement
129. Subscription Documents
130. Sub-Distributor Agreement
131. Submission Release
132. Synchronization License Agreement
133. Talent Deal Memos
134. Theatrical Exhibitors Licensing Agreement
135. Trademark Clearance Letter
136. Treatment
137. Trust Fund Agreement
138. Ultra Low Budget Agreement (SAG)
139. Video Licensing Agreement (aka Videogram License)
140. Waiver of Corporate Meetings Notice
141. Writers Employment Agreement (aka Writers Service Agreement)
142. Writers Collaboration Agreement

-32-

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Articles, Court Cases, Films, Media Reports and Papers:
Antitrust Developments in Sports and Entertainment Law, Paul L. Tagliabue, Anti-Trust Law
Journal, 1987.
Antitrust in the Entertainment Industry: Reviewing the Classic Texts in The Image Factory,
Robert A. Hammond and Douglas A. Melamed, Gannet Center Journal, Summer 1989.
Antitrust Policies and the Motion Picture Industry, Simon N. Whitney, (article appearing in
Gorham Kindem's book: The American Movie Industry The Business of Motion Pictures,
Southern Illinois University Press, 1982.
Antitrust Suit By Theater to Proceed, The Hollywood Reporter, January 14, 1992, 6.
Arthur Anderson Media and Entertainment Survey, The Hollywood Reporter, December 26,
2000-January 1, 2001.
Bank Financing of a Motion Picture Production, Jill Mazirow Eshman, Loyola of Los Angeles
Entertainment Law Journal, 1992.
Blind Bidding: A Need For Change, Keith M. Gregory, Beverly Hills Bar Journal, Winter
1982-1983.
Block Booking Perhaps Forgotten, Perhaps Misunderstood, But Still Illegal, Gerald F.
Phillips, The Entertainment and Sports Lawyer, Vol. 6, No. 1, Summer 1987.
A Blockbuster Deficit, Dennis McDougal, Los Angeles Times, March 21, 1991.
Box-Office Slump has Theaters Reeling, B. Chapin, The Times Herald,2005.
Buchwald v. Paramount Pictures Corp. and the Future of Net Profit, Adam J. Marcus, Cardoza
Arts & Entertainment Law Journal, Vol. 9, 1991.
Burstyn v. Wilson, 343 U.S. 495, 1952.
Can the Movies be Saved?, David Denby, New York, July 21, 1986.
Cant' Pay? Won't Pay!, Martin Kasindorf, Empire, June 1990.

-33-

Celluloid Ceiling 2006 Report Behind-the-Scenes Employment of Women in the Top 250
Films of 2005", Martha M. Lauzen, Ph.D., School of Communication, San Diego State
University.
Commissions to Non-Broker/Dealers Under California Law, Elena R. Freshman, Beverly Hills
Bar Journal, Volume 22, Number 2.
Consolidated Management Group, LLC versus the California Department of Corporations, 162
CA4th 598, 75 CR3d 795, 2008 (as reported in the California Business Law Reporter in its July
2008 issue.
Contingent Compensation for Theatrical Motion Pictures, David Nochimson and Leon
Brachman, The Entertainment and Sports Lawyer, Vol. 5, No. 1, Summer 1986.
Court Vacates Consent Decree Against Loews, Barry Layne and Doris Tourmarkine, The
Hollywood Reporter, February 20, 1992, 3.
Defining Net Profits, Shares for a Motion Picture Deal, Edward E. Colton, New York Law
Journal, September 30, 1988.
Determining Damages for Breach of Entertainment Agreements, Melvin Simensky, The
Entertainment and Sports Lawyer, Vol. 8, No. 1, Spring 1990.
The Director's Right of Final Cut How Final Is Final?, John J. Dellaverson, The
Entertainment and Sports Lawyer, Vol. 7, No. 1, Summer/Fall 1988.
Documentary Filmmakers Statement of Best Practices in Fair Use, Center for Social Media,
2005.
Do Politics Drive Hollywood? Or do Markets Determine What Studios Make?, Paul Sperry,
Investor's Business Daily, March 19, 1993.
Downloading for Dollars The Future of Hollywood Has Arrived, Edward Jay Epstein, Slate
magazine, November 28, 2005.
Enforcement of Antitrust Law and the Motion Picture Industry, Rolf Auf der Maur, student paper
presented to UCLA Extension class The Feature Film Distribution Deal (instructor John W.
Cones), 1991.
Ensuring a Fair Cut of a Hit Film's Profits, Paul N. Lazarus, III, Entertainment Law & Finance,
Leader Publications, November, 1989.

-34-

Entertainment Financing for the '90s: Super Pre-Sales, Schuyler M. Moore, Stroock & Stroock
& Lavan Corporate Entertainment Newsletter, Vol. 1, Q1 1992.
Entry, Cannibalization and Bankruptcy in the U.S. Motion Picture Exhibition Market(working
paper), Peter Davis, London School of Economics, 2003.
Failed Opportunities: The Integration of the U.S. Motion Picture and Television Industries,
Douglas Gomery, Quarterly Review of Film Studies, Volume 9, Number 3, Summer 1984.
Feature Film Limited Partnerships: A Practical Guide Focusing on Securities and Marketing for
Independent Producers and Their Attorneys, John W. Cones, Loyola of Los Angeles
Entertainment Law Journal, 1992.
Female Studio Executives, Jennifer Berry, (a research paper for Film Finance and Distribution,
UCLA Producer's Program, Fall, 1994.
Film Charlatans Rampant, John Simon, National Review, February 1, 1993.
Film Directors Agreements, Marc Jacobson, The Entertainment & Sports Lawyer, Vol. 8, No.
1, Spring 1990.
Film Fatales Shocking Statistics About Women in the Film Industry, by Jane Louise
Boursaw, MovieMaker Magazine, Winter 2006.
Filmmakers Cant Catch a Tax Break California Incentives Bill Fails to Pass, Dave McNary,
Variety.com, September 4, 2006.
Film Studios Threaten Retaliation Against States Banning Blind Bids, Los Angeles Times,
June 1, 1981.
Financial Guidelines for Investing in Motion Picture Limited Partnerships, L.M. Farrell,
Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Journal, 1992.
Financing the Production of Theatrical Motion Pictures, Lionel S. Sobel, Entertainment Law
Reporter, May, 1984.
The Finders Exception from Federal Broker-Dealer Registration, John Polanin, Jr., Catholic
University Law Review, 1090-1991, Vol. 40, page 787.
Finding a Solution to the Problem With Finders in Utah, Brad R. Jacobsen and Olympia Z.
Fay, Utah Bar Journal, April, 2006.
Foreign Productions and Foreign Financing The Canadian Perspective, Michael Levine and
David B. Zitzerman, The Entertainment and Sports Lawyer, Vol. 5, No. 4, Spring 1987.
-35-

A Fresh Look At The Paramount Decrees, Barry J. Brett and Michael D. Friedman, The
Entertainment and Sports Lawyer, Volume 9, Number 3, Fall 1991, 1.
GATT & the Shape of Our Dreams, Daniel Singer, The Nation, January 17, 1994.
He'll Never Eat Lunch In This Town Again!, Michael Logan, Los Angeles Magazine,
September 1992.
Hollywood Movies, Society, and Political Criticism, Stephen P. Powers, David J. Rothman and
Stanley Rothman, The World & I, April 1991.
Hollywood Plays a Starring Role in Financing Politics, Robert W. Welkos, Los Angeles Times,
August 25 1996.
Hollywood's Actress-Hookers When Glamour Turns Grim, John H. Richardson, Premiere,
1992.
Hollywoods Ethical Malaise, Eric Weissman, Variety.com, October 12, 2004.
Hollywood's Family Ways, Terry Pristin, Los Angeles Times Calendar Section, January 31,
1993.
Hollywood's Hard Times, Jeffrey Goodell, Premiere, January, 1992.
How Contracts Escalate into Torts, Kurt E. Wilson, California Lawyer, January, 1992.
How to Draft Multi-Picture Deals, Nigel Sinclair, Entertainment Law & Finance, January,
1987.
How to Negotiate Contracts, Deals in the Movie Industry, Edward E. Colton, New York Law
Journal, September 23, 1988.
The Idea Submission Case: When Is An Idea Protected Under California Law? Glen L. Kulik,
Beverly Hills Bar Association Journal, Winter/Spring 1998.
Icon sez Regal pulled double-cross, Gabriel Snyder, Variety.com, June 8, 2004.
IFP slates projects for feature market by Addie Morfoot, Variety.com, September 4, 2006.
Improving the Efficiency of the Angel Finance Market: A Proposal to Expand the Intermediary
Role of Finders in the Private Capital Raising Setting, John L. Orcutt, Arizona State Law
Journal, Vol. 37, page 861
-36-

In Bed With America The Whole World Loves Hollywood Movies . . . But It May Not Have a
Choice, Alexander Cockburn, American Film, November/December 1991.
Initiating Participation Audits in the Motion Picture/Television Business, Joseph D. Schleimer,
Entertainment Law & Finance, Vol. XII, No. 7, October, 1996.
Inside Move: Playing hardball Gabriel Snyder and Dana Harris, Variety.com, June 13, 2004.
Insolvency and the Production and Distribution of Entertainment Products, Stephen Chrystie,
David Gould and Lou Spoto, The Entertainment and Sports Lawyer, Vol. 6, No. 4, Spring 1988.
Is There Antitrust After 'Syufy'? Recent Ninth Court Cases Create Barriers to Enforcement,
Eliot G. Disner, California Lawyer, March 1991, 63.
Killing the Golden Goose: Hollywood's Death Wish, Pierce O'Donnell, Beverly Hills Bar
Journal, Summer, 1992.
The Last Emperor and Co-Producing in China: The Impossible Made Easy, and the Easy Made
Impossible, Simon M. Olswang, The Entertainment and Sports Lawyer, Vol. 6, No. 2, Fall
1987.
Legal Aspects of Film Financing, Barsky, Hertz, Ros and Vinnick, April, 1990.
Legitimizing Private Placement Broker-Dealers Who Deal With Private Investment Funds: A
Proposal for a New Regulatory Regime and a Limited Exception to Registration, Robert
Connolly, The John Marshall Law Review, 2007, Vol. 40, page 703.
Lessons In Self Defense Distribution Contracts and Arbitration Clauses, Mark Litwak, The
Independent, 1993.
Life in the Long Tail, Matthew A. Stern, PopMatters, July 6, 2006.
Long-Term Contracts for Independent Producers, Nigel Sinclair, Entertainment Law &
Finance, November, 1986.
Making Millions and Going Broke, How Production Companies Make Fortunes and Bankrupt
Themselves, David Royal, American Premiere, November/December 1991.
Masters of the Deal, Cameron Stauth, American Film, May, 1991.
Maximizing Producers' Negative Pick-Up Profits, John W. Cones, Entertainment Law &
Finance, Vol. VIII, No. 3, June, 1992.

-37-

The Migration of U.S. Film & Television Production,U.S. Department of Commerce Study on
Runaway Production, March, 2001.
Miramax Films Corp. v. Motion Picture Ass'n of Amer., Inc. The Ratings Systems Survives,
for Now, David Greenspan, The Entertainment and Sports Lawyer, Vol. 9, No. 2, Summer
1991.
Movie Companies, TV Networks and Publishers Have Been Forced to Audition the Same Act:
Cost Cutting, Kathryn Harris, Forbes, January 6, 1992.
Movie Industry Update 1991 Goldman Sachs, (Investment Research Report), 1991.
The Net Effect: Making Net Profit Mean Something, Peter J. Dekom, American Premiere,
May-June, 1992.
Net Profit Participations in the Motion Picture Industry, Hillary Bibicoff, Loyola
Entertainment Law Journal, Vol. 11, 1991.
Net Profits: Breaking Even is Hard to Do, David Robb, The Hollywood Reporter, September,
14, 1992.
Net Profits, 'Endangered' by Big Budgets, David Robb, The Hollywood Reporter, August 24,
1992.
Net Profits, No Myth, But Hard to Get Hands On, David Robb, The Hollywood Reporter,
August 17, 1992.
Net Profits: One Man's View from Both Sides, David Robb, The Hollywood Reporter, August,
31, 1992.
Never Enough: The A Deal, Business, Legal and Ethical Realities, UCLA Entertainment Law
Symposium, (Sixteenth Annual), February, 1992.
The New Global Media, Robert W. McChesney, The Nation, November 29, 1999.
One Producer's Inside View of Foreign and Domestic Pre-Sales in the Independent Financing of
Motion Pictures, Arnold Kopelson, Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Journal, 1992.
Opportunities Knock (Co-Production Possibilities with Japan and Britain), Kathryn Bowser,
The Independent, November, 1991.
Other Peoples Money: Financing the Low-Budget Independent Feature Film with Private
Equity Securities Offerings, Daniel M. Satorius, Entertainment and Sports Lawyer, Vol. 16, No.
3, Fall 1998.
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The Paramount Cases: Golden Anniversary in a Rapidly Changing Marketplace, Charles W.

Tim McCoy, Jr., Antitrust, Summer 1988, 32.
Pattern of Racketeering Activity-A Jury Issue, Michael A. Bertz, Beverly Hills Bar Journal,
Vol. 26, No. 1, Winter, 1992.
Pick-Ups, Pre-Sales and Co-Ventures, P.J. Abode, Montage (IFP/West publication), Winter
1991/1992.
Piercing Indictment, Steven Gaydos, Los Angeles Reader, December, 1992.
Piracy takes broader toll, Dave McNary, Variety.com, October 2, 2006.
Power, and Antitrust Policy: A Case Study of Video Entertainment, Walter Adams and James
W. Brock, The Wayne Law Review, Fall, 1989.
Power Surge Women in Entertainment, Karen Custolito and Paula Parisi, The Hollywood
Reporter, December 6, 1994.
Producing a Film in Canada The Legal and Regulatory Framework, David B. Zitzerman and
Michael A. Levine, The Entertainment and Sports Lawyer, Vol. 8, No. 4, Winter 1991.
Production Pacts Get Dicey, Variety.com, August 6, 2006.
The Prohibitions Against Studio Ownership of Theaters: Are They An Anachronism?, Brian J.
Wolf, Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Journal, Vol. 13, 413.
The Profit Participation Conundrum: A Glossary of Common Terms and Suggestions for
Negotiation, Gunther H. Schiff, Beverly Hills Bar Journal, Summer, 1992.
Profit Participation In The Motion Picture Industry, Steven D. Sills and Ivan L. Axelrod, Los
Angeles Lawyer, April, 1989.
Projecting Profits from a Motion Picture (excerpts from an unpublished work), David J. Leedy,
presented Fall 1991, for UCLA Extension class: Contractual Aspects of Producing, Financing
and Distributing Film.
Protecting Your Ideas in Hollywood, Lionel S. Sobel, Writer's Friendly Legal Guide, Writer's
Digest Books, 1989.
Pursuing a Business Fraud RICO Claim, Michael A. Bertz, California Western Law Review,
Vol. 21, No. 2, 1985.
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Reagan Seeks Relaxation of Antitrust Laws, Nadine Cohodas, Congressional Quarterly,

February 1, 1986.
The Recent Acquisition of Theatre Circuits by Major Distributors,Gerald F. Phillips, The
Entertainment and Sports Lawyer, Vol. 5, No. 3, Winter 1987, 1.
Representing Independent Motion Picture Producers, Sinclair and Gerse, Los Angeles Lawyer,
May, 1988.
Researching the Truth About Hollywood's Impact Consensus and Denial, Michael Medved,
Ethics Magazine, Josephson Institute, 1993.
Restraint, Responsibility & the Entertainment Media, Wes Hanson, Ethics Magazine,
Josephson Institute, 1993.
Role of Completion Bonding Companies in Independent Productions, Mark C. Phillips, Loyola
of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Journal, 1992.
Rules of the Game, Jack Mathews, American Film, March, 1990.
Short-Term Projects and Emergent Careers: Evidence from Hollywood, Robert R. Faulkner
and Andy B. Anderson, American Journal of Sociology, Volume 92, Number 4, January 1987.
Soft Money: The Weapon of Choice for the Runaway Productions, Christopher H. Lytton,
Texas Entertainment and Sports Law Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1, Spring 2004.
Structuring Film Development Deals,Marc Jacobson, Entertainment Law & Finance,
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Sue Crazy!, Kathleen Neumeyer, Los Angeles magazine, May 1989.
Study has Faith in Global B.O. Bounce, Adam Dawtrey, Variety.com, January 4, 2006.
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Practice, Ben Fritz, Variety.com, January 27, 2005.
Sundance Deals Aplenty, Pamela McClintock and Steven Zeitchik, Variety.com, January 25,
2007.
Three Hundred Thirty-Seven Reported Business Practices of the Major Studio/Distributors,
John W. Cones, (self-published compilation, 1991; subsequently incorporated into Film Finance
and Distribution A Dictionary of Terms, also by John W. Cones, Silman-James Press, 1992).

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Too Many Hoorays for Hollywood, William Cash, The Spectator, October, 1992.
Unequal Access, Unequal Pay: Hollywood's Gentleman's Agreement, Howard Rodman,
Montage, October 1989.
United States v. Loew's, Inc., 705 F. Sup., 885, 1987.
Unreported Decisions and Other Developments (RICO and Entertainment Litigation), Richard
L. Feller, The Entertainment and Sports Lawyer, Vol. 3, No. 2, Fall 1984.
U.S./Foreign Film Funding (Co-Production Tips), Nigel Sinclair, Entertainment Law &
Finance, March, 1991.
Vertical Integration, Horizontal Regulation The Growth of Rupert Murdoch's Media Empire,
Screen, Vol. 28, Number 4 (May-August, 1986).
VHS, 30, Dies of Loneliness The Home-Entertainment Format Lived a Fruitful Life,
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What is Your Pitch?: Idea Protection is Nothing but Curveballs. D.M. McGovern. Loyola of
Los Angeles Entertainment Law Journal, Vol. 15, 1995, pages 475-508.
What to Include in Pacts Between Author & Film Co., Edward E. Colton, New York Law
Journal, October 7, 1988.
Williamson v. Tucker, 645 F.2d 404, 5th Cir. 1981.
Women On Screen and Behind the Scenes in the 2003-04 Prime-Time Season, Martha Lauzen
and Women's E-News.
Books:
An Empire of Their Own How the Jews Invented Hollywood, Neal Gabler, Anchor Books,
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The Biz: The Basic Business, Legal and Financial Aspects of the Film Industry, Schuyler M.
Moore, Silman-James Press, 2007.
Breaking Through, Selling Out, Dropping Dead and Other Notes on Filmmaking, William
Bayer, First Limelight Edition, 1989.
The Club Rules Power, Money, Sex, and Fear How It Works in Hollywood, Paul Rosenfield,
Warner Books, 1992.
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Dark Victory (Ronald Reagan, MCA, and the Mob), Dan E. Moldea, Penguin Books, 1987.
Dealmaking In The Film and Television Industry From Negotiations To Final Contracts, Third
Edition, Mark Litwak. Silman-James Press, 2009.
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Bradson Press, Inc., 1980.
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Entertainment Industry Contracts; Negotiating and Drafting Guide, Donald C. Farber, Matthew
Bender, 1990.
Entertainment Industry Economics A Guide for Financial Analysis, Harold L. Vogel,
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Fatal Subtraction How Hollywood Really Does Business, Pierce O'Donnell and Dennis
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The Feature Film Distribution Deal The Single Most Important Film Industry Agreement, John
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Film Industry Contracts, John W. Cones (self-published), 1993.
Forty-Three Ways to Finance Your Feature Film, 3rd Edition, John W. Cones, Southern IIllinois
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Get a Reel Job, Philip Nemy, Angels Touch Productions, 1999.

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Hollywood Wars How Insiders Gained and Maintain Illegitimate Control Over the Film
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How I Made a Hundred Movies in Hollywood and Never Lost a Dime, Roger Corman and Jim
Jerome, Jim, Dell Publishing, 1990.
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The Independent Film Producers Survival Guide A Business and Legal Sourcebook, 2nd
Edition, Gunnar Erickson, Harris Tulchin and Mark Halloran, Shirmer Trade Books, 2005.
Introduction to the Motion Picture Industry A Guide for Filmmakers, Students & Scholars,
John W. Cones, Marquette Books, 2009.
I Wake Up Screening Everything You Need to Know About Making Independent Films
Including a Thousand Reasons Not To, Frank D. Gilroy, Southern Illinois University Press, 1993.
Law and Business of the Entertainment Industries, 2nd Edition, Donald E. Biederman, Edward P.
Pierson, Martin E. Silfen, Jeanne A. Glasser and Robert C. Berry, Praeger Publishers, 1991.
The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business is Selling Less of More, Chris Anderson, Hyperion,
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Media Law, Ralph L. Holsinger, McGraw-Hill, Inc., (2nd edition), 1991.
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The Producers Business Handbook, 2nd Edition, John J. Lee, Jr. and Rob Holt, Focal Press,
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Coming to America Case Settles, David Ainbender, Suit Talk Case Closet, Hollywood Law
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MPA Worldwide Market Research & Analysis at

http://www.mpaa.org/05%20Economic%20Review.pdf
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Wikipedia Encyclopedia online at

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o0o

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