.

1 One dimensional Inviscid Flow Relations

In the previous lectures, we have derived the one dimensional relation for mass, momentum and
energy equations for steady, adiabatic and inviscid flow. The 1-D control volume and the
obtained relations are recalled herewith,

Fig.3.1 Control volume for 1-D flow

Mass Conservation Equation
1u1A = 2u2A
1u1 = 2u2
u = constant
Momentum Conservation
P1 + 1u12 = P2 + 2u22
P + u2 = constant
Energy Equation

Hence mass momentum and energy equations for 1D steady, inviscid, adiabatic flow without
body force are,
u = constant

5.1

P + u2 = constant

5.2

5.2 Speed of sound

Consider an acoustic wave moving in a stationary fluid with speed a. Poperties of fluid change
due in the presence of the acoustic wave. These property variations can be predicted using 1D
conservation equations. For simpliaty we can assume the acustic wave to be stationary and the
fluid to be passing across the wave with velocity a.Consider the contol volume shown in Fig.
3.1. for understanding, central hatched portion can be exaggered as the acoustic wave. Let P,
and a be pressure, density and velocity ahead the acoustic wave respectively. Acoustic wave
being a small amplitude disturbance, induces small change porperties while fluid passing across
it. Hence the properties behind the acoustic wave are P+dP, in +d and a+da pressure, density
and velocity respectively. Application of mass conservation (5.1) and momentum conservation
(5.2) equations beween inlet and exit stations of control volume, we get,
a = ( + d)(a + da)
P + u2 = (P + dP)+( + d)(a + da)2
From mass equation a = a + da + ad + dad
We will neglect dad since both are small quantities. Hence their product will be even smaller.
Therefore da + ad = 0 and

5.4
From momentum equations we get,
p + a2 = (p + dp)+( + d)(a2 + 2ada + da2)
neglecting da2
p + a2 = (p + dp)+( + d)(a2 + 2ada)
p + a2 = (p + dp)+(a2 + 2ada + a2d + 2adad)
neglecting 2adads,
p + a2 = (p + dp)+(a2 + 2ada + a2d)
0 = dp + 2ada + a2d

Incorporating Eq. (5.4) in above equation, we get,

5.5

This is the general formula for acoustic speed or speed of sound.

We can express the same in terms of bulk modulus or compressibility using the definition of the
compressibility () givein in section 1.4.3

Now this can be isothermal or adiabatic compressibility. However, changes in properties across
sound wave are small and we have also not considered any dissipative effect like viscous effects,
therefore we can treat the compressibility as the isentropic one. This proves that acoustic wave is
isentropic (adiabatic reversible) in nature. Both the formulas derived for acoustic speed are valid
for any state of matter. But if we consider gas then we can further simplify the expression as
below.

Since the flow is adiabatic

Therefore,

5.6

5.3. Definition of Mach number

Mach number is defined as the ratio of the particle (local) speed to the (local) speed of sound.

Here, V represents the speed of the fluid particle at a perticular instant at a perticular position
and it is related to kinetic energy which is direct form of energy. Kinetic energy here is termed as
directed energy since it has capacity to do work. If energy is present in random form then there is
no capacity to do work. As a represents acoustic speed and is
for gas, it clearly shows
that, it is related to random velocity of molecule, obtained from kinetic theory of gases,
. Hence Mach number can be thought of as the ratio of directed energy to random
energy. Essentially, ratio of kinetic energy (KE) and internal energy (IE) of the flow depicts the
ratio of directed energy and random energy and it is function of Mach number.

This clearly shows that, in order to increase the Mach number we will have to either decrease the
internal energy or increase the kinetic energy.
6.1. Fluid Flow Regimes
Various flow regimes are classified based on the definition of Mach number.
1. Subsonic Flow: When the fluid velocity is lower than the acoustic speed (M<1) then the
fluid flow is called as subsonic. However Mach number of the flow changes while
passing over an object or through a duct. Hence for simplicity, flow is considered as
subsonic if Mach number is in the range of 0-0.8. All small amplitude disturbances travel
with acoustic speed and speed of the flow in the subsonic regime is less than acoustic
speed hence presence of the disturbance is felt by the whole fluid domain. Therefore
subsonic flow is pre-warned or prepared to face the disturbance.
2. Transonic flow: When the flow Mach number is in the range 0.8-1.2 it is called transonic
flow. Highly unstable and mixed subsonic and supersonic flows are the main features of
this regime.
3. Sonic flow: When flow Mach number is 1 it is called sonic flow.

4. Supersonic Flow: When the flow Mach number is more then everywhere in the domain
then it is called as supersonic flow. This flow is not pre-warned since the fluid speed is
more than the speed of sound.
5. Hypersonic Flow: As per the thumb rule, when the flow Mach number is more than 5
then it is called as hypersonic flows. This is not the fixed definition for hypersonic flow
since hypersonic flow is defined by certain characteristics of flow.
6.2. Isentropic Relations for Reference Conditions
Flow is said to be stagnant when its velocity is zero. Here we are interested to predict the flow
properties at the stagnation conditions. Let's imagine that a fluid flow is decelerated from its
exhisting state isentropically to zero velocity which is termed as the stagnation condition as
shown in Fig. 6.1. All the properties of the flow at stagnation condition are called as stagnation
properties. Similarly if we decelerate the supersonic flow or accelerate the subsonic flow
isentropically so that the fluid particles reach sonic velocity, then flow properties are called as
star properties. Both the stagnation properties and star properties are the reference properties of
the flow and are constant in the fluid domain if the flow is isentropic. Let's apply the 1D energy
conservation principle to derive the relation initially between stagnation and static properties.

Fig.6.1 Isentroipc stagnation of a moving fluid particle

Consider that the fluid particle is isentropically brough to zero as shown in above figure. We
know that 1D form of energy conversion equation is

Here subscript 1 stands for initial state of the fluid and subscript 2 stands for final decelerated
state of fluid. Since, V2=0, lets represent T2=T0 is abpve equation. Then,

Dividing the above equation by

6.1
Here subsrcipt 0 represents the stagnation condition. Its evident from this equation that the
stagnation temperature to static temperature ratio is dependent on Mach number & specific heat
ratio. The Mach number in this expression is the Mach number of the flow before
commencement of isentropic deceleration.
Since the process is isentropic and we already have derived isentropic relations, we can find out
stagnation pressure to static pressure relation and the same for density also.

6.2

6.3
From the expression for stagnation pressure to static pressure, it can be seen that the stagnation
pressure and static pressure are almost equal if Mach number is zero. However for the
incompressible flows with Mach number less than 0.3, it can be evaluated that the difference
between static pressure and stagnation pressure is equal to the dynamic pressure. But this isn't
the case for compressible flows.

Adiabaticity of the flow is sufficient for the definition of total temperature since in the process of
deriving the ratio of stagnation temperature to the static temperature along with assumtion of
steady and inviscid flow. There is no assumption of reversibility made while deriving the 1D
energy equation. Therefore adiabaticity of the process is sufficient for calculation of the
stagnation to static temperature ratio. Flow past the normal shock (to be learnt soon) is an
irreversible process like friction where we will prove constancy of total temperature across the
normal shock. Unlike stagnation to static temperature ratio, pressure and density ratios need
adiabatic and reversible assumption since we have used explicit isentropic relations while
obtaining these ratios. In this derivation we have seen that, an imaginary adiabartic or isentropic
process of deceleration should be followed for evaluation of reference quantities at a point in the
flowfield, however actual flowfield might not be adiabatic or isentropic. Therefore, in reality,
stagnation properties of the fluid change from point to point.
Consider an ideal case where flow is decelarated from sonic condition to stagation conditions.
The one dimensional relation when applied to this case give following relations. Here, we will
use a superscript '*' for this special condition named as stared conditions represented by sonic
speed. Hence the ratios for temperature, pressure and density in terms of stagnatiyon to static
propertis at sonic condionns are as,

Since specific heat ratio for air is 1.4, above equations can be modified for air as

3.6. Normal shock relations

It had already been discussed that the subsonic flow is pre-warned and supersonic flow is not.
The reason behind this fact is that, any small amplitude disturbance travels with acoustic speed,
however speed of fluid particle is more than the speed of sound in case of supersonic flows.
Therefore the message of presence of the obstacle can not propagate upstream. Hence a
messenger gets developed in front of the obstacle to warn the flow in order to avoid its direct
collision with the obstacle. This messenger is called as shock. In the presence of normal shock,
fluid velocity decreases to the extent where flow Mach number behind the shock attains value
below one. Due to this subsonic speed attainment of the flow, it becomes aware about the
presence of the obstacle well in advance in the narrow space between shock and obstacle.
Herewith we will deal for computation of flow properties behind the normal shock.

In the presence of a general obstacle the shock pattern is shown here in Fig. 6.2.

Fig. 6.2. Shock pattern for a blunt or bluff obstacle

The shock for the stagnation streamline can be considered as normal to it. Therefore we can use
the earlier derived 1D flow relations along with the assumptions of flow steady, adiabatic and
inviscid flow. Consider a small control volume around normal shock for application of these
relations between two stations of the control volume, mainly, inlet and outlet as shown in Fig.
6.2.

Lets us examine the reference star properties of the flow in the process to calculate the flow
properties behind the normal shock from the known inlet conditions. We can take the advantage
of using stared temperature since the flow is adiabatic in nature. Imagine that flow is
adiabatically brought to Mach number one on either sides of the shock independantly. In this
case, we should get same stared temperature on either sides of shock. We can also show that total
temperature is also same on either sides. The explicit formulation using the star temperature and
concerned acoustic speed before the normal shock is,

Applying same strategy at the outlet we get,

However, we can write static enthalpy in terms of acoustic speed as,

Therefore, the energy equation at the inlet becomes,

6.4

Similarly for the outlet station we have

6.5
Let's obtain the expression for velocity using mass and momentum equations to replace the
acustic speed term from equations (6.4) and (6.5).
From 1D mass and momentum conservation equations we have
1u1 = 2u2
p1 + 1u12 = p2 + 2u22
Therefore,

Using equation 6.4 and 6.5, above equation transforms to

Rearranging the terms of above equation, we get

Further rearrengments gives

Necessary rearrangement for the above equation is as given,

6.6
This expression shows that, M1*2 and M2*2 are reciprocal of each other for a normal shock. This
equation is called as Prandtls relation for normal shock which can be used to prove that Mach
number becomes subsonic behind the normal shock