IET-UK International Conference on Information and Communication Technology in Electrical Sciences (ICTES 2007),

Dr. M.G.R. University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Dec. 20-22, 2007. pp. 132-136.

POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER USING FUZZY LOGIC

CONTROLLER IN MULTIMACHINE POWER SYSTEMS
M. John Bosco 1

A.Darwin Jose Raju 2

Lecturer, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engg.,

St.Xaviers Catholic College of Engineering,
Chunkankadai-629807,
Kanyakumari Dist, Tamilnadu, India.

Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engg.,

St.Xaviers Catholic College of Engineering,
Chunkankadai-629807,
Kanyakumari Dist, Tamilnadu, India.

johnmbosco2004@gmail.com

darwinme2000@ieee.org

Keywords: Power System Stabilizer, Multimachine, Fuzzy Logic Controller, Conventional Controller..

Abstract
and in some cases presented limitations on power transfer
capacity. Another problem is the sub synchronous torsional
modes of oscillations in the turbine-generator shaft. These
problems make the system more vulnerable to instability.
The problem of dynamic stability has been
extensively analyzed and is well under stood for cases where
the instability is clearly identified with a machine or group of
machines. The optimum application of stabilizer is well
designed and straightforward in these cases. In the more
general cases of a widespread oscillation permeating a large
interconnection, however, the identification of optimum sites
for stabilizer application is complicated. The first example of
inter system low frequency oscillation was observed during
the inter connection of the North-West power pool and the
South-West power pool of the United States.
A power system may also lose its stability due to
lack of damping or inadequate synchronizing torque. The
sustained low frequency oscillations of a large electric power
system are due to the lack of damping of the system
mechanical mode. The use of supplementary control signal in
the excitation system and the governor system of the
generating unit can provide extra damping for the system and
thus improve its dynamics performance. The supplementary
excitation control for the low frequency oscillation is
currently known as the power system stabilizer [PSS].

In general, Power Systems are subjected to wide

ranges of transient instability and the dynamic instability. By
using fast acting high gain excitation systems the transient
stability limit of a synchronous machine has been
significantly improved, but impair the dynamic stability. The
dynamic instability is damped by using the Power System
Stabilizers (PSS).
The Power System Stabilizer means a
supplementary excitation control which is capable of
providing additional damping torque to the rotor angle
oscillations of the synchronous machine without affecting its
synchronizing torque.
The Power System Stabilizer is developed by
using the conventional and non conventional controller. In
the conventional controller a Phase Lead Compensation
technique is used and in the non conventional controller
fuzzy set theory is used. The proposed Power System
Stabilizer is designed for a Multi-Machine connected to an
infinite bus system. The generator speed deviation and
acceleration is taken as inputs to the controller.
Simulation of Multi-Machine Power Systems with
and without using Power System Stabilizers subjected to
various disturbances and operating conditions are presented.
These simulation results are plotted as a function of time. On
comparing simulation results with and without using Power
System Stabilizers it is observed that the fuzzy set theory
based Power System Stabilizer for Multi-Machine power
system has better performance than other.

1.

2.

Introduction to PSS

The interconnected power system is very large and

complex. So the control of generation is very important one.
By using the supplementary excitation control, the power
system steady state stability is maintained.
The main objectives of power system stabilizer are,

It does not require real time model identification.

The input signal of each PSS is measured by local

measurement equipment.

It provides good dynamic performance over a wide

range of operating condition.
Two basic tuning techniques have been
successfully utilized with power system stabilizer
application. They are
i, Phase compensation
ii, Root locus

Introduction

The major portion of the energy needed for a modern

society is supplied in the form of electrical energy. Hence a
large scale power system interconnection is intended to make
electrical energy generation and transmission more
economical and reliable.
With the advent of interconnection of large electric
power system, many new dynamic power system problems
have emerged, which includes the low frequency oscillation
of the interconnected large electric power system. Oscillation
of small magnitude and low frequency often persisted for
long periods of time. When it is once started, they would
continue for a while and then disappear or continue to grow

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Power System Stabilizer using Fuzzy Logic Controller in Multimachine Power Systems

Phase compensation consists of adjusting the

stabilizer to compensate for the phase lags through the
generator, excitation system and power system such that the
stabilizer path provides torque changes which are in phase
with speed changes. The root locus involves shifting the
eigen values associated with the power system modes of
oscillation by adjusting the stabilizer pole and zero locations
in the S-plane. This is more complicated to apply particularly
in the field.

3.

as LP (large positive), MP (medium positive), SP (small

positive), VS (very small), SN (small negative), MN
(medium negative) and LN (large negative), using fuzzy set
notation. A fuzzy relation matrix which gives the relationship
between stabilizer inputs and stabilizer output is then
developed using membership functions. A set of fuzzy logic
operations are performed to yield the desired stabilizer output
based on this fuzzy relation matrix. The effectiveness of the
proposed fuzzy PSS is demonstrated by examining the
dynamic performance of a multi-machine power system
subject to a major disturbance.
Some basic definitions and mathematical operations
of fuzzy sets are first described.

Introduction To Conventional Controller

In the conventional controller the power system

stabilizer is developed by using the Lead-Lag compensator.
Demello and Concordia were the first to use the theory of
phase compensation in the frequency domain to make a
through analysis of lead compensator, widely used as power
system stabilizer. The speed deviation is taken as the input
signal of the power system stabilizer.
The phase lag is found out from the system
transformation equation. The characteristic equation is,

4.1

Fuzzy set
Let X be a collection of objects (X is the universal
set), then a fuzzy set A in X is defined to be a set of ordered
pairs
A={(x, A(x)) | x X}
Where A(x) is called the membership function of x in A.
Note that the membership function A(x) denotes
the degree to which x belongs to and is normally limited to
values between 0 and 1. A high value of A(x) implies that it
is very likely for x to be in A. Elements with a zero degree of
membership are normally not listed. If we limit the values of
the membership function to be either 0 or 1, then A becomes
a crisp set.

GE = [KAK3] / [(1+sTA)(1+sTdo)+KAK3K6]
Angle of phase lag may be calculated as,
GE = angle (GE), s = jn

4.2

The summation of phase lag and phase lead angle must be

zero.
Angle (GE) + Angle (GC) =0
Angle (GE) < 0

Let A and B be two fuzzy sets with

membership functions A(x) and B(x),
respectively. The membership function of the
intersection (AND), C = A B, is defined by
xX
C(x) = min (A(x) B(x) )

The phase lead compensation may be realized by

operational amplifiers, and the simplest transfer function may
be chosen in the form of,
GC = [(1+sT1) / (1+sT2)] k
k= 1 or 2

4.3

The OR operator
Let A and B be two fuzzy sets with membership
functions A(x) and B(x), respectively. The membership
function of the union (OR), D = A U B, is defined by
xX
D(x) = max (A(x) B(x) )

T1>T2

For this excitation control design, damping coefficient Dm and D are neglected. A reasonable choice for the
damping coefficient n is considered and it range is about
0.1 to 0.3 per unit.

4.4

The NOT operator

Let A be a fuzzy set with membership functions
A(x). The membership function of the complement of A, is
defined by
xX
CA(x) = 1 - A(x)
4.5
Fuzzy relation
Let A and B be two fuzzy sets with membership
functions A(x) and B(x), respectively. A fuzzy relation R
from A to B can be visualized as a fuzzy grah and can be
characterized by the membership function R(x, y) which
satisfies the composition rule as follows,
B(y) = max (min (R(x, y) A(x) ) )

Kc = 2 nnM / [K2 |Gc(jn)| |GE(jn)| ]

4.
Introduction
Controller

To

The AND operator:

Non-Conventional

In the non conventional controller the power system

stabilizer is developed by using the fuzzy set technique. The
proposed fuzzy PSS uses two real-time measurements
generator speed deviation () and acceleration () as the
input signals. To determine stabilizer output, these input
signals are first described by some linguistic variables such

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IET-UK International Conference on Information and Communication Technology in Electrical Sciences

5.
Design of the Fuzzy Power System
Stabilizer
To make the designed PSS capable of providing the
desired system damping under disturbance conditions, some
state variables representative of system dynamic performance
must be taken as the input signals to the fuzzy PSS. In this
work, generator speed deviation () and acceleration ()
are chosen to be input signals of the fuzzy PSS, under
disturbance conditions, dynamic performance of the system
could be evaluated by examining the response curves of these
two variables.
To determine the stabilizer output from the
measured system variables and , a fuzzy relation
matrix R, which gives the relationship between the fuzzy set
characterizing stabilizer output, is first established and stored
in computer memory. The fuzzy PSS proceeds as follows to
evaluate the desired output signal.
Step 1: Use membership functions to represent
stabilizer inputs and in fuzzy set notation.
Step 2 : Use the composition rule to determine the
membership function of the stabilizer output VPSS.
Step 3 : Determine a proper stabilizer output from
the membership function of the output signal.
5.1 Establish the fuzzy relation matrix
A fuzzy relation matrix must be set up and stored in
computer memory. A set of decision rules relating stabilizer
inputs to stabilizer output are first compiled. These decision
rules are expressed using linguistic variables such as LP
(large positive), MP (medium positive), SP (small positive),
VS (very small), SN (small negative), MN (medium
negative) and LN (large negative). For example, a typical
rule reads as follows:
Rule 1 If is LP and is LN, then VPSS
(stabilizer output) should be VS.
Through the combination of the two input signals
and , there will be 49 decision rules in all. The most
convenient way to present these decision rules is to use a
decision table as shown in bellow.
Speed
Deviation

LP
MP
SP
VS
SN
MN
LN

MN

SN

VS

SP

MP

LP

VS
SN
MN
MN
LN
LN
LN

SP
VS
SN
MN
MN
LN
LN

MP
SP
VS
SN
SN
MN
LN

LP
MP
SP
VS
SN
MN
LN

LP
MP
SP
SP
VS
SN
MN

LP
LP
MP
MP
SP
VS
SN

LP
LP
LP
M
MP
SP
VS

Example

The single line diagram of the nine bus ,two

machine infinite bus system used to examine the inter area
oscillation control problem is shown in bellow,
230 KV

18 KV

18/230
G1
1

Table 1: Fuzzy rules formation (7*7=49)

134

Load C
13.8 KV

0.0085+
j0.072

j0.0625

0.0119+j0.1008

j0.0586
G2

B/2=j0.1045

B/2=j0.0745
8

2
9

B/2=j0.153

230/13.8

0.039+j0.170

0.032+j0.161

B/2=j0.179

Load A

Load B

B/2=j0.088
0.017+j0.092

0.010+j0.085

B/2=j0.079
230 KV
16.5/230

4
j0.0576

16.5 KV
3

Fig.1 Single line diagram of test system

6.1

System Data
The system data which are included the generator
data, excitation system data and the loads.
i, Generator Data
The generator data includes the rated power, inertia
constant, power factor, speed and the d & q axis reactance
Generator
Rated MVA
H
(
MW
S./100MVA)
KV
Power factor
Type
Speed,rpm
Xd
Xd
Xq
Xq
Xl,leakage
Tdo
Tqo

Acceleration,
LN

6.

1
192.0
6.4

2
128.0
3.01

18.0
0.85
Steam
3600
0.8958
0.1198
0.8645
0.1969
0.0521
6.00
0.535

13.8
0.85
Steam
3600
1.3125
0.1813
1.2578
0.25
0.0742
5.89
0.600

Power System Stabilizer using Fuzzy Logic Controller in Multimachine Power Systems

ii, Excitation Systems

The gain and time constant of the amplifier and the
feedback circuit is give
KA1 = KA2 = 400
TA1 = TA2 = 0.05 s
KF1 = KF2 = 0.025
TF1 = TF2 = 1 s
Fig.5 Power Angle Deviation characteristics of Machine-II
without PSS

iii, Loads (mva)

The loads connected in the system is given below,
Load A = 125+j50
Load B = 90+j30
Load C = 100+j35

7.

7.2 With conventional PSS is used

Simulation Result

With the generator working under a light load

condition the step increase in torque reference was applied.
The increased torque was removed after 25 sec. and the
system return to the original operating point. The disturbance
is large enough to cause the system to operate in the nonlinear region. System responses with and without power
system stabilizers are shown in below,

Fig.6 Speed Deviation characteristics of Machine-I with

conventional PSS used

7.1 Without Power System Stabilizer Used

Fig.7 Speed Deviation characteristics of Machine-II with

conventional PSS used

Fig.2 Speed Deviation characteristics of Machine-I without

PSS

Fig.3 Speed Deviation characteristics of Machine-II without

PSS

Fig.8 Power Angle Deviation characteristics of Machine-I

with conventional PSS used

Fig.4 Power Angle Deviation characteristics of Machine-I

without PSS

Fig.9 Power Angle Deviation characteristics of Machine-II

with conventional PSS used

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IET-UK International Conference on Information and Communication Technology in Electrical Sciences

iii,
As evidenced by the response curves, only moderate
gains are required for the fuzzy stabilizer.

7.3 With Non conventional PSS is used

9.

A fuzzy set theory has been presented for the design

of fuzzy stabilizers which are capable of providing good
damping characteristics to a multi-machine power system
over a wide range of operating conditions. The fuzzy PSS
generates its output signal based on some fuzzy decision
rules relating stabilizer input signals with stabilizer output.
Results from this work reveal that, under disturbance
conditions, better dynamic performance can be achieved
using the proposed fuzzy stabilizer than a conventional
stabilizer. Moreover, it is superior to a self-tuning stabilizer
because it does not require real-time model identification as
the self-tuning PSS does. Thus, it is easily implemented on a
microcomputer.

Fig.10 Speed Deviation characteristics of Machine-I with

Fuzzy set PSS is used

Fig.11 Speed Deviation characteristics of Machine-II with

Fuzzy set PSS is used

10.

References

[1]

LARSEN, E.V., and SWANN, D.A.: 'Applying

power system stabilizers', IEEE Trans., 1981, PAS100, pp.3017-3046.
YAO-NAN YU., Electric Power System
Dynamics Academic Press, New York,1983
DEMELLO, F.P., NOLAN, P.J., LASKOWSKI,
T.F., and UNDRILL, J.M., Coordinated application
of stabilizers in multi-machine power systems',
IEEE Trans., 1980. PAS-99, pp.892-901.
ANDERSON,P.M., and FOUD,A.A., Power
System Control and Stability, Iowa State University
Press, Ames, Iowa,1977.
DEMELLO, F.P., and CONCORDIA, C., 'Concept
of synchronous machine stability as effected by
excitation control', IEEE Trans., 1969, PAS-88,
pp.316-329.
ZIMMERMANN,H.J.: Fuzzy Set Theory and Its
Applications
(Kluwer-Nijhoff
Publishing
Company, 1985)

[2]
[3]

[4]
Fig.12 Power Angle Deviation characteristics of Machine-I
with Fuzzy set PSS is used

[5]

[6]

11.

Fig.13 Power Angle Deviation characteristics of Machine-II

with Fuzzy set PSS is used

8.

Conclusions

About The Authors

1.
M. John Bosco received the B.E. degree from
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, TamilNadu, India in
2002 and M.E. degree from the Annamalai University,
TamilNadu, India in 2005. Currently he is working as a
lecturer in St Xaviers Catholic College of Engineering,
TamilNadu, India. Ph.No: +91-9894842001
E:mail: johnmbosco2004@gmail.com
2.
A. Darwin Jose Raju received the B.E. degree from
University of Madars, TamilNadu, India in 1998 and M.E.
degree from the same University, TamilNadu, India in 2000.
Currently he is working as a Senior lecturer in St Xaviers
Catholic College of Engineering, TamilNadu, India. Ph.No:
+91-9843776224
E:mail: darwinme2000@ieee.org

Discussion

From the response curves in Fig. 2-13 the following

observations can be made:
i,
Among the three proposed control schemes, the one
with both units equipped with fuzzy stabilizer provides the
best damping characteristics.
ii,
When there is a fuzzy stabilizer on each unit, the
two decentralized fuzzy stabilizers co-operate with each other
very well in their efforts to damp out system oscillations
under disturbance conditions.

136