Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Asian Cities
Dr. Vitor Vieira Vasconcelos
Stockholm Environment Institute
Exploring Water City Planning for Bangkok
Final Workshop: Extending Urban Metabolism
Novotel Siam Square, Bangkok Thailand
13 November 2014
Contents
Challenges faced by Asian cities
Constraints on choices for water supply
Comparison of water sources and losses for 10
cities in Asia
General trends of water supply
How Bangkok fits into these patterns
Groundwater
Aquifer depletion
Subsidence
Sewage
Groundwater
Aquifer geochemistry
Saltwater intrusion
Leakage from surface water
Rivers and canals
Flood
Water Sources
Surface Water
Rain Harvest
Desalinization
Groundwater
Reclamation Water
Bangkok
Bandung
Ho Chi Minh
Tianjin
Colombo
Kandy
Dhaka
Manila
Bangalore
Singapore
0%
20%
40%
60%
80% 100%
Water Sources
Surface Water
Rain Harvest
Desalinization
Groundwater
Reclamation Water
Bangkok
Bandung
Ho Chi Minh
Tianjin
Colombo
Kandy
Dhaka
Manila
Bangalore
Singapore
Large
infrastructure
for surface
water supply
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Water Sources
Surface Water
Rain Harvest
Desalinization
Groundwater
Reclamation Water
Bangkok
Bandung
Ho Chi Minh
Tianjin
Colombo
Kandy
Dhaka
Manila
Bangalore
Singapore
Large deltas,
but unequal
infrastructure for
surface water
supply
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Water Sources
Surface Water
Rain Harvest
Desalinization
Groundwater
Reclamation Water
Bangkok
Bandung
Ho Chi Minh
Tianjin
Colombo
Kandy
Dhaka
Manila
Bangalore
Singapore
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Water Sources
Surface Water
Rain Harvest
Desalinization
Groundwater
Reclamation Water
Bangkok
Bandung
Ho Chi Minh
Tianjin
Colombo
Kandy
Dhaka
Manila
Bangalore
Singapore
Small basins,
relying on
inter-basin
transfer
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Water Sources
Surface Water
Rain Harvest
Desalinization
Groundwater
Reclamation Water
Bangkok
Bandung
Ho Chi Minh
Tianjin
Colombo
Kandy
Dhaka
Manila
Bangalore
Singapore
Coastal cities:
risk of
saltwater
intrusion
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Water Sources
Surface Water
Rain Harvest
Desalinization
Groundwater
Reclamation Water
Bangkok
Bandung
Ho Chi Minh
Tianjin
Colombo
Kandy
Dhaka
Manila
Bangalore
Singapore
Deltas
Coastal cities:
risk of salt
intrusion
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Water Losses
Pressure X Losses
Pipes age
Subsidence
Reforms:
Management focus
Capital
70
Manila (east)
60
Dhaka
50
Colombo
Bandung
40
Bangalore
30
Bangkok
Ho Chi Minh
20
Kandy
10
Singapore
2013
2011
2009
2007
2005
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
1993
Foster, S., Vairavamoorthy, K. (2013). GWP- Urban Groundwater: Policies and Institutions for Integrated Management. GWP Perspectives Papers. 20p.
Million m3/day
4.94
(2013)
Dhaka
Ho Chi Min
Yoshikoshi, A. Urban Development and Water Environment Changes in Asian Megacities. In: Taniguchi, M (2011) Groundwater
and Subsurface Environments: Human Impacts in Asian Coastal Cities. Springer, 312pp
Household Demand
Pattern for
cities in
developing
countries?
Taniguchi, M (2011) Groundwater and Subsurface Environments: Human Impacts in Asian Coastal Cities. Springer, 312pp
190
170
m3/year
150
130
110
90
70
50
Source: WMA
Concluding Reflections
Policy enforcement and tariff scheme in Bangkok
were effective in returning the overall level of
water table over 15 years.
A new zoning could evidence
Remaining critical areas where there is still subsidence, in
Bangkok and expanded neighborhood
If we should prepare for the risk of uplifting
Concluding Reflections
Knowing where we are,
and estimating the possible trends,
where should we prioritize the investments?
- Network rehabilitation?
- Enforcement on control of groundwater use?
- Development of surface water supply?
- Wastewater treatment?
Comments?
Questions?
!
Dr. Vitor Vieira Vasconcelos
vitor.vasconcelos@sei-international.org