Modulations

DigitalModulations
AnalogModulations
Amplitudemodulation(AM) ASK
Linearmodulation
FSK
Frequencymodulation(FM)
PSK
Phasemodulation(PM)
MSK

cos
MFSK
QAM

PAM
Anglemodulation
FM
Etc.
PM

AMModulators/Demodulators
AMModulators
Multiplicationmodulator
Nonlinearmodulator
Switchingmodulator
Ringmodulator

AMDemodulators
Coherentdemodulator
Rectifier
EnvelopeDetector

MultiplicationModulator
Inearlyday,multiplicationoftwosignalsovera
sizabledynamicrangewasachallengetocircuit
designer.
Amultiplierisobtainedfromavariablegain
amplifier.
Thegainiscontrolledbytheinputmessage
.
cos

VariablegainAmplifier

cos

NonlinearDSBSCModulator

Addinputmessageandcarrier,thenperformnonlinearoperation

cos

cos

2
4
cos

SwitchingModulation

SwitchingModulation
Anyperiodicsignalcanbeexpressedbyatrigonometric
FourierSeries.
cos

1
2

1
2

2
2
cos

1
1
3

Output of bandpass filter

cos

1
5

cos 3
2

cos

cos 5

SwitchingModulator
Duringpositivehalfofcycle,
Allthediodesconduct
aandbareshorted

Duringnegativehalfofcycle,
Allthediodesopen.
aandbareopened.

(a)Diodebridgeelectronicswitch.(b)Seriesbridgediodemodulator.(c)Shuntbridgediodemodulator.

RingModulator

Duringnegativehalfofcycle,
D2andD4conduct.
aisconnectedtod.
bisconnectedtoc.

Duringpositivehalfofcycle,
D1andD3conduct.
aisconnectedtoc.
bisconnectedtod.

RingModulation
Anyperiodicsignalcanbeexpressedbyatrigonometric
FourierSeries.
cos

4
2

cos

1
1
3

Output of bandpass filter

cos

1
1
5

cos 3
4

cos

cos 5

DemodulationofDSBSCSignals
Thereceivermustgenerateacarrierthatsynchronousin
phaseandinfrequencywiththeincomingcarrier.
(coherentdemodulator)

cos

Noteasyinpractice

Delay
Dopplereffect

cos
cos

AmplitudeModulationSignal
Thealternativetocoherentdemodulatorisforthetransmitterto
sendacarrier cos
alongwiththemodulatedsignal
cos
.

cos
cos

Transmitterneedstotransmitatahigherpowerlevel.
Receivercircuitcanbesimplerandlessexpensive.
Benefitforabroadcastsystemwithanumberofreceiversforeach
transmitter.

AMSignalandItsEnvelope

EnvelopeDetection

Envelopedetectioncondition
1.
2.

bandwidth of
0

Modulationindex
Forenvelopetobedistortionless, 0
withzerooffset
Let

bethemaximumandminimumof

min

withnonzerooffset(rarecase),

min

max
min
max
min

max

ModulationIndex

Tonemodulation,

cos

Formodulationindices( )of0.5and1.
cos

cos

cos

cos

(a)50%modulation.

(b)100%modulation.

SidebandandCarrierPower
cos

Carrierpower

Sidebandpower
Powerefficiency

cos

useful power
total power

100%

Fortonemodulation,
2
2

Incaseof50%modulation,

11.11%

100%

RectifierDetectorforAM

EnvelopeDetectorforAM
Forproperoperation,
thedischargetime
constantRCmustbe
chosenproperly.

1
1

Discharge rate

SingleSideband(SSB)Spectra

SSBSpectraforToneModulation

SSBModulation
Conceptually,thegenerationofaSSBsignalis
straightforward.
GenerateaDSBsignal.
Applyanidealbandpassfilter.

Practically,theconstructionofidealfilterisvery
difficult.

SimilartoaDSBsignal,coherentdemodulationis
requiredtodetectanSSBsignal.

QuadratureAmplitudeModulation
(QAM)
BecauseSSBSCsignalsaredifficulttogenerate
accurately,QAMofferanalternativetoSSBSC.
QAMcanbegeneratedwithoutrequiringsharpcutoff
bandpassfilters.

Twobasebandsignals,
and
,eachof
bandwidth Hz,canbetransmitted
simultaneouslyoverabandwidth byusing
DSBtransmissionandquadraturemultiplexing.
Upperchannel=inphase(I)channel
Lowerchannel=quadrature(Q)channel

QuadratureAmplitudeModulation
(QAM)
cos

sin

cos 2
cos 2

sin 2
sin 2

QuadratureAmplitudeModulation
(QAM)
QAMdemodulationmustbesynchronous.Anerrorin
phaseorfrequencyofthecarrieratthedemodulator
willresultinlossandinterferencebetweenthetwo
channels.

Ifthecarrieratthedemodulatoris
,the
outputoftheupperreceiverbranchwillbecome

Thisiscalledcochannelinterference.