Peace and Labor

The attainment of peace is through just labor because just

labor leads to proper development

Old Testament (Identity of Man as Steward)

New Testament

Genesis 1:26 : Then God said, Let us make mankind in our

image, in our likeness, so that they may rule over the fish in the
sea and the birds in the sky, over the livestock and all the wild
animals, and over all the creatures that move along the ground.

Mark 2:27 to 28: Then he said to them, The Sabbath was

made for man, not man for the Sabbath. So the Son of Man is Lord
even of the Sabbath.

Genesis 2:19 to 20a: Now the Lord God had formed out of
the ground all the wild animals and all the birds in the sky. He
brought them to the man to see what he would name them; and
whatever the man called each living creature, that was its name.
20 So the man gave names to all the livestock, the birds in the sky
and all the wild animals.

BLOCK 1-A

Peace

Encyclicals

Classical

Empires exercised control

of lands, well-developed
agricultural systems that
made it possible for them to
maintain a large population
that could support great
armies in the field for long

periods of time.

These states had more than

enough power to ward off

immediate threats, and
they expanded more or less
steadily. Sometimes they
expanded to take over
nearby small powers that
they thought might become
threats in the future, and
sometimes they expanded
simply to acquire new lands
for their increasing
population to settle in.
(Nelson, 1998)

Medieval

Renaissance

Kingdoms expanded their

territory in the name of
religion.
Description of the time was
the sword and the cross.

French Revolution (1789

1799)

Wars among the Rising World Powers

(1870-1902)

Napoleonic Wars (1799-

1815)

During the 1800's, many international

conventions were held for peacekeeping
discussions. In 1898, an international
meeting to discuss arms limitation was
held. These conferences did not succeed
in limiting armaments but they did
establish the Permanent Court of
Arbitration to handle legal disputes
between nations

Period of peace (1815-1848)

The Renaissance period was a time

of prosperity where cities developed,
people thrived, and trade flourished.
It started at the end of the 13th
century. The Middle Ages was at its
end and people started to rise up
from their backward and barbaric
practices and come under the light of
civilization (Social and Economic
Changes During the Renaissance,
n.d.)

Concert of Europe: In 1815,

during the Congress in
Vienna, Prince Metternichs
ideas of perpetual peace
through concert diplomacy
was accepted by the
European monarchs but
only worked for a number
of years.

In the 300 years of the Renaissance

era, the people of Italy enjoyed much
peace and prosperity.

American Civil War (1861-

1865) - Considered the first
truly modern war.

With the accumulated wealth of the

people of the Renaissance, peace
was maintained despite the many
political and social changes which
occurred during the era.

New technology made it

possible to mass-produce
weapons with enhanced
accuracy, power, and range.

(Renaissance: What inspired this

age of balance and order?, n.d.)

Contemporary

Industrial

World War I (1914-1918). After World

War I ended in 1918, a group of 42
governments established the League of
Nations.

American War of 1812

(against Great Britain)

World War II (1939-1945), The Holocaust

(1933-1945). After the war, the United
Nations was established.
Rise of Communism Era Wars (1947-
1991): Cold War (1947-1991), Korean War
(1950-1953), Vietnam War (1960-1976).
Several Arms control treaties were signed
limiting the use of weapons of mass
destruction, especially Nuclear weapons.

Terrorism and the Global War on Terror

(2001-onwards)

Evolution of Man

Encyclicals

Classical

Medieval

Renaissance

Industrial

Contemporary

Real man was the

Real man was the

"praying/believing man"

Real man was the "working man." Leisure was not characteristic
of man, man was the one who dirtied his hands.

The purpose for which

Monopoly of "truth" was in the

Church; the closer one was to the
Church, the wealthier he became.

There emerged new working classes:

a) Industrial Middle Class built factories, bought
machines and organized trade and markets. They
competed with the aristocracy in wealth and power and
became very wealthy by controlling the means of
production.
b) Industrial Working Class Worked in mills, factories and
mines for 12-16 hours a day six days a week. Work was
dangerous and low-paying. Women and children were
paid far less than men.

"thinking man"

the masses labored was

"in order that the
minority, the lite,
might engage in pure
exercises of the mind--
art, philosophy, and
politics." Importance of
man defined by status
and status is defined by
how much work one
did; less work = more of
a man

Classes in Society:
Royalty - They had complete
control over the land and political
and social decisions.
1.Nobility:
2.Peasants - Lowest class during
the middle ages
a) Freemen
b) Serfs
c) Slaves
(Newman, n.d.)

Real man was the "enlightened man." Mainly a rejective response to

the Medieval thought. There were three social classes which

populated the Renaissance era: the Church, the nobility, and the

working class. Among the three social classes, it was the working class
which brought about the financial affluence which characterized the
Renaissance (Baumgartner, 1995).
The "truth" could be found even outside the Church. Definition of
man is seeker of truth. Ambiguation of the simple distinction of free
man and slave because of the emergence of another class: the
craftsmen and artisans.
The artisans were composed of sword smiths, goldsmiths, tanners,

leather workers, parchment makers, weavers, dyers, butchers,

bakers, and the like and with their abundance came the many
merchant and craft guilds which regulated them.

Marx:
Karl Marx felt that the Industrial Revolution allowed the rich to
get richer and the poor to get poorer. World history was a history
of class struggle between the oppressing owners of the means of
production and the oppressed workers. Society was increasingly
dividing between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, each hostile
with each other.

Real man is the

"working man," but
he is now a visionary:
he defined and
dictated his work.
One can enter into
whatever field or
labor one wanted.
Classes are:
a. Upper Class/Elites
b. Upper Middle
Class
c. Lower Middle
Class/Middle Class
d. Working
Class/Masses

Communism:
Social classes are abolished. No private ownership since
everything will be owned by the state.
The class struggle:
a) Proletariats - Lower classes who do not have economic
or political power who provide labor on the land or work
in the businesses owned by the bourgeoisie. Exploited
by the Bourgeoisie.
b) Bourgeoisie - Middle and upper classes who have
economic and political power. They own the land and
run businesses. Capitalists.

Ratio for Work

Encyclicals

Classical

Medieval

Renaissance

Industrial

Contemporary

Essence of slaves is work
so that their masters
could "learn" and be
enlightened.

Ratio for work is "search for

the truth"

Essence of slaves is work

so that their masters
could learn, pray, and
assist the Church.

Ratio for work is survival and

meaning. The definition of man was
work.

Ratio for work is innovation.

Working for a one's own legacy. (Ex.
Steve Jobs of Apple)

Encyclicals

Labor


Classical

Medieval

No joy or fulfilment in work

necessary to prevent
poverty and destitution.
Greek word for work is
ponos from the Latin poena
which means sorrow.
Cultural norms allowed free
men to pursue warfare,
large scale commerce, and
the arts especially
architecture and sculpture.
Manual labor was for
slaves.
Skilled crafts were accepted
and recognized as having
some social value, but were
not regarded as much
better than work
appropriate for slaves.
Feudal: Labor was tied to
the land.
(Hill, 1996)

Reinforcement of feudal system, but

now it is more structured because of
religion and the rule of kings.
Religion brought kingdoms together
to a more structured top to bottom
divide.

Renaissance

Labor is no
longer just
tied to the
land; artisans
and craftsmen
emerged.
Artisans
craft guilds,
powerful
corps in towns

Industrial

Contemporary

Work is no longer just tied to land. Against the feudal system, labor was now a free
choice. It was a period where predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and
America became industrial and urban. Key players in this period were the iron and
textile industry, as well as the steam engine.
Brought about an increased volume and variety of manufacturing goods, but also
resulted in grim employment and worsening living conditions for the poor and working
classes.
Primordial changes that brought about the Industrial Revolution
Machinery was used in lieu of human hands.
Use of steam and like power sources, as a replacement to humans and animals
Adoption of the factory system

Sword smith
Goldsmith
Tanners
The quality of life of the poor and working classes declined. Change was particularly
Leather
difficult for weavers and other skilled workers who were demoted to factory workers.
workers
While before, they were independent masters who managed their own business, now
Book sellers
they were forced to work alongside unskilled workers.
Parchment
makers
Rise of labor unions. Unions which initially started out as friendly societies that
Prostitute
collected dues from workers and extended aid during illness of unemployment soon
Weavers,
became organizations for winning improvements by collective bargaining and strikes.
dyers, fullers
Children were part of the labor force. They often worked long hours and engaged in
Butchers,
highly hazardous tasks.
bakers
Entering into the 1900s, there was an era of progression for labor relations as new labor organizations rose (Brody, n.d.).
The International Labour Organization was established. The ILO is at present composed of 185 states and have currently
adopted over 189 conventions, regarding labor, some of which are ratified by countries thus becoming treaties. These
conventions regardless of ratification, act as standards for the international community in dealing with issues on labor
relations (International Labour Organization Statistics, n.d.).
Labor is now a free choice. Labor is survival; to live means to work. Labor is a product of man's imagination; the more
commodities man could think of, the more kinds of work he puts into reality. (Ex. blogging, call centers)

LABOR
Problem

Description

Subjective and
The objective dimension of labor is technology. The
objective
subjective dimension deals with man as the subject of
dimensions of labor work. The problem is seen in economism wherein work is
treated as a commodity which is sold by the worker to
the employer. Thus, Man is treated as just an instrument
of production. The objective dimension is given primary
importance while the subjective dimension is secondary.
(Laborem Exercens No. 5)
Labor and capital
The conflict between labor and capital started when
and its relationship workers put their powers at the disposal of entrepreneurs.
Following the principle of maximum profit, employers tried
to establish the lowest possible wages for the work done
by the workers.
(Laborem Exercens No. 11)

Church's Answer Encyclical

Man should be treated as the main subject for work for man is
the creator of work. It should NOT be seen as man is for work.
Rather, it must be work is for man. (Laborem Exercens No. 6)

Labor should be prioritized over capital. This way, labor is always

a primary efficient cause, while capital, which is the whole
collection of means of production, is considered as a mere
instrument or instrumental cause. Every human being sharing in
the production process, even if he or she is not specialized or
trained in such work, is the real efficient subject in the process.
The whole collection of instruments, no matter how perfect,
remains a mere instrument subordinate to human labor.
(Laborem Exercens No. 12-13)
Duty to work: Just
A laborer has a duty to work and in turn, he must receive
The duty to work must not be just for money. There is a moral
for money?
renumeration for the work he renders his employer. A just obligation to work because the Creator has commanded it and
wage is the concrete means of verifying the justice of the
because of mans own humanity, which requires work in order to
whole socioeconomic system. Also, there is no more
be maintained and developed. Man must work not only for
important way for securing a just relationship between the himself or his family, but also for the society in which he belongs.
worker and the employer than that constituted by
(Laborem Exercens)

renumeration for work.
Also wealth can be a hindrance to eternal life. Money earned
(Laborem Exercens No. 19)
must have just use. Human dignity is based not on his

possessions or wealth but on his virtues.

(Rerum Novarum No. 34-37)
Right to participate, The workers or laborers are downtrodden in a capitalist
It is a characteristic of work that it first and foremost unites
workers right to
society. Hence, they are given less opportunity to have a
people. (Laborem Exercens No. 20)

form unions
holistic development, on a personal and financial level.
Labor unions are an indispensable element of social life.
Unions are a mouthpiece for the struggle for social justice, for
the just rights of working people in accordance with their

Role of the state to

promote work

Women and child

workers

In recent times, a new trend has arisen in state policies

relating to labor. Developing states actively promote
sending its citizens to work abroad, where they are
sometimes forced to work in unjust conditions. Developed
states, on the other hand, has transitioned to outsourcing
their factories and using business process outsourcing,
which has resulted to massive unemployment of local
workers; in both cases, they do so in pursuit of economic
growth and prosperity.
Women and children are the most vulnerable sector to
abuse, especially in labor.

individual professions. (Laborem Exercens)

Social and economic policies must be directed toward
eliminating inequalities within a political community, while
respecting the principle of subsidiarity. (Mater et Magistra)

State intervention is preferred on matters of common good.

While maintaining the principle of subsidiarity, John XXIII allowed
the state to intervene to protect the interests of the poor.
(Mater et Magistra)
Working hours must take into consideration the difficulty of the
work and necessity to care for the health and strength of the
worker. (Working Conditions, Rerum Novarum)

Women and children must not be made to do the work intended

for men. Children must not be made to work in such a way that
they will be harmed. Work for women must consider her
responsibilites to her family. There must always be time for rest.
(Working Conditions, Rerum Novarum)

Right of workers to
legal and just
wages, and right to
strike

Generally, relations between employers and employees

are tilted in favour of the former. However, there have
been instances where the union have abused their right to
strike in order to coerce the management to accede to
their demand.

There must be fair opportunities for women. It is fitting that

women should be able to fulfill their tasks in accordance with
their own nature, without being discriminated against and
without being excluded from jobs they are capable of doing.
(Laborem Exercens No. 19)
Families need appropriate wages to live in dignity and a just and
equitable wage must allow a person to live a truly human life.
Wage should be based on the economic contribution of the
worker, the state of the company and the requirement of the
national good, and the common good of the universal family of
nations. (Mater et Magistra No. 68-71)

Catholic social teachings recognize as legitimate those strikes or

work stoppages used by unions to pursue the just rights of their
members if done in the proper conditions and within just limits.
Workers should be assured the right to strike. However, such
right to strike must not be abused. (Laborem Exercens No. 20)


Technology and
labor

Subcontracting in
work/labor

Rapid technological advancements has hastened economic

development by making the production process more
efficient. However, this has led to replacement of the
human element in production, resulting to unemployment.

Technology is the objective dimension of labor.

(Laborem Exercens)
Technological advanced societies must not confuse their own
technological development with a presumed cultural superiority.
Evolving societies must remain faithful to all that is truly human
in their traditions.
The key to development is a mind capable of thinking in
technological terms and grasping the fully human meaning of
human activities. (VI The Development of Peoples and
Technology, Caritas in Veritate)
Subcontracting work, such as custodial and security
The concept of indirect employer includes both persons and
services, is often preferred due to the efficiency in terms of institutions of various kinds and also collective labor contracts
managing the employees and resources; yet, this has led to and the principles of conduct which are laid down by these
abuse by the direct and indirect employers in terms of
persons and institutions and which determine the whole
benefits, wages, and communicating grievances.
socioeconomic system or are its result.
(IV The Rights of Workers, Laborem Exercens)

Migrant Workers

Man has the right to leave his land for various motives in
order to seek better conditions of life in another country.
(Laborem Exercens No. 24)

At times, the workers are left with no choice but to leave

their families and loved ones in order to provide for their
families.

There must be suitable employment for all. Indirect emplyers

need to act against unemployment through
- providing unemployment benefits
- a system of overall planning on economic and cultural levels
- international collaboration to lessen imbalances in the
standard of living
- resources must be used to create employment
(Laborem Exercens No. 18)
The person working away from his native land should not be
placed at a disadvantage in comparision with the other workers
in that society in terms of working rights. Emigration in search
for work must not be an opportunity for financial or social
exploitation. The value of work should be measured by the same
standard and not according to the difference in nationality,
religion or race(Laborem Exercens No. 24).

PEACE
Problem
The Failure of
Peace: War

Description

Church's Answer Encyclical

The worse and most destructive form is war; and war is

often equated to aggression. The United Nations (UN)
General Assembly defines aggression as the use of armed
force by a State against the sovereignty, territorial integrity
or political independence of another State, or in any other
manner inconsistent with the Charter of the United
Nations.
(Definition of Aggression, United Nations General
Assembly Resolution 3314)

The Church cannot accept violence as the path to liberation,

because she knows that violence always provokes violence and
irresistibly engenders new forms of oppression and enslavement
which are often harder to bear than those from which they
claimed to bring freedom (Evangelii Nuntiandi No. 37).

Christians should recognize that various legitimate, though

conflicting, views can be held concerning the regulation of
temporal affairs. They should respect their fellow citizens when
they promote such views honorably even by group action
(Gaudium et Spes No. 77).

With new weapons, a new evaluation of war is needed

(Gaudium et Spes No. 80).

Alternatives to war
as solution to
conflict

Legitimate defense
against aggression

In the present situation of the arms race, and the destructive

power of modern weapons, it is contrary to reason to hold that
war is now a suitable way to restore rights which have been
violated (Pacem in Terris No. 127).
Non-violence and conscientious objection are legitimate options
(Gaudium et Spes No. 79).

Under international law, there are two categories:

diplomatic procedures and adjudication. Diplomatic
procedures include negotiation, mediation, conciliation,
and inquiry. Meanwhile, adjudication usually takes the
form of arbitration and judicial settlement (Shaw, 1011).
These occur with the assistance or intervention of the
United Nations and its subsidiaries.
Just War Safeguarding Peace is based on its emphasis The strict conditions for legitimate defense by military force
on the right of self-defense (Catechism of the Catholic
require rigorous consideration. The gravity of such a decision
Church).
makes it subject to rigorous conditions of moral legitimacy. At
one and the same time:
- the damage inflicted by the aggressor on the nation or
community of nations must be lasting, grave, and certain;
- all other means of putting an end to it must have been
shown to be impractical or ineffective;
- there must be serious prospects of success;

The duty to defend

peace and protect
innocent

The defense of peace and its citizens from aggression is an

essential duty of the state in order to foster development.
Without such measures of protection, people will be
displaced, homes destroyed, and development hindered.

the use of arms must not produce evils and disorders graver
than the evil to be eliminated. The power of modern means
of destruction weighs very heavily in evaluating this
condition.
(Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2309)
Public authorities, in this case, have the right and duty to impose
on citizens the obligations necessary for national defense.

Those who are sworn to serve their country in the armed forces
are servants of the security and freedom of nations. If they carry
out their duty honorably, they truly contribute to the common
good of the nation and the maintenance of peace.
(Catechism of the Catholic Church No. 2310)

Disarmament

The height of the nuclear arms race occurred during the

Cold War. After the Cuban Missile Crisis and the
subsequent end of the Cold War, massive disarmament
occurred on the part of the Soviet Union. Thereafter, Iraq
and Iran, on two separate events, had been disarmed
through the UN inspections on Weapons of Mass
Destructions (WMDs). To date, the most pressing issue of
disarmament is the nuclear tests conducted by North
Korea near the vicinity of the South Korea.

Non-combatants, wounded soldiers, and prisoners must be

respected and treated humanely.
(Catechism of the Catholic Church No.2313)
The accumulation of arms strikes many as a paradoxically
suitable way of deterring potential adversaries from war. They
see it as the most effective means of ensuring peace among
nations. This method of deterrence gives rise to strong moral
reservations. The arms race does not ensure peace. Far from
eliminating the causes of war, it risks aggravating them. Spending
enormous sums to produce new types of weapons impede
efforts to aid needy populations; it thwarts the development of
people. Over-armament multiplies reasons for conflict and
increases the danger of escalation.

Our contribution to

Humanity shapes and dictates history--- not only the past,

present, but also the future. In the medieval era, peace is

The production and the sale of arms affect the common good of
nations and of the international community. Hence public
authorities have the right and duty to regulate them. The short-
term pursuit of private or collective interests cannot legitimize
undertakings that promote violence and conflict among nations
and compromise the international juridical order.
(Catechism of the Catholic Church No. 2315 and 2316)
World peace is commonly understood to be the absence of
violence, war, and hostility.


world peace

equated to military dominance and is often short-lived. In

the post-industrialization era, however, peace has been
inextricably intertwined with economic development.

Authentic
development

Authentic development is sustainable development. It

should not only be temporary but should rather
continually expand for the common good.

The Catholic Church calls us to carefully evaluate our every

decision. Every decision we make today will undoubtedly set the
course of our future. In every decision to be made, the gigantic
responsibility before God and the entire human race should be
taken into consideration (Gaudium et Spes, No.80).
True development calls for the recognition of spiritual &
transcendent nature of human beings
(Solicitudo Rei Socialis No. 29)
Development is not a straightforward process, as it were
automatic and in itself limitless, as though, given certain
conditions, the human race were able to progress rapidly
towards an undefined perfection of some kind.
(Solicitudo Rei Socialis No. 27)

Cooperation for
development

There is a better understanding today that the mere

accumulation of goods and services, even for the benefit of the
majority, is not enough for the realization of human happiness
nor does the availability of the many real benefits provided in
recent times by science and technology, including the computer
sciences, bring freedom from every form of slavery
Having can detract from being if one disregards the quality and
ordered hierarchy of the goods one has.
(Solicitudo Rei Socialis No. 28)
In the pursuit of international cooperation for peace and to The obligation to commit oneself to the development of people
prevent another world war, the United Nations replaced
is not just an individual duty, and still less an individualistic one.
the League of Nations in the aftermath of the devastations It is an imperative which obliges each and every man and
of WWII. Other political organizations include the
woman, as well as societies and nations. In particular, it obliges
European Union and the Association of the South East
the Catholic Church and the other Churches and Ecclesial
Asian Nations (ASEAN).The World Trade Organization was Communities, with which we are completely willing to
also created for economic development.
collaborate in this field. (Solicitudo Rei Socialis)

The Church concerns herself with the problems of development

and considers them a duty of her pastoral ministry. Through her
commitment she desires, on the one hand, to place herself at the
service of the divine plan which is meant to order all things to
the fullness which dwells in Christ and on the other hand she
desires to respond to her fundamental vocation of being a


"sacrament," that is to say, "a sign and instrument of intimate
union with God and of the unity of the whole human race.
(Solicitudo Rei Socialis No. 31)

Political reasons for In order to keep the status quo, it is in the best interests of
underdevelopment the developed states to ensure that the underdeveloped
states remain as such; it would ensure that the
underdeveloped states would continue to rely on the
assistance, resources, and technology of the developed
states.

The moral character of development requires recognition of

human rights (Solicitudo Rei Socialis No. 33)
a) At internal level: respect for life, family, employment,
political community, religion
b) At international level: respecting peoples, culture,
equality of all;
c) Within the framework of solidarity
The existence of two opposing blocs, East and West, has
considerable impact on the development of people (Solicitudo
Rei Socialis No. 20)

Political opposition rests on deeper ideological opposition:

(Solicitudo Rei Socialis No. 20)
a. Liberal capitalism of the West
b. Marxist collectivism of the East

Cold war or the threat of an actual war creates tension between

the Western and Eastern blocs.

Countries which have recently achieved independence

experience conflict in ideologies which sometimes erupt into civil
wars.

Situation of sin and

main obstacle to
development

The self-interests of the individual states deter the full

realization of the purpose of the United Nations, which is
cooperation and development. As can be seen in the case
of the Spratly Islands dispute, where multiple states are
competing over the islands, and as well as the North Korea
nuclear tests, each and every state only acts in accordance
with their own prerogatives without due regard to the

Arms trade flourishes, nuclear weapons continue to increase,

refugees are created, and terrorism increases.
Demographic problem (overpopulation) is often met without
respect for persons (Solicitudo Rei Socialis No. 25)
In the years since the publication of Pope Paul's Encyclical there
has been no development or very little, irregular, or even
contradictory development (Solicitudo Rei Socialis No. 35)

A world which is divided into blocs, sustained by rigid ideologies,

and in which instead of interdependence and solidarity different
forms of imperialism hold sway, can only be a world subject to
structures of sin. (Solicitudo Rei Socialis No. 36)


repurcussions of their actions.

Responsibilities of
developing
countries

Structures of sin are rooted in personal sin; individual actions

against ones neighbor introduce into the world influences and
obstacles that go beyond individuals, interfering with the
development of peoples (Solicitudo Rei Socialis No. 36)
Typical structures of sin are:
a. All-consuming desire for profit
b. Thirst for power, imposing ones will on others
Due to the wide gap between the developed and
Solidarity among developing countries will call for greater
developing states, there is a need for the developing states cooperation and establishment of effective regional
to cooperate, unite, and work together in order to balance organization. (Solicitudo Rei Socialis No. 45)
the disproportionate relationship between the developed
Development demands above all a spirit of initiative on the part
and developing states.
of the countries which need it. Each of them must act in
accordance with its own responsibilities, not expecting
everything from the more favored countries, and acting in
collaboration with others in the same situation. Each must
discover and use to the best advantage its own area of freedom.
Whatever promotes literacy and the basic education which
completes and deepens it is a direct contribution to true
development

Terrorism

Criminal acts, including those against civilians, committed

with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury, or
taking of hostages, with the purpose to provoke a state of
terror in the general public or in a group of persons or
particular persons, intimidate a population or compel a
government or an international organization to do or to
abstain from doing any act, which constitute offences
within the scope of and as defined in the international
conventions and protocols relating to terrorism.
(SC Res 1566 of October 2004)

Nations themselves will have to identify their own priorities and

clearly recognize their own needs. In particular, they need to give
priority to:
a) food production
b) Reform of political structures
c) Promotion of human rights
Terrorism and its use thereof is tantamount to a new way of
waging war, given the technology and modern science available
in making new weapons which results to horrific crimes. Because
of the intertwining nature of wars and terrorism, the Church
states that any act resulting to terrorism and to war is not just a
crime against people but also a crime against God. The encyclical
was adamant in reiterating its stance against wars, and calls for
the recollection of the principles of natural law
(Gaudium Et Spes).

References:
Baumgartner, Frederic. (1995). France in the Sixteenth Century. NY: St. Martin's Press.
Brody, David. Labor Movement. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.history.com/topics/labor/page2
Caritas in Veritate Promulgated by Pope Benedict XVI [Vatican City]: 2009.
Catholic Church. (1994). Catechism of the Catholic Church. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana.
Definition of Aggression, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3314)
Evangelii Nuntiandi No. 37 Promulgated by Pope Paul VI [Vatican City]: 1975.
Hill, Roger B., (1996). History of Work Ethic. Retrieved from http://workethic.coe.uga.edu/hatcp.html
International Labour Organization Statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/global/lang--en/index.htm
Laborem Exercens Promulgated by Pope John Paul II [Vatican City]: 1981.
Mater et Magistra Promulgated by Pope John XXIII [Vatican City]: 1961.
Nelson, Lynn H., (1998, February 9). The Classical Empires. Retrieved from http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/reference/worldhistory/sections/11classi.html
Newman, Simon. Social Classes in the Middle Ages. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.thefinertimes.com/Middle-Ages/social-classes-in-the-middle-
ages.html
Pacem in Terris Promulgated by John XXIII [Vatican City]: 1963.
Pastoral Constitution On The Church In The Modern World Gaudium et Spes Promulgated by Pope Paul VI. [Vatican City]: 1965.
Renaissance: What inspired this age of balance and order?. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.learner.org/interactives/renaissance/florence.html
Rerum Novarum Promulgated by Pople Leo XIII [Vatican City]: 1891.
Shaw, M. (2003). Public International Law. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Social and Economic Changes During the Renaissance. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.all-about-renaissance-
faires.com/renaissance_info/economic_social_and_religious_change_in_the_renaissance.htm
Solicitudo Rei Socialis Promulgated by Pope John Paul II [Vatican City-]: 1988.
UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 1566 (2004) Concerning Threats to International Peace and Security Caused by Terrorism, 8 October
2004, S/RES/1566 (2004), available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/42c39b6d4.html [accessed 19 February 2013].