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E-Government
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

E-government (short for electronic government, also known as e-gov, Internet government, digital
government, online government, or connected government) consists of the digital interactions between a
citizen and their government (C2G), between governments and government agencies (G2G), between
government and citizens (G2C), between government and employees (G2E), and between government
and businesses/commerce (G2B). Essentially, e-government delivery models can be briefly summed up
as (Jeong, 2007):[1]
C2G (citizens to governments)
G2G (government to governments) (penting) (UTS)
G2C (government to citizens) [pemerintahan ke masyarakat] (penting) (UTS)
G2E (government to employees)
G2B (government to businesses) [pemerintahan ke bisnis] (penting) (UTS)
This digital interaction consists of e-citizen at all levels of government (city, state/province, national,
and international), governance, information and communication technology (ICT), and business process
re-engineering (BPR).

Contents
1 Defining e-government
2 UN e-Government Readiness Index
3 Examples of e-government and E-governance
4 Delivery models and activities of e-government
5 Non-internet e-government
6 Controversies of e-government
6.1 Disadvantages
6.1.1 Hyper-surveillance
6.1.2 Cost
6.1.3 Inaccessibility
6.1.4 False sense of transparency and accountability
6.2 Advantages
6.2.1 Democratization
6.2.2 Environmental bonuses
6.2.3 Speed, efficiency, and convenience
6.2.4 Public approval
7 Technology-specific e-government
8 Government 2.0
9 E-government by country
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9.1 Africa
9.1.1 Kenya
9.2 Asia
9.2.1 Bangladesh
9.2.2 India
9.2.3 Iran
9.2.4 Malaysia
9.2.5 Myanmar
9.2.6 Pakistan
9.2.7 Sri Lanka
9.3 Europe
9.3.1 Russia
9.4 Middle East
9.4.1 Jordan
9.4.2 Saudi Arabia
9.4.3 United Arab Emirates
9.5 North America
9.5.1 Canada
9.5.2 United States
10 An alternative approach
11 See also
12 References
12.1 Further reading
13 External links

Defining e-government
E-Gov Strategies (or Digital Government) is defined as "The employment of the Internet and the worldwide-web for delivering government information and services to the citizens." (United Nations, 2006;
AOEMA, 2005).[2]
Electronic Government (or e-Government) essentially refers to "The utilization of Information
Technology (IT), Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), and other web-based
telecommunication technologies to improve and/or enhance on the efficiency and effectiveness of
service delivery in the public sector." (Jeong, 2007).[1] e-Government promotes and improves broad
stakeholders contribution to national and community development, as well as deepen the governance
process.
E-government describes the use of technologies to facilitate the operation of government and the
dispersement of government information and services. E-government, short for electronic government,
deals heavily with Internet and non-internet applications to aid in governments. E-government includes
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the use of electronics in government as large-scale as the use of telephones and fax machines, as well as
surveillance systems, tracking systems such as RFID tags, and even the use of television and radios to
provide government-related information and services to the citizens.

UN e-Government Readiness Index

The United Nations Public Administration Network conducts a bi-annual e-Government survey which
includes a section titled e-Government Readiness. It is a comparative ranking of the countries of the
world according to two primary indicators: i) the state of e-government readiness; and ii) the extent of eparticipation. Constructing a model for the measurement of digitized services, the Survey assesses the
191 member states of the UN according to a quantitative composite index of e-government readiness
based on website assessment; telecommunication infrastructure and human resource endowment.
The following is the list of the top 50 countries according to the UN's 2012 e-Government Readiness
Index.[2]
Rank

Country

Index

South Korea

0.9283

Netherlands

0.9125

United Kingdom

0.8960

Denmark

0.8889

United States

0.8687

France

0.8635

Sweden

0.8599

Norway

0.8593

Finland

0.8505

10

Singapore

0.8474

11

Canada

0.8430

12

Australia

0.8390

13

New Zealand

0.8381

14

Liechtenstein

0.8264

15

Switzerland

0.8134

16

Israel

0.8100

17

Germany

0.8079

18

Japan

0.8019

19

Luxembourg

0.8014

20

Estonia

0.7987

21

Austria

0.7840

22

Iceland

0.7835

23

Spain

0.7770

24

Belgium

0.7718

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25

Slovenia

0.7492

26

Monaco

0.7468

27

Russian Federation

0.7345

28

United Arab Emirates 0.7344

29

Lithuania

0.7333

30

Croatia

0.7328

31

Hungary

0.7208

32

Italy

0.7190

33

Portugal

0.7165

34

Ireland

0.7194

35

Malta

0.7131

36

Bahrain

0.6946

37

Greece

0.6872

38

Kazakhstan

0.6844

39

Chile

0.6769

40

Malaysia

0.6703

41

Saudi Arabia

0.6658

42

Latvia

0.6604

43

Colombia

0.6572

44

Barbados

0.6566

45

Cyprus

0.6508

46

Czech Republic

0.6491

47

Poland

0.6441

48

Qatar

0.6405

49

Antigua and Barbuda 0.6345

50

Uruguay

0.6315

Examples of e-government and E-governance

E-Government should enable anyone visiting a city website to communicate and interact with city
employees via the Internet with graphical user interfaces (GUI), instant-messaging (IM), audio/video
presentations, and in any way more sophisticated than a simple email letter to the address provided at the
site[3] and the use of technology to enhance the access to and delivery of government services to
benefit citizens, business partners and employees.[4] The focus should be on:
The use of information and communication technologies, and particularly the Internet, as a tool to
achieve better government.[5]
The use of information and communication technologies in all facets of the operations of a
government organization.[6][7]
The continuous optimization of service delivery, constituency participation and governance by
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transforming internal and external relationships through technology, the Internet and new
media.[8]
Whilst e-government has traditionally been understood as being centered around the operations of
government, e-governance is understood to extend the scope by including citizen engagement and
participation in governance. As such, following in line with the OECD definition of e-government, egovernance can be defined as the use of ICTs as a tool to achieve better governance.

Delivery models and activities of e-government

The primary delivery models of e-government can be divided into:
Government-to-citizen or government-to-consumer (G2C)
In this model, the G2C model apply the strategy of customer relationship management
(CRM) with business concept.
By managing their customer (citizen) relationship, the business (government) can provide
the needed products and services fulfill the needs from customer (citizen).
In United States, the NPR (National Partnership for Reinventing Government) has been
implemented from 1993.[9]
Government-to-business (G2B)
Government-to-government (G2G)
Government-to-employees (G2E)
Within each of these interaction domains, four kinds of activities take place:[10][11]
pushing information over the Internet, e.g.: regulatory services, general holidays, public hearing
schedules, issue briefs, notifications, etc.
two-way communications between the agency and the citizen, a business, or another government
agency. In this model, users can engage in dialogue with agencies and post problems, comments,
or requests to the agency.
conducting transactions, e.g.: lodging tax returns, applying for services and grants.
governance, e.g.: To enable the citizen transition from passive information access to active citizen
participation by:
1. Informing the citizen
2. Representing the citizen
3. Encouraging the citizen to vote
4. Consulting the citizen
5. Involving the citizen

Non-internet e-government
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While e-government is often thought of as "online government" or "Internet-based government," many

non-Internet "electronic government" technologies can be used in this context. Some non-Internet forms
include telephone, fax, PDA, SMS text messaging, MMS, wireless networks and services, Bluetooth,
CCTV, tracking systems, RFID, biometric identification, road traffic management and regulatory
enforcement, identity cards, smart cards and other near field communication applications; polling station
technology (where non-online e-voting is being considered), TV and radio-based delivery of government
services (e.g., CSMW), email, online community facilities, newsgroups and electronic mailing lists,
online chat, and instant messaging technologies.

Controversies of e-government
Disadvantages
The main disadvantages concerning e-government is the lack of equality in public access to the internet,
reliability of information on the web, and hidden agendas of government groups that could influence and
bias public opinions.
There are many considerations and potential implications of implementing and designing e-government,
including disintermediation of the government and its citizens, impacts on economic, social, and
political factors, vulnerability to cyber attacks, and disturbances to the status quo in these areas.[12] See
also Electronic leviathan.
Hyper-surveillance
Increased contact between government and its citizens goes both ways. Once e-government begins to
develop and become more sophisticated, citizens will be forced to interact electronically with the
government on a larger scale. This could potentially lead to a lack of privacy for civilians as their
government obtains more and more information on them. In a worst-case scenario, with so much
information being passed electronically between government and civilians, a totalitarian-like system
could develop. When the government has easy access to countless information on its citizens, personal
privacy is lost.[13][14]
Cost
Although "a prodigious amount of money has been spent" on the development and implementation of egovernment, some say it has yielded only a mediocre product. The outcomes and effects of trial Internetbased governments are often difficult to gauge or unsatisfactory.[15] According to Gartner, Worldwide
IT spending is estimated to total $3.6 trillion in 2011 which is 5.1% increase from the year 2010 ($3.4
trillion).[16]
Inaccessibility
An e-government site that provides web access and support often does not offer the "potential to reach
many users including those who live in remote areas, are homebound, have low literacy levels, exist on
poverty line incomes."[17]
False sense of transparency and accountability

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Opponents of e-government argue that online governmental transparency is dubious because it is

maintained by the governments themselves. Information can be added or removed from the public eye.
To this day, very few organizations monitor and provide accountability for these modifications. Those
that do so, like the United States OMBWatch[18] and Government Accountability Project, are often
nonprofit volunteers. Even the governments themselves do not always keep track of the information they
insert and delete.[19]

Advantages
The ultimate goal of the e-government is to be able to offer an increased portfolio of public services to
citizens in an efficient and cost effective manner. E-government allows for government transparency.
Government transparency is important because it allows the public to be informed about what the
government is working on as well as the policies they are trying to implement. Simple tasks may be
easier to perform through electronic government access. Many changes, such as marital status or address
changes can be a long process and take a lot of paper work for citizens. E-government allows these tasks
to be performed efficiently with more convenience to individuals. E-government is an easy way for the
public to be more involved in political campaigns. It could increase voter awareness, which could lead to
an increase in citizen participation in elections. It is convenient and cost-effective for businesses, and the
public benefits by getting easy access to the most current information available without having to spend
time, energy and money to get it.
E-government helps simplify processes and makes access to government information more easily
accessible for public sector agencies and citizens. For example, the Indiana Bureau of Motor Vehicles
simplified the process of certifying driver records to be admitted in county court proceedings.[20] Indiana
became the first state to allow government records to be digitally signed, legally certified and delivered
electronically by using Electronic Postmark technology. In addition to its simplicity, e-democracy
services can reduce costs. Alabama Department of Conservation & Natural Resources, Wal-Mart and
NIC [21] developed an online hunting and fishing license service utilizing an existing computer to
automate the licensing process. More than 140,000 licenses were purchased at Wal-Mart stores during
the first hunting season and the agency estimates it will save $200,000 annually from service.[22]
The anticipated benefits of e-government include efficiency, improved services, better accessibility of
public services, sustainable community development and more transparency and accountability.[12]
Democratization
One goal of e-government will be greater citizen participation. Through the internet, people from all
over the country can interact with politicians or public servants and make their voices heard. Blogging
and interactive surveys will allow politicians or public servants to see the views of the people they
represent on any given issue. Chat rooms can place citizens in real-time contact with elected officials,
their offices or provide them with the means to replace them by interacting directly with public servants,
allowing voters to have a direct impact and influence in their government. These technologies can create
a more transparent government, allowing voters to immediately see how and why their representation in
the capital is voting the way they are. This helps voters better decide who to vote for in the future or how
to help the public servants become more productive. A government could theoretically move more
towards a true democracy with the proper application of e-government. Government transparency will
give insight to the public on how decisions are made and hold elected officials or public servants
accountable for their actions. The public could become a direct and prominent influence in government
legislature to some degree.[23][24][25][26]
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Environmental bonuses
Proponents of e-government argue that online government services would lessen the need for hard copy
forms.[27] Due to recent pressures from environmentalist groups, the media, and the public, some
governments and organizations have turned to the Internet to reduce this paper use. The United States
government utilizes the website http://www.forms.gov to provide internal government forms for federal
employees and thus produce significant savings in paper.[28]
Speed, efficiency, and convenience
E-government allows citizens to interact with computers to achieve objectives at any time and any
location, and eliminates the necessity for physical travel to government agents sitting behind desks and
windows. Improved accounting and record keeping can be noted through computerization, and
information and forms can be easily accessed, equaling quicker processing time. On the administrative
side, access to help find or retrieve files and linked information can now be stored in databases versus
hardcopies stored in various locations. Individuals with disabilities or conditions no longer have to be
mobile to be active in government and can be in the comfort of their own homes.[29][30]
Public approval
Recent trials of e-government have been met with acceptance and eagerness from the public.[31][32]
Citizens participate in online discussions of political issues with increasing frequency, and young
people, who traditionally display minimal interest in government affairs, are drawn to electronic voting
procedures.
Although internet-based governmental programs have been criticized for lack of reliable privacy
policies, studies have shown that people value prosecution of offenders over personal confidentiality.
Ninety percent of United States adults approve of Internet tracking systems of criminals, and 57% are
willing to forgo some of their personal internet privacy if it leads to the prosecution of criminals or
terrorists.[33]

Technology-specific e-government
There are also some technology-specific sub-categories of e-government, such as m-government (mobile
government), u-government (ubiquitous government), and g-government (GIS/GPS applications for egovernment).
The primary delivery models of e-government are classified depending on who benefits. In the
development of public sector or private sector portals and platforms, a system is created that benefits all
constituents. Citizens needing to renew their vehicle registration have a convenient way to accomplish it
while already engaged in meeting the regulatory inspection requirement. On behalf of a government
partner, business provides what has traditionally, and solely, managed by government and can use this
service to generate profit or attract new customers. Government agencies are relieved of the cost and
complexity of having to process the transactions.[34]
To develop these public sector portals or platforms, governments have the choice to internally develop
and manage, outsource, or sign a self-funding contract. The self-funding model creates portals that pay
for themselves through convenience fees for certain e-government transactions, known as self-funding
portals.
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Social networking services are an emerging area for e-democracy. The social networking entry point is
within the citizens environment and the engagement is on the citizens terms. Proponents of egovernment perceive government use of social networking as a medium to help government act more
like the public it serves. Examples can be found at almost every state government portal through
Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube widgets.
Government and its agents also have the opportunity to follow citizens to monitor satisfaction with
services they receive. Through ListServs, RSS feeds, mobile messaging, micro-blogging services and
blogs, government and its agencies can share information to citizens who share common interests and
concerns. Government is also beginning to Twitter. In the state of Rhode Island, Treasurer Frank T.
Caprio is offering daily tweets of the states cash flow. Interested people can sign up at here.[35] For a
full list of state agencies with Twitter feeds, visit NIC.[36] For more information, visit transparentgov.com.[37]

Government 2.0
Government 2.0 or Gov 2.0 refers to government policies that aim to harness collaborative technologies
to create an open-source computing platform in which government, citizens, and innovative companies
can improve transparency and efficiency.[38] Put simply, Gov 2.0 is about "putting government in the
hands of citizens".[39]
Gov 2.0 combines Web 2.0 fundamentals with e-government and increases citizen participation by using
open-source platforms, which allow development of innovative apps, websites, and widgets. The
governments role is to provide open data, web services, and platforms as an infrastructure.[40]

E-government by country
Africa
As the rest of the world keeps embracing the benefits of e-government, Africa has of late shown
significant milestones in developing similar electronic government platforms. There are various
countries that has shown progress in the recent years:
Kenya
The transition period from the KANU government to the NARC government(December 2002), marked
the full realization of the e-government aspect, as the nation was set to tap the great potential of ICT-in
service delivery to its subjects. Nonetheless, it was in January 2004 when, after the executive (cabinet)
session, that a Directorate of e-government was established. The newly created department had the duty
to draw the plan of action; for future ICT implementations.[41]
Like many other African nations, Kenya has embraced the high mobile penetration rate within its
population. This is attributed to the ubiquity aspect, that is provided by mobile phones-such that even
people living in remote areas that could not be having the traditional telecommunications' networks, they
can now communicate with ease. It is noted that this has a great impact on the governments' strategies in
reaching out to its citizens.[42] Given that about 70% of the population owns mobile phones, leading
mobile network operators like Safaricom have taken a great step in offering services that meets citizens'
demands. Such services include Kipokezi service(that allows subscribers to do online chatting and also
exchange electronic mails via standard mobile phones)-and then M-Pesa; the mobile bank(that allows
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the subscribers to send and receive electronic cash). This has even appealed to the majority of Kenyans,
as it supports the branchless members of the society too, in doing normal and secure businesses via MPesa. The recent IMF report reveals that MPESA transactions in Kenya exceeded those carried out by
Western Union worldwide.[43]
Website: Open Kenya | Transparent Africa (https://opendata.go.ke/)

Asia
Bangladesh
eGovernment web portal has been developed to provide more convenient access to various government
service and information through one window.[44]
India
In India, the e-Governance initiatives are broadly managed under the umbrella of the NeGP initiative.
Iran
In 2002, Iran prepared a detailed report named TAKFA(Barnameye Tose-e va Karborde Fanavaie
Etelaat)in which it was predicted that most of the government bodies would try to virtualize their
services as soon as possible. But, based on the reports by UN bodies, Iran has failed in the recent years
to meet the average standards of EG. In 2008, Supreme Council of Information released a report in
which the council criticized the government for poor advancement in employing new communication
technologies for administration purposes.[45]
Malaysia
In Malaysia, the e-Government efforts are undertaken by the Malaysian government, under the umbrella
of Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) and e-Government flagships, which was launched in mid-1996, by
Dr Mahathir Mohamad (1981-2003), by the then Prime Minister of Malaysia (Jeong & Nor Fadzlina,
2007).[46][47]
Electronic government is an initiative aimed at reinventing how the government works. It seeks to
improve both how the government operates, as well as how it deliver services to the people (Ibrahim
Ariff & Goh Chen Chuan, 2000).
Myanmar
The Yangon City Development Committee (Burmese- 11111111111111111111111111
)
(YCDC) is the administrative body of Yangon, the largest city and former capital of Myanmar (Burma).
It consists of 20 departments, with headquarters in the Yangon City Hall. The committee's chairman is
also the city's mayor.
In 2003, YCDC was organized to provide e-Government for Yangon City. The main purposes of the
city's e-Government program are to provide easy access between the government and the city's citizens
via the Internet, to reduce paper usage, to reduce the city budget, to build the city's fiber ring, to provide
timely public information, to store public data and to develop and expand G2G, G2C, G2B, and G2E
programs.
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In January 2013 responsibility for e-Government was divided between the e-Government Administration
Committee and the e-Government Processing Committee. The e-Government Administration Committee
includes the Mayor of Yangon City as Chief, the General Secretary of Yangon City as Sub-Chief, and
the other 20 head of department officers as chairmen. The e-Government Processing Committee includes
the Head of Public Relation and Information Department as Chief and the other 20 deputy head of
department officers as chairmen.
The official web-portal is www.ycdc.gov.mm (http://www.ycdc.gov.mm/).
Pakistan
In Pakistan, the Government of Pakistan's e-government directorate is committed to building a robust enetwork framework that essentially allows the government to be more responsive in delivering public
services to citizens and businesses.[48]
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka have taken some initiative actions to provide the benefits of e-Government to the
citizens.[49][50]

Europe
eGovernment shows significant advancement in Europe. For more information see eGovernment in
Europe.
Russia
On the Federal Law On providing state and municipal services (2010), the strategy on development of
Information Society in the Russian Federation, approved by the President (2008), the Federal target
programme Electronic Russia (2002 2010 years), approved by the Government (2002), the State
Programme Information Society (2010), the Procedure on development and approval of administrative
regulations execution of public functions (public services), approved by the Government (2005), the
concept of administrative reform in the Russian Federation in 2006 - 2010 respectively, approved by the
Government (2005),on other orders, resolutions and acts in the Russian Federation was created
electronic government (or e-government).
The main target on creating of e-government lies in the field of providing the equal opportunities for all
the Russians in spite of their living place and their incomes and make more effective system of public
administration. So e-government are created for reaching the useful system of public management
accommodating the individual interests of every citizen by participation through ICTs in public policymaking.
Nowadays Russian e-government includes such systems as:[51]
1. The united interagency Interacting system using for providing of state and municipal services,
exchange of information and data between participants of interagency interacting, quick approval of
state and municipal decisions, etc.
2. The united system for authentication and authorization providing evidence of the rights of all
participants of e-government.
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3. United portal of state and municipal services and functions which is the single window for all
information and services assured by government and municipals.[52]
The portal of public services is one of the key elements of the project to create electronic government
in the country. The portal provides a single point of access to all references on state and municipal
services through the Internet and provides citizens and organizations the opportunity to receive these
services electronically. Monthly visits by users of the public services portal range between 200,000 and
700,000. For example, citizens are now able to get or exchange a driver license through this portal.
4. Head system providing utilization of electronic signature.
Other systems located on cloud services.
Today Russian e-government elements are demanded in the spheres of e-governance, e-services (ehealth, e-education, e-library, etc.), e-commerce, e-democracy (web-election, Russian public initiative).
By the United Nations E-Government Survey 2012: E-Government for the People Russia became one of
the 7 emerging leaders in e-government development, took 9th place in rating of e-government
development in largest population countries, took 8th rank in Top e-participation leaders, after Norway,
Sweden and Chile, Advancing 32 positions in the world rankings, the Russian Federation became the
leader of e-government in Eastern Europe. Evolution of ICT in the Russian Federation provided the
raising of Russia in E-government development index to the 27 place.[53]

Middle East
Jordan
Jordan has established its e-government program since 2002. many governmental services are
provisioned online.
Saudi Arabia
The e-Government was also established in Saudi Arabia, and it offers online government services and
transactions.
United Arab Emirates
In the United Arab Emirates, the Emirates eGovernment is designed for e-government operations.

North America
Canada
The current Clerk of the Privy Council the head of the federal public service, has made workplace
renewal a pillar of overall public service renewal. Key to workplace renewal is the adoption of
collaborative networked tools. An example of such as tool is GCPEDIA a wiki platform for federal
public servants. Other tools include GCconnex, a social networking tool, and GCforums, a discussion
board system.
United States

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The election of Barack Obama as President of the United States became associated with the effective use
of Internet technologies during his campaign, and in the implementation of his new administration in
2009.[54][55][56] On January 21, 2009, the President signed one of his first memorandums the
Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies on Transparency and Open
Government.[57] The memo called for an unprecedented level of openness in Government, asking
agencies to "ensure the public trust and establish a system of transparency, public participation, and
collaboration."[57] The memo further "directs the Chief Technology Officer, in coordination with the
Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the Administrator of General Services
(GSA), to coordinate the development by appropriate executive departments and agencies [and] to take
specific actions implementing the principles set forth in the memorandum."[57]
President Obamas memorandum centered around the idea of increasing transparency throughout
various different federal departments and agencies. By enabling public websites like recovery.gov and
data.gov to distribute more information to the American population, the administration believes that it
will gain greater citizen participation.[58]
In 2009 the U.S. federal government launched Data.gov in order to make more government data
available to the public. With data from Data.Gov, the public can build apps, websites, and mashups.
Although the Gov 2.0 as a concept and as a term had been in existence since the mid-2000s, it was the
launch of Data.gov that made it "go viral".[39]
In August 2009 the City of San Francisco launched DataSF.org (https://data.sfgov.org) with more than a
hundred datasets.[59] Just weeks after the DataSF.org launch, new apps and websites were developed.
Using data feeds available on DataSF.org, civic-minded developers built programs to display public
transportation arrival and departure times,[60] where to recycle hazardous materials,[61] and crime
patterns.[62] Since the launch of DataSF.org there have been more than seventy apps created with San
Francisco's data.
In March 2009, former San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom was at Twitter headquarters for a
conversation about technology in government.[63] During the town hall Newsom received a tweet about
a pothole.[64] He turned to Twitter co-founders Biz Stone and Evan Williams and said let's find a way for
people to tweet their service requests directly to San Francisco's 311 customer service center. Three
months later, San Francisco launched the first Twitter 311 service, called @SF311, allowing residents to
tweet, text, and send photos of potholes and other requests directly to the city.[65] Working with Twitter
and using the open-source platform, CoTweet turned @SF311 into reality. The software procurement
process for something like this would normally have taken months, but in this case it took less than three
months.[66] The @SF311 is saving the city money in call center costs.[67]

An alternative approach
Recent government policy updates have seen a shift away from e-government towards a much more
radical focus on transforming the whole relationship between the public sector and users of public
services. This new approach is referred to as Transformational Government. Transformation programs
differ from traditional e-government programs in four major ways:
They take a whole-of-government view of the relationship between the public sector and the
citizen or business user.
They include initiatives to e-enable the frontline public services: that is, staff involved in direct
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personal delivery of services such as education and healthcare rather than just looking at
transactional services which can be e-enabled on an end-to-end basis.
They take a whole-of-government view of the most efficient way managing the cost base of
government.
They focus on the "citizen" not the "customer". That is, they seek to engage with the citizens as
owners of and participants in the creation of public services, not as passive recipients of services.

See also
Center for Electronic Governance at UNU-IIST
Collaborative e-democracy
Cyberocracy
Digital era governance
Digital Government Society of North America
E-democracy
E-Government Unit
E-participation
E-procurement
Egovernment factsheets
eGovernment in Europe
Electronic voting
eRulemaking
International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance
National Center for Digital Governance
Online consultation
Online deliberation
Open-source governance
Transformational Government

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to/217702151). InformationWeek.
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Further reading
Jane Fountain, Building the Virtual State: Information Technology and Institutional Change
(2001)
Encyclopedia of Digital Government (http://www.idea-group.com/reference/details.asp?
ID=5066). Edited by Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko and Matti Mlki. Idea Group Reference.
I. Kushchu and M. H. Kuscu (2003). "From e-Government to m-Government: Facing the
Inevitable"
(http://topics.developmentgateway.org/egovernment/rc/filedownload.do~itemId=396584). The 3rd
European Conference on e-Government. pp. 253260.
Cordella, A (2007), E-government: towards the e-bureaucratic form? (http://www.palgravejournals.com/jit/journal/v22/n3/abs/2000105a.html), Journal of Information Technology, 22, 265
274.
Foundations of e-Government (http://www.iceg.net/2007/books/book1.html). Edited by Ashok
Agarwal and V Ventaka Ramana. ICEG'07 5th International Conference on e-Governance
West, Darrell. State and Federal Electronic Government in the United States
(http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/0826_egovernment_west.aspx). The Brookings
Institution. 2008-08-26. Retrieved on 2008-09-16.
West, Darrell. Improving Technology Utilization in Electronic Government Around the World
(http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/0817_egovernment_west.aspx). The Brookings
Institution. 2008-08-26. Retrieved on 2008-09-16..

External links
Government computerization

Wikibooks has a book on

the topic of: Egovernment
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to EGovernment.

(http://www.dmoz.org/Society/Issues/Science_and_Technology/Computers/Government_Comput
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E-Government - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

erization) at DMOZ
Digital Government Portal (http://www.digital-government.net)
Network of e-Government Leaders of Latin America and the Caribbean (RED GEALC)
(http://www.redgealc.net)
Free Software (Open Source) platform initiative for e-government (http://free-gov.org)
University of Illinois at Chicago e-Government Online Certificate Program
(http://www.uic.edu/cuppa/pa/egovernment/)
University of Illinois at Chicago e-Government Workshop
(http://www.uic.edu/depts/oee/egovernment/)
International Conference on Electronic Governance (http://www.icegov.org)
Center for Electronic Governance at UN University IIST (http://www.egov.iist.unu.edu)
EGovernment at W3C (http://www.w3.org/egov/)
e-Governance Academy (http://www.ega.ee/)
Government Computing (http://www.theguardian.com/government-computing-network) collected
news and commentary at The Guardian
e-government (http://www.publicservice.co.uk/topic_section.asp?topic=e-government) at
Publicservice.co.uk
e-Government Project RISER "Address Verification online in Europe"
(http://www.riserid.eu/partner/eu-partner/)
Informatics : An e-Government Publication from National Informatics Center, India"
(http://www.informatics.nic.in/)
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