Part III

Composite Column
Subject to
Compression and
Bending

Interaction curve for cross section under

compression and bending
Design Axial force

Design axial
resistance

Design moment

Moment Resistance

Resistance of cross section under

axial force and uniaxial bending
Sec. Rft.

Conc.

Npl.Rd

A
Npl.Rd
fy/a fsk/s

0,85fck/c
Point A: Axial compression
resistance

Resistance of cross section under

axial force and uniaxial bending
Conc.

N
hn

A
Npl.Rd

Sec. Rft.
PNA
+
+

0,85fck/c

fy/a

Mpl.Rd
fsk/s

Point B: Uniaxial bending

resistance

B
0

Mpl.Rd

Resistance of cross section under

axial force and uniaxial bending
Conc.

Sec. Rft.

NC = Npm.Rd = Acfcd

fcd = 0.85fck/1.5 for

encased sec

A
Npl.Rd

Npm.Rd

2hn
+

0,85fck/c

Npm.Rd

Mpl.Rd

PNA

fy/Ma fsk/s

Point C: Uniaxial bending

resistance with
non-zero axial
compression

Mpl.Rd

Resistance of cross section under

axial force and uniaxial bending
Simplest resistance
locus

Conc.

Npl.Rd

0,85fck/c

Npm.Rd

Npm.Rd/2
fy/Ma fsk/s

Point D: Maximum bending

resistance

0,5Npm.Rd

D
B

Sec. Rft.
Mmax.Rd

Mpl.Rd Mmax.Rd

Resistance of cross section under

axial force and uniaxial bending
More complex
resistance locus

Conc.

Sec. Rft.
Mpl.Rd/2

Npl.Rd

E
0,85fck/c
Npm.Rd

D
B
Mpl.Rd Mmax.Rd

fy/Ma fsk/s

Point E: 50% of uniaxial

bending resistance

0,5Npm.Rd

Point E is not useful for encased

section subject to moment about
major axis or axial force less than
Npm,Rd
7

Resistance of cross section under

axial force and uniaxial bending
Real resistance
locus

N
A
Npl.Rd

There is little advantage in

using the real resistance
locus in most cases.

AECDB may be more

useful than ACDB if axial
force is high.

D
B
0

Mpl.Rd

Simplified Approach
P
A

Design based on lines joining

points A, C, B only

Npl,Rd

Nc,Rd
D
B

Mpl,Rd
9

Notes on the Moment Axial interaction curve

Point A marks the plastic resistance of the cross-section to compression:
NA = Npl.Rd
MA = 0
Point B corresponds to the plastic moment capacity of the cross section:
NB = 0
MB = Mpl.Rd
Point C, the compressive and the moment resistances of the column are
given as follows:
NC = Npm.Rd = Acfcd
MC = Mpl.Rd
Point D, the plastic neutral axis coincides with the centroidal axis of the
cross section and the resulting axial force is half of that at point C.
ND = Npm.Rd / 2
MC = Mmax.Rd
Point E is mid way between point A and C. It is not needed if the design
axial force does not exceed Npm.Rd. For simplicity, point E may be omitted
in design.
10

a) Hollow Section

fyd

fcd

Point A

f-sd

Npl,Rd
No moment

Npl,Rd

fcd

Point B
E

fyd
-

fsd

Nc,Rd

Zero axial force

+

Nc,Rd/2

MB= Mpl,Rd

hn

fyd
-

fcd

Point C

f-sd
-

hn
hn

Mpl,Rd M
max,Rd

Nc= Nc,Rd

+
+

fyd

fcd

Point D

f-sd
MD= Mmax,Rd

hn

Point E

fcd

f-sd
-

fyd

hn

11

fyd

fcd

ME
NE

hE

Point A

ND= Nc,Rd /2

a) Encased Section

Mc = Mpl,Rd

fsd
-

Npl,Rd
-

Npl,Rd

No moment

A
Point B

fcd

fyd d
n

fsd-

Mpl,Rd
+

hn

Nc,Rd

Zero axial force

2hn
+

Nc,Rd/2
B
MB

Point C

Mmax,Rd

fcd

fyd
-

Point D

fcd
-

fsd
-

Mc = Mpl,Rd

hn
2hn
hn

Nc,Rd

fyd

fsd
-

MD = Mmax.Rd
Nc,Rd/2

12

Moment resistance with zero axial force

M pl , Rd = f yd (W pa W pan ) + 0.5 f cd (W pc W pcn ) + f sd (W ps W psn )

Wpa, Wpc Wps = Plastic moduli for the
steel section, concrete and
reinforcement of the cross section (for

the calculation of Wpc, the concrete is

assumed to be uncracked).

Wpan, Wpcn Wpsn = Plastic moduli for the

steel section, concrete and
reinforcement components within the
region of 2hn from the middle line of the
composite section
See Appendix A of the Chapter 7 lecture
note: DESIGN FORMULAE FOR
COMPOSITE COLUMNS TO EC4
13

Design formulae for composite columns

Concrete in-filled hollow sections
Major axis bending
Wpc
dn

( B 2t )( D 2t )2
2
D

r 3 r 2 (4 )
t r Wps
4
3
2

Ac f cd Asn (2 f sd f cd )
=
2 Bf cd + 4t (2 f yd f cd )
=

Wpcn

(B - 2t) dn2 Wpsn

Wpn

B dn2 Wpcn Wpsn

14

Design formulae for composite columns

Fully or partially encased H sections

Wp

are given in section property tables for steel sections

Wps

(A

si

ei )

where
ei are the distances of the reinforcements of area Asi to the relevant middle line,
n

Wpsn

(A

sni

eni )

where
Asni
eni

are the area of reinforcements within the region of 2 dn from the middle line,
are the distances of the reinforcements from the middle line.

15

Design formulae for composite columns

Major axis bending

Wpc
Wpcn

Bc Dc 2
Wpa Wps
4
2
= Bc d n W pan W psn

D
T
Neutral axis in the web: d n

2
dn

Ac f cd Asn (2 f sd f cd )
2 Bc f cd + 2t (2 f yd f cd )

Wpn

t dn2

16

Overall Buckling of Composite

Beam-Columns

17

Overall Buckling Interaction curve for

compression and bending
N Rd
N pl , R d
Axial
buckling
resistance

1.

The interaction curve represents the maximum values of

the pair of N and M.
2.

An applied force N will always induce a moment M due

to the presence of initial imperfection, hence, part of the
reserve is used up.
3.

If the applied force, N, is equal to the

axial buckling resistance, there is no
reserve to resist any moment at all.

4.
( d - k ) .

Applied load

0
5.

If the applied force, N, is

less than the axial buckling
resistance, the moment
reserve is at least equal to
( d - k ) Mpl,Rd.

d 1.0

Depending on the shape of the initial imperfection of the

column, it is possible to reduce the induced moment.

M Rd
M pl , R d
18

Interaction curve for compression and bending

r : end
moment ratio

P-

P-

Single curvature

Double curvature
19

Interaction curve for compression and bending

N Rd
N pl , R d
Axial
buckling 1.0
resistance

5.

Depending on the shape of the initial imperfection of

the column, it is possible to reduce the induced
moment.
6.

Based on the value of the end

moment ratio, r, the reserve
moment is increased to Mpl,Rd .

d
n
Applied load

Mpl,Rd.

d 1.0

M Rd
M Pl ,Rd
20

10

Interaction curve for compression and bending

The value n accounts for the influence of the imperfections and that of
the bending moment do not always act together unfavourably.
For columns with only end moments, n may be obtained as follows:

N sd = d N pl , Rd NSd

Nsd

MR,d = M pl , Rd
N Rd
N pl , Rd

(1 r )

n =

1.0

N sd
N pl , Rd

d =

Cross-section
interaction curve

M Rd
M pl , Rd

d 1.0

NSd

rM
21

Interaction curve for compression and bending

N Rd
N pl , Rd

Cross-section
interaction curve

1.0

N Rd
N pl , Rd

1.0

d
pm
n

d 1.0

M Rd
M pl , Rd

Simplified
interaction curve

For easy manual calculation,

a simplified interaction curve
may be adopted in design.

B
1.0

M Rd
M pl , Rd

For encased sections and in-filled rectangular hollow sections

=
=

(1 r )
0

for
for

< 1 .0

1 .0 < 2 .0

For in-filled circular or square hollow sections

(1 r )
4

for

2.0

22

where r is equal to the end moment ratio

11

Interaction curve for compression and bending

N
(Simplified)
N
A
Rd

pl , Rd

( d )(1 n )
=
(1 pm )( n )

when d

(1 )( d n )
= 1
(1 pm )( n )

when

d <

1.0

pm

pm

d
pm
n

Simplified
interaction curve

B
1.0

M Rd
M pl , Rd

For simplicity, the expressions may be modified by taking, n = 0

d
d pm
=

when
(1 pm )

= 1

(1 ) d
(1 pm )

when

< pm

23

where

pm

= axial resistance ratio due to the concrete,

= design axial resistance ratio,

N sd
N pl , Rd

N pm
N pl , Rd

= reduction factor due to column buckling

For encased columns

Npm = Ac0.85fck/1.5

N pl . Rd = Aa

fy
1.0

+ Ac .0,85

f ck
f
+ As sk
1.5
1.15

24

12

Interaction curve for compression and bending

The overall stability of a composite column under combined compression
and bending based on first order analysis should be checked as follows:

M
0.9
M pl , Rd
where
M

Mpl,Rd

is the design bending moment, which may be factored to follow

for second order effect, if necessary
is the moment resistance ratio after allowing for axial buckling
according to the interaction curve
is the plastic moment resistance of the composite crosssection.

The factor 0.9 is used to allow for errors in adopting the bi-linear
interaction curve when compared with the non-linear
interaction curve.
25

Resistance of column under axial

force and uniaxial bending
N/ Npl.Rd
Resistance locus of
the cross-section
1,0

Msd may be determined using

amplification for second-order
effects if the slenderness and
axial force fulfil the following
criteria:

d=NSd/Npl,Rd

NSd / Ncr > 0,1

and

Limiting value
MSd/Mpl,Rd 0,9d

< 0,2(2 r )

d=MRd/Mpl,Rd
0

1,0

M/ Mpl.Rd

26

13

Second-order amplification of bending moments

Maximum bending moment
is amplified by the secondorder effect of axial force
and deflection.

NSd

First-order
bending moments

It is only necessary to
amplify moments if:
NSd / Ncr > 0,1
and

> 0,2(2 r )

Second-order
bending moments P-

r = end moment ratio

= 0,66+0,44r if subject
to end moments,
= 1,0 if lateral loads.

Amplification factor
k=

1 NSd / Ncr

1,0

First order applied moment M must be amplified by k

rM

rM NSd

27

Column under axial force and biaxial bending

N
My

(y-y) Buckling Axis

(z-z) Stronger axis

My
N
y
Mz
N

Mz
N

28

14

Column under axial force and biaxial bending

My

Mz
29

Resistance of column under axial

force and biaxial bending
At a constant axial compression force NSd the
Design
moments

0,9dy dy

My.Sd/Mpl.y.Rd

My.Sd 0,9 dyMpl.y.Rd

0,9dz
dz

Mdz.Sd/Mpl.z.Rd

My.Sd
dyMpl.y.Rd

Mz.Sd
1,0
dzMpl.z.Rd

Mz.Sd 0,9 dzMpl.z.Rd

30

15

Summary: Design of composite columns

subject to axial load and bending
1

Evaluate the moment resistance of the

composite section

Construct the interaction curve between

compression and moment.

Evaluate various design parameters: pm , d ,

n , and .

Check adequacy of the composite column

under combined compression and unibending:
M 0.9 Mpl,Rd

31

Summary: Design of composite columns

subject to axial load and bending
5 For bi-axial bending check
My.Sd 0,9 dyMpl.y.Rd
My.Sd
dyMpl.y.Rd

Mz.Sd
1,0
dzMpl.z.Rd

Mz.Sd 0,9 dzMpl.z.Rd

32

16

Transverse Shear Resistance

It can be assumed that the transverse shear Vsd is carried by the
steel section only.

Vpl.a.Rd = Av fyd /3
For fully and partially encased steel sections,
Av = twh
major axis
= 2tfb minor axis
where
h
is the height of the steel section
b
is the breadth of the steel section
tf
is the flange thickness of the steel section.
For rectangular and square hollow sections,
Av = 2 (h t)t
major axis
= 2 (b - t)t
minor axis
where
h
is the height of the hollow section
b
is the breadth of the hollow section
t
thickness of the hollow section.
For circular hollow sections,
any axis
Av = 2 d t
where
d
is the diameter of the hollow section.
33

The effect of shear on bending resistance

The effect of shear only needs to be taken into account if the shear
force is more than 50% of the shear resistance Vpl.a.Rd of the steel
section.
Thickness of the shear area is reduced over the sheared zone
(usually the web of the steel section). The reduction factor is:
2
2V

w = 1 a.Sd 1

Vpl.a.Rd

The reduced shear area for an H-section bending about the major
axis is: t .h
w w

34

17

Transverse Shear
Based on reduced thickness approach

tw.d = tw [1 - (2(VSd/Vpl.Rd) - 1)2]

35

Longitudinal shear
The design longitudinal shear resistance due to chemical bond and friction
is limited to the following values:

for fully concrete encased I-sections

for concrete filled hollow sections
for flanges in partially encased I-sections
for webs in partially encased I-sections

0.6 N/mm2
0.4 N/mm2
0.2 N/mm2
zero

36

18

Force transfer in a composite

beam-column connection
Maximum Shear between
Steel Section and Concrete:
Partially encased sections
0,2 N/mm2 flange
0 N/mm2 web

Transfer
length
p < 2,5d
d = column width

Completely encased sections

0,6 N/mm2

Concrete-filled hollow sections

0,4 N/mm2
37

Fin plates welded to the column section

Use of studs to enhance force

transfer in composite columns
PRd/2

PRd

If insufficient shear capacity in

transfer length, use studs to
carry the remaining part of the
force transferred to the
concrete:

<300mm
Additional shear on inside of
each flange = PRd/2.
where =0,5, but could be
higher depending on
confinement.
38

19

Use of studs to enhance force

transfer in composite columns
PRd/2

PRd

If insufficient shear capacity in

transfer length, use studs to
carry the remaining part of the
force transferred to the
concrete:

PRd

<400mm
Additional shear on inside of
each flange = PRd/2.
Assume =0,5 initially, but
really depends on confinement.
39

Use of studs to enhance force

transfer in composite columns
PRd/2

PRd

PRd

PRd

If insufficient shear capacity in

transfer length, use studs to
carry the remaining part of the
force transferred to the
concrete:

<600mm
Additional shear on inside of
each flange = PRd/2.
Assume =0,5 initially, but
really depends on confinement.
40

20

Force Transfer
In encased
column
R = PRd / 2
Total resistance = PRd + 2R
= 0.5 for steel in confined concrete

41

Shear Capacity of Shear Stud EC 4

Smaller of PRd = 0.8 fu (d2/4) / Mv or

PRd = 0.29 d2 (fck Ecm)1/2 / Mv
d diameter of the shank of the stud
fu ultimate strength of the material of the stud
fck characteristic cylinder strength of the concrete
Ecm mean value of the secant modulus of the concrete
h overall height of the stud
Mv partial safety factor, taken as 1.25 for the ultimate
limit state
= 0.2[(h/d) + 1]
for 3 h/d 4
= 1.0
for h/d > 4.
42

21

Load introduction by gusset plate for

infilled column
F

43

Load Introduction

44

22

Load Introduction
The load to be introduced can be divided between the components of the
cross section by means of their plastic load bearing capacities:

Ncs.Sd = NSd (1 - Na.Rd /Npl.Rd)

or

NSd (1 - )

Na.Sd = NSd - Ncs.Sd

Mcs.Sd = MSd (1 - Mpl.a.Rd / Mpl.Rd)
Ma.Sd = MSd - Mcs.Sd
where
Ncs.Sd
Na.Sd
Mcs.Sd
Ma.Sd
MSd
NSd
Na.Rd
Npl.Rd
Mpl.Rd
Mpl.c.Rd

is the steel contribution ratio

is the design axial load applied to the concrete and reinforcement
is the design axial load applied to the steel section
is the design moment applied to the concrete and reinforcement
is the design moment applied to the steel section
is the design moment applied to the composite column
is the design axial load introduced
is the resistance to compression of the steel section
is the resistance to compression of the composite cross-section
is the plastic moment resistance of the composite cross-section
is the plastic moment resistance of the concrete and
45
reinforcement.

Computer Program available in IVLE

Example

46

23