DAY 2

To the Captain:
Please divide the class into 6 groups.
Give the result of the grouping next week.
There will be group assignments in the coming weeks.

Notes from Last Week:

There are 4 types of ing form in English:
1. [present participle: -ing1] They are building a new bridge.
2. [gerund: -ing2] Building a new house is expensive.
3. [pure noun: -ing3] Those buildings will be demolished
next week.
4. [adjective: -ing4] He told us an amusing story.
Examples
Noun
boy
child
day
earth
father
friend
hour
morning
pain
woman

-ful
+
-

-hood
+
+
+
+

-less
+
(+)
(+)
+
-

-ly
+
+
+
+
+
+

-ship
+
-

These are all examples of DERIVATION; for the affixation changes the lexical
category and/or the meaning.
Examples
satu
dua
tiga
sepuluh
sebelas

ke+
+
+
+
+

-an
+
+
-

ber+
+
+
+
+

ke--an
+
+

pemer+
-

Q: What makes you able to combine the NOUNs and the DERIVATIONAL AFFIXes
correctly?
A: Our morphological competence.

Notes:
It is much easier for us to do the exercise on Indonesian morphology, because all of
us are native speakers of Indonesian.
Example
friend
friend-s
friend-ly
friend-ship
boy-friend

Type of Word
simple
complex

compound

Type of Word Formation

inflection
derivation

compounding

Free Morpheme (examples: friend and boy) = a morpheme that can stand by itself; in
a sentence it shows up as a simple word.
Bound Morpheme = a morpheme that is always attached to its base. Almost all
bound morphemes are affixes.
Type of Affix
prefix
infix
suffix
circumfix /
confix /
simulfix

English
re-do
boy-s
boy-hood
boy-ish
-

Indonesian
ber-satu
g-er-igi
tulis-an
per-adab-an

Morpheme = a smallest meaningful linguistic unit / a smallest linguistic unit that

carries lexical or grammatical information
==========
Morphology = the system of categories and rules involved in word formation and
interpretation (p. 132)
Q: What is meant by
categories
word formation rules
interpretation

CATEGORIES
allow and black bread by cat come crown deer drink elbow
essential fear find for from gain great greedy hall hardly holy in
index integrate into justly keen know knowledge late lately lucky
meat meet near nearly of on orange
Group these words according to their lexicasl/syntactic categories.
Noun
bread
cat
Crown
deer
elbow
hall

Content Word
Verb
Adjective
allow
black
Come
essential
drink
great
fear
greedy
find
gain

Adverb
hardly

Function
Word
and
by
for
from

==========
WORD FORMATION RULES =
==========
INTERPRETATION
Do the grouping again
teacher buyer finger flower higher maker butter nearer reader buyer
water trainer owner older sender faster beer rooster rider later
Simple Noun

V-er = Agent

A-er (Comparative)

Identifying Word Formation Processes

X
brave
ear
earth
clear
hard
like
Loose >< tight

Y
bravely
early
earthly
clearly
hardly
likely
loosely

XY
A Adv
NA
AA
A Adv

Notes

man
near

manly
nearly

N Adj

hard A / Adv # hardly Adv

hard (A) He is a hard worker
hard (Adv) He works hard every day
hardly (Adv) I hardly understand what you say
manly (Adj) He faces the challenges in life with a manly attitude
loose [ l u: s ] : lose [ l u: z ]
PHONEME & ALLOPHONE
/p/ [p] speak [ph] pen [p] stop
/p/ is a phoneme. A phoneme is speech-sound that distinguishes meaning
[ph] is an allophone of /p/. An allophone is a variant member of a phoneme.
MORPHEME & ALLOMORPH
{-(e)s} in book-s [-s] / bead-s [-z] / bus-es [z]
A morpheme
An allomorph is a variant member of a morpheme