EAP582/4: Wastewater Engineering

Wastewater Treatment Plant

Principles' and Design

Dr. ABU AHMED MOKAMMEL HAQUE

School of Civil Engineering,
Engineering Campus,
Universiti Sains Malaysia
14300 Nibong Tebal, P. Pinang,
Malaysia.
E-mail: cehaque_aam@eng.usm.my
August 09 , 2010

AAMH

Pre-Requisite Knowledge and/or Skills

Basic Principles of Environmental Engineering
Basic Principles of Environmental Fluid
Mechanics
Mass Balance Techniques
Basic Organic and Inorganic Chemistry

Understanding of Environmental Engineering

unit Processes
Basic Computer Spreadsheet Application

AAMH

Outline
Objectives
Introduction
- Plant Classifications (Aerobic, Anaerobic, Fixed Media,
Suspended Culture etc)

Type of Treatments
- Primary, Secondary, Tertiary (Management Aspect,
Biological oxidation, Kinetics of BOD etc)
- Design Aspects- Physical & Chemical Plant (Screen, Grit
Removal, Comminutor, Skimming & Equalization Tanks,
Sedimentation Tank, Coagulation & flocculations)
- Design of biological Plant (Activated Sludge, RBC, Anaerobic
Digester etc)

Advance Wastewater Treatment

Reclamation and Reuse
AAMH

AAMH Teaching Plan

SECTION TOPICS

AAMH

W1

Introduction Concept, Sources, Objectives,

Plant Classification (Aug 09/10)

W1

Introduction Concept, Source, Objectives, Plant

Classification (Aug 11/10)

W2

Type of Wastewater Treatments (Aug 16/10)

W2

Type of Wastewater Treatments (Aug 18/10)

W3

Type of Wastewater Treatments (Aug 23/10)

W3

Advance Wastewater Treatment (Aug 25/10)

W4

Wastewater Reclamation & Reuse (Aug 29/10)

W4

Wastewater Reclamation & Reuse (Sep 01/10)

W5

Revision (Sep 06/10)

Text Book

Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, and Reuse,

Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., 4rd Edition, McGrawhill,
2004.

Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, and

Reuse, Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., 3rd Edition,
McGrawhill, 1991.

Wastewater Treatment Technologies: A General

Review, Economic and Social Commission for
Western Asia, United Nations, New York, 2003

Some PhD Thesis will be supplied By AAMH

AAMH

Objectives
To learn how to do a preliminary design of the
most widely used wastewater treatment unit
operations and how to organize these into a
functioning treatment system.
To provide experiences in realistic civil and
environmental
engineering
design
and
construction practice.
To develop teamwork and communication
skills required for multi-disciplinary civil and
environmental engineering objectives.

AAMH

Introduction: Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater Engineering
Branch of Environmental Engineering in which
the basic Principles of Science and Engineering
are applied to solve the problems of Water
related pollution control.
Goal Wastewater Management, Protection of
environment in a manure commensurate with
economic, Social and Political concerns.

AAMH

Polluted river

Introduction: Wastewater Treatment

world's most polluted river ??

AAMH

Introduction: Wastewater Treatment

Sources of Generation Water carried wastes removed from
Residence, Institutions, Commercial and Industrial establishment.
Technically, wastewater contains organic and inorganic matter, rich
in microorganisms (some are pathogenic) and mainly made up of
99.9% water and 0.1% solids.
wastewater
Liquid (99.9%)

Solid (0.1%)

Inorganic
(30%)

Organic (70%)
Protein
(65%)

AAMH

Carbohydrate
(25%)

Fat
(10%)

grit

salt

metal

Introduction: Wastewater Treatment

Most water that we used ends up as wastewater
that needs to be disposed.
Wastewater collected from cities and towns which
returned to receiving water bodies and or land as
well as in ground water aquifers. Scientific
knowledge, Engineering judgments based on
experience, local conditions and regulations are
very important issues on how we conserve our
environment from water pollution.
A wastewater treatment plant functions to treat
wastewaters from any source such as from a
community, locality or township.

AAMH

Introduction: Wastewater Treatment

Reasons for treating:
Protect public health
Protect surface-water quality. Managing the wastewater
well.
Protect ecosystem
Meet legal requirements and regulations
Specific concern: Pathogenic organisms
Pathogen = specific agent causing disease
Pathogenic = capable of causing disease
Wastewater treatment as part of the main infrastructure.
Indicator of civilization.
As important as other basic need of development, such as
water
supply,
drainage,
transportation,
electricity,
telecommunication, etc.
AAMH

Introduction: Wastewater Treatment

Sources

AAMH

Introduction: Wastewater Treatment

Pollution Prevention
Wastewater contains high pollutants
Example : BOD5
= 250 mg/L
BOD std
= 50 mg/L
SS
= 360 mg/L
SS std
= 100 mg/L
Leachate contains : Temp = 27oC
COD = 1925 mg/L
Color = 3869 PtCo

AAMH

Introduction: Wastewater Treatment

Collection

Treatment

Discharges

Preventing water-borne diseases.

Reducing outbreak of diseases.
Wastewater
contains
pathogenic

organisms

(bacteria, viruses, worms, protozoa, helminthes, etc.)

Collection company : Indah water, Alam Flora, Idaman

bersih, Jalutong (WWE Holdings BHD)
What will happen if there is no company to do
collection, treatment and discharge???
How about Reclamation and Reuse / Irrigation?

AAMH

Objectives: Wastewater Treatment

Objective of wastewater treatment is to get the
quality of final effluent to be in a good standard A
or B (Malaysia).
To reach this standard, the design of wastewater
treatment plant must be compliance in removing
wastewater loads in order to get a high quality of
final effluent within the fix specification
Therefore, a civil and environmental engineer has
a responsible to design a suitable plant
The important of treatment showed in Following
Figure 1.1
AAMH

Criterias : Wastewater / Sewage

Figure 1.1, shows the thickness/density of wastewater from

nearby town is 280mg/L of BOD and 360mg/L of SS
respectively.

If standard B is followed, value of BOD and SS is < 50mg/L

and < 100mg/L respectively
Therefore, the treatment plant which can removed these
recorded wastewater loads data should be followed.
AAMH

Compositions: Wastewater / Sewage

Organic
Solid (1)

NonOrganic
(2)

Total Organic
(3)

BOD5

39

15

54

19

26

10

36

23

90

42

160

12

Suspended Solid
(settle-able)
Suspended solid
(unsettle-able)
TOTAL
Dissolved solid

80

80

Data from Table 1.1, taken from the analysis of sewage sample, x.
Tested to the organic, inorganic and BOD5 concentration.

AAMH

Compositions: Wastewater / Sewage

From Table 1.1:
Total composition (1+2), consist of organic
substances (1), inorganic (2). In this case,
mineral is inorganic substance. e.g: sodium,
sulfate and others

BOD5 is the value within the total space which

evaluation of oxygen on the day 5.
Concentration of organic load in sewage can be
SS and DS. SS can be both settleable and
unsettle-able.

AAMH

Compositions: Wastewater / Sewage

From Table 1.1, can be concluded:
(54/90)*% = 60% out of total SS can be settled.

(19/42)*% = 45% from BOD5 can be removed

through sedimentation process.

This data is to prove that sedimentation (physical

treatment) only unable to remove all the BOD5.

In other words, if only sludge pond is used to the

eliminate sewage, then there will be 55% (10045%) That is the BOD5 concentration in our final
effluent.

Therefore, the biological treatment is essential in

removing organic concentration in wastewater.

AAMH

Wastewater Quality
The design of a wastewater treatment plant requires
knowledge of:
Quantity or flow rate of wastewater.
Required to determine the size of the various unit operations
and unit processes.
Quality of raw wastewater.
Required to determine which unit operations and processes to
be used.
Quality required for the effluent (treated wastewater).
Required to determine the degree of treatment needed to
produce the required quality of the effluent.

AAMH

Wastewater Quality
The quantity of wastewater produced varies in different
communities and countries, depending on a number of factors
such as water uses, climate, lifestyle, economics, etc.

A typical wastewater flow rate from a residential home in the US

might average 70 gallons (265 L) per capita per day.
Approximately 60 to 85 percent of the per capita consumption
of water becomes wastewater.
Wastewater flow rates
Commercial developments: 800 to 1500 gal/(acre.d)
(7.5 to 14 m3/(ha.d))
Industries
- light industry: 1000 to 1500 gal/(acre.d)
(9.4 to 14 m3/(ha.d))
- medium industry: 1500 to 3000 gal/(acre.d)
(14 to 28 m3/(ha.d))

AAMH

Wastewater Quality

Dry Weather Flow (DWF)

Definitions:
Daily measured flow at a sewage works during a period of dry weather, or
The rate of flow of sewage (domestic & industrial wastes), together with infiltration
if any, in a sewer in dry weather measured after a period of seven consecutive
days of dry weather during which the rainfall has not exceeded 0.25 mm
_______________________________________________________________
DWF from municipal catchments can be divided into waters from household,
institutions, business areas, industries, drainage of buildings and infiltration.
In the absence of flow measurements, the DWF is computed from the population
and per capita sewage flow or water consumption.
For example:
A community of 100 persons with an average per capita sewage flow of 200 L/d
DWF = 20,000 L
= 20 m3
This represents a flow of 20,000 L/24 h or 0.23 L/s
At a large sewage works the flows entering the works in dry weather are like to be
50% of the DWF at any point in time.

AAMH

Wastewater Quality

Dry Weather Flow (DWF)

When the available information is in terms of population densities, and

assuming that maximum domestic sewage DWF is 230 L per capita per
day (Code of Practice 2005), the DWF can be calculated from the
following equation:

DWF
DWF
D
A

DxA
375

= dry weather flow (L/s)

= population density (person/hectare)
= area (hectare)

Definition:

Dry Weather Flow Rate is the rate of average sewage

that is calculated based on the total population and
their water usage daily per capita.

AAMH

Wastewater Quality
Identification of Quantity of DWF
Through some calculation methods.
Usually can be calculated from the quantity of

water per capita.

In the operating plant, DWF is determined by
measurement of the actual flow rate of
wastewater to the plant for certain of period
using flow rate meter.
For future plants, the design flow rate is base
on the total usage of water per capita multiply
by total residents.

AAMH

Wastewater Quality
Identification of Quantity of DWF
Calculation method
(i)

Quantity of water * population equivalent

DWF = (q, water usage)(PE, populations)
= (225 L/capita.day)*(1000 capita)
= 225 m3/day

(ii) (Water supplied * populations)-lost

DWF = (i) (20~30% lost)
= 70~80%
(supplied water* populations)

AAMH

Wastewater Quality
Identification of Quantity of DWF
Calculation method
(iii) (Water supplied * populations) + other sources
lost
DWF = (i) + (other source such as well)
(20~30% lost)
(iv) Sewage record of short period

AAMH

measurement of actual flow rate at site in a short term.

accurate, but for its long term there is no actual data.
i.e.: record for 3 days is 1000 l/min and it is only for 3
days period.

Wastewater Quality
Identification of Quantity of DWF
Calculation method

(v) Sewage record of long period

AAMH

same as for the previous one.

base on minimum and maximum value of
the sewage it is suitable for design
purpose.

Wastewater Quality
Example :
a)
b)

The rate of water usage for 10000 people is 250

L/capita.day, calculate the value for DWF.
Rate of water usage for 20000 people is 250 L/capita.day
and the fraction of sewage/water is 0.67, calculate the value
for DWF.

Solution:
a) DWF = q*P
= (250 L/capita.day) (10 000 people)
= 2 500 000 liter/day
= 2500 m3/day
b) DWF= (0.67*20 000 x 0.25 m3/day)
= 3350 m3/day

AAMH

Important Definition-Wastewater Quality

AAMH

Wastewater Quality
Land application:
kg of BOD applied per day
(area loaded per day) * (cycle time)

We know, LBOD =
Where,
LBOD = kg/ha-day
kg of BOD application per day = Concentration, mg/L
Flow, m3/day Conversion Factor (CF);
Conversion Factor = [1000 L/ m3 0.001 kg/g
1g/1000mg]
Area Loaded = Total wetted area receiving wastewater
per day, ha
Cycle time = time between subsequent applications to
a given plot, days

AAMH

Land Application
Calculation:
A wastewater treatment plant discharged effluents for
land treatment purpose which contented BOD of 200
mg/L. The slow-rate land treatment field area was 2
ha/day and the daily effluent flow rate was 1000
m3/day. The land treatment effluent application
cycle time was 5 days between two applications.
Findout cycle average BOD loading rate.

AAMH