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1 SYLLABUS
EE 2302 ELECTRICAL MACHINES - II
31 04
1. SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
2. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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Need for starting Types of starters Rotor resistance, Autotransformer and Stardelta starters Speed control Change of voltage, torque, number of poles and slip
Cascaded connection Slip power recovery scheme.
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TEXT BOOKS
1.
D.P. Kothari and I.J. Nagrath, Electric Machines, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Company Ltd, 2002.
2.
REFERENCES BOOKS
A.E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley, Stephen.D.Umans, Electric Machinery, Tata
McGraw Hill publishing Company Ltd, 2003.
2.
3.
K. Murugesh Kumar, Electric Machines, Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, 2002.
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1. Why almost all large size Synchronous machines are constructed with rotating field
system type?
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The following are the principal advantages of the rotating field system type
construction of Synchronous machines:
The relatively small amount of power, about 2%, required for field system via sliprings and brushes.
For the same air gap dimensions, which is normally decided by the kVA rating,
more space is available in the stator part of the machine for providing more
insulation to the system of conductors, especially for machines rated for 11kV or
above.
Insulation to stationary system of conductors is not subjected to mechanical stresses
due to centrifugal action.
Stationary system of conductors can easily be braced to prevent deformation.
It is easy to provide cooling arrangement for a stationary system of conductors.
Firm stationary connection between external circuit and system of conductors
enable he machine to handle large amount of volt-ampere as high as 500MVA.
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Alternators can be classified into the following two types according to its rotor
construction
Smooth cylindrical type alternator
Salient pole alternator
5. Why do cylindrical Alternators operate with steam turbines?
Steam turbines are found to operate at fairly good efficiency only at high speeds.
The high speed operation of rotors tends to increase mechanical losses and so the rotors
should have a smooth external surface. Hence, smooth cylindrical type rotors with less
diameter and large axial length are used for Synchronous generators driven by steam
turbines with either 2 or 4 poles.
6. Which type of Synchronous generators are used in Hydro-electric plants and why?
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As the speed of operation is low for hydro turbines use din Hydro-electric plants,
salient pole type Synchronous generators are used. These allow better ventilation and also
have other advantages over smooth cylindrical type rotor.
7. What are the advantages of salient pole type construction used for Synchronous
machines?
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Mechanical degree is the unit for accounting the angle between two points based on
their mechanical or physical placement. Electrical degree is used to account the angle
between two points in rotating electrical machines. Since all electrical machines operate
with the help of magnetic fields, the electrical degree is accounted with reference to the
magnetic field. 180 electrical degree is accounted as the angle between adjacent North and
South poles.
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10. What is the relation between electrical degree and mechanical degree?
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The number of poles P, the electrical machine has, as given by the following
equation
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When coil-sides belonging to each phase are housed or distributed in more than one
slot under each pole region then the winding is called distributed winding. A full pitch coil
has width of coil otherwise called coil-span as 180 - angle between adjacent slots in
electrical degree and x= 1,2,3
12. Why is short pitch winding preferred over full-pitch winding?
Advantages
Waveform of the emf can be approximately made to a sine wave and
distorting harmonics can be reduced or totally eliminated.
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The winding factor Kd is defined as the ratio of phasor addition of emf induced in
all the coils belonging to each phase winding to their arithmetic addition.
15. Why are Alternators rated in kVA and not in kW?
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The continuous power rating of any machine is generally defined as the power the
machine or apparatus can deliver for a continuous period so that the losses incurred in the
machine gives rise to a steady temperature rise not exceeding the limit prescribed by the
insulation class. Apart from the constant loss incurred in Alternators is the copper loss,
occurring in the 3 phase winding which depends on I2 R, the square of the current
delivered by the generator. As the current is directly related to apparent power delivered
by the generator , the Alternators have only their apparent power in VA/kVA/MVA as their
power rating.
16. What are the causes of changes in voltage in Alternators when loaded?
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The interaction between flux set up by the current carrying armature and the main
is defined as the armature reaction.
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SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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UNIT II
1. Name the various methods for predetermining the voltage regulation of 3-phase
Alternator.
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The following are the three methods which are used to predetermine the voltage
regulation of smooth cylindrical type Alternators
Synchronous impedance / EMF method
Ampere-turn / MMF method
Potier / ZPF method
2. How synchronous impedance is calculated from OCC and SCC?
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Synchronous impedance is calculated from OCC and SCC as |Zs| = E0/Isc(for same If)
A compromised value of Zs is normally estimated by taking the ratio of (E0/Isc) at normal
field current Ifn. A normal field current Ifn is one which gives rated voltage Ur on open
circuit. |Zs| = Ur/Iscn
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of estimating the voltage regulation of
an Alternator by EMF method?
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Advantages:
Simple no load tests (for obtaining OCC and SCC) are to be conducted
Calculation procedure is much simpler
Disadvantages:
The value of voltage regulation obtained by this method is always higher than the
actual value
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Compared to other methods, the value of voltage regulation obtained by the synchronous
impedance method is always higher than the actual value and therefore this method is
called the pessimistic method.
5. In what way does the ampere-turn method differ from synchronous impedance
method?
The ampere-turn /MMF method is the converse of the EMF method in the sense that
instead of having the phasor addition of various voltage drops/EMFs, here the phasor
addition of MMF required for the voltage drops are carried out. Further the effect of
saturation is also taken care of.
6. What are the test data required for predetermining the voltage regulation of an
Alternator by MMF method?
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The following are the three conditions to be satisfied by synchronizing the additional
Alternator with the existing one or the common bus-bars.
The terminal voltage magnitude of the incoming Alternator must be made equal to
the existing Alternator or the bus-bar voltage magnitude.
The phase sequence of the incoming Alternator voltage must be similar to the busbar voltage.
The frequency of the incoming Alternator voltage must be the same as the bus-bar
voltage.
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The correctness of the phase sequence can be checked by looking at the three sets of
lamps connected across the 3-pole of the synchronizing switch. If the lamps grow bright
and dark in unison it is an indication of the correctness of the phase sequence. If on the
other hand, they become bright and dark one after the other, connections to any two
machine terminals have to be interchanged after shutting down the machine.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of three dark lamps method of
synchronizing?
Advantages:
The synchronous switch using lamps is inexpensive
Checking for correctness of the phase sequence can be obtained in a simple
manner which is essential especially when the Alternator is connected for the first
time or for fresh operation after disconnection .
Disadvantages:
The rate of flickering of the lamps only indicates the frequency difference
between the bus-bar and the incoming Alternator. The frequency of the incoming
Alternator in relation to the bus-bar frequency is not available.
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Why synchronous generators are to be constructed with more synchronous
reactance and negligible resistance?
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The presence of more resistance in the Synchronous generators will resist or oppose their
synchronous operation. More reactance in the generators can cause good reaction between
the two and help the generators to remain in synchronism in spite of any disturbance
occurring in any one of the generators.
13.
List the factors that affect the load sharing in parallel operating generators?
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The total active and reactive power delivered to the load, connected across the common
bus-bars, are shared among Synchronous generators, operating in parallel, based on the
following three factors
Prime-mover characteristic/input
Excitation level and
Percentage synchronous impedance and its R/X ratio
How does the change in prime mover input affect the load sharing?
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The decrease in excitation in one generator causes the reactive power shared by it to
decrease and a corresponding increase in reactive-power shared by other generators. The
change in active-power sharing is less appreciable. There will be a slight decrease in
terminal voltage magnitude also.
16.
What steps are to be taken before disconnecting one Alternator from parallel
operation?
The following steps are to be taken before disconnecting one Alternator from parallel
operation
The prime-mover input of the outgoing generator has to be decreased and that of
other generators has to be increased and by this the entire active-power delivered by
the outgoing generator is transferred to other generators.
The excitation of the outgoing generator has to be decreased and that of other
generators have to be increased and by this the entire reactive-power delivered by
the outgoing generator is transferred to other generators.
After ensuring the current delivered by the outgoing generator is zero, it has to be
disconnected from parallel operation.
17.
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The source or supply lines with non-variable voltage and frequency are called infinite
bus-bars. The source lines are said to have zero source impedance and infinite rotational
inertia.
18.
How does increase in excitation of the Alternator connected to infinite busbars affect this operation?
Increase in excitation level of the synchronous generator will effectively increase the
reactive component of the current supplied by the generator and hence the active power
delivered.
Upon what factors does the load angle depend?
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Angle is positive during generator operation and negative during motor operation.
20.
An Alternator is found to have its terminal voltage on load condition more
than that on no load. What is the nature of the load connected?
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The nature of the load is of leading power factor , load consisting of resistance and
capacitive reactance.
UNIT III
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1. How does the shaft torque differ from the torque developed in 3-phase Induction
motor?
The mechanical power developed Pd causes the rotor to rotate at a speed Nr due to
the torque Td developed in the rotor . Therefore, equation for Pr can be written as Pd __
1rTd / 60 The remaining power, after the mechanical losses Wm are met with, available in
the shaft as mechanical power output Po = Pd Wm .The mechanical power output Po,
which is less than Pd is available in the shaft running at a speed of Nr and with a shaft
torque T. Therefore the shaft torque (T) is slightly less than the torque developed Td, Pd_
__ 1rT / 60 Wm = Pd Po_ _>_ 1r(Td T)] / 60
2. Name the tests to be conducted for predetermining the performance of 3-phase
induction machine.
(a) No load test
(b) Blocked rotor test
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The prediction can be carried out when any of the following information is available
The input line current., the input power factor, The active power input, The reactive power
input, The apparent power input, The output power , The slip of operation, The torque
developed, The equivalent rotor current per phase, Maximum output power, Maximum
torque developed. The only disadvantage is, being a geometrical solution, errors made
during measurements will affect the accuracy of the result.
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7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of direct load test for 3 phase I M?
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Advantages Direct measurement of input and output parameters yield accurate Results
Aside from the usual performance other performances like mechanical Vibration, noise etc
can be studied. By operating the motor at full load for a continuous period, the final steady
temperature can be measured. Disadvantages Testing involves large amount of power and
the input energy and the entire energy delivered is wasted Loading arrangement cannot be
provided for motors of large power rating
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The speed of operation remains constant from no load to maximum load in the
motor operating at constant frequency bus bars.
Synchronous motor work on the principle of force developed due to the magnetic
attraction established between the rotating magnetic field and the main pole feed. Since the
speed of rotating magnetic field is directly proportional to frequency the motor operates at
constant speed.
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13. What is the phasor relation between induced emf and terminal voltage of a 3
phase Synchronous motor?
The rotating magnetic field is initially established by the prime source of supply V.
The main field then causes an emf e to get induced in the 3 phase winding. Hence when the
machine operates as a synchronous motor the emf phasor always lags the terminal voltage
phasor by the load/torque
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The variation of magnitude of line current with respect to the field current is called
V curve . The variation of power factor with respect to the field current is called inverted V
curve.
15. What happens when the field current of a synchronous motor is increased beyond
the normal value at constant input?
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Increase in emf causes the motor to have reactive current in the leading direction.
The additional leading reactive current causes the magnitude of line current, accompanied
by the decrease in power factor.
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A synchronous motor used to change the power factor or power factor in the supply
lines is called synchronous phase modifier. A synchronous motor operated at no load with
over excitation condition to draw large leading reactive current and power is called a
synchronous condenser.
17. How the synchronous motor can be used as s synchronous condenser?
Synchronous motor is operated on over excitation so as to draw leading reactive
current and power from the supply lines. This compensates the lagging current and power
requirement of the load making the system power factor to become unity. The motor does
the job of capacitors and hence called as syn chronous condenser.
18. What type of single phase induction motor would you use for the following
applications?
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(i) Ceiling fan (ii) Wet grinder Ceiling fan capacitor start and run motor Wet
grinder capacitor start motor
19. After servicing a single phase fan it was found to run in reverse direction. What
could be the reason?
The connection to the starting/ auxiliary winding would have reversed.
20. What will be the direction of rotation of a shaded pole single phase induction
motor?
UNIT IV
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The motor rotates in the direction specified by the unshaded to shaded region in the
pole phase
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1. In what respect does a 1-phase Induction motor differ from a 3-phase Induction
motor?
2.
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Construction wise a plain 1-phase Induction motor is more or less similar to a 3-phase
squirrel-cage Induction motor except that its stator is provided with only 1-phase winding.
What are the inherent characteristics of plain 1-phase Induction motor
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A plain 1-phase Induction motor is not used in practice due to the following inherent
characteristics
A plain 1-phase Induction motor does not have any starting torque However, if
the rotor is initially given a starting torque, by some means, the motor can pick up its speed
in a direction at which the initial torque is given and deliver the required output.
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3. Name the two different theories with which principle of 1-phase induction motors
are explained.
The two different theories are
Double revolving field theory
Cross field theory
4.
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Based on the method of starting arrangement provided, the 1-phase Induction motors
are classified as follows
(i) Split-phase motor
(ii) Capacitor start motor
(iii) Capacitor start and run motor
(iv) Shaded pole motor
(v) Repulsion start Induction run motor
6. How is the direction of a capacitor start Induction motor be reversed?
The direction of rotation can be reversed by interchanging the terminals of either the
main winding or the starting winding
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8.
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While starting, rotor conductors are stationary and they cut the revolving magnetic field
and so an emf is induced in them by electromagnetic induction. This induced emf produces
a current if the circuit is closed. This current opposes the cause by Lenzs law and hence the
rotor starts revolving in the same direction as that of the magnetic field.
Induction motor can run at synchronous speed ? True or false? Explain .
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No, if the
speed of induction motor is Ns then the relative speed between the rotating flux and the
rotor will be zero and so no torque is produced.
An induction motor is generally analogous to ?
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11. What would happen if a 3 phase induction motor is switched on with one phase
disconnected?
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12. What happens if the air gap flux density in an induction motor increases?
The increase in air gap flux increases iron loss and hence efficiency decreases.
When R2=X2
15. What are the effects of increasing rotor resistance on starting current and starting
torque?
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The additional external resistance reduces the rotor current and hence the current drawn
from the supply. It improves the starting torque developed by improving the power factor in
high proportion to the decrease in rotor current.
16. What is slip of an induction motor?
The slip speed expressed as the ratio of synchronous speed is defined as slip.
Percentage slip S=Ns-N/Ns*100
17. How the magnitude of rotor emf is related to the slip in an I M?
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3 - 5%
20. Why is not possible for the rotor speed of an I M to be equal to the speed of its
rotating magnetic field?
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The machine will not be able to develop any mechanical torque to run as a motor.
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Relatively small amount of power required for field system can easily supplied to
rotating system using slip rings and brushes, more space is available in the stator part of the
machine to provide more insulation, it is easy to provide cooling system, stationary system
of conductors can easily be braced to prevent deformation.
2. What are the advantages of salient type pole construction used in sync.machines?
They allow better ventilation, the pole faces are so shaped radial air gap length increases
from pole center to pole tips so flux distortion in air gap is sinusoidal so emf is also
sinusoidal.
3. Which type of sync. generators are used in hydroelectric plants and why?
As the speed of operation is low, for hydro turbines used in hydroelectric plants,
salient pole type sync. generator is used because it allows better ventilation also
better than smooth cylindrical type rotor
4. Why are alternators rated in KVA and not in KW?
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Compared to other method, the value of voltage regulation obtained by this method is
always higher than the actual value so it is called as pessimistic method.
6. Why MMF method of estimating voltage regulation is considered as
optimistic method?
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Compared to EMF method, MMF method involves more no. of complex calculation
steps. Further the OCC is referred twice and SCC is referred once while predetermining the
voltage regulation for each load condition. Reference of OCC takes core saturation effect.
As
this method require more effort, final result is very close to actual value, hence this method
is called as optimistic method.
7. Define voltage regulation of the alternator?
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It is defined as the increase in terminal voltage when full load is thrown off, assuming field
current and speed remaining the same.
% reg = [(E0 V)/V]x100
Where E0 = no terminal voltage
V = full load rated terminal voltage
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1. Robotics
2. Computer peripherals
3. Facsimile machine
4. Aerospace
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UNIT II
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