Day 1 AM Introduction (Compatibility Mode)

Introduction to PIC
Microcontroller Programming &

Interfacing
August 19-21, 2011
Engr. Franz Duran, MEP-ECE
OVERVIEW
DAY 1 (Morning)
Introduction to PIC Microcontroller
PIC16F877A trainer board and
eICD2/ePickit2 programmer/debugger
MPLAB IDE
Basic C Programming
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OVERVIEW
DAY 1 (Afternoon)
Basic C Programming (cont.)
C Functions
Modular Programming
Interfacing with 2x16 character LCD
Interfacing with 4x3 keypad
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OVERVIEW
DAY 2 (Morning)
Basic of Interrupts
Interrupt sources
Interrupt service routine
RB0 interrupt
PORTB Interrupt on Change
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OVERVIEW
DAY 2 (Afternoon)
Timer module
TMR0 architecture
TMR0 as an interrupt source
Interfacing with 7-segment displays

TMR1
TMR2
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OVERVIEW
DAY 3 (Morning)
Basic of Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Using the A/D module
Interfacing LM35 temp. sensor
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OVERVIEW
DAY 3 (Afternoon)
Basics of Serial Communication
UART module
Basic string processing
Interfacing with Bluetooth module
Interfacing with GSM module
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MICROCONTROLLER
MCU, C
A single-chip computer
Invented in the 1970s
Used as embedded controller
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MICROCONTROLLER
used as dedicated controllers
domestic appliances
consumer electronics
industrial equipments
automotive electronics
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MICROCONTROLLER
Why use?
cheap
flexible
easy to develop applications
easy to maintain/upgrade programs in the field
small outline high integration

low-power
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PIC MICROCONTROLLER
PIC, PICMICRO
by MICROCHIP
Arizona, U.S.A.
1989 (offshoot of General Instrument)
http://www.microchip.com
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PIC MICROCONTROLLER
Rank (8-bit microcontroller)
1990 20th
1993 8th
1996 - 5th
1997-2001 2nd
2002 Present 1st
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PIC MICROCONTROLLER
Family
Popular among
PIC10, PIC12
students and hobbyists
PIC16
PIC17 / PIC18
PIC24 / DSPICs (16-bit)
PIC32(32-bit)
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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Program
Memory
General Purpose
Registers
Data RAM
Special Function
Registers
Input/Output
Ports
CPU
Power
Oscillator
Reset, Watchdog
Timer, etc
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Internal Peripherals
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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Program
Memory
General Purpose
Registers
Data RAM
CPU
Special Function
Registers
Input/Output
Ports
Power
Oscillator
Reset, Watchdog
Timer, etc
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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
CPU
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
FOSC = 20MHz max. speed
FOSC/4 instruction clock
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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Program
Memory
General Purpose
Registers
Data RAM
Special Function
Registers
CPU
Input/Output
Ports
Power
Oscillator
Reset, Watchdog
Timer, etc
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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Program Memory
hard drive where fixed program is stored
flash-based memory
reprogrammable at least 10,000x
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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Program
Memory
General Purpose
Registers
Data RAM
Special Function
Registers
Input/Output
Ports
CPU
Power
Oscillator
Reset, Watchdog
Timer, etc
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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
File Registers
General Purpose Registers (GPRs)
Data RAM
Special Function Registers (SFRs)

control device operation
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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Program
Memory
General Purpose
Registers
Data RAM
CPU
Special Function
Registers
Input/Output
Ports
Power
Oscillator
Reset, Watchdog
Timer, etc
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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Program
Memory
General Purpose
Registers
Data RAM
Special Function
Registers
Input/Output
Ports
CPU
Power
Oscillator
Reset, Watchdog
Timer, etc
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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Program
Memory
General Purpose
Registers
Data RAM
Special Function
Registers
CPU
Power
Input/Output
Ports
Oscillator
Reset, Watchdog
Timer, etc
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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Input/Output (I/O) Port
Typically consists of 8 I/O pins
Input pin or Output pin
Interfaces the MCU to external peripheral
devices
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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Program
Memory
General Purpose
Registers
Data RAM
Special Function
Registers
Input/Output
Ports
CPU
Power
Oscillator
Reset, Watchdog
Timer, etc
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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Internal Peripheral Modules
Provide enhanced functionalities to the MCU
Examples:
Timer modules
A/D module
UART module
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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Program
Memory
General Purpose
Registers
Data RAM
CPU
Power
Special Function
Registers
Input/Output
Ports
Oscillator
Reset, Watchdog
Timer, etc
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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Program
Memory
General Purpose
Registers
Data RAM
Special Function
Registers
Input/Output
Ports
CPU
Power
Oscillator
Reset, Watchdog
Timer, etc
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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Oscillator (FOSC)
Generates astable/clock signal
Synchronizes CPU and peripheral module
operations
FOSC is internally divided by 4

Instruction clock (FOSC/4)
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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Program
Memory
General Purpose
Registers
Data RAM
CPU
Special Function
Registers
Input/Output
Ports
Power
Oscillator
Reset, Watchdog
Timer, etc
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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Features:
Watchdog Timer
SLEEP mode
Power On Reset, Brown-out Reset
CPU
RISC (reduced instruction set computer)
FOSC = 20Mhz typical
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PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Instruction set
35 instructions (PIC16)
Easy to memorize all instructions
75 instruction (PIC18)
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PIC16F84A
8-bit microcontrolller
PIC16 family
F flash memory, i.e. reprogrammable
84 variant/model
A - revision
4Mhz (1MIPS), DIP18, +5V
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11
PIC16F84A
Program Memory
1024 instruction words
1 word = 14 bit
File Registers (2 banks)

GPRs - 68 bytes RAM
SFRs 16 registers
Data EEPROM
64 bytes
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PIC16F84A
13 I/O pins
PORTB 8 pins
PORTA 5 pins
2 power pins
VDD, VSS
2 oscillator pins
OSC1, OSC2
1 RESET pin
MCLR
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PIC16F877A
20Mhz (5MIPS), DIP40, +5V
8192 instruction word
368 bytes Data RAM / GPRs
56 SFRs
256 bytes Data EEPROM
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12
PIC16F877A
33 I/O pins
PORTA 6 pins
PORTB 8 pins
PORTC 8 pins
PORTD 8 pins
PORTE 3 pins
4 power pins
1 Reset, 2 Clock pins
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PIC16F877A TRAINER BOARD

Reset Button
+5V supply
ICSP connector
SIL connectors
20Mhz Oscillator
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PIC16F877A
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PIC16F877A TRAINER BOARD

10 LEDs
3 potentiometers
7-seg. display
keypad
4x3 or 4x4
4 pushbuttons
DS1307
real-time IC
serial EEPROM IC
serial comm. ckt.

LM35 temp. sensor
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character LCD
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PIC16F877A & eICD2
eICD2
Connect wires to build application circuit

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ICSP connector
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MPLAB IDE 8.xx

integrated development environment (IDE)
for PIC
freely downloadable (~90MB)
assembler (MPASM)
HI-TECH C Compiler
45-day full version (full optimization)
Lite mode (no optimization)
direct support for ICD2/PICKIT2

programmer/debugger
eICD2, ePICKIT2
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MPLAB IDE 8.xx

Download and Install MPLAB
http://www.microchip.com
Install HI-TECH Compiler

included in the MPLAB installer
or download separately from:
http://www.htsoft.com
HI-TECH Sofware
Brisbane, Australia
bought by Microchip (March 2009)
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MPLAB IDE 8.53

Open MPLAB an example application
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MPLAB IDE 8.53

To create new project:
Project > Project Wizard
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MPLAB IDE 8.53

Step 1: Select Device
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15
MPLAB IDE 8.53

Step 2: Select Language
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MPLAB IDE 8.53

Step 3: Select Project Name &
Directory
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MPLAB IDE 8.53

Step 4: Add files
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MPLAB IDE 8.53

Project Summary
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MPLAB IDE 8.53

Empty Project
Project Window
Output Window
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MPLAB IDE 8.53

Create source code
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Editor Window
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MPLAB IDE 8.53

#include <pic.h>
void main()
{
TRISB0 = 0;
RB0 = 1;
while(1)
{
}
}
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MPLAB IDE 8.53

save as main.c in project
directory
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MPLAB IDE 8.53
main.c
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MPLAB IDE 8.53
Add
main.c
Build project
(F10)
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MPLAB IDE 8.53
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WHY C? (& not ASM?)

1. Easy to Use
Easy to read
C uses human readable syntax

Assembly uses mnemonics (cryptic!)
Shorter code
saves time & effort

easy math statements
2. Portable
code can run in other target device
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no or few modifications, saves time and effort

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WHY C? (& not ASM?)

3. Easy to manage large, complex
programs
code reuse of C modules (.h & .c)
Easy to implement state machines
Can use RTOS, not possible in ASM
4. Better performance
C can be as fast as ASM
well structured program
C codes can include ASM codes

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WHY C? (& not ASM?)

5. C is a universal language (almost!)
Learning C will benefit the user down the
road

Can be used in other 8-bit/16-bit/32-bit MCU

implement USB, Ethernet & TCP-IP applications
DSP
Learn desktop programming

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foundation for C++, Java, C#, etc..
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BASIC PIC16F84A CKT.

PIC16F84A CIRCUIT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
PIC16F84A
+5v supply
Oscillator circuit
Reset circuit
External peripherals
In-circuit serial
programming
connector
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20

PIC16F84A w/ +5V supply circuit
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PIC16F84A w/ +5V supply circuit & crystal
oscillator and loading capacitors
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oscillator circuit
generate a pulse train signal; used to
synchronize MCU internal operations
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21

Reset circuit
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Interfacing external peripherals
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PIC16F877A Trainer Board
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IO INTERFACING: LED
LED at RB0
RB0 is output
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LED
5mm LED
IF = 5 35 mA
VF = 2V
3mm LED
IF = 1 30 mA
VF = 2V
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LED
IF
+ VR=3V
VF =
2v
If IF = 10mA,
R = 3V/10mA
R = 300
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LED
R should not be too large
LED will not turn on
R should not be too small

IF < 30mA
PIC Output pin source
current < 25mA
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BASIC I/O PROGRAM

Example I/O Program
#include <pic.h>
void main()
{
TRISB0 = 0;
RB0 = 1;
while(1)
{
preprocessor directive
main() function
initialization
program loop
- infinite loop
- super loop
}
}
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IO PROGRAMMING
Input/Output port - group of 8 pins typical
PORTA 6 I/O pins
RA5, RA4, RA3, RA2, RA1, RA0
PORTA<5:0>
PORTB 8 I/O pins
RB7, RB6, RB5, RB4, RB3, RB2, RB1, RB0
PORTB<7:0>
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IO PROGRAMMING
PORTC 8 I/O pins
RC7, RC6, RC5, RC4, RC3, RC2, RC1, RC0
PORTC<7:0>
PORTD 8 I/O pins
RD7, RD6, RD5, RD4, RD3, RD2, RD1, RD0
PORTD<7:0>
PORTE 3 I/O pins

RE2, RE1, RE0
PORTE<2:0>
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IO PROGRAMMING
Special Function Registers for I/O
TRISA,
TRISB,
TRISC,
TRISD,
TRISE,
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PORTA
PORTB
PORTC
PORTD
PORTE
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IO PROGRAMMING
Consider PORTB..
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IO PROGRAMMING: SFRs
PORTB port
controlled by 2 special function registers
1. TRISB register
PORTB Data Direction Register
8-bit
2. PORTB register
PORTB Data Latch Register
8-bit
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TRISB
XXXXXXXX
.........
0 output
1 input
TRISB0
TRISB1
.
.
.
TRISB7
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TRISB
X
X X X
X X
X
0
TRISB0
TRISB0 = 0;
//RB0 is output
RB0 pin is an
output pin
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PORTB
XXXXXXXX
0 Logic 0
1 Logic 1
.........
RB0
RB1
.
.
.
RB7
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PORTB
X
X X X
X X
X
1
RB0
RB0 = 1;
//LED on
RB0 outputs a
Logic 1 signal;
~5V
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27
TRISB0 = 0;
RB0 = 1;
//RB0 is output
//LED is on
TRISB
X X X
X X
PORTB
X X X
X X
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IO PROGRAMMING
EXERCISE:
Create new project
Led_demo_2
Turn on LEDs connected to the ff. I/O pins:

RB0, RA1, RC3, RD7, RE2
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IO PROGRAMMING
EXERCISE: (Solution)
TRISB0 =
RB0 = 1;
TRISC3 =
RC3 = 0;
TRISD7 =
RD7 = 1;
ADCON1 =
TRISA1 =
RA1 = 1;
TRISE2 =
RE2 = 0;
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0;
//LED1 on
0;
//LED2 on
0;
//LED3 on
0x06;
0;
//All PORTA & PORTE pins are digital I/O
//LED4 on
0;
//LED5 on
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IO PROGRAMMING
EXERCISE:
Turn on all 8 LEDs connected to PORTD
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IO PROGRAMMING
SOLUTION:
TRISD
PORTD
or
TRISD
PORTD
or
TRISD
PORTD
= 0b00000000;
= 0b11111111;
//binary notation
= 0x00;
= 0xFF;
//hexadecimal notation
= 0;
= 255;
//decimal notation
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IO INTERFACING: Button
pushbutton
input device
Tack Switch
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29
If button is not pressed
RB2
+5v
R
10k
RIN
V = 5v x 1M / (R+1M)
V 5v (Logic 1)
1M
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If button is pressed
RB2
RIN
~1M
+
V = 0v (Logic 0)
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void main()
{
TRISB0 = 0;
RB0 = 0;
TRISB2 = 1;
while(1)
{
if(RB2==0)
RB0 = 1;
else
RB0 = 0;
}
//RB0 is an output pin

//LED is off
//RB2 is an input pin
//If button is pressed,

// LED is on,
//else,
// LED is OFF.
}
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30
R should be large enough to limit the
current
when button is
pressed
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R should be large enough to limit the
current
when I/O pin is

configured as
output and at
Logic 0 (I/O pin
I < 25mA
is internally
connected
to ground)
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BASICS OF C: #defines
#include <pic.h>
__CONFIG(HS & WDTDIS & PWRTDIS & UNPROTECT & LVPDIS);
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
LED
BUTTON
ON
OFF
PRESSED
void main()
{
TRISB0 = 0;
LED = OFF;
TRISB2 = 1;
RB0
RB2
1
0
0
//RB0 is an output pin

//LED is initially off
//RB2 is an input pin
while(1)
{
if(BUTTON==PRESSED)
LED = ON;
else
LED = OFF;
}
//If pushbutton is pressed,

// turn on LED.
//Else, LED is OFF.
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BASICS OF C: Conditional
Statements
1. If()
If()-else()
If()-else-if()
2. switch()
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BASICS OF C: IF Conditional
Statement
If()
Simplest conditional statement
if (condition)
statement1;
Ex.
if(var>99)
var=0;
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Statement
If()
use else clause (optional)
if (condition)
statement1;
else
statement2;
Ex.
if(BUTTON==PRESSED)
LED=1;
else
LED=0;
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Statement
If()-else-if()
if (condition1)
statement1;
else if (condition2)
statement2;
else if (condition3)
statement3;
else
statement4;
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BASICS OF C: Switch()
switch()
Allow comparison of a single variable (or
expression) to multiple values
Code associate with the matching value is
executed
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BASICS OF C: Switch()
var1 = get_input_from_user()
switch(var1)
{
case 0x00:
statement1;
break;
case 0x01:
statement2;
break;
case 0x02:
statement3;
break;
case 0x03:
statement4;
break;
default:
statement5;
break
}
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BASICS OF C: Loops
Loops
used to repeatedly execute specific
statements
3 loop statements in C
1. for() loop
2. while() loop
3. do-while() loop
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BASICS OF C: FOR Loop

void main()
{
unsigned int i;
TRISB0 = 0;
RB0 = 0;
//a variable.
//RB0 pin is configured as an output
//LED is initially off
while(1)
{
RB0 = 1;
for(i=0;i<50000;i++)
{
//empty body
}
//LED is ON
//delay
RB0 = 0;
for(i=0;i<50000;i++)
{
//empty body
}
//LED is OFF
//delay
}
}
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start
for(i=0;i<50000;i++)
{
...//code goes here
}
i=0
i++
i<50000?
TRUE
FALSE
exit
//codes
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34

i=0;
for( ;i<50000; )
{
//codes here
i++;
}
OR
for(i=50000;i>0;i--)
{
//codes here
}
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BASICS OF C: WHILE Loop

while(condition)
{
...//code goes here
}
start
FALSE
condition?
TRUE
exit
//codes
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BASICS OF C: WHILE Loop
EXERCISE:
Modify previous example to used while()
loop
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BASICS OF C: DO-WHILE Loop

do
{
start
...//code goes here

}
while(condition);
//codes
FALSE
condition?
TRUE
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exit
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BASICS OF C: Loops
Which loop statements to use?

If number of iteration is controlled, use for()
loop
If a simple test of condition is used, use
while() loop
If a simple test of condition is used AND the
code block should be executed at least once,
use do-while() loop
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BASICS OF C: Variables
Variables
program data that varies during run-time
temporary data
placed in volatile memory
General Purpose Registers (GPR)
PIC16F877A
368 Bytes GPR
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unsigned char var1;
var1 = 100;
var1 = 500;
var1 = -10;
//range of values: 0-255

//OK
//not OK!
//not OK!
signed
var2 =
var2 =
var2 =
//range of values: -128 to 127

//OK
//not OK!
//not OK!
char var2;
100;
-1000;
150;
unsigned int temp = 100;

temp = 50000;
temp = 100000;
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// range of values: 0-65535

//OK
//not OK!
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bit
(1-bit)
(0 1)
char
(8-bit)
(-128 127)
unsigned char
(8-bit)
(0 255)
short
(16-bit) (-32768 32767)
unsigned short
(16-bit) (0 65535)
int
(16-bit)
(-32768 32767)
unsigned int
(16-bit) (0 65535)
short long
(24-bit)
(-8388608 8388607)
unsigned short long (24-bit) (0 16777215)
long
(32-bit) (21474833648 2147483647)
unsigned long
(32-bit) (0 4294967295)
float
(24-bit)
(1.17549435e-38 - 3.40277e+38)
double
(24-bit)
(1.17549435e-38 - 3.40277e+38 )
double
(32-bit)
(1.17549435e-38 - 3.40282347e+38 )
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BASICS OF C: Operators
1. = (Assignment operator)
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mathematical operators
Relational operators
Logical operators
Bitwise operators
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= (Assignment operator)
x = y;
//assign the value of y
//to the variable x
Variable name = expression

Expression - anything that evaluates to
a number
i.e.
int sum;
sum = a + b;
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//a + b is an expression
Franz Duran
112
Mathematical operators
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
+ (addition)
- (subtraction)
* (multiplication)
/ (division)
% (modulus)
++ (increment)
-- (decrement)
19-Aug-2011
ex. x + y
ex. x - y
ex. x * y
ex. x / y
ex. x % y
ex. x++, ++x
ex. x--, --x
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Relational Operators
1. ==
2. >
3. >=
4. <
5. <=
6. !=
19-Aug-2011
(equal to)
ex. x==y
(greater than)
ex. x>y
(greater than or equal to)
ex. x>=y
(lesser than)
ex. x<y
(lesser than or equal to)
ex. x<=y
(not equal to)
ex. x!=y
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38
Logical Operators
1. && (Logical AND)
2. || (Logical OR)
3. ! (Logical NOT)
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EXERCISE:
Turn on LED1 if BUTTON1 or BUTTON2
is pressed
Modify:
Turn on LED1 if BUTTON1 and BUTTON2
are pressed
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116
Bitwise Operators
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
& (Bitwise AND)

| (Bitwise OR)
~ (Bitwise Complement)
^ (Bitwise Exclusive-OR)
<< (Leftshift)
>> (Rightshift)
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39
BASICS OF C: & Operator

AND (&) operator truth table:
19-Aug-2011
A& B
Franz Duran
118

Bitwise-AND operator
Example:
RB0 = RB0 & 0;
Equivalent to:
RB0 = 0;
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//clear RB0
//clear RB0
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119

Example:
Clear PORTB<3:0> and RB6
Initial solution
RB0
RB1
RB2
RB3
RB6
=
=
=
=
=
0;
0;
0;
0;
0;
Alternative (better solution):

PORTB = PORTB & 0b10110000;
PORTB &= 0b10110000;
PORTB &= ~0x4F;
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Franz Duran
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40
BASICS OF C: | Operator
OR (|) operator truth table:
A
A| B
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121
BASICS OF C: | Operator
Bitwise-OR operator
Example:
RB0 = RB0 | 1;
Equivalent to:
RB0 = 1;
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//set RB0
//set RB0
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122
Example:
Configure PORTD<6:5> and PORTD<2:1> as
input:
Initial solution
TRISD6=1;
TRISD5=1;
TRISD2=1;
TRISD1=1;
Alternative (better solution):

TRISD = TRISD | 0b01100110;
TRISD |= 0x66;
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123
41
Masking technique
To clear a bit (or bits), AND this bit with 0
To set a bit (or bits), OR this bit with 1
Ex:
PORTB &= 0b10110000;
TRISD |= 0x66;
Mask values
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124
BASICS OF C: ^ Operator
XOR (^) operator truth table:
A
A| B
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125
Bitwise-XOR operator
Toggle operator
Example:
RB0 = RB0 ^ 1;
//toggle RB0
Equivalent to:
RB0 = ~RB0;
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//toggle RB0
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42
EXERCISE:
Create a LED blinker application using ^
operator
Toggle two LEDs alternately every 500ms
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127
BASICS OF C: << and >>

Operators
<< (shift left)
>> (shift right)
Ex:
unsigned char var1 = 0b00000001;
PORTB = var1 << 1;
//PORTB = 0b00000010
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Franz Duran
128
43

Day 1 AM Introduction (Compatibility Mode)

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Introduction to PIC

Microcontroller Programming &

Interfacing with 7-segment displays

small outline high integration

Special Function Registers (SFRs)

FOSC is internally divided by 4

75 instruction (PIC18)

4Mhz (1MIPS), DIP18, +5V

File Registers (2 banks)

PIC16F877A TRAINER BOARD

PIC16F877A TRAINER BOARD

serial comm. ckt.

PIC16F877A & eICD2

Connect wires to build application circuit

MPLAB IDE 8.xx

direct support for ICD2/PICKIT2

MPLAB IDE 8.xx

Install HI-TECH Compiler

MPLAB IDE 8.53

MPLAB IDE 8.53

MPLAB IDE 8.53

MPLAB IDE 8.53

MPLAB IDE 8.53

MPLAB IDE 8.53

MPLAB IDE 8.53

MPLAB IDE 8.53

MPLAB IDE 8.53

MPLAB IDE 8.53

MPLAB IDE 8.53

MPLAB IDE 8.53

MPLAB IDE 8.53

MPLAB IDE 8.53

WHY C? (& not ASM?)

C uses human readable syntax

saves time & effort

no or few modifications, saves time and effort

WHY C? (& not ASM?)

well structured program

C codes can include ASM codes

WHY C? (& not ASM?)

Can be used in other 8-bit/16-bit/32-bit MCU

Learn desktop programming

foundation for C++, Java, C#, etc..

BASIC PIC16F84A CKT.

BASIC PIC16F84A CKT.

BASIC PIC16F84A CKT.

BASIC PIC16F84A CKT.

BASIC PIC16F84A CKT.

BASIC PIC16F84A CKT.

BASIC PIC16F84A CKT.

PIC16F877A Trainer Board

R should not be too small

BASIC I/O PROGRAM

PORTE 3 I/O pins

Turn on LEDs connected to the ff. I/O pins:

//All PORTA & PORTE pins are digital I/O

//RB0 is an output pin

//If button is pressed,

when I/O pin is

//RB0 is an output pin

//If pushbutton is pressed,

BASICS OF C: FOR Loop

BASICS OF C: FOR Loop