LAB ASSIGNMENTS FOR

REMOTE SENSING
Professor Sabyasachi Maiti
Department of Geology & Geophysics
I I T Kharagpur

SUBMITTED BY
YASH LADHA
10GG20038
Final Year Student,
Department of Geology and Geophysics

Remote Sensing Lab14

Yash Ladha (10GG20038)

ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL LAND/GEOLOGICAL FEATURE

RECOGNITION
Identification of artificial and geological features from the given satellite image

Procedure
From the given satellite image, different features were identified using different land condition.
In the natural land:
1. Water
In 3,2,1 composite(true colour), water appears blue. Water has maximum reflectance in blue land,
i.e. Land 1. In false colour composite (6, 5, 4) water appears as black. The reason is since band 4 is
assigned to channel 1 instead of band 1, water absorbs infra-red radiation thus appearing black.
The different water bodies are: a) Ocean, b) Meandering river, c) Oxbow lake
2. Vegetation
In the land combination (4, 3, 2), vegetation appear red. The greatest amount of electromagnetic
energy reflected by plants is near IR
4-IR
Shown by Red colour

3-Red
Shown by green colour

2-Green
Shown by blue colour

Intensity of red colour depends on health of vegetation.

Features: a) Mangrove Forest (Mean Coastline), b) Sparse Vegetation
3. Geological
Many sand bodies appear parallel to shoreline and are yellow. Features like a) Chenier plain b) Beach
sand c) Meandering point bars
Artificial Land-use:
1. Water bodies
Artificial water bodies (canals) may be identified from shadows of bridges or any airstrip for planes.
Fisheries and ponds are present along the sea.
These appear as black lines in (6, 5, 4) land combination
2. Infrastructure
Two types of infrastructure were found- Roads and city area.
Artificial
Roads
Canals
Ponds
Fisheries
Flood Embankments
Salt Panning
City Building

Remote Sensing Lab14

Natural
Oxbow Lake
Mangrove Forest
Chenier Plain
Beach Sand
Meandering point bar
Ocean
Sparse Vegetation
Meandering river
Yash Ladha (10GG20038)

GEO-REFERENCING
It is a process to relate a map with real world co-ordinates. This establishes the location in terms of coordinate system.

Procedure
1. Open the satellite image in ERDAS IMAGINE, (A)
2. Open the topo-sheet which is already geo-referenced.
3. In the 1st viewer (A),

Click as follows
Raster Geometric Correction Polynomial. Click on Add/Change Projection
Projection Type
Spheroid Name
Datum Name
Choose polynomial model

UTM
WGS-84
Zone 45

The Ground Control Point (GCP) tool box will soon open.
5 GCPs were chosen and equally distributed

Used to find the GCP

Used for resembling method

Result
The new file was geo-referenced based on the topo-sheet.

Remote Sensing Lab14

Yash Ladha (10GG20038)

IMAGE CLASSIFICATION:
These processes group pixels in a digital image to represent land cover features. It is the labelling of image in
pre-defined categories.

Supervised:
The user needs to select training sites from land cover. This classification is based on spectral signature.

Unsupervised:
Pixels are grouped on the reflectance properties of pixels. These groupings are called clusters. The user
needs to identify the number of clusters to generate and which land to use.
Process for Supervised Classification
1. Open the image.
2. Click on data preparation Supervised classification.

Raster Tools Classifier Signature Editor Classify Supervised

Two Types are: a) Parametric and b) Non-parametric
For parametric classification, parallelepiped was selected. For non-parametric, mean distance
method (MOM) was selected
The output file gave the classification of colour
Process for Unsupervised classification

1. Data Preparation Unsupervised Classification

Numbers of classes were selected for classification and maximum iteration was given for accurate
classification. Execution window will show the status of image. Image gets classified according to
different land cover.

Remote Sensing Lab14

Yash Ladha (10GG20038)

IMAGE ENHANCEMENT:
This is a process via which visual interpretation of image becomes easy. Enhancement makes more of the
range useful, since the useful data lies in the range (0-255).

Method
1. Contrast Enhancement
At first image is opened in the viewer in a single band (i.e. Greyscale)

Click as follows
Raster Contrast Breakpoint Points are pressed on lower Apply and upper end of
histogram.
The image histogram spreads to 0-255 and the enhanced image is seen in a viewer.
2. Histogram Equalization

Click as follows
Interpreter Histogram Equalization Select input file Choose a name for output OK
Then displays the image in a viewer and compare with linearly stretched image and its histogram.
Histogram stretching is done based on cumulative histogram values. Highly populated pixels are
stretched more compared to less populated pixels.

3. Filtering :
At first image is opened in a viewer.

Click as follows
Raster Filtering Low Pass Smoother, High Pass Sharpen (Edge Enhancement),
Convolution
Each option is selected.
The changes are seen in image.

Remote Sensing Lab14

Yash Ladha (10GG20038)

BAND COMBINATION
In a viewer, click as follows

Raster Band Combination Select the band for RGB combination

Apply and close
The image will be displayed in the viewer according to selected band combinations.
True Colour Composite (3, 2, 1) RGB.
Rest combinations are false colour composite.
Examples
321 Land Combination Vegetation will appear green
432 Land Combination Vegetation will appear red
654 Land Combination Vegetation will appear black

Remote Sensing Lab14

Yash Ladha (10GG20038)