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Definition
Adjectivesarewordsthatdescribeormodifyanotherpersonorthinginthe
sentence.TheArticlesa,an,andtheareadjectives.
thetallprofessor
thelugubriouslieutenant
asolidcommitment
amonth'spay
asixyearoldchild
theunhappiest,richestman
Ifagroupofwordscontainingasubjectandverbactsasanadjective,itiscalledan
AdjectiveClause.Mysister,whoismucholderthanIam,isanengineer.Ifan
adjectiveclauseisstrippedofitssubjectandverb,theresultingmodifierbecomesan
AdjectivePhrase:Heisthemanwhoiskeepingmyfamilyinthepoorhouse.
Beforegettingintootherusageconsiderations,onegeneralnoteabouttheuseor
overuseofadjectives:Adjectivesarefrail;don'taskthemtodomoreworkthan
theyshould.Letyourbroadshoulderedverbsandnounsdothehardworkof
description.Beparticularlycautiousinyouruseofadjectivesthatdon'thavemuchto
sayinthefirstplace:interesting,beautiful,lovely,exciting.Itisyourjobasawriterto
createbeautyandexcitementandinterest,andwhenyousimplyinsistonitspresence
withoutshowingittoyourreaderwell,you'reconvincingnoone.
ConsidertheusesofmodifiersinthisadjectivallyrichparagraphfromThomas
Wolfe'sLookHomeward,Angel.(CharlesScribner's,1929,p.69.)Adjectivesare
highlightedinthiscolor;participles,verbformsactingasadjectives,arehighlightedin
thisblue.Somepeoplewouldarguethatwordsthatarepartofanamelike"East
IndiaTeaHousearenotreallyadjectivalandthatpossessivenounsfather's,
farmer'sarenottechnicallyadjectives,butwe'veincludedtheminouranalysisof
Wolfe'stext.
He remembered yet the East India Tea House at the Fair, the sandalwood, the turbans,
and the robes, the cool interior and the smell of India tea; and he had felt now the
nostalgic thrill of dew-wet mornings in Spring, the cherry scent, the cool clarion earth,
the wet loaminess of the garden, the pungent breakfast smells and the floating snow of
blossoms. He knew the inchoate sharp excitement of hot dandelions in young earth; in
July, of watermelons bedded in sweet hay, inside a farmer's covered wagon; of
cantaloupe and crated peaches; and the scent of orange rind, bitter-sweet, before a fire
of coals. He knew the good male smell of his father's sitting-room; of the smooth worn
leather sofa, with the gaping horse-hair rent; of the blistered varnished wood upon the
hearth; of the heated calf-skin bindings; of the flat moist plug of apple tobacco, stuck
with a red flag; of wood-smoke and burnt leaves in October; of the brown tired autumn
earth; of honey-suckle at night; of warm nasturtiums, of a clean ruddy farmer who
comes weekly with printed butter, eggs, and milk; of fat limp underdone bacon and of
coffee; of a bakery-oven in the wind; of large deep-hued stringbeans smoking-hot and
seasoned well with salt and butter; of a room of old pine boards in which books and
carpets have been stored, long closed; of Concord grapes in their long white baskets.
Anabundanceofadjectiveslikethiswouldbeuncommonincontemporaryprose.
Whetherwehavelostsomethingornotisleftuptoyou.
Position of Adjectives
UnlikeAdverbs,whichoftenseemcapableofpoppingupalmostanywhereina
sentence,adjectivesnearlyalwaysappearimmediatelybeforethenounornounphrase
thattheymodify.Sometimestheyappearinastringofadjectives,andwhentheydo,
theyappearinasetorderaccordingtocategory.(SeeBelow.)Whenindefinitepronouns
suchassomething,someone,anybodyaremodifiedbyanadjective,theadjective
comesafterthepronoun:
Anyone capable of doing something horrible to someone nice should be punished.
Something wicked this way comes.
Andtherearecertainadjectivesthat,incombinationwithcertainwords,arealways
"postpositive"(comingafterthethingtheymodify):
The president elect, heir apparent to the Glitzy fortune, lives in New York proper.
See,also,thenoteonaadjectives,below,forthepositionofsuchwordsas
"ablaze,aloof,aghast."
Degrees of Adjectives
Adjectivescanexpressdegreesofmodification:
Gladysisarichwoman,butJosieisricherthanGladys,andSadieisthe
richestwomanintown.
Comparative
Superlative
rich
richer
richest
lovely
lovelier
loveliest
beautiful
more beautiful
most beautiful
Certainadjectiveshaveirregularformsinthecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees:
Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms
good
better
best
bad
worse
worst
little
less
least
much
many
some
more
most
far
further
furthest
Becarefulnottoformcomparativesorsuperlativesofadjectiveswhichalready
expressanextremeofcomparisonunique,forinstancealthoughitprobablyis
possibletoformcomparativeformsofmostadjectives:somethingcanbemoreperfect,
andsomeonecanhaveafullerfigure.Peoplewhoarguethatonewomancannotbe
morepregnantthananotherhaveneverbeenninemonthspregnantwithtwins.
Grammar's Response
AccordingtoBryanGarner,"complete"isoneofthoseadjectivesthatdoesnot
admitofcomparativedegrees.Wecouldsay,however,"morenearlycomplete."Iam
surethatIhavenotbeenconsistentinmyapplicationofthisprincipleintheGuide(I
canhearmyself,now,sayingsomethinglike"lessadequate"or"morepreferable"or
"lessfatal").OtheradjectivesthatGarnerwouldincludeinthislistareasfollows:
absolute
impossible
principal
adequate
inevitable
stationary
chief
irrevocable
sufficient
complete
main
unanimous
devoid
manifest
unavoidable
entire
minor
unbroken
fatal
paramount
unique
final
perpetual
universal
ideal
preferable
whole
FromTheOxfordDictionaryofAmericanUsageandStylebyBryanGarner.
Copyright1995byBryanA.Garner.PublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.,
www.oupusa.org,andusedwiththegraciousconsentofOxfordUniversityPress.
Becareful,also,nottousemorealongwithacomparativeadjectiveformedwith
ernortousemostalongwithasuperlativeadjectiveformedwithest(e.g.,donotwrite
thatsomethingismoreheavierormostheaviest).
Theasasconstructionisusedtocreateacomparisonexpressingequality:
Heisasfoolishasheislarge.
Sheisasbrightashermother.
Bothadverbsandadjectivesintheircomparativeandsuperlativeformscanbe
accompaniedbypremodifiers,singlewordsandphrases,thatintensifythedegree.
Wewerealotmorecarefulthistime.
Heworksalotlesscarefullythantheotherjewelerintown.
Welikehisworksomuchbetter.
You'llgetyourwatchbackallthefaster.
Thesameprocesscanbeusedtodownplaythedegree:
Theweatherthisweekhasbeensomewhatbetter.
Heapproacheshisschoolworkalittlelessindustriouslythanhisbrother
does.
Andsometimesasetphrase,usuallyaninformalnounphrase,isusedforthispurpose:
Hearrivedawholelotsoonerthanweexpected.
That'saheckofalotbetter.
Iftheintensifierveryaccompaniesthesuperlative,adeterminerisalsorequired:
Sheiswearingherveryfinestoutfitfortheinterview.
They'redoingtheverybesttheycan.
Occasionally,thecomparativeorsuperlativeformappearswithadeterminerand
thethingbeingmodifiedisunderstood:
OfallthewinesproducedinConnecticut,Ilikethisonethemost.
Thequickeryoufinishthisproject,thebetter.
Ofthetwobrothers,heisbyfarthefaster.
Authority for this section: A University Grammar of English by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum.
Longman Group: Essex, England. 1993. Used with permission.
Wedo,however,definitelyuselesswhenreferringtostatisticalor
numericalexpressions:
It'slessthantwentymilestoDallas.
He'slessthansixfeettall.
Youressayshouldbeathousandwordsorless.
Wespentlessthanfortydollarsonourtrip.
Thetownspentlessthanfourpercentofitsbudgetonsnow
removal.
Taller than I / me ??
When making a comparison with "than" do we end with a subject form or object
form, "taller than I/she" or "taller than me/her." The correct response is "taller
than I/she." We are looking for the subject form: "He is taller than I am/she is
tall." (Except we leave out the verb in the second clause, "am" or "is.") Some
good writers, however, will argue that the word "than" should be allowed to
function as a preposition. If we can say "He is tall like me/her," then (if "than"
could be prepositional like like) we should be able to say, "He is taller than
me/her." It's an interesting argument, but for now, anyway in formal,
academic prose, use the subject form in such comparisons.
Wealsowanttobecarefulinasentencesuchas"Ilikehimbetterthan
she/her."The"she"wouldmeanthatyoulikethispersonbetterthanshelikes
him;the"her"wouldmeanthatyoulikethismalepersonbetterthanyoulike
thatfemaleperson.(Toavoidambiguityandtheslipperyuseofthan,wecould
write"Ilikehimbetterthanshedoes"or"IlikehimbetterthanIlikeher.")
Itwouldtakealinguisticphilosophertoexplainwhywesay"littlebrownhouse"
andnot"brownlittlehouse"orwhywesay"redItaliansportscar"andnot"Italianred
sportscar."Theorderinwhichadjectivesinaseriessortthemselvesoutisperplexing
forpeoplelearningEnglishasasecondlanguage.Mostotherlanguagesdictateasimilar
order,butnotnecessarilythesameorder.Ittakesalotofpracticewithalanguage
beforethisorderbecomesinstinctive,becausetheorderoftenseemsquitearbitrary(if
notdownrightcapricious).Thereis,however,apattern.Youwillfindmanyexceptions
tothepatterninthetablebelow,butitisdefinitelyimportanttolearnthepatternof
adjectiveorderifitisnotpartofwhatyounaturallybringtothelanguage.
Thecategoriesinthefollowingtablecanbedescribedasfollows:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
Determinersarticlesandotherlimiters.SeeDeterminers
Observationpostdeterminersandlimiteradjectives(e.g.,arealhero,a
perfectidiot)andadjectivessubjecttosubjectivemeasure(e.g.,beautiful,
interesting)
SizeandShapeadjectivessubjecttoobjectivemeasure(e.g.,wealthy,
large,round)
Ageadjectivesdenotingage(e.g.,young,old,new,ancient)
Coloradjectivesdenotingcolor(e.g.,red,black,pale)
Origindenominaladjectivesdenotingsourceofnoun(e.g.,French,
American,Canadian)
Materialdenominaladjectivesdenotingwhatsomethingismadeof
(e.g.,woolen,metallic,wooden)
Qualifierfinallimiter,oftenregardedaspartofthenoun(e.g.,rocking
chair,huntingcabin,passengercar,bookcover)
Physical Description
Size
Shape
Age
beautiful
old
an
expensive
antique
four
gorgeous
her
our
those
Origin
Italian
red
short
black
old
square
No
Color
longstemmed
big
Material Qualifier
touring
car
silver
mirro
silk
roses
hair
English
sheep
wooden
hat
boxes
that
dilapidated
several
little
enormous
some
hunting
young
delicious
American
Thai
This chart is probably too wide to print on a standard piece of paper. If you
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out on a regular piece of paper.
Itwouldbefolly,ofcourse,torunmorethantwoorthree(atthemost)adjectives
together.Furthermore,whenadjectivesbelongtothesameclass,theybecomewhatwe
callcoordinatedadjectives,andyouwillwanttoputacommabetweenthem:the
inexpensive,comfortableshoes.Theruleforinsertingthecommaworksthisway:if
youcouldhaveinsertedaconjunctionandorbutbetweenthetwoadjectives,use
acomma.Wecouldsaytheseare"inexpensivebutcomfortableshoes,"sowewoulduse
acommabetweenthem(whenthe"but"isn'tthere).Whenyouhavethreecoordinated
adjectives,separatethemallwithcommas,butdon'tinsertacommabetweenthelast
adjectiveandthenoun(inspiteofthetemptationtodosobecauseyouoftenpause
there):
a popular, respected, and good looking student
SeethesectiononCommasforadditionalhelpinpunctuatingcoordinated
adjectives.
SeethesectiononCapitalizationforfurtherhelponthismatter.
cabin
basketball playe
food
Collective Adjectives
Whenthedefinitearticle,the,iscombinedwithanadjectivedescribingaclassor
groupofpeople,theresultingphrasecanactasanoun:thepoor,therich,theoppressed,
thehomeless,thelonely,theunlettered,theunwashed,thegathered,thedeardeparted.
ThedifferencebetweenaCollectiveNoun(whichisusuallyregardedassingularbut
whichcanbepluralincertaincontexts)andacollectiveadjectiveisthatthelatteris
alwayspluralandrequiresapluralverb:
Theruralpoorhavebeenignoredbythemedia.
TherichofConnecticutareresponsible.
Theelderlyarebeginningtodemandtheirrights.
Theyoungatheartarealwaysajoytobearound.
Adjectival Opposites
Theoppositeorthenegativeaspectofanadjectivecanbeformedinanumberof
ways.Oneway,ofcourse,istofindanadjectivetomeantheoppositeanantonym.
Theoppositeofbeautifulisugly,theoppositeoftallisshort.Athesauruscanhelpyou
findanappropriateopposite.Anotherwaytoformtheoppositeofanadjectiveiswitha
numberofprefixes.Theoppositeoffortunateisunfortunate,theoppositeofprudentis
imprudent,theoppositeofconsiderateisinconsiderate,theoppositeofhonorableis
dishonorable,theoppositeofalcoholicisnonalcoholic,theoppositeofbeingproperly
filedismisfiled.Ifyouarenotsureofthespellingofadjectivesmodifiedinthiswayby
prefixes(orwhichistheappropriateprefix),youwillhavetoconsultadictionary,asthe
rulesfortheselectionofaprefixarecomplexandtooshiftytobetrusted.Themeaning
itselfcanbetricky;forinstance,flammableandinflammablemeanthesamething.
Athirdmeansforcreatingtheoppositeofanadjectiveistocombineitwithlessor
leasttocreateacomparisonwhichpointsintheoppositedirection.Interestingshadesof
meaningandtonebecomeavailablewiththisusage.Itiskindertosaythat"Thisisthe
leastbeautifulcityinthestate."thanitistosaythat"Thisistheugliestcityinthestate."
(Italsohasaslightlydifferentmeaning.)Acandidateforajobcanstillbeworthyand
yetbe"lessworthyofconsideration"thananothercandidate.It'sprobablynotagood
ideatousethisconstructionwithanadjectivethatisalreadyanegative:"Heisless
unluckythanhisbrother,"althoughthatisnotthesamethingassayingheisluckier
thanhisbrother.Usethecomparativelesswhenthecomparisonisbetweentwothings
orpeople;usethesuperlativeleastwhenthecomparisonisamongmanythingsor
people.
Mymotherislesspatientthanmyfather.
Ofallthenewsitcoms,thisismyleastfavoriteshow.
ReviewthesectiononPossessivesforadistinctionbetweenpossessiveformsand
"adjectivallabels."(DoyoubelongtoaWritersCluboraWriters'Club?)
AdjectivesthatarereallyParticiples,verbformswithingandedendings,canbe
troublesomeforsomestudents.Itisonethingtobeafrightenedchild;itisanaltogether
differentmattertobeafrighteningchild.Doyouwanttogouptoyourprofessorafter
classandsaythatyouareconfusedorthatyouareconfusing?Generally,theedending
meansthatthenounsodescribed("you")hasapassiverelationshipwithsomething
something(thesubjectmatter,thepresentation)hasbewilderedyouandyouare
confused.Theingendingmeansthatthenoundescribedhasamoreactiveroleyou
arenotmakinganysensesoyouareconfusing(toothers,includingyourprofessor).
Theedendingmodifiersareoftenaccompaniedbyprepositions(thesearenotthe
onlychoices):
Wewereamazedatallthecircusanimals.
Wewereamusedbytheclowns.
Wewereannoyedbytheelephants.
Wewereboredbytheringmaster.
Wewereconfusedbythenoise.
Weweredisappointedbythemotorcycledaredevils.
Weweredisappointedintheirperformance.
Wewereembarrassedbymybrother.
Wewereexhaustedfromalltheexcitement.
Wewereexcitedbytheliontamer.
Wewereexcitedaboutthehighwireact,too.
Wewerefrightenedbythelions.
Wewereintroducedtotheringmaster.
Wewereinterestedinthetent.
Wewereirritatedbytheheat.
Wewereopposedtoleavingearly.
Weweresatisfiedwiththecircus.
Wewereshockedatthelevelofnoiseunderthebigtent.
Weweresurprisedbythefans'response.
Weweresurprisedattheirindifference.
Weweretiredofallthelightsafterawhile.
Wewereworriedaboutthetrafficleavingtheparkinglot.
A- Adjectives
Themostcommonofthesocalledaadjectivesareablaze,afloat,afraid,aghast,
alert,alike,alive,alone,aloof,ashamed,asleep,averse,awake,aware.Theseadjectives
willprimarilyshowupaspredicateadjectives(i.e.,theycomeafteralinkingverb).
Thechildrenwereashamed.
Theprofessorremainedaloof.
Thetreeswereablaze.
Occasionally,however,youwillfindaadjectivesbeforethewordtheymodify:the
alertpatient,thealoofphysician.Mostofthem,whenfoundbeforethewordthey
modify,arethemselvesmodified:thenearlyawakestudent,theterriblyalonescholar.
Andaadjectivesaresometimesmodifiedby"verymuch":verymuchafraid,very
muchalone,verymuchashamed,etc.
RecognizingAdjectives
AdjectiveOrder
Adjectives
Guide to Grammar
and Writing
Principles of
Composition
Index