Adding binary numbers

Adding binary numbers is very similar to adding decimal numbers, first an example:

Let's look at the above example step by step:

1 + 1 = 0 (carry one)
1 + 1 (+ the carry) = 1 (carry one)
0 + 1 (+ the carry) = 0 (carry one)
1 + 0 (+ the carry) = 0 (carry one)
1 + 0 (+ the carry) = 0 (carry one)
0 + 1 (+ the carry) = 0 (carry one)
1 + 0 (+ the carry) = 0 (carry one)
The last carry is placed at the left hand side of the result giving: 10000010
Subtracting binary numbers

The most common way of subtracting binary numbers is done by first taking the second
value (the number to be subtracted) and apply what is known as two's complement, this
is done in two steps:
1. complement each digit in turn (change 1 for 0 and 0 for 1).
2. add 1 (one) to the result.
note: the first step by itself is known as one's complement.
By applying these steps you are effectively turning the value into a negative number, and
as when dealing with decimal numbers if you add a negative number to a positive number
then you are effectively subtracting to the same value.
In other words 25 + (-8) = 17, which is the same as writing 25 - 8 = 17.
An example, let's do the following subtraction 11101011 - 01100110 (23510 - 10210)
note: When subtracting binary values it is important to maintain the same amount of
digits for each number, even if it means placing zeroes to the left of the value to make up
the digits, for instance in our example we have added a zero to the left of the value
1100110 to make the amount of numerals up to 8 (one byte) 01100110.

First we apply two's complement to 01100110

which gives us 10011010.

Now we need to add 11101011 + 10011010, however when you do the addition you
always disregard the last carry, so our example would be:

which gives us 10000101, now we can convert this value into decimal, which gives 13310
So the full calculation in decimal is 23510 - 10210 = 13310 (correct !!)
Negative numbers
The above example is subtracting a smaller number from a larger number, if you want to
subtract a larger number from a smaller number (giving a negative result) then the
process is slightly different.
Usually to indicate a negative number the most significant bit (left hand bit) is set to 1
and the remaining 7 digits are used to express the value. In this format the MSB is
referred to as the sign bit.
Here are the steps for subtracting a large number from a smaller one (negative result).
1. Apply two's complement to the larger number.
2. Add this value to the smaller number.
3. Change the sign bit (MSB) to zero.
4. Apply two's complement to value to get final result.
5. The most significant bit (sign bit) now indicates the value is negative.
For example let's do the following subtraction 10010101 - 10110100 (14910 - 18010)
The process is as follows:

Now we can convert this value into a negative decimal, which gives -3110
So the full calculation in decimal is 14910 - 18010 = -3110 (correct !!)