A PROJECT REPORT ON

AUTOMATIC STREET CONTROLLER WITH

VISITOR COUNTER
IN THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENT FOR THE DEGREE
OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By

Under the guidance of

[1]

TABLE OF CONTENT
Certificate

Abstract

Declaration

Acknowledgement

Objective

Introduction

Component used- Part A

10

Component used-Part B

11

555 integrated circuit

12

IC-555 Astable operation

15

Schematic for constant HV power supply

16

Condenser Microphone

19

Capacitor

21

Piezo buzzer

22

Relay

23

Telemetry circuit explanation

25

Working of telephone cradle switch

26

Dual tone multiple frequency encoder

30

Working of system

32

C program embedded code

37

Applications

40

Bibliography

41

[2]

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Project Report entitled AUTOMATIC

STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER WITH VISITOR COUNTER
that is submitted by MOHIT AWASTHI in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree B.Tech in Department of
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS of______________, is a
record of the candidate own work carried out by him under my own
supervision. The matter embodies in thesis is original and has not
been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Date:

Project guide:

[3]

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extend has been accepted for the
award of the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other
institute of the higher leaning except where due acknowledgement has been made
in the text.

Signature:

Name:

Roll No.:

Date:

[4]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I am deeply indebted to my mentor Ast. Prof. SATYJEET DAS
who inspiration has been unfailingly available to me at all stages of my training.
This has fueled my enthusiasm even further and encouraged me to boldly step into
what was a totally dark and unexplored expanse before me.
I would like to thank Prof. Y.K SAH for his efforts, who was always ready with a
positive comment, whether it was an off-hand comment to encourage me or
constructive piece of criticism.
In course of present work it has been my privilege to receive help and assistance of
my friends. I take great pleasure in acknowledge my debt to them.
I wish to thank my parents for their undivided support and interest who inspired
me and encouraged me to go my own way, without whom I would be unable to
complete my project. At last but not the least I want to thank my friends who
appreciated me for my work and motivated me and finally to God who made all the
things possible.

Signature:
Name:
Roll no.
Date:

[5]

CHAPTER :- 1
Project Overview
Introduction Of Project
1.1

Project Overview

The aim of this project is to reduce the power consumption as well

as maintenance by providing the Photo sensor that switches the light on
and off automatically. The main feature of the Photo sensor is its a light
dependent resistor. A small hardware model, which is as real as real
world application, is built in this project. As the light falls off these
sensors switch on the street light and vice-versa.
The microcontroller does the above job. It receives the signals
from the sensors, and this signal is operated under the control of
software which is stored in ROM. Microcontroller AT89C52
continuously monitor the Infrared Receivers, When any object pass
rough the IR Receiver's then the IR Rays falling on the receiver are
obstructed , this obstruction is sensed by the Microcontroller

[6]

CHAPTER :- 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ITS
DESCRIPTION
2.1 Basic Block Diagram

Enter
Enter Sensor

Signal
Conditioning

Exit Sensor
Signal
Conditioning

Power Supply

Exit

A
T
8
9
S
5
2

Relay Driver

Light

Fig. 2.1 Basic Block Diagram

[7]

[8]

2.2 Block Diagram Description

The basic block diagram of the bidirectional visitor
counter with automatic light controller is shown in the above
figure. Mainly this block diagram consist of the following
essential blocks.
1. Power Supply
2. Entry and Exit sensor circuit
3. AT 89C52 micro-controller
4. Relay driver circuit

1. Power Supply:Here we used +12V and +5V dc power supply. The

main function of this block is to provide the required amount
of voltage to essential circuits. +12 voltage is given. +12V is
given to relay driver. To get the +5V dc power supply we
have used here IC 7805, which provides the +5V dc
regulated power supply.

2. Enter and Exit Circuits:This is one of the main part of our project. The main
intention of this block is to sense the person. For sensing the
person and light we are using the light dependent register
[9]

(LDR). By using this sensor and its related circuit diagram

we can count the persons.

3. 89S52 Microcontroller:It is a low-power, high performance CMOS 8-bit

microcontroller with 8KB of Flash Programmable and
Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is
manufactured

using

Atmels

high-density

nonvolatile

memory technology and is compatible with the MCS-51TM

instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the
program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional

nonvolatile

memory

programmer.

By

combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic

hip, the Atmel AT89C52 is a powerful
Microcontroller, which provides a highly flexible and
cost

effective

solution

so

many

embedded

control

applications.

[10]

CHAPTER :- 3
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Transmission Circuit:-

Fig. 3.1 Transmitter circuit

[11]

Receiver Circuit:-

Fig. 3.2 Receiver circuit

[12]

 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:
There are two main parts of the circuits.

1. Transmission Circuits (Infrared LEDs)

2. Receiver Circuit (Sensors)

1. Transmission Circuit:

Fig. 3.3 Transmitter circuit

[13]

This circuit diagram shows how a 555 timer IC is

configured to function as a basic monostable multivibrator.
A monostable multivibrator is a timing circuit that changes
state once triggered, but returns to its original state after a
certain time delay. It got its name from the fact that only one
of its output states is stable. It is also known as a 'one-shot'.
In this circuit, a negative pulse applied at pin 2 triggers
an internal flip-flop that turns off pin 7's discharge transistor,
allowing C1 to charge up through
R1. At the same time, the flip-flop brings the output
(pin 3) level to 'high'. When capacitor C1 as charged up to
about 2/3 Vcc, the flip-flop is triggered once again, this time
making the pin 3 output 'low' and turning on pin 7's discharge
transistor, which discharges C1 to ground. This circuit, in
effect, produces a pulse at pin 3 whose width t is just the
product of R1 and C1, i.e., t=R1C1.
IR Transmission circuit is used to generate the
modulated 36 kHz IR signal. The IC555 in the transmitter
side is to generate 36 kHz square wave. Adjust the preset in
the transmitter to get a 38 kHz signal at the o/p. around 1.4K
we get a 38 kHz signal. Then you point it over the sensor and
its o/p will go low when it senses the IR signal of 38 kHz.
[14]

2. Receiver Circuit:

Fig. 3.4 Receiver circuit

[15]

4.1 Procedure Followed While Designing:

In the beginning I designed the circuit in PREOTEUS software.
Dip trace is a circuit designing software. After completion of the
designing circuit I prepared the layout.

Then I programmed the microcontroller using KEIL software

using hex file.

Then soldering process was done. After completion of the

soldering process I tested the circuit.
Still the desired output was not obtained and so troubleshooting
was done. In the process of troubleshooting I found the circuit aptly
soldered and connected and hence came to conclusion that there was
error in programming section which was later rectified and the
desired results were obtained.

[16]

4.2 List of Components:

Microcontroller AT89S52
IC 7805
Sensor TSOP 1738 (Infrared Sensor)
Transformer 12-0-12, 500 mA
Preset 4.7K
Disc capacitor 104,33pF
Reset button switch
Rectifier diode IN4148
Transistor BC 547, CL 100
7-Segment Display

[17]

4.3

Description of Components

4.3.1 Microcontroller AT89C52:

The AT89C52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable
Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels highdensity nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the
Industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip
Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system
or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro- grammar. By
combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable
Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C52 is a powerful
microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective
solution to many embedded control applications.

The AT89C52 provides the following standard features: 8K

bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer,
two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector twolevel interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip
oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C52 is
designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency
[18]

and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The

Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters,
serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The
Power-down mode saves the RAM con- tents but freezes the
oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt
or hardware reset.
FEATURES: 8 KB Reprogrammable flash.
32 Programmable I/O lines.
16 bit Timer/Counter3.
8 Interrupt sources.
Power range: 4V 5.5V
Endurance : 1000 Writes / Erase cycles
Fully static operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Three level program memory lock
Power off flag
Full duplex UART serial channel
Low power idle and power down modes
[19]

 Interrupt recovery from power down modes

256 KB internal RAM
Dual data pointer

[20]

4.3.3 555 ( TIMER IC):

Fig. 4.5 Timer IC(555)

Description:
The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate
time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for
triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of
operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor
and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free
running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with
two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be
triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can
source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits.

Features:
Direct replacement for SE555/NE555
Timing from microseconds through hours
Operates in both astable and monostable modes
[21]

 Adjustable duty cycle

Output can source or sink 200 mA
Output and supply TTL compatible
Temperature stability better than 0.005% per C
Normally on and normally off output
Available in 8-pin MSOP package
Applications:
Precision timing
Pulse generation
Sequential timing
Time delay generation
Pulse width modulation
Pulse position modulation
Linear ramp generator

4.3.4 LTS 542 (7-Segment Display)

Description:
The LTS 542 is a 0.52 inch digit height single digit
seven-segment display. This device utilizes Hi-eff. Red LED

[22]

chips, which are made from GaAsP on GaP substrate, and

has a red face and red segment.

Fig. 4.6 7 Segment

Features:
Common Anode
0.52 Inch Digit Height
Continuous Uniform Segments
Low power Requirement
Excellent Characters Appearance
High Brightness & High Contrast
Wide Viewing Angle

[23]

LM7805 (Voltage Regulator)

Fig. 4.7 Voltage Regulator

Description:
The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal
positive regulator are available in the TO-220/D-PAK
package and with several fixed output voltages, making them
useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs
internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe
operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible.
If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A
output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage
regulators, these devices can be used with external
components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

[24]

Features:
Output Current up to 1A
Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V
Thermal Overload Protection
Short Circuit Protection
Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

4.3.5 RELAY CIRCUIT:

Fig. 4.8 Relay

A single pole dabble throw (SPDT) relay is connected

to port RB1 of the microcontroller through a driver transistor.
The relay requires 12 volts at a current of around 100ma,
which cannot provide by the microcontroller. So the driver
transistor is added. The relay is used to operate the external
solenoid forming part of a locking device or for operating
any other electrical devices. Normally the relay remains off.
As soon as pin of the microcontroller goes high, the relay
operates. When the relay operates and releases. Diode D2 is
[25]

the standard diode on a mechanical relay to prevent back

EMF from damaging Q3 when the relay releases. LED L2
indicates relay on.

[26]

CHAPTER :- 5
SOFTWARE DESIGN
FLOW CHART:

Start
Infrared Signal
Transmission

Turn On
Relay

Interrupted
from Sensor1

Interrupted
from Sensor 2

Turn On
Light

Counter
Incremented

Counter
Decremente
Counter set
to 0

Relay Turn
Off

Turn Off
Light
[27]

 If the sensor 1 is interrupted first then the microcontroller

will look for the sensor 2. And if it is interrupted then the
microcontroller will increment the count and switch on the
relay, if it is first time interrupted.
If the sensor 2 is interrupted first then the microcontroller
will look for the sensor 1. And if it is interrupted then the
microcontroller will decrement the count.
When the last person leaves the room then counter goes to 0
and that time the relay will turn off. And light will be turn
off.

[28]

Program

#include<reg51.h>
sbit SENS1=P3^0;
sbit SENS2=P3^1;
sbit OUT=P2^0;
void delay(unsigned int value)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<=value;i++)
for(j=0;j<=1275;j++);
}
void main()
{
int a=0;
SENS1=SENS2=1;
OUT=0;
P1=0;
while(1)
{
if(SENS1==0)
{
[29]

a=a+1;
OUT=1;
if(a==0x0A ||a==0x1A ||a==0x2A ||a==0x3A ||a==0x4A
||a==0x5A ||a==0x6A)
{
a=a+6;
}
P1=a;
while(SENS1==0)
{
delay(10);
}
}
if(SENS2==0)
{
OUT=0;
}
}
}

[30]

CHAPTER :- 6
TESTING AND RESULTS
Testing And Results
We started our project by making power supply. That is easy for
me but when we turn toward the main circuit, there are many problems
and issues related to it, which we faced, like component selection, which
components is better than other and its feature and cost wise a We
started our project by making power supply. That is easy for me but
when I turn toward the main circuit, there are many problems and issues
related to it, which are I faced, like component selection, which
components is better than other and its feature and cost wise also, then
refer the data books and other materials related to its.

I had issues with better or correct result, which I desired. And also
the software problem.

I also had some soldering issues which were resolved using

continuity checks performed on the hardware.

We had issues with better or correct result, which we desired. And

also the software problem.

[31]

We also had some soldering issues which were resolved using

continuity checks performed on the hardware.

We started testing the circuit from the power supply. There we got
over first trouble. After getting 9V from the transformer it was not
converted to 5V and the circuit received 9V.

As the solder was shorted IC 7805 got burnt. So we replaced the

IC7805.also the circuit part around the IC7805 were completely
damaged..with the help of the solder we made the necessary paths.

[32]

CHAPTER :- 8
APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Application
o For counting purposes
o For automatic Soom light control
Advantages
o Low cost
o Easy to use
o Implement in single door
Disadvantages
o It is used only when one single vehicle cuts the rays of the
sensor hence it cannot be used when two person cross
simultaneously.

[33]

CHAPTER :- 8
BIBILOGRAPHY
Bibliography
Reference Books
Programming in ANSI C: E BALAGURUSAMY
The
8051microcontroller
MUHAMMAD ALI MAZIDI

and

embedded

systems:

JANICE GILLISPIE
MAZIDI
The 8051 microcontroller: KENNETH J. AYALA
Website
www.datasheets4u.com
www.8051.com

[34]