AIX 6 Basics

11/25/2014
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AIX6Basics
(CourseCodeAU13)
StudentNotebook
ERC10.0
IBMCertifiedCourseMaterial
StudentNotebook
Trademarks
Thereadershouldrecognizethatthefollowingterms,whichappearinthecontentofthis
trainingdocument,areofficialtrademarksofIBMorothercompanies:
IBMisaregisteredtrademarkofInternationalBusinessMachinesCorporation.
ThefollowingaretrademarksofInternationalBusinessMachinesCorporationintheUnited
States,orothercountries,orboth:
http://ss.hnu.cn/unix/ebook/aixbasics1.html
1/161
11/25/2014
AIX
MVS
Systemp
AIX5L
OS/2
Systemp5
CommonUserAccess
pSeries
400
PS/2isatrademarkorregisteredtrademarkofLenovointheUnitedStates,other
countries,orboth.
AdobeiseitheraregisteredtrademarkoratrademarkofAdobeSystemsIncorporatedin
theUnitedStates,and/orothercountries.
JavaandallJavabasedtrademarksaretrademarksofSunMicrosystems,Inc.inthe
UnitedStates,othercountries,orboth.
MicrosoftandWindowsaretrademarksofMicrosoftCorporationintheUnitedStates,other
countries,orboth.
UNIXisaregisteredtrademarkofTheOpenGroupintheUnitedStatesandother
countries.
LinuxisaregisteredtrademarkofLinusTorvaldsintheUnitedStates,othercountries,or
both.
Othercompany,product,orservicenamesmaybetrademarksorservicemarksofothers.
February2008Edition
TheinformationcontainedinthisdocumenthasnotbeensubmittedtoanyformalIBMtestandisdistributedonanasisbasiswithout
anywarrantyeitherexpressorimplied.Theuseofthisinformationortheimplementationofanyofthesetechniquesisacustomer
responsibilityanddependsonthecustomersabilitytoevaluateandintegratethemintothecustomersoperationalenvironment.While
eachitemmayhavebeenreviewedbyIBMforaccuracyinaspecificsituation,thereisnoguaranteethatthesameorsimilarresultswill
resultelsewhere.Customersattemptingtoadaptthesetechniquestotheirownenvironmentsdosoattheirownrisk.
CopyrightInternationalBusinessMachinesCorporation1995,2008.Allrightsreserved.
ThisdocumentmaynotbereproducedinwholeorinpartwithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofIBM.
NotetoU.S.GovernmentUsersDocumentationrelatedtorestrictedrightsUse,duplicationordisclosureissubjecttorestrictions
setforthinGSAADPScheduleContractwithIBMCorp.
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StudentNotebook
TOC
Contents
Trademarks...
..xi
CourseDescription...
.xiii
Agenda...
.xv
Unit1.IntroductiontoAIX...
UnitObjectives
AIXOperatingSystem...
WorkingonanAIXSystem(1of2)...
WorkingonanAIXSystem(2of2)...
Activity:FillintheBlanks...
TheShell:UserInterfacetoAIX
UsefulAIXUtilities...
AIXGraphicalUserInterfaces...
Checkpoint
UnitSummary...
.11
12
13
14
16
18
19
111
112
114
115
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Unit2.UsingtheSystem...
UnitObjectives
LoggingInandOut...
Passwords...
CommandFormat...
CommandFormatExamples...
ThedateandcalCommands
Theclear,echo,andbannerCommands
Activity:QuestionsandAnswers...
ThewhoandfingerCommands...
SendingMail...
ReceivingMail...
ThewriteandwallCommands...
talkwithAnotherUser...
mesg...
KeyboardTips...
Checkpoint
Exercise:UsingTheSystem...
UnitSummary...
.21
22
23
25
26
28
29
210
211
212
214
216
218
220
221
222
223
224
225
Unit3.AIX6.1Documentation...
UnitObjectives
manCommand...
manExample...
mank:WorkingwithaKeyword
ViewingAIX6.1Documentation...
.31
32
33
34
35
36
CopyrightIBMCorp.1995,2008
Contents
iii
Coursematerialsmaynotbereproducedinwholeorinpart
withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofIBM.
StudentNotebook
AccessingtheDocumentsfromaWebBrowser
AIX6.1Documentation...
SearchAIX6.1Documentation
SearchScope...
Checkpoint...
Exercise:AIX6.1Documentation...
UnitSummary...
Unit4.FilesandDirectories...
UnitObjectives...
AFile...
FileTypes...
DirectoryContents
AIXFileSystems
HierarchicalStructure...
PathNames...
WhereAmI?...
ListingDirectories...
LongListingofFiles
ChangeCurrentDirectory...
Activity:Q+A...
CreatingDirectories
RemovingDirectories...
WorkingwithMultipleDirectories
DisplayingDirectoryInformation...
AIXFileNames...
touchCommand...
Checkpoint(1of2)...
Checkpoint(2of2)...
Exercise:FilesandDirectories...
UnitSummary...
..37
..38
..310
.311
.312
..313
.314
41
...42
.43
..44
..46
..48
..49
.411
.412
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...416
.417
.418
..419
..420
..421
.422
...423
.424
.425
...426
.427
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Unit5.UsingFiles...
UnitObjectives...
CopyingFiles
cpExamples...
MovingandRenamingFiles...
mvExamples
ListingFileContents...
DisplayingFiles...
wcCommand...
Activity:WorkingwiththewcCommand...
LinkingFiles
LinkingFiles(cont.)...
RemovingFiles...
PrintingFiles...
Checkpoint...
Exercise:UsingFiles
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AIX6Basics
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...52
..53
..54
...56
.57
..58
..59
.510
...511
...513
.514
.515
.516
.518
..519
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UnitSummary...
520
Unit6.FilePermissions...
UnitObjectives
LongListingofFiles
FileProtection/Permissions...
ChangingPermissions(SymbolicNotation)
ChangingPermissions(OctalNotation)
DefaultFilePermissions...
umask...
Activity:PersonalDirectories...
Function/PermissionsRequired
Checkpoint(1of3)
Checkpoint(2of3)
Checkpoint(3of3)
Exercise:FilePermissions
UnitSummary...
.61
62
63
65
66
68
610
611
613
615
616
617
618
619
620
Unit7.TheviEditor...
UnitObjectives
IntroductiontotheviEditor
Startingvi...
AddingText...
ExitingtheEditor...
CursorMovement...
DeletingText...
SearchforaPattern
Activity:viCommands...
ChangingText...
Cut,Copy,andPaste
viExecutingAIXCommands...
viOptions
CommandLineEditing
viEditors
Checkpoint
Exercise:viEditor
UnitSummary...
.71
72
73
75
76
77
78
710
711
712
713
715
717
719
721
723
724
725
726
Unit8.ShellBasics...
UnitObjectives
TheShell...
MetacharactersandWildcards
FileNameSubstitution(1of2)
.81
82
83
84
85
86
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TheStandardFiles
FileDescriptors...
InputRedirection...
OutputRedirection
88
89
810
811
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.812
..813
.814
..816
.818
..819
.820
...821
..822
.823
.824
.825
.826
CreatingaFilewithcat.
Activity:ReviewShellBasics
ErrorRedirection...
CombinedRedirection
Pipes...
Filters
SplitOutputs...
CommandGrouping...
LineContinuation
Checkpoint(1of2)...
Checkpoint(2of2)...
Exercise:ShellBasics
UnitSummary...
Unit9.UsingShellVariables...
UnitObjectives...
ShellVariables
ListingVariableSettings...
SettingandReferencingShellVariables
ShellVariablesExample...
CommandSubstitution...
QuotingMetacharacters...
CommandLineParsing
Checkpoint(1of2)...
Checkpoint(2of2)...
Exercise:UsingShellVariables
UnitSummary...
91
...92
..93
..94
.95
..96
..97
..98
.99
.910
.911
..912
.913
Unit10.Processes...
UnitObjectives...
WhatIsaProcess?...
LoginProcessEnvironment...
ProcessEnvironment...
ParentsandChildren
VariablesandProcesses
Activity:ExportingVariables...
WhatIsaShellScript?...
InvokingShellScripts(1of3)...
ExitCodesfromCommands...
Checkpoint...
Activity:ShellScripts
UnitSummary...
101
..102
..103
..104
..105
..107
..109
.1010
..1014
...1015
...1016
...1017
.1018
...1019
..1020
.1022
Unit11.ControllingProcesses...
UnitObjectives...
MonitoringProcesses...
vi
AIX6Basics
111
..112
..113
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TOC
ControllingProcesses...
TerminatingProcesses(1of2)...
TerminatingProcesses(2of2)...
Signals...
RunningLongProcesses
JobControlintheKornShell...
JobControlExample...
Daemons...
Checkpoint
Exercise:ControllingProcesses...
UnitSummary...
114
116
117
119
1111
1113
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
Unit12.CustomizingtheUserEnvironment...
UnitObjectives
LoginFiles...
Sample /etc/environment .
Sample/etc/profile ...
EnvironmentVariables(1of2)
Sample.profile ...
EnvironmentVariables(2of2)
Sample.kshrc ...
kshFeaturesAliases...
kshFeaturesUsingAliases
kshFeaturesHistory...
Checkpoint
Exercise:CustomizingtheUserEnvironment...
UnitSummary...
...121
122
123
125
126
127
128
129
1211
1212
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
Unit13.AIXUtilities,PartI...
UnitObjectives
find...
SampleDirectoryStructure...
Usingfind...
ExecutingCommandswithfind...
InteractiveCommandExecution...
AdditionalOptions...
TheShellversusfind...
findExamples...
AIXUtilities(1)...
grep...
grepSampleDataFiles
Basicgrep...
grepwithRegularExpressions...
grepExamples
grepOptions...
OthergrepCommands...
Activity:grepCommand...
sortCommand...
...131
132
133
135
136
137
138
139
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1318
1319
1320
1322
1324
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sortExamples...
headandtailCommands...
telnet:LogintoRemoteHosts
ftp:TransfersFilesBetweenHosts...
ftpSubcommands...
rexec,rsh:NoninteractiveRemoteExecution
SecureShellUtilities(OpenSSH)...
tar:BackupandRestoreFiles...
Checkpoint...
Exercise:AIXUtilities(2)
...1325
...1326
...1328
...1329
...1330
..1331
.1333
..1335
...1336
..1337
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UnitSummary...
Unit14.AIXUtilities,PartII...
UnitObjectives...
xargs.
xargsExamples...
xargs,find,andgrep...
ThelinksOptionwithfind...
aliasandfind...
which,whereis,andwhence.
file.
diff(DifferentialFileComparator)...
ComparingTwoFilesUsingdiff...
ComparingTwoFilesUsingcmp...
ComparingDirectoriesUsingdircmp...
compress,uncompress,andzcat...
DisplayingNonPrintableCharactersinFiles...
NonPrintableCharactersinDirectories...
AssigningUniqueFileNames...
Checkpoint...
UnitSummary...
.1338
141
..142
.143
...145
.146
...148
..149
...1410
.1412
..1414
...1415
..1416
..1418
.1419
..1421
..1423
..1424
.1425
...1426
..1427
.1428
Unit15.AdditionalShellFeatures...
UnitObjectives...
ImportantShellVariables...
PositionalParameters...
TheexprUtility...
exprExamples...
ConditionalExecution...
testCommand
ifCommand...
Activity:WritingShellScripts
readCommand
forLoopSyntax...
whileLoopSyntax...
CommandSearchOrder...
151
..152
.153
..154
...155
.157
.158
...159
...1510
..1512
...1514
...1515
...1516
...1517
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Sample.profile ...
Checkpoint
Exercise:AdditionalShellFeatures...
UnitSummary...
Unit16.TheAIXGraphicalUserInterface...
UnitObjectives
TheXWindowSystem...
WhatisAIXwindows?...
AnXWindowNetworkConfiguration
TheClient/ServerEnvironment...
XClients
TheXServer...
StartingAIXwindows...
StoppingX...
AnAIXwindowsDisplay...
TheaixtermWindow...
RunningaClientonAnotherSystem
ThexhostCommand...
ThexauthCommand...
CommonDesktopEnvironment(CDE)...
TheComponentsoftheCDEDesktop...
1518
1520
1521
1522
...161
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166
168
169
1611
1612
1614
1615
1616
1618
1620
1622
1624
1626
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TheLoginManager...
$HOME/.dtprofile...
FrontPanel
FrontPanelSubpanels...
FrontPanelFurtherControls...
TheStyleManager
TheFileManager
TheApplicationManager
ThePersonalApplicationsManager...
TheTerminalEmulator...
TheHelpSystem...
CheckpointQuestions(1of2)...
CheckpointQuestions(2of2)...
Exercise:UsingAIXwindowsandCDE...
UnitSummary...
1627
1628
1630
1632
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
AppendixA.CheckpointSolutions...
..A1
AppendixB.CommandSummary...
..B1
AppendixC.CustomizingAIXwindows...
..C1
AppendixD.CDEUserCustomization...
..D1
Glossary...
.X1
Contents
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AIX6Basics
V3.1
StudentNotebook
TMK
Trademarks
Thereadershouldrecognizethatthefollowingterms,whichappearinthecontentofthis
trainingdocument,areofficialtrademarksofIBMorothercompanies:
IBMisaregisteredtrademarkofInternationalBusinessMachinesCorporation.
ThefollowingaretrademarksofInternationalBusinessMachinesCorporationintheUnited
States,orothercountries,orboth:
AIX
MVS
Systemp
AIX5L
OS/2
Systemp5
CommonUserAccess
pSeries
400
PS/2isatrademarkorregisteredtrademarkofLenovointheUnitedStates,other
countries,orboth.
AdobeiseitheraregisteredtrademarkoratrademarkofAdobeSystemsIncorporatedin
theUnitedStates,and/orothercountries.
JavaandallJavabasedtrademarksaretrademarksofSunMicrosystems,Inc.inthe
UnitedStates,othercountries,orboth.
MicrosoftandWindowsaretrademarksofMicrosoftCorporationintheUnitedStates,other
countries,orboth.
UNIXisaregisteredtrademarkofTheOpenGroupintheUnitedStatesandother
countries.
LinuxisaregisteredtrademarkofLinusTorvaldsintheUnitedStates,othercountries,or
both.
Othercompany,product,orservicenamesmaybetrademarksorservicemarksofothers.
9/161
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Trademarks
xi
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AIX6Basics
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pref
CourseDescription
AIX6Basics
Duration:4days
Purpose
ThiscourseenablesstudentstoperformeverydaytasksusingtheAIX
operatingsystem.
Audience
ThiscourseissuitableforanyonewhorequiresbasicAIXuserskills.
Thiscourseisalsoaprerequisiteforstudentswhoplantoattendthe
AIXSystemAdministrationcourses.
Prerequisites
Studentsattendingthiscourseshouldbefamiliarwithbasic
informationtechnology(IT)conceptsandtheroleofanoperating
system.
Objectives
Aftercompletingthiscourse,youshouldbeableto:
LogintoanAIXsystemandsetauserpassword
UseAIXonlinedocumentation
ManageAIXfilesanddirectories
Describethepurposeoftheshell
Usethevieditor
ExecutecommonAIXcommandsandmanageAIXprocesses
Customizetheworkingenvironment
UsecommonAIXutilities
Writesimpleshellscripts
UsetheAIXWindowsenvironment
UsetheCommonDesktopEnvironment
CourseDescription
xiii
StudentNotebook
Contents
IntroductiontoAIX
UsingtheSystem
AIX6.1Documentation
FilesandDirectories
UsingFiles
FilePermissions
TheviEditor
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ShellBasics
UsingShellVariables
Processes
CustomizingtheUserEnvironment
AIXUtilities,PartI
AIXUtilities,PartII
AdditionalShellFeatures
TheAIXGraphicalUserInterface
Curriculumrelationship
ThiscourseisthefirstcourseintheAIXcurriculumandisa
prerequisiteforallthetrainingpaths.
xivAIX6Basics
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pref
Agenda
Day1
Welcome
Unit1IntroductiontoAIX
Unit2UsingtheSystem
Exercise1UsingtheSystem
Unit3AIXDocumentation
Exercise2AIXDocumentation
Unit4FilesandDirectories
Exercise3FilesandDirectories
Unit5UsingFiles
Exercise4UsingFiles
Day2
Unit6FilePermissions
Exercise5FilePermissions
Unit7TheviEditor
Exercise6TheviEditor
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Unit8ShellBasics
Exercise7ShellBasics
Unit9UsingShellVariables
Exercise8UsingShellVariables
Day3
Unit10Processes
Unit11ControllingProcesses
Exercise9ControllingProcesses
Unit12CustomizingtheUserEnvironment
Exercise10CustomizingtheUserEnvironment
Unit13AIXUtilities,PartI
Exercise11AIXUtilities(1)
Unit13AIXUtilities,PartI(Continued)
Unit14AIXUtilities,PartII
Agenda
xv
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Day4
Unit14AIXUtilities,PartII(Continued)
Unit15AdditionalShellFeatures
Exercise15AdditionalShellFeatures
Unit16TheAIXGraphicalUserInterface
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pref
Texthighlighting
Thefollowingtexthighlightingconventionsareusedthroughoutthisbook:
Bold
Identifiesfilenames,filepaths,directories,usernames,and
principals.
Italics
IdentifieslinkstoWebsites,publicationtitles,andisused
wherethewordorphraseismeanttostandoutfromthe
surroundingtext.
Monospace
Identifiesattributes,variables,filelistings,SMITmenus,code
examplesoftextsimilartowhatyoumightseedisplayed,
examplesofportionsofprogramcodesimilartowhatyoumight
writeasaprogrammer,andmessagesfromthesystem.
MonospaceboldIdentifiescommands,daemons,menupaths,andwhattheuser
wouldenterinexamplesofcommandsandSMITmenus.
<text>
Thetextbetweenthe<and>symbolsidentifiesinformationthe
usermustsupply.Thetextmaybenormalhighlighting,bold or
monospace,ormonospacebolddependingonthecontext.
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Agenda
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Unit1.IntroductiontoAIX
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WhatThisUnitIsAbout
ThisunitisanintroductiontothecourseAIX6Basics.
WhatYouShouldBeAbletoDo
Aftercompletingthisunit,studentsshouldbeableto:
DescribethemajorcomponentsofanAIXsystem
Describethemajortopicsinthiscourse
ExplainthevalueofthesetopicswhenworkinginanAIX
environment
HowYouWillCheckYourProgress
Accountability:
Studentactivity
Checkpointquestions
11
StudentNotebook
UnitObjectives
Aftercompletingthisunit,youshouldbeableto:
Describethemajorcomponents ofanAIXsystem
Describethemajortopics inthiscourse
Providethevalue ofthesetopicswhenworkinginanAIX
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environment
CopyrightIBMCorporation2008
Figure11.UnitObjectives
AU1310.0
Notes:
12AIX6Basics
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AIXOperatingSystem
Interfacetohardware
AIXKernel
Managesprocesses
Process1
Usersarah
Process2
Process3
Userfred
Process4
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Figure12.AIXOperatingSystem
AU1310.0
Notes:
TheAIXKernel
Acomputerconsistsofmanyhardwaredevicesthattheusersofacomputersystem
wanttouse.Forexample,theywanttoprintdocumentsortheywanttoplayagame
fromaCDROM.
Tocontrolthesehardwaredevicesandtosharethembetweenmultipleusers,an
operatingsystemmustbeloadedduringthesystemstartup.InthecaseoftheAIX
operatingsystem,thereisonespecialprogramwhichinterfacesdirectlytothe
hardwaredevices:theAIXKernel.TheKernelcontrolstheaccesstothedevices.
Ontheotherhand,theusersstartdifferentprograms,forexample,aprogramthatprints
adocumentorremovesafile.TheseprogramsthatruninAIXprocessesarealso
controlledbytheAIXKernel.
Tosayitsimply:TheAIXKernelistheheartofyouroperatingsystem.
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WorkingonanAIXSystem(1of2)
LogintoAIX
Shell
$command1
$command2
$who
$mailsarah
$manmail
$infocenter
Workingwiththe
Shell
Communicate
withothers
Gettinghelp
Figure13.WorkingonanAIXSystem(1of2)
AU1310.0
Notes:
Login
AIXisamultiusersystem.BeforeausercanworkwithAIX,anauthenticationprocess
takesplace.Theusermustloginwiththeusersusernameandpassword.
Theshell
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Afterasuccessfulauthentication,AIXstartsacertainprogramfortheuser,ashell.The
shellisacommandinterpreterthatwaitsforinputandexecutesthecommandsand
programstheusertypesin.Asyouwilllearninthiscourse,theshellisnotonlya
commandinterpreteritoffersgreatflexibility.Workingwiththeshellisoneofthemajor
topicsinthiscourse.
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Uempty Communication
MultipleuserscanworkatthesametimeonanAIXsystemorinanetwork.Oneofthe
basictasksinyourdailyworkistocommunicatewithotherusersonasystemorinthe
network.Inthiscourse,youwilllearndifferentcommandsthatallowcommunication
withotherusers.
Additionalinformation
AIXoffersawiderangeoftoolsandcommands.Therearemultiplewaystoobtain
assistancewithcommandsforexample,themancommandortheAIXOnline
Documentation.Howtoworkwiththesehelptoolsisalsoamajortopicinthiscourse.
15
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WorkingonanAIXSystem(2of2)
CDROM
Disks
FileSystem
DATA
Network
Workingwith
directories
Workingwithfiles
Copy,Move,Delete
Protect
Edit,Print
The vieditorisavailable
onmostUNIXplatforms
Figure14.WorkingonanAIXSystem(2of2)
AU1310.0
Notes:
AIXfilestructure
Oneofthemajortasksofacomputersystemistoreadandwritedata.Inordertodo
this,AIXusesahierarchicalfiletreethatconsistsofdirectories,subdirectories,and
files.Thetopleveldirectoryiscalledtheroot( / )directorythathasmanysubdirectories.
Eachofthesesubdirectoriescancontainfilesorothersubdirectories.Adirectoryislike
afolderinwhichyouputcertaindocuments.
Filesystemtypes
Thefiletreeismountedduringthesystemstartup.AIXsupportsdifferentfilesystem
types,whichareallmountedtoonebigfiletree.Thisisshownonthevisual.Partsof
thisfiletreeresideonadisk,otherpartsmayresideonaCDROM,oraremounted
fromanothercomputerinanetwork.
16AIX6Basics
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Uempty Whatyouwilllearn
Thiscourseexplainshowtoworkwithdirectoriesandfilesonauserlevel.Youwilllearn
howtonavigateinthefiletreeandhowtomanagedirectories.Youwilllearnhowto
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copy,move,deleteandprintfiles,andhowtoeditfilesusingv
i,whichisthecommon
UNIXeditor.Anothertopicwillshowhowtospecifycorrectfilepermissions.
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Activity:FillintheBlanks
K______
Interfaceto
hardware
S_____
User's
interface
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F___
S______
Accessto
data
Figure15.Activity:FillintheBlanks
AU1310.0
Notes:
Operatingsystemcomponents
Itisveryimportantthatyoubeabletoidentifythemostimportantcomponentsofan
operatingsystem.
Thisvisualintroducesthesecomponents,butasyounotice,thevisualisnotcomplete.
Takesometimeandtrytofillinthemissingwords.
18AIX6Basics
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TheShell:UserInterfacetoAIX
Executesusercommands:
Commandinterpreter
Features:
Wildcards
Variables
Customizable
Programming
language
Shell
Processcontrol
Figure16.TheShell:UserInterfacetoAIX
AU1310.0
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Notes:
Introduction
WhenyouloginsuccessfullytoanAIXsystem,aspecialprogramisstartedforyou:the
shell.
Theshell
Theshellwaitsforinputandexecutesthecommandsandprogramsyoutypein.In
otherwordstheshellisacommandinterpreter.
Theshelloffersmanyfeatures(likewildcardstomatchfilenames,variables,command
lineediting)thathelptheuserinhisdailywork.Wewilldiscussallthesefeaturesinthis
course.
Theshelloffersdifferentwaystocontrolprocesses.Inthiscourse,weexplainhowa
usercancontrolhisprocesses.
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Customization
Theshelliscustomizable . Thatmeanstheuserinterfacemaybetailoredaccordingto
therequirementsofeachuser.Customizingtheuserenvironmentisanothertopicin
thiscourse.
Besidesalltheseproperties,theshellisaprogramminglanguage.Youcanwriteshell
scriptstocreateandtailorcommands.Writingsimpleshellscriptswillbecoveredlater
inthiscourse.
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UsefulAIXUtilities
Searchforspecificfiles
Searchforpatternsinfiles
file1
Comparefilesand
directories
Compressfiles
Figure17.UsefulAIXUtilities
AU1310.0
Notes:
AIXutilities
TwocomponentsthatyouuseonAIXarefilesanddirectories.Toworkwiththese
components,AIXoffersawiderangeofutilities:
Thefindcommandtosearchforspecificfiles
Thegrepcommandtosearchforpatternsinfiles
Commandstocomparefilesanddirectories
Commandstocompressanduncompressfilestosavediskspace
Note thatthislistisnotcomplete.Besidestheseutilities,thecourseintroduces
additionaltoolsthatareusefulforyourwork.
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AIXGraphicalUserInterfaces
Windows
Mouse
Pointer
Icons
CommonDesktop
Environment(CDE)
AIXWindows
Figure18.AIXGraphicalUserInterfaces
AU1310.0
Notes:
Graphicaluserinterfaces
Modernoperatingsystemsarebasedongraphicaldesktops.Thesedesktopsconsistof
multiplewindowswhereyoucanstartdifferentapplications,iconsthatareminimized
windowstomanagethescreenspace,andfurthercontrols.
Toexecutecertainactionsonthedesktop,youhavetousethemouseattachedtothe
system.
AIXofferstwodifferentgraphicaluserinterfaces:
AIXwindows
CommonDesktopEnvironment(CDE)
Informationonusingandcustomizingthesedesktopsisincludedintheappendixofthis
course.
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InAIX5L,ifyouaddtheAIXToolboxforLinuxApplications,youcaninstalltwoother
graphicaluserinterfaces:
KDE
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GNOME
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Checkpoint
1. Whichpartoftheoperatingsysteminteractsdirectlywiththe
hardware?
2. Whichpartoftheoperatingsystemdoestheuserinteract
with?
a)Shell
b)Kernel
3. WhicheditorisavailableacrossmostUNIXplatforms?
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4. WritedownthenamesoftwoAIXgraphicaluserinterfaces:
5. Trueorfalse:AIXonlysupportsfilesystemsonharddisks.
Figure19.Checkpoint
AU1310.0
Notes:
Takesometimeandtrytoanswerthequestions.
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UnitSummary
TheAIXKernelinterfacestohardwaredevicesandcontrols
processesrunningintheAIXsystem.
Theuser'sinterfacetoAIXistheshell.Theshellisacommand
interpreterthatoffersgreatflexibility.
TostoredataAIXusesahierarchicalfiletreethatconsistsof
directoriesandfiles.
AIXoffersawiderangeofusefulutilities.
Figure110.UnitSummary
AU1310.0
Notes:
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Unit2.UsingtheSystem
WhatThisUnitIsAbout
ThisunitintroducesthestudentstoafewbasicAIXcommands.
Loginandoutofthesystem
StatethestructureofAIXcommands
ExecutebasicAIXcommands
UseAIXcommandstocommunicatewithotherusers
Accountability:
Checkpointquestions
Exercise
21
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UnitObjectives
Loginandoutofthesystem
StatethestructureofAIXcommands
ExecutebasicAIXcommands
UseAIXcommandstocommunicatewithotherusers
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Notes:
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LoggingInandOut
ToLogin:
login:team01
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team01'sPassword:(thepassworddoesnotappear)
$
ToLogout:
(or)
(or)
$<Ctrld>
$exit
$logout
login:
Figure22.LoggingInandOut
AU1310.0
Notes:
Introduction
BecauseAIXisdesignedasamultiusersystem,alevelofsecurityisimplementedto
controlaccess.Eachuserofthesystemhasausernameandassociatedpassword
(optional).
Username
Whenthesystemhasstartedandisreadyforausertologin,theloginprompt(typically
thewordlogin:)ispresentedonthescreen.Atthatpoint,theusershouldenterthe
suppliedusername.
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Userpassword
Iftheusernamerequiresapassword,thesystemwillpromptforthepasswordina
similarmanner.Whiletheuseristypingapassword,itdoesnotappearonthescreen.It
ishighlyrecommendedtousepasswordsonalluseraccounts.
Iftheuserpasswordwassetupbythesystemadministrator,thefirsttimethattheuser
logsintothesystem,theuserwillbepromptedtochangetheirpassword.
Successfullogin
Whenloggedin,theuserispresentedwithaprompt(normallyadollarsign)whichis
theshell'swayofrequestingacommand.
Exitingthesystem
Toterminatethesessiontheusermayeitherentertheexitorlogoutcommand,or
pressthekeycombination<Ctrl+d>(holdingdowntheCtrlkeywhilepressingthed
key).The<Ctrl+d>combinationgeneratestheendoffile(EOF)orendof
transmission(EOT)character.
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logoutonlyworksifyouareinyourloginshell.
Whentheuserlogsout,afterafewsecondsanewloginpromptwillappearonthe
screen.
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Passwords
Creating or Changing :
$passwd
Changingpasswordfor"team01"
team01'sOldpassword:
team01'sNewpassword:
Enterthenewpasswordagain:
$
Figure23.Passwords
AU1310.0
Notes:
Changingtheuserpassword
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TheuserpasswordistheprimarymechanismforensuringsecurityonanAIXsystem.
Allpasswordsareencryptedandcannotbedecodedbyotherusers.
Thepasswdcommandisusedtochangetheuserpasswordandisanexampleofa
simplecommandwhichmaybeenteredattheshellprompt.
Thesystemwillstartthepasswdprocesswhichwillprompttheuserfortheirold
passwordfirst.Thecharacterstypedarenotdisplayedtothescreen.Topreventusers
beinglockedoutofthesystemthroughasimpletypingerror,thenewpasswordis
enteredtwice.Onlyifthetwoentriesmatchisthenewpasswordaccepted.Theold
passwordisinvalidthereafter.
Whenthepasswdprocessterminates,theuserisagainpresentedwiththeprompt
requestinganothercommand.
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CommandFormat
AIXcommandshavethefollowingformat:
$commandoption(s)argument(s)
$ls
$lsl
$ls/dev
$lsl/dev
Figure24.CommandFormat
AU1310.0
Notes:
Formattingacommand
Theorderandseparationoftheelementsofacommandareimportant.Thecommand
orprocessnamemustcomefirst.Spacesareusedbytheshellasseparatorsonthe
commandlineandshouldnotbeplacedwithinthecommandname.
Commandoptions
Theoptionsshouldfollowthecommandname,separatedbyaspace,andprecededby
aminussign( ).Usually,multipleoptionsmaybegroupedtogetherimmediatelyaftera
singleminussignorseparatedbyspacesandeachprecededbyaminussign.Options
aretypicallyusedtomodifytheoperationoftheprocess.
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Theargumentsfollowtheoptions,againseparatedbyspaces.Theorderofthe
argumentswilldependonthecommand.
Example
Allthreeelementsarenotrequiredtobepresentatalltimes,forexample:
$ls
justcommand
$lsl
commandandoption
$ls/tmp
commandandargument
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CommandFormatExamples
WRONG:
RIGHT:
1.Separation:
1.Separation:
$mailfnewmail
$mailfnewmail
$whou
$whou
2.Order:
2.Order:
$mailnewmailf
$mailfnewmail
$team01mail
$mailteam01
$uwho
$whou
3.MultipleOptions:
3.MultipleOptions:
$whomu
$whomu
$whomu
$whomu
4.MultipleArguments:
4.MultipleArguments:
$mailteam01team02
$mailteam01team02
THEREAREEXCEPTIONS!!
Figure25.CommandFormatExamples
AU1310.0
Notes:
Introduction
Thecommandsinthevisualdisplaysomeexamplesofcorrectandincorrectcommand
formats.
Exceptions
AfewcommandsinAIXdonotadheretothecommoncommandformat.Commands
suchastar,date,andpsacceptargumentsthatdonotbeginwithaminussign().
ThisistoensurebackwardscompatibilitywitholderimplementationsofUNIX.
$tarcvf/dev/rmt0/home/team01/*
$psaux
$date+%D
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The dateandcalCommands
Checkingthedate:
$date
WedNov1410:15:00GMT2007
$
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Lookingatamonth:
$cal12003
January2003
WedThuFriSat
1
2
3
4
8
9
10
11
15
16
17
18
22
23
24
25
29
30
31
SunMonTue
5
12
19
26
6
13
20
27
7
14
21
28
Lookingatayear:
$cal2007
AU1310.0
Figure26.Thedate andcal Commands
Notes:
Introduction
Thevisualshowshowthedateandcalcommandscanbeexecuted.
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The clear, echo,andbannerCommands
clear: Clearstheterminalscreen
$clear
echo: Writeswhatfollowstothescreen
$echoLunchisat12:00
Lunchisat12:00
$
banner: Writescharacterstringsinlargeletterstothescreen
$bannerHello
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AU1310.0
Figure27.Theclear ,echo ,andbanner Commands
Notes:
Morecommands
Thisvisualshowshowtheclear,echo,andbannercommandswork.
Note :Insteadofechoyoucanusetheprintcommand:
$printLunchisat12:00
Lunchisat12:00
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Activity:QuestionsandAnswers
1.What'swrongwiththefollowingcommands?
$dusk
$dfk
$duak
2.Whichcommand...
...changesyourpassword?
...clearsthescreen?
...printsoutthecurrentsystemdate?
...exitsthecurrentshell?
Figure28.Activity:QuestionsandAnswers
AU1310.0
Notes:
Questions
Takesometimeandanswerthequestions.
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The whoand fingerCommands
Findingwhoisonthesystem:
$who
root
team01
Sept414:29
Sept417:21
Findingwhoyouare:
$whoami
team01
$whoami
team01
lft0
pts/0
pts/0 Sept417:21
Displayinginformationabouttheuserscurrentlyloggedon:
$fingerteam02
Loginname:team02
Directory:/home/team02
/usr/bin/ksh
OnsinceMar0416:17:10ontty3
NoPlan.
Shell:
Figure29.Thewho andfinger Commands
AU1310.0
Notes:
whocommand
Thewhocommandidentifiedwhoisloggedinandwheretheyhaveloggedinfrom.
Sometimesitisdesirabletoknowwhatterminalyouareworkingwith,whichcaneasily
beidentifiedwiththewhoamicommand.Thiswillproduceoutputsimilartothewho
commandbutonlyfromyourownloginsession.
Earlierintheunit,optionswereintroducedwiththewhocommand.Herearesomemore
detailsontheirfunctions:
u
displaystheusername,extendedworkstationname,logintime,lineactivity
andprocessIDofthecurrentuser.
displaysinformationaboutthecurrentterminalandthisisequivalenttothe
whoamicommand.
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Thefingercommandhasadefaultformatwhichdisplays:Fullusername,logintime,
user's$HOMEdirectoryanduser'sloginshell.
Youcanuseyourownusernamewiththefingercommandtofindoutinformation
aboutyourself.
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SendingMail
$mailteam01
Subject:
Meeting
Therewillbeabriefannouncementmeetingtoday
inroom602atnoon.
<Ctrld>
Cc: <Enter>
$
$mailteam20@sys2
Subject:Don'tForget!
Don'tforgetaboutthemeetingtoday!
<Ctrld>
Cc: <Enter>
$
Figure210.SendingMail
AU1310.0
Notes:
Introduction
Themailcommandisaninteractivecommandusedtosendandreceivemail
messages.
Sendingamessage
Tosendamessage,invokethecommandbypassingitvaliduserIDs.Ifmorethanone
nameisgiven,thenamesmustbeseparatedfromeachotherwithablankspace.
NextthepromptSubject:willautomaticallybedisplayed.Thesendershouldfillinthis
fieldwithonelineoftextwhichcloselydescribesthecontentsofthemailbody.Thisis
thelinewhichwillappearintherecipient'slistofincomingmail.
Afterthesubjectline,thenotebodyshouldthenbeentered,andoncecomplete,press
a<Ctrld>onthenextavailableblankline.
Note:Thismustbethefirstandonlycharacteronthatline.Thisistheendoffilemarker.
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TheCc:prompt(denotingcarboncopy)willthenbedisplayed,whichcanbeleftblank,
orastringofuserIDscanbeentered.
Afterthelastprompt,theshellpromptshouldbedisplayed.
Sendingmailtoothersystems
Whensendingmailtoanotheruseronyoursamesystem,entermail<username>.To
sendmailtoauseronanothercomputersystem,itisnecessarytoindicatethename
(thehostname)ofthatcomputer.Forexample,
mail<username>@<hostname>
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ReceivingMail
[YOUHAVENEWMAIL]
$mail
Mail [5.2UCB][AIX5.X]Type?forhelp
"/var/spool/mail/team01":2messages1new
U1team05
TueJan7 10:50
10/267"Hello!"
>N2team02
WedJan8 11:25
16/311"Meeting"
?t2
Fromteam02WedJan811:252003
Date:Wed8Jan200311:25
From:team02
To:team01
Subject:Meeting
Cc:
Therewillbeabriefannouncementmeetingtodayinroom602atnoon.
?d
(Deletemessage)
(Quitmailcommand)
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?q
Figure211.ReceivingMail
AU1310.0
Notes:
Introduction
Theuserisinformedthatnewmailitemshavearrivedwhenthe[YOUHAVENEWMAIL]
messageisdisplayed.Thismessagedoesnotgetautomaticallydisplayedassoonas
theincomingmailarrives.Theshelldoesacheckonallthemailboxesbydefaultonce
every600seconds.Ifitdetectsanewpieceofmail,thenitdisplaysthemessage(which
itselfcanbecustomizedbythesystemadministrator).
Receivingmail
Toreceivethemailitemsusethemailcommandwithoutanyoptions.Itwilllistheader
informationandaonelinedescriptionforeachunreaditemfollowedbytheprompt?.
Thisisdifferentfromtheshellprompt.AIXusesthe?asthemailsubsystemprompt.
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Controllingthemailsubsystem
Atthisprompt,theusermayenteranyofthemailsubsystemcommands.Toobtaina
listentera?attheprompt.Normaloperationslikesaving,deleting,viewing,andso
forth,canbecarriedoutoneachmailitem.
Someofthecommandsthatcanbeusedatthe?promptare:
d
deletemessages
m
forwardmessages
R
sendreplytosenderofmessagesinthequeue
q
exitmailandleavemessagesinthequeue
s
appendmessagestoafile
t
displayamessage
x
exitmailanddiscardallchangestothequeue
Certainsubcommandslike dand tacceptmessagenumbersasarguments.They
defaulttothecurrentmessageifnoneisspecified.
Therearemanymore.Toobtainathelistofcommandsavailabletypeina?atthe?
promptorseetheAIX6.1CommandsReferenceManual.
Leavingthemailsubsystem
Havingfinishedworkingwiththemailitems,toreturntotheshellprompt,youmust
enteraq(forquit)atthe?prompt.Thiswilltakeyououtofthemailsubsystem.
Ifyouwishtoquitthemailsubsystemanddiscardanychangestothequeue,enteranX
(forexit)attheprompt.Messagesthatweremarkedfordeletionarenotdeleted.
Anysavedmailitemswhichhavebeenreadbutnotdeletedcannotbeviewedagain
usingtheabovemethod.Oncethemailitemisread,itwillbestoredinafileinthe
user'shomedirectorycalled$HOME/mbox.
Toviewtheseitemsyoumustusethemailfcommand.Thiswilllookatyourdefault
mailbox.Ifyouhavecreatedothermailboxes,thenyouhavetoalsospecifythemailbox
name.
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The writeand wallCommands
Send messages tootherusers onasystem

writeprovides conversationlike communicationwithanotherloggedinuser.
Eachuseralternativelysendsandreceivesmessages.
$writeteam01
(or)
$writesarah@moon
Thewallcommandwritestoallterminals.Thisisusefultonotifyallusersofa
systemevent:
$wallThesystemwillbeinactivefrom10pmtoday.
Broadcastmessagefromteam01@sys1(pts/1)at15:11:58
Thesystemwillbeinactivefrom10pmtoday.
$
Figure212.Thewrite andwall Commands
AU1310.0
Notes:
writeandwallcommands
Thewritecommandcanbeusedtosendmessagestousersonthissystemaswellas
usersofothersystemsconnectedtothenetwork.
Bothwriteandwallwillonlysendmessagestousersthatareloggedin.Bydefault,all
usershavetheabilitytoexecutethewallcommand.
writesendsmessagestoasingleuser.wallsendsmessagesalluserscurrently
loggedintothesystem.
Receivingmessages
Forausertoreceiveamessage,thatusermustbeloggedinandmustnothave
refusedpermission.
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Writeexample
Toholdaconversationusingwriteenter:
$writesam
Press <enter>andtype:
Iwillneedtorebootthesystematnoon.<enter>
o<enter>
Thisstartstheconversation.Theoatthebeginningofthenextlinemeansthe
messageisoverandyouarewaitingforaresponse.Now,Samenters:
$writebill
Thankyouforlettingmeknow!<enter>
oo<enter>
Theoomeansoverandouttellingthesenderyouhavenothingmoretosay.Press
<Ctrl+d>toendthewritesession.
Sendingmessagestousersonothersystems
writecanalsobeusedacrossanetworkaslongasthewritesrvdaemonisrunning.
Tousewriteoverthenetworktypewrite<username>@<hostname>.
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talkwithAnotherUser
$talkfred
(userjohnrequeststheconnection)
(toaccepttheinvitationfredenters:)
AU1310.0
Figure213.talk withAnotherUser
Notes:
Twowaycommunication
Thetalkcommandallowstwouserstoholdaconversation.Oneuserinvitestheother
toholdaconversationbyissuingthetalkcommand.Thetalkcommandopensasend
windowandareceivewindowoneachuser'sdisplay.Eachuseristhenabletotypeinto
thesendwindowwhilethetalkcommanddisplayswhattheotheruseristyping.
Iftheinvitationisaccepted,eachuser'sscreenissplithorizontallyintotwowindows.In
thetopwindoweverythingtheotherusertypesisdisplayed.
Toclosetheconnection,presstheINTERRUPTkey<Ctrl+c>.
talkcanalsobeusedinanetwork.Totalktofred onsys1 ,thecommandwouldbe
talkfred@sys1.
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mesg
The mesgcommandcontrolswhetherotherusersonthe
systemcansendmessagestoyou:
team01$mesg
Thecurrentstatusisy.
team01$mesgn
team01$
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team02$writeteam01
write:0803031Permissiondenied.
team02$
Figure214.mesg
AU1310.0
.
Notes:
Permittingmessages
Theshellstartupprocesspermitsmessagesbydefault.Thevisualshowshowthemesg
commandworkcanbeusedtoallowordenymessages.
Themesgcommanddetermineswhethermessagescanbesenttotheuserwitheither
thetalk,thewrite,orthewallcommands.
Permittingordenyingmessagescanalsobesetaspartofyoursessioncustomization
whichwewillcoverlaterinthiscourse.
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KeyboardTips
<Backspace>
Correctsmistakes
<Ctrlc>
Terminatesthecurrent
commandandreturnstothe
shell
<Ctrld>
Endoftransmissionorend
offile
<Ctrls>
Temporarilystopsoutputto
thescreen
<Ctrlq>
Resumesoutput(stoppedby
Ctrls)
<Ctrlu>
Erasestheentireline
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Figure215.KeyboardTips
AU1310.0
Notes:
Keyboardtips
Donotusethecursorkeystocorrectmistakes,suchastheupordownarrowkeyorthe
tabkeys.ThebestwaytocorrectmistakesistousetheBackspacekey.
The <Ctrls>and<Ctrlq>keysaresomewhatsystemdependent.OnsomeASCII
terminals,theHoldkeycanbeusedasatogglekeytostartandstopoutputtoyour
terminal.
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Checkpoint
1. WhatisthecorrectcommandsyntaxinAIX?
$mailnewmailf
$mailfnewmail
$fmail
$mailfnewmail
2. Whatcommandwouldyouusetosendmailitems?
3. Whatareothercommandsthatcanbeusedtocommunicatewith
otherusers?
4. Whatoutputwouldyouexpectfromthefollowingcommand:cal8?
5. Whichcommandwouldyouusetofindoutwhenaparticularuser
loggedin?
$whoami
$who
$fingereveryone
$fingerusername
Figure216.Checkpoint
AU1310.0
Notes:
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Exercise:UsingTheSystem
Figure217.Exercise:UsingTheSystem
AU1310.0
Notes:
ExerciseIntroduction
Attheendofthelab,youshouldbeableto:
LogintoanAIXsystemandchangepasswords
Executebasiccommands
Usethewallandwritecommandstocommunicatewithotherusers
Usekeyboardcontrolkeystocontrolcommandlineoutput
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UnitSummary
AIXcommandscanusemultipleoptionsandargumentsand
mustfollowpropersyntaxrules.
Therearemanysimple,yetpowerfulcommandssuchas:
date
cal
who,whoamI
finger
echo
clear
banner
CommunicatewithotherUNIXusersusingcommandssuch
as: mail, write, talk,andwall.
AU1310.0
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Unit3.AIX6.1Documentation
WhatThisUnitIsAbout
Thisunitillustratesthedifferentmethodsthatcanbeusedtoobtain
onlinehelp.
UsethemancommandtoviewinformationaboutAIXcommands
DescribetheuseofAIX6.1Webbaseddocumentation
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Checkpointquestions
Exercise
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UnitObjectives
UsethemancommandtoviewinformationaboutAIX
commands
DescribetheuseofAIX6.1Webbasedonlinedocumentation
AU1310.0
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manCommand
The mancommandprovidesreferenceinformationoncommands ,
subroutines ,andfiles
Manualinformationconsistsof:
Purpose
Syntax
Description
Flags
Examples
Files
RelatedInformation
(onelinedescription)
(allvalidoptionsandarguments)
(verbosedescription)
(descriptionofallvalidoptions)
(commandexamples)
(associatedfilesanddirectories)
(additionalresourcesandinformation)
AU1310.0
Figure32.man Command
Notes:
mancommandfeatures
Themancommandwilllookintheonlinemanualforinformationonthecommands,
subroutines,andfileswiththenametitle.Thisinformationwillbepresentedonthe
screenonepageatatimefortheusertobrowse.
Theinformationconsistsof:
Purpose
Syntax
Thetitleandaonelinedescriptionofthecommand
Alistofallvalidoptionsandarguments
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Description
Manypagesofinformationaboutthefunctionandusageofthe
commandwithexamples
Descriptionofavailableoptions
Samplesofhowtousethecommand
Anysystemfilesassociatedwiththecommand
Thenamesofanyrelatedcommands
Flags
Examples
Files
Related Info .
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manExample
Pum
$
ra
pn
o
sw
eho
Identifiestheuserscurrentlyloggedin.
Syntax
who[a|bdhiImpquHT][File]
whoam{i|I}
Description
Thewhocommanddisplaysinformationaboutalluserscurrentlyonthe
localsystem.Thefollowinginformationisdisplayed:loginname,
workstationname,dateandtimeoflogin.
Flags
m
uori
Displaysinformationaboutthecurrentterminal.The
whomcommandisequivalenttothewhoamiand
whoamIcommands.
Displaystheusername,workstationname,logintime,
lineactivity,andprocessIDofeachcurrentuser.
Examples
1.Todisplayinformationaboutwhoisusingthelocalsystemnode,
enter:
who
ImplementationSpecifics
ThiscommandispartofAsynchronousTerminalEmulation(ATE)
Files
/etc/utmp
Containsuserandaccountinginformation.
AU1310.0
Figure33.man Example
Notes:
Thisexampleshowsthe manwhocommand.Notethatthisexamplehasbeen
condensedtofitononepage.
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mank:WorkingwithaKeyword
The koptionofthe mancommandallowsyoutoprintoutoneline
descriptionsofallentrieswhichmatchthegivenkeyword
Example:
$mankprint
cancel(1)
Cancelsrequeststoalineprinter
disable(1)Disablesaprinterqueuedevice
enable(1)
Enablesaprinterqueuedevice
lpr(1)
Enqueuesprintjobs
lpstat(1)
Displayslineprinterstatusinformation
qcan(1)
Cancelsaprintjob
qchk(1)
Displaysthestatusofaprintqueue
AU1310.0
Figure34.mank :WorkingwithaKeyword
Notes:
Enablingthekfeature
Tousethekflag,asuperusermusthavetypedcatmanwtocreatethe
/usr/share/man/whatis file.
mankcommand
Themankcommandshowsthemanualsectionsthatcontainanyofthegiven
keywordsintheirpurposesection.Theoutputfromthecommandbeginswiththename
ofacommandandthesectionnumberinwhichthecommandappears.
Ifyouwanttoviewtheoutputfromthecommandenable(1),thenyoucanenter
$manenabletoobtainthemanualpagesfortheenablecommand.Ifthesection
numberisomitted,themancommandsearchesallthesectionsofthemanual.
Toobtainfurtherinformationaboutthevariousmansectionsentermanman.Notethat
theaproposcommandisequivalenttomank.
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ViewingAIX6.1Documentation
DocumentationServer
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AIX6.1softcopydocumentation
AIXInformationCenter
Webbrowsersoftware
DocumentationClient
Webbrowser
software
DocumentationClient
Webbrowser
software
ViewAIX6.1documentation
fromanywherewithabrowser
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/pseries
/v6r1/index.jsp
Figure35.ViewingAIX6.1Documentation
AU1310.0
Notes:
Documentationserver
Inadditiontoprovidingmancommandstomakefindinginformationeasy,AIXalso
providessystemmanuals.ThedocumentsareavailableontheInternetattheIBMWeb
sitehttp://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/pseries/v6r1/index.jsp.Forsiteswithout
accesstotheInternet,softcopydocumentationcanbeloadedonadocumentation
serverwithinaprivatenetwork.AnyothercomputerinthenetworkwithWebbrowser
softwarecanthenbecomeadocumentationclientandaccessthesedocumentsfrom
theserver.
Requestsfordocuments
WhenusersonaclientcomputerrequestanAIXdocument,therequestissenttothe
Webserveronadocumentationserverwhichthensendsbacktherequesteditem.
Whensearchesareperformed,theyaredoneontheservercomputerandtheresults
arethensentbacktotheuserontheclientcomputer.
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AccessingtheDocumentsfromaWebBrowser
MozillaFirefoxforAIX
Newfeatures,supportsmanycurrentWebstandards
64bit
AvailableasaWebdownloadoronCDwhenorderingAIX
(MozillaFirefoxforAIXCD)
Mozilla
StandardbrowserbeginningwithAIX5L5.3
SupportsallversionsofAIX5L
32bit
AvailableasaWebdownload
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http://www.ibm.com/servers/aix/browsers
Figure36.AccessingtheDocumentsfromaWebBrowser
AU1310.0
Notes:
WebBrowser
MozillaFirefoxforAIXisanopensourceWebbrowser.Itdelivershelpfulnewfeatures
andcontinuestoleadthewayinonlinesecurity.Itimplementstechnologieslikethe
Geckolayoutengine,andsupportsWebstandardsordraftstandardslikeHTML,
XHTML,XML,CSS,DOM,andmanymore.MozillaFirefoxforAIXimplementsOJI,the
OpenJavaInterfacetoAIXJavathroughtheAIXJavaPlugin.
MozillaFirefoxversion(64bit)isavailableasaWebdownloadandontheMozilla
FirefoxforAIXCDthatcanbeorderedwithAIX6.1.
TheMozillaWebbrowserwasintroducedwithAIX5LV5.2,andbecamethestandard
WebbrowserinAIX5LV5.3.ItisavailableasWebdownload.
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AIX6.1Documentation
Figure37.AIX6.1Documentation
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Notes:
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Accessingdocumentation
Oncethedocumentationissetup,itcanbeaccessedfromtheAIXWindowsorCDE
environmentwiththeinfocentercommand.
Webaccess
Ifthedocumentationwasnotinstalledonyoursystem,itcanalsobeaccessedat:
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/pseries/v6r1/index.jsp
Viewingdocuments
Thedocumentscanbeviewedtwoways.Eitherbyselectingtheentiredocumentwith
thePDFtagattheendofeachdocumentnameorbyselectingtheHTMLtagand
viewingthedocumentsectionbysection.
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InthetopleftcorneroftheInformationCenterpage,thereisaboxforenteringsearch
strings.EnteringinformationandselectingGOwillsearchalldocumentsforthestring.
YoucanselectSearchScopetolimitthesearchtoasetofdocuments.
Printingdocuments
TheInformationCenterallowsyoutoprintdocumentsintwoways.
YoucandownloadthePDFdocumentandprinttheentiredocumentfromAdobe
Acrobat.
OraccessasectionofadocumentinHTMLandprintthatsectionasyouwould
normallyprintthecontentsofaWebpage.Findthesectionyouwishtoprintanduse
thebrowsersPrintfunctionusuallyfoundintheFilemenu.
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SearchAIX6.1Documentation
Figure38.SearchAIX6.1Documentation
AU1310.0
Notes:
Searchingdocuments
Probablytheeasiestwaytofindanansweristosearchthedocumentationusingthe
SearchwindowontheInformationCenterscreen.
Abovearetheresultsofasearch.Intherightframearethematchesfromthesearchin
orderofqualitywiththebestmatchatthetopofthelist.
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SearchScope
Figure39.SearchScope
AU1310.0
Notes:
SearchScope
ByselectingtheSearchScopelink,youcannarrowthesearchtoasubsetof
documents.
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Checkpoint
1. Whichcommanddisplaysmanualentriesonline?
2. Completethefollowingsentences:
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TheAIX6.1onlinedocumentationisloadedona
________________.Anyothercomputerinthenetwork
withappropriateWebbrowsersoftwarecanthenbecomea
_______________.
3. Howcanyoustartthedocumentationfromthecommand
line?
AU1310.0
Notes:
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Exercise:AIX6.1Documentation
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Figure311.Exercise:AIX6.1Documentation
AU1310.0
Notes:
Aftercompletingthelabexercise,youwillbeableto:
Executethemancommand
InitiateMozillatoaccessAIXonlinedocumentation
UsetheAIXdocumentation
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UnitSummary
The mancommandcanbeusedfromthecommandlineto
viewdescriptionsofAIXcommands.
UseaWebbrowser toaccessonlinedocumentation with
AIX6.1.
TheonlinedocumentationandSystempInfoCenterusethe
sameinterface .
AU1310.0
Notes:
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Unit4.FilesandDirectories
WhatThisUnitIsAbout
Thisunitintroducesbasicconceptsforfilesanddirectories.
Describethedifferentfiletypes
DescribetheAIXfilesystemstructure
Usebothfullandrelativepathnamesinafilespecification
Create,delete,andlistdirectories
Usethetouchcommandtocreateanemptyfile
Accountability:
StudentActivity
Checkpointquestions
Exercise
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UnitObjectives
Describethedifferentfiletypes
DescribetheAIXfilesystemstructure
Use full and relativepathnames inafilespecification
Create,delete,andlistdirectories
Usethetouchcommandtocreateanemptyfile
AU1310.0
Notes:
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AFile
Afileis:
Acollectionofdata
Astreamofcharacters ora"bytestream"
Nostructure isimposedonafilebytheoperatingsystem
Figure42.AFile
AU1310.0
Notes:
Introduction
AIXimposesnointernalstructureonafile'scontent.Theuserisfreetostructureand
interpretthecontentsofafileinwhateverwayisappropriate.
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FileTypes
Ordinary:
Text or codedata
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Directory:
A tableofcontents,thatstoresalistoffiles withinthat
directory
SpecialFiles:
Representhardwareorlogicaldevices
Example:TheCDROM deviceisaccessedviathe/dev/cd0file.
Figure43.FileTypes
AU1310.0
Notes:
Variousfiletypes
Mostordinaryfilesarecomprisedofalphanumericcharactersandpunctuationcodedin
ASCIIandcanbeviewed,edited,andprintedusingcommontools.
Someordinaryfileshavedatacodedinaformatthatisuniquetoanapplicationand
specialtoolsareneeded.Forexample,thefile/etc/utmp ,whichcontainsalistof
currentlyloggedinusers,canonlybereadbythewho command.
Otherfilescontaincodethatcanbeexecutedbyusersonthecomputer.Thesefilesare
knownasbinaryfiles.TheseprogramsaretreatedbyAIXasordinaryfiles.
Directoriescontainalistoffileswithinthatdirectory,andtheinformationthesystem
needstoaccessthefiledata.Eachdirectoryentryrepresentseitherafileoranother
directory,knownasasubdirectory.
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Specialfilesbehavedifferentlyfromordinaryfilesinthatthedatawrittentothefileis
processedbyadevicedriverandtypicallysenttothatdevice,suchasaprinter,rather
thanbeingstoredinthefile.
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DirectoryContents
inodeTable
Directory
name
inode
type mode links
subdir1
dir
755
myfile
10
10
file
644
user
group
date
team01
staff
team01
staff
July10
10:15
July11
11:00
size loc
512
96
Data
$vimyfile
Figure44.DirectoryContents
AU1310.0
Notes:
Introduction
Directoriesenableyoutogrouptogetherrelatedfilesanddirectories.Adirectoryisa
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uniquetypeoffilethatonlycontainsenoughinformationtorelateafilenametothe
inodewhichanchorsanddescribesthefile.Asaresult,directoriesusuallyoccupyless
spacethanordinaryfiles.
Directorycontents
Eachdirectoryentrycontainsafileorsubdirectorynameanditsassociatedindexnode
(orinode)number.
Useraccesstofiles
Whenauserexecutesacommandtoaccessafile,theywillusethefilename.The
systemthenmatchesthefilenamewiththecorrespondinginodenumber.Oncethe
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inodenumberisknown,thesystemwillaccessaninodetable,whichholds
informationaboutthecharacteristicsofthefile.
inodeinformation
ExamplesofwhatisstoredintheinodetableincludetheuserIDoftheownerofthe
file,thetypeoffile,thedatethefilewaslastaccessedandlastmodified,thesizeofthe
file,andthelocationofthefile.Oncethesystemknowsthelocationofthefile,the
actualdatacanbelocated.
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AIXFileSystems
Referstoboththephysicalandlogicalstorageandaccessof
files.
InAIX,afilesystem isanallocationofstorage.
SimilarinconcepttopartitionsinthePCenvironment.
Allowstheoperatingsystemtostoreandretrievethedata
fromfilesquicklyandefficiently.
Toaccessfilesystems,weassociatethemwithadirectory .
AIXhasseveralpredefinedfilesystems:
/(root)
/usr
/var
/proc
/tmp
/opt
/home
Figure45.AIXFileSystems
AU1310.0
Notes:
Physicalfilesystems
Thetermfilesystemreferstoboththephysicalstorageofthefiledata,andthelogical
organizationofdirectoriestoallowquickandeasystorageandretrievalofthatdata.
Aphysicalfilesystemisanallocationofstorage,onadevicesuchasaharddiskora
CDROMdrive.Theconceptisverysimilartopartitionsonsomeoperatingsystems.
Spaceisassignedonadevice,andassociatedwithanidentifierthattheusercan
access.InAIX,thisidentifierisadirectoryinthesystemwidelogicalfilesystem
structure.
Ifaphysicalfilesystemfillsup,thennomorefilescanbecreatedwithinthesystem.
TheslideliststhepredefinedAIXphysicalfilesystems.
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HierarchicalStructure
/
usr
dev
etc
sbin
home
var
tmp
opt
proc
tty1
lp0
bin
team01
test
doc
.profile
manuals
test1
team02
team03
c
mon_report
trio_ltr
walrus
reports
pgms
suba
Figure46.HierarchicalStructure
AU1310.0
Notes:
AIXfilesystem
ThisfilestructurerepresentsonlypartofatypicalAIXfilesystem.Thefilestructurewill
alwaysstartatthe/(root) directory.Itcontainsmanydirectoriesthatarecriticalinthe
operationsofthesystem.
Examples
SomeofthetypicaldirectoriesthatcanbefoundinanAIXroot directoryare:
/sbin Utilitiesforsystemstartup
/dev Specialfilesthatrepresentdevices
/etc Systemconfigurationfiles
The/usr directorycontainsprograms,libraries,anddatafilesforvariousAIX
applications:
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The/home directorycontainsuserlogindirectoriesandfiles.
The/var directorycontainsfilesthatdynamicallychange.
The/tmp directorywillholdfilescreatedbyexecutingprograms.
The/opt directoryiswherethirdpartyapplicationprogramscanbestored.Anexample
offilesinthisdirectoryarethebasicLinuxcommands,suchastar,gzip,gunzip,
bzip2,andsoforth,whichareinstalledinthe /opt/freeware/bin directory.
The/proc directoryiswhereAIXmapsprocessesandkerneldatastructuresto
correspondingfiles.
Accessingdirectoriesonothersystems
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Itisalsopossibletoaccessfilesonanothercomputerinthenetwork.Severalfacilities
areavailabletodothis,mostnotably,theNetworkFileSystem(NFS).Fromauser's
perspective,remotefileswillappeartobehavejustlikelocalfiles.
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PathNames
A sequenceofnames ,separatedbyslashes(/),thatdescribesthe
path thesystemmustfollow to locate afileinthefilesystem.
Therearetwotypesofpathnames:
AbsoluteorFullPathName(startfromthe/directory):
$vi/home/team01/doc/mon_report
$/usr/bin/lsl/home/team01
RelativePathName(startfromcurrentdirectory):
$cd/home/team01
$vidoc/mon_report
$cd/usr/bin
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$./lsl/home/team01
Figure47.PathNames
AU1310.0
Notes:
Filepathnames
Thepathnameiswrittenasastringofnamesseparatedbyforwardslashes( / ).The
rightmostnameisthefileyouwishtoaccess.Theothernamesarethedirectoriesand
subdirectoriesthatdescribehowtogettothefileslocation.
Apathnameisalwaysconsideredtoberelative unlessitbeginswithaslash.An
absolute orfull pathnamealwaysstartswithaslash.
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WhereAmI?
The printworkingdirectory commandcanbeusedtofindoutwhat

yourcurrentdirectoryis:
$pwd
/home/team01
Figure48.WhereAmI?
AU1310.0
Notes:
Usingthepwdcommand
Thepwdcommandwillalwaysreturnthefullpathnameofyour(current)present
workingdirectory.Itisnotabadideatousethiscommandoften,especiallywhenyou
areremovingfiles(tobesurethatyouareremovingthemfromthecorrectdirectory).
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ListingDirectories
Syntax:ls [directory]
Commonoptions:
a:Showhiddenfiles(filesthatstartwitha.)
R:Listfilesinallsubdirectories(recursively)
$ls
cdocmanualstest1
$lsa
.profilecdocmanualstest1
$lsR
cdocmanualstest1
./c:
./doc:
Mon_reporttrio_ltrwalrus
Figure49.ListingDirectories
AU1310.0
Notes:
Executingthelscommand
Thelscommandisusedtolistthecontentsofadirectory,andhasmanyusefuloptions
withit.Ifnofileordirectorynameisspecifiedasanargumenttothelscommand,the
currentdirectorywillbeused.
Bydefault,thelscommanddisplaystheinformationinalphabeticorder.Whenthels
commandisexecuteditdoesnotdisplayanyfilenamesthatbeginwithadot( .),unless
theaoptionisused(ascanbeseenonthevisual).Thesefilesaregenerallyreferred
toashiddenfiles,forthisreason.
Tolistallthesubdirectoriesandtheircontents,theRoptioncanbeused.Thisisalso
knownasarecursivedirectorylisting.
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LongListingofFiles
The lscommandwiththe loptioncanbeusedtoobtain
moreinformationaboutthefilesinadirectory.
$lsl
total5
drwxrwxrx
drwxrwxrx
rwxrwxrx
rwxrwxrx
2
2
1
2
team01staff
team01staff
team01staff
team01staff
$lslitest1
29rwxrwxrx2team01staff
1024Aug12
512 Feb18
320 Feb22
144 Feb22
10:16c
09:55doc
07:30suba
16:30test1
144
16:30test1
Feb22
Figure410.LongListingofFiles
AU1310.0
Notes:
Filelistingdetails
Thefieldsfromthelslcommandareasfollows:
Permission
bits
Link
Owner
Group
Size
Mtime
drwxrwxrx
team01
staff
1024
Aug12
10:16
drwxrwxrx
team01
staff
512
Feb18
09:55
doc
rwxrwxrx
team01
staff
320
Feb22
07:30
suba
rwxrwxrx
team01
staff
144
Feb22
16:30
test1
Name
Field1showsthefiletype(suchasordinaryordirectory)andthepermissionbits.File
anddirectorypermissionswillbecoveredinmoredetailinalaterunit.
Field2isthelinkcount.Linkswillbecoveredinmoredetailinthenextunit.
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Field3showstheusernameofthepersonwhoownsthefile.
Field4showsnameofthegroupforwhichgroupaccessprivilegesareineffect.
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Field5showsthecharactercountoftheentry.
Field6showsthedatethecontentsofthefileordirectorywerelastmodified.
Field7showsthenameofthefile/directory.
Theioptionusedwiththelscommanddisplaystheinodenumberinthefirst
column.
Thelscommandismerelydisplayingfileanddirectoryinformationfromtheinode
table.Onlythelastcolumn,thename,comesfromthedirectoryitself.
Notethesizeofthedirectoriesintheaboveexample.Directoryspaceisallocatedin
512byteincrementsandgrowsin512byteincrements.
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ChangeCurrentDirectory
Syntax:cd[directory]
Setthecurrentworkingdirectoryfrom/home/team01 to
/home/team01/doc:
$cddoc
$cd/home/team01/doc
relativepath
fullpath
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Setyourworkingdirectorytoyourhomedirectory:
$cd
Setyourworkingdirectorytotheparentdirectory:
$cd..
Figure411.ChangeCurrentDirectory
AU1310.0
Notes:
Introduction
Thecdcommandisusedtochangeyourcurrentworkingdirectory.
Returningtothehomedirectory
Usingthecdcommandwithnothingafteritwillautomaticallyreturnyoutoyourhome
directory.Thisisthedirectoryintowhichyouareusuallyplacedwhenyoulogin.
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Activity:Q+A
1.Howcanyoudeterminetheinodenumber ofafile?
2.Wherearethenames and inodenumbers offilesstored?
3.Howcanyoudetermineyourcurrentdirectory ?
4.Howcanyoulistallfilesinadirectory ,includinghiddenfiles ?
5.Yourcurrentdirectoryis/usr/dt/bin.Whatistheeasiestwaytochangeto
your homedirectory ?
6.Whichfilenamesarerelative(checkallthatapply)?
../team03/dir1
/tmp/file1
/.profile
./.profile
7.Writedownthethreedifferentfiletypes thatAIXknows:
1.
2.
3.
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Figure412.Activity:Q+A
AU1310.0
Notes:
Takesometimeandanswerthequestions.
Yourinstructorwillreviewthequestionswithyouafterwards.
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CreatingDirectories
Syntax:mkdirdirectory
Tocreatethedirectorytest ,asasubdirectoryof/home/team01:
$mkdir/home/team01/test
fullpathname
(or)
$cd/home/team01
$mkdirtest
relativepathname
Figure413.CreatingDirectories
AU1310.0
Notes:
mkdircommand
Themkdircommandcreatesoneormorenewdirectoriesspecifiedbythedir_name
parameter.Eachnewdirectorycontainsthestandardentries.(dot)and..(dotdot).
Themoptioncanbeusedwiththemkdircommandtospecifythedirectorybeing
createdwithaparticularsetofpermissions.PermissionswillbecoveredinUnit6.
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RemovingDirectories
Syntax:rmdirdirectory
Removethedirectory/home/team01/test:
$rmdir/home/team01/test
Thedirectorymustbeempty!
$rmdirdoc
rmdir:Directorydocisnotempty.
Figure414.RemovingDirectories
AU1310.0
Notes:
Removingdirectories
Yougetnomessageifthecommandissuccessful.Itneverhurtstofollowacommand
suchasthiswithanls,whichisdiscussedonthenextpage,tomakesurethatyou
haveaccomplishedwhatyousetouttodo.
Adirectoryisconsideredemptyifitcontainsonlythe. and.. entries.
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WorkingwithMultipleDirectories
Createmultipledirectoriessimultaneously:
$mkdirpdir1/dir2/dir3
/
home
team01
home
dir1
dir2
team01
dir3
Removealldirectoriesinthepathspecified:
$rmdirpdir1/dir2/dir3
Figure415.WorkingwithMultipleDirectories
AU1310.0
Notes:
Multipledirectories
Usingthepoptionwiththemkdircommandallowsyoutocreatemultiple
subdirectoriessimultaneously.Ifdir1 anddir2 alreadyexist,thendir3 willbecreated.
Thepoptionusedwithrmdirfirstremovesthedir3 directory,thenthedir2 directory,
andfinallythedir1 directory.Ifadirectoryisnotemptyoryoudonothavewrite
permissiontoitwhenitisremoved,thecommandterminateswithanerror.
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DisplayingDirectoryInformation
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$lsldimydir
51drwxrxrx2team01staff
512Jan1717:38mydir
$istatmydir
Inode51ondevice10/8Directory
Protection:rwxrxrx
Owner:208(team01)Group:1(staff)
Linkcount:2
Length512bytes
Lastupdated:
Lastmodified:
Lastaccessed:
ThuJan
ThuJan
FriJan
17
17
18
21:05:43 2002
17:38:52 2002
13:30:00 2002
Figure416.DisplayingDirectoryInformation
AU1310.0
Notes:
Usingtheistatcommandtoqueryinodes
Theioptiondisplaystheinodenumberinthefirstcolumn.Thedoptionusedwithls
willlisttheinodeinformationforadirectory.
Thelscommandhasoptionsthatcandisplayeachofthetimestamps:
Todisplaytheupdatedtime(utime):lslc
Todisplaythemodificationtime(mtime):lsl
Todisplaytheaccesstime(atime):lslu
istatdisplaystheinodeinformationforaparticularfileordirectory.AIXsystems
maintainthreetimestampsforfilesanddirectories.Theupdatedtimereflectschanges
donetotheinodeinformationwhereas,themodificationtimereflectschangestothe
contentsofthefileordirectoryitself.Theaccesstimeisthelasttimethefilewasreador
written.Readingafilechangesitsaccesstime,butnotitsupdatedtimeormodification
time,becauseinformationaboutthefileordirectorywasnotchanged.
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AIXFileNames
Shouldbedescriptive ofthecontent
Shoulduseonlyalphanumericcharacters :
UPPERCASE,lowercase,number,#,@,_
Shouldnotincludeimbeddedblanks
Shouldnotcontainshellmetacharacters :
*?></&![]|$\'"()
Should not beginwith" + "or" "sign

Should not bethesame asasystemcommand
Are casesensitive
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Filenamesstartingwitha . ( dot )arehiddenfromthenormalls

command
The maximumnumberofcharacters forafilenameis255
Figure417.AIXFileNames
AU1310.0
Notes:
AIXfilenames
AIXhasnonotionoffilenameextensionsasyouhaveinotheroperatingsystems(such
asDOS).Thedotissimplyusedaspartofthefilename.Applicationsmayusethisto
describethecontentsofafile,butitisnotenforcedorrequiredbyAIX.
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touchCommand
The touchcommandupdatestheaccess and modificationtimes ofa
file.Thecommandcanalsobeusedtocreatezerolengthfiles .
$lsl
rwxrwxrx
1team01staff
320Jan607:30suba
$date
TuesSep1012:25:002002
$touchsubanew_file
$lsl
rwxrwxrx 1team01staff
rwrr 1team01staff
320Sep1012:25suba
0Sep1012:25new_file
Figure418.touch Command
AU1310.0
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Creatingemptyfiles
Thetouchcommandservestwopurposes.Ifthefilespecifiedbythefilenamedoesnot
exist,azerolength(empty)fileiscreated.Ifthefiledoesexist,thelastmodification
time(displayedwithlsl)isupdatedtoreflectthecurrentdateandtime.
Ifyoudonotspecifyatimevariablewiththetouchcommandthecurrentdateandtime
willbeused.
touchcanalsobehelpfulwhenusedinsituationswhereanapplicationchecksafile's
lastmodificationtimebeforetakingsomeactionsuchasbackuporcompile.
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Checkpoint(1of2)
1. Usingthetreestructureshownearlier,andusing/home as
yourcurrentdirectory,howwouldyourefertothesuba filein
the pgms directoryusingbothfullandrelativepathnames?
2. Whenspecifyingapathname,whatisthedifference
betweenthe.andthe..?
3. Whatwillthecd ../..commanddo?
4. Whatconditionshavetobesatisfiedinorderforthermdir
commandtocompletesuccessfully?
Figure419.Checkpoint(1of2)
AU1310.0
Notes:
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Checkpoint(2of2)
5. Matchthevariousoptionsofthelscommandwiththeir
functions.
a
i
d
l
R
__Providesalonglistingoffiles
__Listshiddenfiles
__Listssubdirectoriesandtheircontentsrecursively
__Displaystheinodenumber
__Displaysinformationaboutadirectory
6. Circlethefollowingvalidfilenamesinthefollowinglist:
1
aBcDe
myfile
my_file
my.file
myfile
.myfile
AU1310.0
Notes:
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Exercise:FilesandDirectories
Figure421.Exercise:FilesandDirectories
AU1310.0
Notes:
Afterthisexercise,youwillbeableto:
Workwithdirectories
Usethelscommand
Usethetouchcommand
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UnitSummary
Therearethreetypesoffileswhicharesupported:
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Ordinary
Directory
Special
TheAIXfilesystemstructureisahierarchicaltree.
Filesareaccessedusingeitherfullorrelativepathnames.A
pathnamealwaysbeginswitha/(forwardslash).
Thefollowingcommandscanbeusedwithdirectories:
pwd, cd, mkdir, rmdir, and ls.
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Unit5.UsingFiles
WhatThisUnitIsAbout
Thisunitintroducesusefulcommandstobeusedwhenworkingwith
AIXfiles.
Usethecpcommandtocopyfiles
Usethemvcommandtomoveorrenamefiles
Usethewccommandtocountthenumberoflines,words,and
bytesinanamedfile
Usethelncommandtoallowafiletohavemorethanonename
Displaythecontentsofafileusingthecat,pg,andmore
commands
Usethermcommandtoremovefiles
Printfiles
Accountability:
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Checkpointquestions
Exercise
Unit5.UsingFiles
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UnitObjectives
Usethecpcommandtocopyfiles
Usethemvcommandtomoveorrenamefiles
Usethewccommandtocountthenumberoflines,words,and
bytesinanamedfile
Usethelncommandtoallowafiletohavemorethanone
name
Displaythecontentsofafileusingthecat, pg,andmore
commands
Usethermcommandtoremovefiles
Printfiles
AU1310.0
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CopyingFiles
cpsourcetarget
cpfile1file2...target_dir
Tocopythefile/home/team03/pgms/suba to /home/team01/doc and
nameitprograma:
$pwd
/home/team01/doc
$cp/home/team03/pgms/subaprograma
before
home
after
home
team01
team01
doc
doc
mon_report
trio_ltr
walrus
mon_report
programa
trio_ltr
walrus
Figure52.CopyingFiles
AU1310.0
Notes:
Copyingfiles
Thecpcommandcopiesfromoneormoresourcefilestoatargetfile.Thesourceis
usuallyanordinaryfile,butcanalsobeadirectoryfileiftheR(recursive)optionis
used.
Unit5.UsingFiles
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cpExamples
$cd/home/team01
$cpdoc/programatest1c
home
home
team01
team01
doc
programa
.profile
manuals
test1
doc
programa
test1
programa
.profile
manuals
test1
$cd/home/team01/doc
$cptrio_ltr../c
home
home
team01
team01
doc
c
trio_ltr
doc
trio_ltr
trio_ltr
Figure53.cpExamples
AU1310.0
Notes:
Copyingmultiplefiles
Thecpcommandcancopymultiplefilestoatarget.Inthatcase,thetargetmustbea
directory.
Targetexists
Whenusingthecpcommand,ifthefilespecifiedasthetargetfilealreadyexists,then
thecopyoperationwilloverwritetheoriginalcontentsofthefilewithoutwarning.To
avoidthisusethei(interactivecopy)option.
Targetisadirectory
Ifthetargetisadirectory,thesourcefile(s)willbecreatedwithinthedirectory,and
retainthesamefilename(s).
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cpRcanbeusedtorecursivelycopyallfiles,subdirectories,andthefilesinthose
subdirectoriestoanewdirectory.Forexample:
cpR/home/team01/mydir/home/team01/newdir
Question:
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Whatcommandwouldyouusetocopythefile/public/phonebook intoyourcurrent
directory?(Hint:Youdonotneedtoknowwhatyourcurrentdirectoryis.)
Unit5.UsingFiles
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MovingandRenamingFiles
mvsourcetarget
mvfile1file2...target_dir
$pwd
/home/team01/c
$mvtrio_ltrt.letter
home
home
team01
team01
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c
trio_ltr
t.letter
Figure54.MovingandRenamingFiles
AU1310.0
Notes:
Themvcommand
Themvcommandmovesfilesanddirectoriesfromonedirectorytoanotherorrenames
afileordirectory.Ifyoumoveafileordirectorytoanewdirectory,itretainsthebasefile
name.Whenyoumoveafile,alllinkstootherfilesremainintact,exceptwhenyou
moveittoadifferentfilesystem.Whenyoumoveadirectoryintoanexistingdirectory,
thedirectoryanditscontentsareaddedundertheexistingdirectory.
Whenyouusethemvcommandtorenameafileordirectory,thetargetcanspecify
eitheranewfilenameoranewdirectorypathname.
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mvExamples
$pwd
/home/team01/c
$mvt.letter../doc/letter
home
home
team01
team01
doc
t.letter
doc
trio_ltr
letter
trio_ltr
$pwd
/home/team01/c
$mv../doc/mon_report.
home
home
team01
team01
doc
mon_report
doc
mon_report
Figure55.mvExamples
AU1310.0
Notes:
Movingfiles
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Asaresultofthemvcommand,youwillstillhavethesamenumberoffilesasyoudid
before.Furthermore,alltheattributesremainthesame.Theonlythingsthatchangeare
thefilenameandlocation.
Commandarguments
Thesourcecanbeafileoralistoffiles.Ifthesourceisalistoffiles,thenthetarget
mustbeadirectory.
Thetargetcanbeafileoradirectory.Warning! Ifthetargetisthenameofafilethat
alreadyexistsandifyouhavethecorrectpermissionssetforthatfileanddirectory,you
willoverwritethefileandnevergetanerrormessage.Toavoidthis,usemvi,an
interactivemovewhichpromptsyouifthereareduplicatenames.
Unit5.UsingFiles
57
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ListingFileContents
catfile1file2...
$catwalrus
"Thetimehascome,"theWalrussaid,
"Totalkofmanythings:
Ofshoesandshipsandsealingwax
Ofcabbagesandkings
Andwhytheseaisboilinghot
Andwhetherpigshavewings."
FromTheWalrusAndTheCarpenter
byLewisCarroll(1871)
Figure56.ListingFileContents
AU1310.0
Notes:
Introduction
Thecatcommanddisplaysthecontentsofallthefilesthatarespecifiedasarguments
tothecommand.
Toomuchoutput?
Thecatcommanddoesnotpaginatetheoutput.Ifitislongerthanascreen,thefilewill
scrolluntilthebottomofthefileisreached.Thus,youmayonlybeabletoreadthelast
fullscreenofinformation.
Linenumbers
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Todisplayallthelinesofafile,withnumbersdisplayedbesideeach,usethenflag.
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DisplayingFiles
pgfilename
morefilename
$pgwalrus
Ofcabbagesandkings
: <Enter>
$morewalrus
Ofcabbagesandkings
walrus(100%) <Enter>
onepageatatime
Figure57.DisplayingFiles
AU1310.0
Notes:
Displayingfiles
Thepgcommandreadsthefilenamesspecifiedanddisplaysthefilesonepageata
time.Eachscreenisfollowedbyaprompt.Press<Enter>todisplaythenextpage
downandhtogethelpinformation.
Themorecommandworksinmuchthesamewayasthepgcommanditdisplays
continuoustextonescreenatatime.Itpausesaftereachscreenandprintstheword
Moreatthebottomofthescreen.IfyoupressEnter,itdisplaysanadditionalline.Ifyou
pressthe<spacebar>,itdisplaysthenextscreenoftext.
Searchfunction
Bothpgandmoresupportsearchingthroughthefileforpatterns.morealsosupports
searchpatternhighlighting.
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wcCommand
The wccommandcountsthenumberoflines,words,andbytesina
namedfile:
$wc[c][l][w]filename
Options:
c
l
w
countsthenumberofbytes
countslines
countswords
Example:
$wcmyfile
17
126
1085myfile
characters
words
lines
AU1310.0
Figure58.wc Command
Notes:
Countingfilecontents
Whenfilesarespecifiedwiththewccommand,theirnameswillbeprintedalongwith
thecounts.Ifoptionsarenotused,theorderoftheoutputwillalwaysbelines,words,
andcharacters.
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Activity:WorkingwiththewcCommand
Activity
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Figure59.Activity:WorkingwiththewcCommand
AU1310.0
Notes:
Activity
__1.Logintothesystemwithyourteamxx IDandpassword.
__2.Executethewccommandandcountlinesinfile.profile .
__3.Executethewccommandandcountthebytesinfile.profile .
__4.Executethelslacommandonthefile.profile .Comparethisnumberwiththe
outputofinthepreviousstep.
Unit5.UsingFiles
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ActivitywithHints
__1.Logintothesystemwithyourteamxx IDandpassword.
login:teamxx(attheloginprompt)
Password:teamxx(defaultpasswordsameasusername)
__2.Executethewccommandandcountlinesinfile.profile .
$wcl.profile
__3.Executethewccommandandcountthebytesinfile.profile .
$wcc.profile
__4.Executethelslacommandonthefile.profile .Comparethisnumberwiththe
outputofinthepreviousstep.
$lsla.profile
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LinkingFiles
lnsource_filetarget_file
Allowsfilestohavemorethanonenameinthedirectorystructure
Bothfilesreferencethesameinode
Cannotbeusedwithdirectories,cannotspanfilesystems
$lsli
63rwrr
2team01staff
1910Nov2114:19man_files
$lnman_filesmanuals
$lsli
63rwrr
63rwrr
2team01staff
2team01staff
1910Nov2114:19manuals
Figure510.LinkingFiles
AU1310.0
Notes:
Introduction
Thelncommandinitssimplestofformsallowsonefiletohavetwoormoredifferent
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namesinthedirectorystructure.Thesemultiplereferencesarealsoknownashard
links.Nocopyofthefiletakesplaceeachreferenceinthedirectorypointstothesame
inode.
Allothercharacteristicsoftheoriginalfilearereflectedinthenewfilereference.Thatis,
permissions,ownership,size,andmodificationtimeallremainthesame.Anychanges
toeitherfilewillbereflectedintheother.
Whenusingthelncommand,thesourceistheexistingfile,andthetargetisthenew
filereference(orlink)tobecreated.
ThesetypesoffilereferencescanonlybecreatedwithinthesameAIXfilesystem(or
partition).
Unit5.UsingFiles
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LinkingFiles(cont.)
lnssource_filetarget_file
Createsanindirect referencetoafile( symboliclink )
Namereferencestheoriginalfilesnameandpath
Canbeusedwithdirectoriesandspanfilesystems
$
l
s
l
i
63
r
w
rr
2team01staff
$ lnsman_filesmanuals
$3
l
s
l
i
6
r
w
rr
66lrwxrwxrwx
1team01staff
1team01staff
1910Nov2114:19manuals>man_files
Figure511.LinkingFiles(cont.)
AU1310.0
Notes:
Introduction:
Thelncommandalsoallowsforthecreationofindirectreferencestofiles.Theseare
calledsymboliclinks,andarecreatedusingthesoption.
Whenasymboliclinkiscreated,thedirectoryentryreferencesthenameofthesourcefile,
ratherthantheinode.Theycanbeusedwithdirectoriesaswellasfiles,andcanspan
physicalfilesystems.
Inthels loutputabove,thesymboliclinkisvisibleinthefilepermissionbitsthefirst
characterisanl(lowercasel).Also,inthelinkfilename,youcanseethereferencetothe
sourcefile.
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RemovingFiles
rmfile1file2file3...
$ls
mon_reporttrio_ltrwalrus
$rmmon_report
$ls
trio_ltrwalrus
$rmiwalrus
rm:removewalrus?y
$ls
trio_ltr
$
Figure512.RemovingFiles
AU1310.0
Notes:
Methodsofremovingentries
Thermcommandremovestheentriesforthespecifiedfileorfilesfromadirectory.By
default,thereisnoconfirmationbeforetheentryisdeleted.Toincludeaconfirmation,
usethei(interactive)option.
Theroptionpermitsrecursiveremovalofdirectoriesandtheircontentsifadirectoryis
specified.Usethisoptionwithcare,asitdoesnotrequirethedirectorytobeemptyin
orderforthisoptiontowork.
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PrintingFiles
qprtqueuefilestotheprinter
qchkdisplaythecurrentstatusofaprintqueue
qcancancelaprintjob(specifyjobnumber)
$qprtwalrus
$qchk
QueueDevStatusJobFilesUser
lp0
lp0Running 99walrusteam01
PP%BlksCpRnk
1
1 1 1
$qcanx99
$
Figure513.PrintingFiles
AU1310.0
Notes:
Printsubsystems
AIXsupportstwoprintingsubsystems:theSystemVPrintingSubsystemandtheAIX
PrintingSubsystem.
Printingfiles
Theprinterqueuemechanismofeithersubsystemallowsmultipleuserstousethe
sameprinterwithoutauserhavingtowaitfortheprintertobeavailable.
Toqueueafileforprintingthereareanumberofcommandsavailable(toremain
compatiblewithotherversionsofUNIX).Theyareqprt,lp,lpr.Thecommandqprt
hasthemostfacilities.
Tospecifyaprinter(otherthanthedefault)usethePoptiontotheqprtcommand.For
example,tosendafiletoqueuelp1use:
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$qprt Plp1filename
Toobtainthejobnumberofyourprintrequestusethe#joptionwiththeqprt
commandatthetimeofsubmission.
Printcommanddifferences
Alternativecommandsexistforprinting.Theyare:
AT&T
$lpfilename
BSD
$lprfilename
Thefollowingcommandsareavailabletolistandcanceljobsintheprintqueues:
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AT&T
$lpstat
BSD
$lpq
Displayingqueueinformation
Theqchkcommandbydefaultwillonlylistinformationaboutthedefaultqueue.To
obtainalistingforallthequeuesdefinedonyoursystemusetheAoptionorusethe
lpstatcommand.
Theqcancommandcanbeusedtocancelonefileinaqueuewhenusedwiththex
option.Itcanalsobeusedtocancelallyourjobsinaparticularqueuewhenusedwith
theXoptionthatis:
$qcanXPlp0
Unit5.UsingFiles
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Checkpoint
1. Whatistheeffectofthefollowingcommands?
$cd/home/team01
$cpfile1file2
$cd/home/team01
$mvfile1newfile
$cd/home/team01
$lnnewfilemyfile
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4. Listcommandsthatcanbeusedtoviewthecontentsofafile.
AU1310.0
Notes:
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Exercise:UsingFiles
Figure515.Exercise:UsingFiles
AU1310.0
Notes:
Aftercompletingthelab,youwillbeableto:
Copy,move,link,andremovefiles
Displaythecontentsofafileusingdifferentcommands
Printafile
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Unit5.UsingFiles
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UnitSummary
The cpcommandcanbeusedtocopyfiles.
The mvcommandcanbeusedtomoveandrenamefiles.
The lncommandcanbeusedtocreateadditionalnamesfor
afile.
Displaythecontentsofafileusingcat, pg,ormore.
Usethermcommandtodeletefiles.
Usetheqprtcommandtoprintfiles.
The wccommandcouldbeusedtocountwordsorlinesfrom
filesorcommandoutput.
AU1310.0
Notes:
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Unit6.FilePermissions
WhatThisUnitIsAbout
Thisunitintroducesthestudentstotheconceptofprotectingfilesfrom
unauthorizedaccessbycontrollingafile'spermissions.
Listthebasicfilepermissions
Changethebasicfilepermissionsusingboththeoctaland
symbolicformats
Accountability:
StudentActivity
Checkpointquestions
Exercise
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UnitObjectives
Listthebasicfilepermissions
Change thebasicfilepermissions usingboththeoctaland
symbolicformats
AU1310.0
Notes:
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LongListingofFiles
The lscommandwiththe loptioncanbeusedtoobtainmore
informationaboutthefilesinadirectory.
$lsl
drwxrwxrx
drwxrwxrx
rwxrwxrx
rwxrwxrx
2team01
2team01
1team01
2team01
staff 1024
staff 512
staff 320
staff 144
Aug12
Feb18
Feb22
Feb22
10:16c
09:55doc
07:30suba
16:30test1
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PermissionBits
Figure62.LongListingofFiles
AU1310.0
Notes:
Introduction
Aninodedescribesafileordirectoryentryasitappearsonadisk.Eachfilehasone
inodeassignedtoit.Theinformationthatisdisplayedfromthelslcommand(as
shownontheabovevisual)isreadfromtheinodesassociatedwiththefileslisted.
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lscommandoutput
Thefieldsfromthe lslcommandareasfollows:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
drwxrwxrx
team01
staff
1024
Aug12
10:16
drwxrwxrx
team01
staff
512
Feb18
09:55
doc
rwxrwxrx
team01
staff
320
Feb22
07:30
suba
rwxrwxrx
team01
staff
144
Feb22
16:30
test1
Field1showsthefile/directoryandpermissionbits
Field2isthelinkcount
Field3showstheusernameofthepersonwhoownsentry
Field4showsthenameofthegroupforwhichgroupprotectionprivilegesarein
effect
Field5showsthecharactercountoftheentry
Field6showsthedateandtimethefilewaslastmodified
Field7showsthenameofthefile/directory
The doptionusedwiththe loptionofthelscommandisanotherveryuseful
option.Thedoptionwilldisplayonlytheinformationaboutthedirectoryspecified.
Directoriesaretreatedlikeordinaryfiles.
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FileProtection/Permissions
Everyfileanddirectoryonthesystemhasfilepermissionsassociatedwithit.
Threepermissioncategories:owner , group , and other
Threebitscanbesetforeachcategory:read,write,execute(rwx)
Foranordinary file:
r=>Canlookatthecontentsofafile
w=>Canchangeordeletethecontentsofafile
x=>Canexecutethefile( r isalsoneededifascript)
Foradirectory :
r=>Canlistthefileswithinadirectory( ls)
w=>Canmodify/removefilesinthedirectory
x=>Canchangeintothedirectoryandaccessthefileswithin( cd)
Figure63.FileProtection/Permissions
AU1310.0
Notes:
Filepermissions
Thevisualdescribesthethreepermissioncategories,andtheassociatedpermissionbits
thatcanbesetforeach.
Forfiles,thepermissionbitsarestraightforward.Forshellscripts,therbitisrequiredwith
thextomakethefileexecutable.Compiled(binary)programsonlyrequirethex.
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Fordirectories,thexbitisrequiredtoaccessanyofthefilesorsubdirectorieswithinit.This
impliesthatthexbitisrequiredonalldirectoriesaboveitaswell.
Thewbitonadirectoryoverridesanypermissionsonthefileswithinthatdirectory.Thus,if
auserhaswriteaccesstoadirectory,theycanremoveANYfilesordirectorieswithinit,
regardlessoftheindividualfilespermissions.
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ChangingPermissions(SymbolicNotation)
chmodmodefilename
u =ownerofthefile
+ :addpermissions
:removepermissions
g =owner'sgroup
o =otherusersonthesystem = :clearspermissionsandsetstomodespecified
a =all
$lslnewfile
rwrr1team01
staff
58Apr21 16:06
newfile
$chmodgo+wnewfile
$lslnewfile
rwrwrw1team01
staff
58Apr21 16:06
newfile
$chmoda+xnewfile
$lslnewfile
rwxrwxrwx1team01 staff
58Apr21 16:06
newfile
$chmodorwxnewfile
$lslnewfile
rwxrwx1team01
58Apr21 16:06
newfile
staff
Figure64.ChangingPermissions(SymbolicNotation)
AU1310.0
Notes:
Symbolicnotation
Withsymbolicnotation,youarespecifyingchangesrelativetotheexistingpermissions
onafileordirectorybyaddingordeletingpermissions.Youcancheckwhatthe
permissionsarecurrentlysettobyusingthelslcommand.
Youcanspecifymultiplesymbolicmodesseparatedwithcommas.Donotseparate
itemsinthislistwithspaces.Operationsareperformedintheordertheyappearfrom
lefttoright.
WhenyouusetheSymbolicmodetospecifypermissionmodes,thefirstsetof
parametersselectsthepermissionfield,asfollows:
uFileowner
gGroup
oAllothers
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aUser,group,andallothers.Thishasthesameeffectasspecifyingtheugo
options.Theaoptionisthedefaultpermissionfield.Ifthepermissionfieldis
omitted,thedefaultistheaoption.
Thesecondsetofflagsselectswhetherpermissionsaretobetakenaway,added,or
setexactlyasspecified:
Removesspecifiedpermissions
+Addsspecifiedpermissions
=Clearstheselectedpermissionfieldandsetsittothemodespecified.Ifyou
donotspecifyapermissionmodefollowing=,thechmodcommandremoves
allpermissionsfromtheselectedfield.
Thethirdsetofparametersofthechmodcommandselectsthepermissionsasfollows:
rReadpermission
wWritepermission
xExecutepermissionforfilessearchpermissionfordirectories.
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ChangingPermissions(OctalNotation)
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Fileanddirectorypermissionscanbespecifiedinthesymbolic
syntaxorasanoctalnumber :
User
rwx
111
4+2+1
7
Symbolic
Binary
Octal
Others
r
100
4+0+0
4
Group
rw
110
4+2+0
6
Tochangepermissionssotheowner and group have read and write

permissionsandothersreadonly :
$lslnewfile
rwrr 1team01staff
58Apr2116:06newfile
$chmod664newfile
$lslnewfile
1
team01staff
rwrwr
65Apr2217:06newfile
Figure65.ChangingPermissions(OctalNotation)
AU1310.0
Notes:
Permissionnotation
Eachpermissioninthegroupofnineisrepresentedbyaoneandalackofpermission
isrepresentedbyazero.Sorwrrtranslatesto110100100inbinary,or644inoctal
notation.
Whenusingoctalnotation,allpermissionbitsmustbesetyoucannotchange
permissionsononecategory(thatis,justtheowner,orjustthegroup).
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Translatingpermissions
Thechartbelowmayhelpintranslatingbinarytooctalforthosewhoareunfamiliarwith
binarynotation:
user
group
others
r
|
w
|
x
|
r
|
w
|
x
|
r
|
w
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
400
|
|
|
|
40
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
200
|
|
20
|
|
|
|
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100
10
1
Inordertotranslatethemodeyourequiretoanumber,addthenumberscorresponding
tothepermissionsyouneed.So,ifyouneedthefiletobereadableandwritablebythe
ownerandgroup,andreadablebyalltheotherusersofthesystem,simplyperformthe
addition:
400
200
40
20
4
____
664
____
Thechmodcommandwouldbe:
$chmod664newfile
Withtheoctalformat,youspecifyafile'sfinalpermissions.
Warningmessages
Sometimesthefilepermissionwillgenerateasafetyprompt,ratherthantotally
preventingyoufromcompletingtheoperation.Forexample,ifyouaretheownerofa
file,youhavenopermissionsonthatfile(forexample000),andyoutrytoremoveit,the
systemwillaskyouifyouwanttooverridetheprotectionsettingonthefilethatyouwish
toremove.Youmayrespondyesatthispoint,andthesystemwillremoveyourfile.The
samewillhappenifyouareamemberofthegroup.
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DefaultFilePermissions
Thedefaultprotectionsfornewlycreatedfilesanddirectoriesare:
File
rwrr
644
Directory drwxrxrx
755
Thesedefaultsettingsmaybechangedbychangingtheumaskvalue.
Figure66.DefaultFilePermissions
AU1310.0
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Notes:
Systemdefaults
Therealdefaultpermissionsforafileanddirectoryare666and777respectively.The
umaskvalueisthensubtractedfromthesevalues.Thedefaultumaskis022,which
leavesyouwithvaluesof644forafileand755foradirectory.
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umask
The umaskspecifieswhatpermissionbitswillbesetonanewfile
or directory whencreated.Itisanoctalnumber thatisusedto
determinewhatpermissionbitsafileordirectoryiscreatedwith:
NewDirectory:777022: 755
NewFile:
666022: 644
=>rwxrxrx
=>rwrr
Thedefaultvalueof022 issetin /etc/security/user . Itcanbe

changedforallusersorforaspecificuser.
Figure67.umask
AU1310.0
.
Notes:
Understandingpermissions
umaskisacommandwhichsetstheumaskvaluebyacceptinganoctalpermissionstring
asanargument.Ifanargumentisnotprovidedthenumaskwilldisplaytheexisting
umaskvalue.
Thechmodcommandworksbyapplyingapermissionsmaskontoafile.umask,onthe
otherhand,worksbytakingawaythesepermissions.
Thedefaultsettingoftheumaskis022.Fortightersecurity,youshouldmaketheumask
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027oreven077.
Aumaskof022specifiesthatthepermissionsonanewfilewillbe644oronanew
directorywillbe755.Aumaskof000wouldgive666permissionsonafile(read/write
accesstoall)or777onadirectory(read/write/executeaccesstoall).
Executepermissionsareneversetwhenordinaryfilesarecreated.
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Permissionoctalformat
Remember,thepermissions,inoctal,are:
0
0
0 =nothing
1
1
1 =eXecute
2
2
2 =Write
4
4
4 =Read
___
___
___
usergroupothers
Usingchmod,permissionsaregrantedbysummingtheoctalvaluesforeachcategory
(user,grouporothers),forexample644means(2+4)(4)(4)or(w+r)(r)(r).
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Activity:PersonalDirectories
Activity
Figure68.Activity:PersonalDirectories
AU1310.0
Notes:
Activity
Inthisactivityyouwillreviewtheumaskandchmodcommands.
__1.Logintothesystem.
__2.Executetheumaskcommandandwritedowntheumaskyouareusing:
__3.Accordingtoyourumask,whatdefaultfilepermissiondoyouexpectforanew
directoryoranewfile?
Newdirectory:_________
Newfile:
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__4.Createanewdirectorytestdir1 andcheckthefilepermissions.
__5.Createanewfiletestfile1 andcheckthefilepermissions.
__6.Executethecommandumask027tochangeyourdefaultumask.
__7.Createanewdirectorypersonal andcheckthefilepermissions.Whatdifferencedo
yousee?
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__8.Inaprivatedirectorywherepersonalfilesarestored,youshouldpreventothersfrom
accessingthisdirectory.Executethechmodcommandandprotectyourpersonal
directory.
Writedownthecommandyouexecuted:
__9.Executelsldpersonalandcheckthattherightsarecorrect.
Pleaseresettheumasktothevaluefoundinstep2orlogoutandloginagain.
Optionalactivity:
__10.Verifywiththettycommandonwhichterminalyouareworking.Displaythe
permissionsofthatterminalwiththecommandlsl$(tty).Nowusethe
commandmesgwithoptionyorntoallowordenymessagesviawriteorwall
commandstothisterminal.Displaythepermissionsagain.Whatdoesthemesg
commanddo?
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Function/PermissionsRequired
Command
SourceDirectory SourceFile
TargetDirectory
cd
N/A
N/A
ls
N/A
N/A
lsl
r,x
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
mkdir
x
w(parent)
rmdir
x
w(parent)
cat,pg,more x
mv
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cp
x,w
x
NONE
r
x,w
x,w
touch
x,w*
NONE
N/A
rm
x,w
NONE
N/A
Figure69.Function/PermissionsRequired
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Notes:
Filepermissions
Thistablecanbeusedasareferencetoensurethatthecorrectpermissionsareseton
filesanddirectoriestoaccomplishthedesiredactivity.
*wpermissionisalsoneededinthesourcedirectorywhenusingthetouchcommand
tocreateazerolengthfile.wpermissionisnotnecessaryifusingthetouchcommand
onanexistingfileforthepurposeofupdatingthemodificationdate.
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Checkpoint(1of3)
Thefollowingquestionsareforafilecalledreporta whichhasthe
followingsetofpermissions:rwxrxrx
1. Whatisthemodeinoctal?
2. Changemodetorwxrr usingsymbolicformat.
3. Repeattheaboveoperationusingoctalformat.
Questionfourisbasedonthefollowinglisting.Assumethatthe
directoryjobs containsthefilejoblog .
$lslR
total8
drwxrxrx 2 judyfinance
512June5
11:08 jobs
./jobs:
total8
rwrwr 1judyfinance
100June6
12:16 joblog
4. CanFred,whoisamemberofthefinancegroup,modifythefile
joblog ?
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Checkpoint(2of3)
Thisquestionisbasedonthefollowinglisting.Assumethatthe
directoryjobscontainsthedirectorywork,whichinturncontainsthe
file joblog .
$lslR
total8
drwxrwxrx 3judyfinance
512June5
11:08jobs
./jobs:
total8
drwxrwrx 2judyfinance
512June5
11:10 work
./jobs/work:
total8
rwrwr 1judyfinance
100June6
12:16 joblog
5. CanFred,whoisamemberofthefinancegroup,modifythefile
joblog ?
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Checkpoint(3of3)
Thisquestionisbasedonthefollowinglisting.Assumethatthe
directoryjobscontainsthedirectorywork,whichinturncontainsthe
file joblog .
$lslR
total8
drwxrxrx 3judyfinance
512June5
11:08 jobs
./jobs:
total8
drwxrwxrwx 2judyfinance
512June5
11:10 work
./jobs/work:
total8
rwrwr 1judyfinance
100June6
12:16 joblog
6. CanFred,whoisamemberofthefinancegroup,copythefilejoblog
tohishomedirectory?
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Notes:
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Exercise:FilePermissions
Figure613.Exercise:FilePermissions
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Notes:
Aftercompletingtheexercise,youwillbeableto:
Manipulatepermissionsonordinaryfilesanddirectories
Interpretfileanddirectorypermissionbits
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UnitSummary
Basic filepermissionscanbelistedusingthels l
command.
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chmodgrantsorremovesread,write,andexecute
permissionsforthreeclassesofusers:user , group and
others .
Thepermissionsusedwiththechmodcommandcanbe
definedinsymbolicoroctalformat.
The umaskspecifiesthepermissionsfornewfilesand
directories.
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Notes:
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Unit7.TheviEditor
WhatThisUnitIsAbout
Thisunitisanintroductiontothevieditor.Itdescribeshowtobegin
aneditsession,addtext,removetext,andsavetextwithinafile.
Createandeditfiles
Manipulatetextwithinafile
Setupdefaultsforthevieditor
Executecommandlineediting
Definetheusesfortheotherformsofvi
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Accountability:
Studentactivity
Checkpointquestions
Exercise
Unit7.TheviEditor
71
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UnitObjectives
Create and edit files
Manipulatetext withinafile
Setupdefaults forthevieditor
Execute commandlineediting
Definetheusesfortheotherformsofvi
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IntroductiontotheviEditor
Fullscreen editor
Twomodes ofoperation:command and text
Utilizes onelettercommands
Doesnotformattext
Flexiblesearchandreplacefacilitywithpatternmatching
Allowsforuserdefinededitingfunctionsusingmacros
Figure72.Introductiontothevi Editor
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Notes:
Thevieditor
Itisimportanttoknowviforthefollowingreasons:
ItistheonlyeditoravailableinmaintenancemodeonIBMSystemp
StandardeditoracrossallUNIXsystems
Commandlineeditingfeature
Usedasdefaulteditorforsomeprograms
Modesofoperation
Thevieditorhastwomodesofoperation.Commandmodeallowstheusertoperform
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operationsonthetext,suchascut,paste,cursormovement,andreplacement.These
operationsareallinvokedbyonecharactercommands.Textmode(alsoknownas
insertmode)allowstheusertoentertextallcharacterstypedareinsertedintothefile.
Unit7.TheviEditor
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Thereisnowaytotellwhichmodetheeditorisin,otherthanpressingakeyonthe
keyboard.Ifthekeyyoupressisinsertedintothefile,thecurrentmodeistextmode.If
thekeyperformsanaction,thecurrentmodeiscommandmode.
Switchingfromcommandmodetotextmodeisdonewithoneoftheinserttext
commands,whichwillbecoveredlater.Returningtocommandmodeisdoneby
pressingthe<Esc>key.
Advancedfeatures
Thevieditorhasmanyadvancedfeatures,suchasflexiblesearchandreplace(using
standardregularexpressions),undo,anduserdefinededitingfunctions(called
macros).
ItisimportanttorememberthatthevieditoreditsASCIItextfilesdirectlyitdoesnot
formatthetextinanyway,asawordprocessorwoulddo.
Introductiontovifunctions
Thisunitcoversonlyasubsetofthevifunctions.Itisaverypowerfuleditor.Referto
theonlinedocumentationforadditionalfunctions.RefertotheCommandSummaryin
theappendicesforareferenceguideonusingvi.
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Starting vi
$vivifile
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
"vifile"
[Newfile]
Ifthefile"vifile" doesnotexist,itwillbecreated
Otherwise, viwillopentheexistingfile
Figure73.Startingvi
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.
Notes:
Editorstartup
Whentheeditorstartsup,itneedstouseworkspacefortheneworexistingfileyouare
goingtoedit.Itdoesthisbyusinganeditingbuffer.Whenasessionisinitiated,oneof
twothingshappens:
Ifthefiletobeeditedexists,acopyofthefileisputintoabufferin/var/tmp by
default.
Ifthefiledoesnotexist,anemptybufferisopenedforthissession.
Thetildecharactersrepresentemptylinesintheeditor.
Theeditorstartsincommandmode.
Unit7.TheviEditor
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AddingText
$vivifile
keystroke
Thisfileisbeingcreatedusingthe
vieditor.
Tolearnmoreaboutthevieditor,
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l
uo
no
dk
e
ri
n
v
it
.he"CommandsReference"manual
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
Figure74.AddingText
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Notes:
Addingtexttoafile
Totypetextintoafile,thefollowingcommandscanbeused:
a
appendtextafterthecursor
appendtexttotheendoftheline
inserttextatthecursor
inserttextatthestartoftheline
openanewlineunderthecurrentline
openanewlineabovethecurrentline
Eachofthesecommandsplacesthesessionintotextmode.Anycharactersentered
willbeplacedintothefile.
Toexitfromtextmode,pressthe<Esc>key.
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ExitingtheEditor
$vivifile
keystroke:
<Esc>
vieditor.
Tolearnmoreaboutthevieditor,
lookinthe"CommandsReference"manual
undervi.
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
:wq
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Toquitwithout saving:
Tosave and exit :
:q!
:xor:wqor<shiftzz>
Figure75.ExitingtheEditor
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Notes:
Exitingtheeditor
Togetintocommandmode,ortoensurethatyouareincommandmode,press<Esc>
beforecarryingoutanycommands.
Thesecommandswillexittheeditor.Eachwillexitdifferently.
:q
quitswithoutsaving.Thisoptionwillonlyworkifyouhavenotmade
anychanges.Ifyouhavemadechanges,thentoforceanexitoutof
theeditor,use!withtheqcommand.
:w
writeschanges
:x
savesandexits
:wq
writeschangesandquits
<Shift+zz>writeschangesandquits
The :subcommandwillplacethecursoratthebottomofthescreen.
Unit7.TheviEditor
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CursorMovement
1G
<ctrlb>
H
k
<uparrow>
0
b,B
h
<leftarrow>
$
w,W
l
<rightarrow>
<downarrow>
j
L
<ctrlf>
G
Figure76.CursorMovement
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Notes:
Movingwithinafile
Notethatforalltheuppercasespecifiedcommands,the<shift>keymustbeused.
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Thefollowingcommandsdescribedifferenttechniquesformovingaroundwithinafile.
Movingwithinaline
Tomovewithinalinemakesureyouareincommandmodeand:
<leftarrow>orh onecharacterleft
<rightarrow>orl onecharacterright
0
movetobeginningofline
$
movetoendofline
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Movingtoaword
Tomovetoaword:
w
nextsmallword
nextbigword
backtoprevioussmallword
backtopreviousbigword
endofnextsmallword
endofnextbigword
Movingwithinthescreen
Tomovewithinthescreen:
<uparrow>ork
onelineup
<downarrow>orj
H
onelinedown
middlelineonscreen
lastlineonscreen
toplineonscreen
Scrollingthescreen
Toscrollthescreen:
<ctrlf>
scrollforward
<ctrlb>
scrollbackward
Movingwithinthefile
Tomovewithinthefile:
1G
gotothefirstline
45G
gotolinenumber45
gotothelastline
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DeletingText
Todeleteasinglecharacter :
Todeletetothe endofthecurrentword :
dw
Todeletetotheendoftheline :
d$
Todeletetothestartoftheline :
d0
Todeletethewholeline :
dd
Todeletearangeoflines :
:20,40d
Undo thelastchange:
Figure77.DeletingText
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Notes:
Introduction
Toexecuteanyoftheillustratedcommands,youmustbeincommandmode.
Thereareseveraldifferentwaystoperformthedeletefunctions.SeetheAIX
documentationforothervideletefunctions.
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SearchforaPattern
$vivifile
keystroke:
<Esc>
n
vieditor.
T
v
i
e
d
i
t
o
r
,
lo
o
ol
ke
a
ir
nn
tm
ho
er
e
"
Ca
ob
mo
mu
at
n
dt
sh
e
Re
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
"
manual
undervi.
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
/the
Tosearchforward,use/text
Tosearchbackward,use ?
text
Figure78.SearchforaPattern
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Notes:
Searchingforpatterns
Whenincommandmode,pressing/automaticallyputsyouatthebottomofthefile,
readytotypeinasearchpattern.
/thesearchesforwardforthefirstoccurrenceofthewordthe.
?thesearchesbackwardforthefirstoccurrenceofthewordthe.
Pressingthenkeywillcontinuethesearchinthesamedirection(forwardif/wasused,
backwardif?wasused).
TheNkeywillcontinuethesearchintheoppositedirection.
Unit7.TheviEditor
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Activity: viCommands
Assignthefollowingvicommands:
a,i,u,x,dd,G,1G,ESC,:q!,:wq
Quitwithoutsaving:
Deletethewholeline:
Exitfromtextmode:
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Addtextaftercursor:
Undothelastchange:
Gotothelastline:
Deleteasinglecharacter:
Inserttextatthecursor:
Writechangesandquit:
Gotothefirstline:
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Figure79.Activity:vi Commands
Notes:
Completethetableinthevisual.
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ChangingText
$vivifile
keystroke:
<Esc>
vieditor.
Tolearnmoreabouttheoneandonlyvi
editor,
lookintheoneandonly"Commands
Reference"
manualundervi.
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
:g/the/s//theoneandonly/g
Textcanbereplacedbyovertyping: Rnewtext
rX (X=newcharacter)
Asinglecharactercanbereplaced:
c2w
Wordscanbechanged:
Oreveryoccurrenceofawordcanbesubstitutedforanotherwordor
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words
Figure710.ChangingText
AU1310.0
Notes:
Changingtext
Thecommand:g/the/s//theoneandonly/gfindseveryoccurrenceofthe
stringtheandreplacesitwiththeoneandonly.Noticethatitwouldnotreplacethe
theonthefirstlineoftext.Rememberaboutspaces:therewasnospacebetweenthe
theandthenewlinecharacter.
Thefirstgtellsthesystemtosearchforthefirstoccurrenceofthestringoneverylinein
thefile.
Thesstandsforsubstitute.Thenexttwoslashesdirecttheeditortousethesearch
stringusedintheprecedingcommand,inthisexamplethestringtheandreplaceitwith
thestringtheoneandonly.
Thelastgstandsforglobalanddirectsthechangetobemadeateveryoccurrence
acrosseachlinebeingsearched.
Unit7.TheviEditor
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TheRcommandwillplaceyouintextmodeandallowyoutoovertypetheexistingtext
beginningatthecurrentcursorposition.Thercommandwillplaceyouintextmodeand
allowyoutoovertypeonlytheletteratthecurrentcursorpositionafterreplacingthat
oneletteryouareplaceimmediatelybackintocommandmode.
Theccommandcanbeusedtospecifythescopeofwhatyouwanttoreplace,sothatif
youwanttoreplacetwowordsspanningoftotalof10characters,youcanreplacethem
withaverylongstring,suchas20characters,andnotoverwritethewordswhichfollow
thosetwowords.
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Cut,Copy,andPaste
Commands
Thisisthefirstlineoftext
_Thisisthesecondlineoftext
Thisisthethirdlineoftext
dd
_Thisisthethirdlineoftext
Thisisthethirdlineoftext
_Thisisthesecondlineoftext
To cut text,usethedcommand.
To copy text,usetheycommand.
To paste thecutorcopiedtextonthelinebelowthecursor
position,usethepcommand.
Figure711.Cut,Copy,andPaste
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Notes:
Howtocopy,cut,andpaste
Tocopyintoatemporarybuffer:
yy
placesthecurrentlineintoabuffer
Tocut(ormove)text:
dd
10dd
deletethecurrentline(andstoreitintheundobuffer)
deletethenext10lines(andplacethemintheundobuffer)
Toputtextback:
p
putstextbackafterthecursororonthenextline
putstextbackbeforethecursororonthepreviousline
TheucommandwillUNDOyourlastcommandifyoumakeanerror.So,ifyoudelete
somethinginerror,immediatelytypetheucommandtoretrieveit.
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Cuttingandcopyingmultiplelines
Multiplelinescancutorcopiedbyspecifyinganumbereitherinfrontoftheddoryy
command,orbetweenthelettersofthecommand.
10dd(ord10d)Cut10linesfromthecursorpositiondownintothebuffer.
15yy(ory15y)
Copy15linesfromthecursorpositiondownintothebuffer.
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viExecutingAIXCommands
$vimyfile
Thefollowingshouldbestockedinthe
employeebreakroom:
keystroke:
~
~
~
<Esc>
:!ls
file1file2snacks
[Hitreturntocontinue]
Thefollowingshouldbestockedinthe
employeebreakroom:
:rsnacks
candybars
sodapop
popcorn
AU1310.0
Figure712.vi ExecutingAIXCommands
Notes:
Introduction
RatherthanendingavisessiontorunanAIXcommand,onlytohavetoreturntovi,
vigivesyouthecapabilitytotemporarilyaccessashellpromptthroughtheuseofthe
:!subcommand.Ifyouwanttopullincontentsofafileintoaneditingsession,vi
providesthe:rsubcommand.
Let'sassumethatthereisafileinyourcurrentdirectorythatneedstobepulledintothe
contentsofthisfile.Youdonotwanttohavetorekeyalltheinformationorredirectthe
informationafterexitingthevisession,plusyoucannotrememberthenameofthefile.
WhattheexampleshowsiscombiningavireadwithacalltoAIXtoreadthecontents
ofsnacks intoyoursession.
Unit7.TheviEditor
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Executingasinglecommandfromwithinvi
:!lswillcreateashell.
Allfilesinthecurrentdirectoryarelisted.PressEntertoexittheshellandreturnto
thevisessionor,
Whilestillincommandmode,issuethe:rsnackscommand.Thecontentsofthe
filesnacksarereadintothevifile.Bydefault,itwillappearafterthecurrentline.
Bydefaultthedataisplacedatthecurrentline.Ifyouhavelinenumberingsettoon,
youcanprecedethe:rwithalinenumbertoplacethecontentsofthefileatanypoint
inthefile.
Executingmultiplecommandsfromwithinvi
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Ifyouneedtorunaseriesofcommandswithoutreturningtoviafterthefirstcommand
isexecuted,enter:sh.Whenyouhaverunallthecommands,press<Ctrld>toexit
theshellandreturntovi.
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viOptions
Options enteredinthevisessionchangethebehaviorofthevi
command
:setall
:setautoindent/noautoindent
:setnumber/nonumber
:setlist/nolist
:setshowmode/noshowmode
:settabstop=x
:setignorecase/noignorecase
:setwrapmargin=5
Optionscanbestoredinthefile$HOME/.exrc
Macros canbewrittenandnewcommandscreated
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Figure713.viOptions
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Notes:
Changingvibehavior
vihasmanymodesofoperation.Someofthesewillaffectthewaytextispresented,
whileotherswillmakeeditingeasierfornoviceusers.Herearesomeexamples:
:setall
Displayallsettings.
:set
Displaysettingsdifferentthanthedefault.
:setautoindent Setsautoindenton.
:setnoautoindentTurnsautoindentmodeoff.
:setnumber
Enableslinenumbers.
:setnonumber
Turnslinenumbersoff.
:setlist
Displaysnonprintablecharacters.
:setnolist
Hidesnonprintablecharacters.
Unit7.TheviEditor
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:setshowmode
Showsthecurrentmodeofoperation.
:setnoshowmode Hidesmodeofoperation.
:settabstop=4
Setstabsto4characterjumps.
:setignorecase Ignorescasesensitivity.
:setnoignorecaseCasesensitive.
:setwrapmargin=5Setsthemarginforautomaticwordwrappingfromonelineto
next.Avalueof0turnsoffwordwrapping.
Optionsfile
Thefile.exrcwillbesearchedforinthecurrentdirectoryfirst.Iffound,thenitwillbe
readforsettingsasabove.
Ifno.exrcwasfoundinthecurrentdirectory,theHOMEdirectoryissearchednext.
Finally,thebuiltindefaultsareused.
.exrccontentsaresetoptions,butwithouttheinitialcolon(:).
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CommandLineEditing
Usessameeditingkeysasvi
Cancorrectmistakes inthecurrentline
Useseditorkeystoedit/reenterpreviouslines
$setovi
Remember:
hjkl
Figure714.CommandLineEditing
AU1310.0
Notes:
Editingthecommandline
Normally,youcanonlyeditthecommandlineusingthebackspacekey( <Ctrlh>)to
backupanderaseinputortheinterruptkey( <Ctrlx>).Thecommandlineediting
featureoftheKornshell allowsyoutousethesamekeysasthevieditortoeditthe
commandlineandcorrectmistakes.Manyoftheeditingfacilitiesoftheseeditorsare
available.
Enablingcommandlineediting
Toenablecommandrecall,youcanenterthecommandsetovi.Oncesetup,
previouscommandscanberecalledbyfirstpressingtheEsckeyandthenpressingthe
ktogoupaline.Thelistofcommandsisreadfromthe.sh_history file.
Thecommandlineeditorcanalsobesettousethecommandsfromtheemacseditor.It
issetthesamewayasvi:setoemacs
Unit7.TheviEditor
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Editingcommands
Youcantheneditthelineasyouwouldanylineoftextinavieditingsession.Only
singlelettercommandswillwork,includingthesearchcapabilities.
Executingcommands
Whenyouhaveeditedtheline,pressEnter,anditwillbeprocessedbytheshell.
Disablingcommandlineediting
Toturnoffthecommandrecallfacilityenter$set+ovi.Precedinganyoftheflags
witha+(plus)ratherthana(minus)turnsofftheoption.
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viEditors
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vi
Fullscreen,fullfunctioneditor
view
Readonlyformofvi,changescannotbe
savedunlessoverriddenwithaforce(!)
vedit
Beginnersversionof vi,showmodeison
bydefault
ex,ed
Subsetofviworkinginlinemode,can
accessthescreeneditingcapabilitiesofvi
edit
Simpleformofex
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Figure715.vi Editors
Notes:
Introduction
emacsisanotherpopularUNIXeditorbutisnotstandardacrossallUNIXplatforms.
Unit7.TheviEditor
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Checkpoint
1. Whenusingthevieditor,whatarethetwomodesofoperation?
2. Whileusingvi,howdoyougettocommandmode?
3. Whichofthefollowingcouldyouusetoenterintext?
a
x
i
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dd
4. Whileincommandmode,pressingtheukeyrepeatedlywill"undo"all
previouslyenteredcommands.TrueorFalse?
5. vicanbeusedtogloballychangethefirstoccurrenceofapatternon
everylinewithagivenpattern.TrueorFalse?
AU1310.0
Notes:
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Exercise: viEditor
Figure717.Exercise:vi Editor
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Notes:
Aftercompletingthelab,youshouldbeableto:
Createandeditfilesusingthevieditor
Invokecommandlineediting
Unit7.TheviEditor
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UnitSummary
The vicommandstartsafullscreen editor.
vihastwomodesofoperation:textinputmode and
commandmode .
vimakesacopy ofthefileyouareeditinginaneditbuffer.
Thecontentsarenotchanged untilyousave thechanges.
Subcommandswiththe :, /, ?,or!readinput fromaline
displayedatthebottomofthescreen .
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Unit8.ShellBasics
WhatThisUnitIsAbout
Thisunitintroducesthemajorfunctionsavailablewithinshells.
Usewildcardstoaccessfileswithsimilarnames
Useredirectionandpipestocontroltheinputandoutputof
processes
Uselinecontinuationinordertoenterlongcommandlines
Groupcommandsinordertocontroltheirexecution
Accountability:
Studentactivity
Checkpointquestions
Exercise
Unit8.ShellBasics
81
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UnitObjectives
Use wildcards toaccessfileswithsimilarnames
Use redirection and pipes tocontroltheinput and output of
processes
Use linecontinuation toentercommandsthatspanthe
commandline
Groupcommands inordertocontroltheirexecution
AU1310.0
Notes:
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TheShell
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Korn(ksh) orBourne(bsh)orC(csh)
Userinterface toAIX
Commandinterpreter
Enablesmultipletasks
Comprehensive programminglanguage
Figure82.TheShell
AU1310.0
Notes:
Shellfeatures
Theshellistheprimaryinterfacebetweentheuserandtheoperatingsystem.The
standardshellinAIXistheKornshell.
Theshellinterpretsusercommandstostartapplicationsandusethesystemutilitiesto
manageuserdata.
Theshellenablesmultipleprocessestoberunninginthebackgroundsimultaneouslyto
theforegroundprocesswithwhichtheuserisinteracting.
Theshellcanbeusedasacomprehensiveprogramminglanguagebycombining
sequencesofcommandswiththevariablesandflowcontrolfacilitiesprovidedbythe
shell.
Unit8.ShellBasics
83
StudentNotebook
MetacharactersandWildcards
Metacharacters arecharactersthattheshellinterpretsashavinga
specialmeaning .
Examples:
< > | ! * ? [ ] $ \"''
Wildcards areasubsetofmetacharactersthatareusedtosearch
for and matchfilepatterns .
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Examples:
* ? ! [ ] [ ]
Figure83.MetacharactersandWildcards
AU1310.0
Notes:
Metacharacters
Wewillintroducethemeaningofeachofthemetacharactersduringthecourseofthis
unit.
Becausethemetacharactershavespecialmeaningtotheshell,theyshouldnot
normallybeusedasanypartofafilename.
Thesymbolcanusuallybeusedinafilenameprovideditisnotthefirstcharacter.
Forexample,ifwehadafilecalledlthenissuingthecommandlslwouldgiveyou
alonglistingofthecurrentdirectorybecausethelscommandwouldthinkthelwasan
optionratherthanlbeingafilenameargument.SomeAIXcommandsprovide
facilitiestoovercomethisproblem.
Availablemetacharacters
!" $ % ^& * ( ) { } [ ] # ~' < > / ?' \ |
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Wildcards:
Onecharactercompare:
home
$lsne?
net
new
$rm?e?
few
net
team01
new
Multiplecharactercompare:
$cpn*
nenet
/tmp
newnest
$qprt *w
new
few
$echotest1*
test1test1.2
test1.3
test1
test1.2
test1.3
myfile
ne
net
new
nest
few
Figure84.FileNameSubstitution(1of2)
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Notes:
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Wildcards
Thewildcard?isexpandedbytheshelltomatchfromanysinglecharacterinafile
name.Theexceptionisthatthe?willnotmatchadot .asthefirstcharacterofafile
name(forexample,inahiddenfile).
Thewildcard*isexpandedbytheshelltomatchzerotoanynumberofcharactersina
filename.Thesingle*willbeexpandedtomeanallfilesinthecurrentdirectoryexcept
thosebeginningwithadot.Bewareofthecommandrm*whichcouldcauseserious
damageremovingallfiles.
Sincetheshellisinterpretingthewildcardmetacharactersandalwayssubstitutes
filenames,filenamesubstitutionisonlyusefulforcommandsthatusefilenameoption
valuesorarguments.Forexample,thecommand:mailteam*wouldnotexpandtoa
listofusersstartingwithteam.
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InclusiveLists: [ ] !
[]
/
$lsne[stw]
netnew
home
$rm[fghjdn]e[tw]
fewnetnew
$ls*[15]
test1test1.2test1.3
$qprt[!tn]*
myfilefew
$cat?[!y]*[25]
test1.2test1.3
team01
test1
test1.2
test1.3
myfile
ne
net
new
nest
few
Figure85.FileNameSubstitution(2of2)
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Notes:
Inclusionlists
Thepositionheldbythebracketsandtheircontentswillbematchedtoasingle
characterinthefilename.Thatcharacterwilleitherbeamemberofalistorrange,or
anycharacterwhichisnotamemberofthatlistorrangeifthe!characterisusedatthe
startoftheinclusionlist.
Examples
Theexamplesonthevisualdothefollowing:
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Thefirstexamplewilllistallthreeletterfileswhichbeginwiththelettersn
eandhave
asthelastlettereithersortorw
ThesecondexamplewillremoveanyfilethatbeginswithONEofthecharacters
fromthefirstsetofbrackets,hasthemiddleletteraseandendswitheithertorw
Thethirdexamplewilllistallfilesthatendwitheither1,2,3,4,or5
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Thefourthexamplewillprintallfilesthatdonotbeginwiththeletterstorn
Thefinalexamplewilldisplaythecontentsofanyfilethathasthefirstcharacteras
anything,thesecondlettermustnotbey,zeroormorecharacterscanthenfollow,
withthelastcharacterbeingonefromtherange2through5
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TheStandardFiles
standardin(0)
cmd
standardout(1)
standarderror(2)
Figure86.TheStandardFiles
AU1310.0
Notes:
Commandredirection
Theshellistheprimaryinterfacebetweentheuserandtheoperatingsystem.The
standardshellinAIXistheKornshell.
Threefilesareautomaticallyopenedforeachprocessinthesystem.Thesefilesare
referredtoasstandardinput,standardoutput,andstandarderror.
Whenanapplicationworkswithafile,itopensthefileusingthepathtothefile,butonce
thefileisopentheapplicationusesanumericalidentifier,calledafiledescriptor,to
identifywhichfiletoreadfromorwriteto.Thenumbersshownonthefoilarethe
standardfiledescriptorsfor:STDIN(0),STDOUT(1),andSTDERR(2).
Standardinput,sometimesabbreviatedtostdiniswhereacommandexpectstofind
itsinput,usuallythekeyboard.
Standardout( stdout)andstandarderror( stderr)arewherethecommandexpectsto
putitsoutput,usuallythescreen.Thesedefaultscanbechangedusingredirection.
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FileDescriptors
Threedescriptors areassignedbytheshellwhentheprogramstarts:
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Standardin:
<
Standardout:
>
Standarderror:
2>
Figure87.FileDescriptors
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Notes:
AIXfiledescriptors
Afiledescriptornumberiswhataprogramuseswhenitneedstoidentifyafilewhichit
willbereadfromorwritingto.Thefiledescriptorswilldifferdependingonthecommand
orutilitythatiscurrentlyrunning.EachAIXcommandopensitsownsetoffile
descriptorsinordertokeeptrackofthedatafiles,input,output,anderrormessages.
Specialfiles
RememberthatinAIX,notallfilenamesrefertorealdatafiles.Somefilesmaybe
specialfileswhichinrealityareapointertosomeofthedevicesonthesystem.An
examplewouldbe/dev/tty0 .
Unit8.ShellBasics
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InputRedirection
Defaultstandardinput
$mailteam01
Subject:Letter
Thisisaletter.
<ctrld>
Cc:
$
Redirectinputfromafile:<
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$mailteam01<letter
Figure88.InputRedirection
AU1310.0
Notes:
Redirection
Intheredirectionexample,thefileletter canbecreatedusinganeditororword
processingapplication.Itisthenusedasstandardinputtothemailprogramrather
thantypingfromthekeyboard.Thiswouldmakeitmucheasiertoformattheletteror
correctanytypingmistakes.
Withredirectionandthemailcommand,youwillnotgetthenormalpromptsfor
Subject:orCc:.Youmustusethefollowingsyntax:
mailsMySubjectcuser1,user2recipient
Thesymbol<tellsmailtotakeinputfromthefileinsteadofthekeyboard.
Themailprogramhandlesstandardoutdifferentlythanothercommands.
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OutputRedirection
Defaultstandardoutput:
$ls
file1
file2file3
Redirectoutputfromafile:>
$ls>ls.out
$
Redirectingandappendingoutputtoafile:>>
$who
$
>>
whos.there
Figure89.OutputRedirection
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Notes:
Standardoutputredirection
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Redirectionallowsstandardoutputtogotosomewhereotherthanthescreen(default).
Intheexample,standardoutputhasbeenredirectedtogotothefilenamedls.out .
Thefiledescriptortableinthisexamplewillholdthefollowingvalues:
STDIN
ls.out
STDERR
0(unchanged)
1(changed)
2(unchanged)
Usingordinaryredirectioncanoverwriteanexistingfile.Toavoidthis,use>> (nospace
betweenthem)toappendtheoutputtoanexistingfile.
Thefiledescriptorsfortheappendexamplewillbeasfollows:
STDIN
whos.there
STDERR
0(unchanged)
1(changed)
2(unchanged)
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CreatingaFilewithcat
Whilenormallyusedtolistthecontentsoffiles,usingcatwith
redirectioncanbeusedtocreateafile:
$ls
letteracctfilefile1
$catfile1
Thisisatestfile.
Thefilehas2lines.
$
Using redirection :
$cat>newfile
Thisisline1ofthefile.
Thisisthe2ndline.
Andthelast.
<ctrld>
$ls
letteracctfilefile1
newfile
AU1310.0
Figure810.CreatingaFilewithcat .
Notes:
Otherusesforcat
Youalreadylearnedinanearlieractivitythatyoucancreatefileswiththecat
command.
Forthecat>newfileexample,thefiledescriptorswillholdthefollowinginformation:
0(unchanged)
1(changed)
2(unchanged)
STDIN
newfile
STDERR
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Activity:ReviewShellBasics
1.
Whichfilesarelistedwhenthefollowingcommandsareexecuted?
$ls/home/team01/*.?
$ls/tmp/[azAZ]*.[09]
2.
True or False :Thecommand"ls*"listsallfilesinadirectory.
3.
Writedownthefiledescriptors forthefollowingcommand:
$wcl<file1>/tmp/lines
Standardinput:
Standardoutput:
Standarderror:
4.
Youwanttoappendfiletestfile1 tofilereport99 .Whichcommandiscorrect?
ocatreport99<testfile1
ocattestfile1>report99
ocattestfile1report99
ocattestfile1>>report99
Figure811.Activity:ReviewShellBasics
AU1310.0
Notes:
Activity
Pleaseanswerthequestionsinthevisual.
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ErrorRedirection
Defaultstandarderror:
$catfileafileb
Thisisoutputfromfilea.
cat:cannotopenfileb
Redirectingerroroutputtoafile:2>(Toappend:2>>)
$catfileafileb2>errfile
Thisisoutputfromfilea
$caterrfile
cat:cannotopenfileb
$catfileafileb2>/dev/null
Thisisoutputfromfilea
Figure812.ErrorRedirection
AU1310.0
Notes:
STDERRredirection
Errormessagesfromcommandswouldnormallybesenttothescreen.Thiscanbe
changedbyredirectingtheSTDERRtoafile.
Whenredirectingoutput,therecanbenospacesbetweenthe2andthe>.
Thefiledescriptortableforthefirsterrorredirectionexamplewillcontainthefollowing:
STDIN
STDOUT
errfile
0(unchanged)
1(unchanged)
2(changed)
andforthesecond:
STDIN
STDOUT
/dev/null
0(unchanged)
1(unchanged)
2(changed)
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Thespecialfile/dev/null isabottomlesspitwhereyoucanredirectunwanteddata.All
datasentthereisjustthrownaway.
/dev/null isaspecialfile.Ithasauniquepropertyasitisalwaysempty.Itiscommonly
referredtoasthebitbucket.
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CombinedRedirection
Combinedredirects:
$command>outfile2>errfile<infile
$command>>appendfile2>>errfile<infile
Associationexamples:
Redirectstandarderrortostandardout:
$command>outfile2>&1
CAUTION:ThisisNOTthesameasabove
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$command2>&1>outfile
Figure813.CombinedRedirection
AU1310.0
Notes:
Combinedredirectionexample
Onemayredirectmultiplefiledescriptorsonasinglecommand.Normallytheorderin
whichyoudotheredirectionsisnotimportant,unlessyouareusingassociation.
Associationexample
Inthefirstexample,filedescriptor1isassociatedwiththefilespecified,outfile .Then
theexampleassociatesdescriptor2withthefileassociatedwithfiledescriptor1,
outfile .
Iftheorderoftheredirectionisreversedasinthesecondexample,thenfiledescriptor2
wouldbeassociatedwiththeterminal(standardout)andfiledescriptor1wouldbe
associatedwiththefilespecifiedoutfile .
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Orderofredirectioninassociations
Withtheassociationexamples,theorderinwhichredirectionsarespecifiedis
significant.Forassociation,hereisanexampleofls:
lsl/>./list.file2>&1
0(unchanged)
1(changed)
2(changed)
STDIN
./list.file
./list.file
Andhereisanexampleofhownottodoassociation:
lsl/2>&1>./list.file
0(unchanged)
1(changed)
2(unchanged)
STDIN
./list.file
STDOUT
Inthesecondassociationexample,theerrorsareredirectedtothesameplaceas
standardout.Butstandardoutatthispointhasnotbeenredirectedyet,sothedefault
valuewillbeusedwhichisthescreen.So,theerrormessageswillberedirectedtothe
screen.Rememberthatbydefaulterrormessagesaresenttothescreen.
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Pipes
Asequenceofoneormorecommandsseparatedbyaverticalbar" | " iscalledapipe .The
standardoutput ofeachcommandbecomesthestandardinput ofthenextcommand.
$who|wcl
4
Thisisthesameas:
$who>tempfile
$wcltempfile
4
tempfile
$rmtempfile
Figure814.Pipes
AU1310.0
Notes:
Commandpipes
Twoormorecommandscanbeseparatedbyapipeonasinglecommandline.The
requirementisthatanycommandtotheleftofapipemustsendoutputtostandard
output.Anycommandtotherightofthepipemusttakeitsinputfromstandardinput.
Theexampleonthevisualshowsthattheoutputofwhoispassedasinputtowcl,
whichgivesusthenumberofactiveusersonthesystem.
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Filters
A filter isacommandthatreadsfromstandardin , transforms
theinput insomeway,andwritestostandardout .
Example:
lsl|grep"^d"|wcl
Longlistingofallfiles:
rwxrxrx...file1
drwxrxr...dir1
rwxrr...file2
Findalllinesthatbegin
witha"d":
drwxrxr...dir1
Countalllines
(directories)
Figure815.Filters
AU1310.0
Notes:
Filteruses
Acommandisreferredtoasafilterifitcanreaditsinputfromstandardinput,alteritin
someway,andwriteitsoutputtostandardoutput.Afiltercanbeusedasan
intermediatecommandbetweenpipes.
Afilteriscommonlyusedwithastringofpipedcommands,asintheexampleabove.
Thelslcommandlistsallthefilesinthecurrentdirectoryandthenpipesthis
informationtothegrepcommand.Thegrepcommandwillbecoveredinmoredetail
laterinthecourse,butinthisexample,thegrepcommandisusedtofindalllines
beginningwithad(directories).Theoutputofthegrepcommandisthenpipedtothe
wclcommand.Theresultisthatthecommandiscountingthenumberofdirectories.
Inthisexample,thegrepcommandisactingasafilter.
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SplitOutputs
The teecommandreadsstandardinputandsendsthedatato
bothstandardoutputandafile.
ls|tee/tmp/ls.save|wcl
tee
cow
fox
ox
wc
ls
l
/tmp/ls.save
cow
fox
ox
Figure816.SplitOutputs
AU1310.0
Notes:
teecommand
Thetee commandisafilterthatcanbeusedtocaptureasnapshotofinformationgoing
throughapipe.tee putsacopyofthedatainafileaswellaspassingittostandard
outputtobeusedbythenextcommand.tee doesnotalterthedata.
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CommandGrouping
Multiplecommandscanbeenteredonthesameline,separatedbya
semicolon"":
$lsR>outfileexit
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isequivalenttoentering:
$lsR>outfile
$exit
Figure817.CommandGrouping
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Notes:
Groupingcommands
Placingmultiplecommandsseparatedbya onasinglelineproducesthesameresult
asenteringeachcommandonaseparatecommandline.
Unit8.ShellBasics
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LineContinuation
Thebackslash(\)followedbyanewlinecharactercanbeusedto
continueacommand ona separateline .
A secondarypromptcharacter ">"isissuedbytheshelltoindicateline
continuation .
$cat/home/mydir/mysubdir/mydata\
>/home/yourdir/yoursubdir/yourdata
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Figure818.LineContinuation
AU1310.0
Notes:
Continuingthecommandlineinshell
TheEnterkeyprecededbyabackslash( \<Enter>)canbeusedtocontinuea
commandonaseparateline.
Donotconfusethecontinuationprompt>withtheredirectioncharacter>.The
secondarypromptwillnotformpartofthecompletedcommandline.Ifyourequirea
redirectioncharacteryoumusttypeitexplicitly.
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Checkpoint(1of2)
1. Whatwillthefollowingcommandmatch?
$ls ???[!az]*[09]t
2. Forquestions24,indicatewherethestandardinput,
standardoutputandstandarderrorwillgo.
$catfile1
standardinput(0):
standardoutput(1):
standarderror(2):
3. $mailtim
<letter
standardinput(0):
standardoutput(1):
standarderror(2):
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Unit8.ShellBasics
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Checkpoint(2of2)
4. $cat.profile>newprofile2>1
standardinput(0):
standardoutput(1):
standarderror(2):
Forquestions5,6,and7,createcommandlinestodisplaythe
contentoffilea using catandthenperformthefollowing:
5. Placetheoutputofthecommandinfileb andtheerrorsin
filec.
6. Placetheoutputofthecommandinfileb andassociateany
errorswiththeoutputinfileb .
7. Placetheoutputinfileb anddiscardanyerrormessages.
(Donotdisplayorstoreerrormessages.)
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Notes:
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Exercise:ShellBasics
Figure821.Exercise:ShellBasics
AU1310.0
Notes:
Aftercompletingthisexercise,youwillbeableto:
Usewildcardsforfilenameexpansion
Redirectstandardinput,standardoutput,andstandarderror
Usepipes,commandgrouping,andlinecontinuation
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UnitSummary
Wildcards , * and ? ,provideaconvenientwayforspecifying
multiplefilesordirectorynames.
The wildcardnotation [] islikeusingthe? butitallowsyouto
choosespecificcharacterstobematched.
Threefilesautomaticallyopenedforredirection arestandard
in,standardout,andstandarderror.
I/Oredirection altersthedefaultinputsourceoroutput
destinationofacommand.
A pipe passestheoutputofonecommanddirectlytotheinput
ofanothercommand.
A filter takesinputfromstandardin,transformsit,andsends
theoutputtostandardout.
tee takesinputandroutesittotwoplaces,standardoutanda
file.
AU1310.0
Notes:
826AIX6Basics
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11/25/2014

Figure26.Thedate andcal Commands

The clear, echo,andbannerCommands

Figure27.Theclear ,echo ,andbanner Commands

The whoand fingerCommands

Figure29.Thewho andfinger Commands

The writeand wallCommands

Send messages tootherusers onasystem

Figure212.Thewrite andwall Commands

type mode links

The printworkingdirectory commandcanbeusedtofindoutwhat

Should not beginwith" + "or" "sign

Filenamesstartingwitha . ( dot )arehiddenfromthenormalls

Tochangepermissionssotheowner and group have read and write

Thedefaultvalueof022 issetin /etc/security/user . Itcanbe

Twomodes ofoperation:command and text

True or False :Thecommand"ls*"listsallfilesinadirectory.

Youwanttoappendfiletestfile1 tofilereport99 .Whichcommandiscorrect?

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