ME 362

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY
(2,0,2)

Denis Edem Dzebre

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KNUST.

INTRODUCTION
Theory of Machines studies relative motion between the various parts of a
machine, under the influence of forces.
Dynamics of Machinery is a branch of theory of machines and deals with
effects of forces on machines or their components while they are in motion.
Tries to define the laws of motion of components of mechanisms, control of
the motion of the components, balance machines and mechanisms, among
other things.

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OUTLINE
Governors

Balancing
Gyroscopes

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READING MATERIALS
Mechanics of Machines, Hannah and Stephens

Theory of Machines, Kurmi and Gupta

Lecture Notes, ME 361 - Dynamics of Machinery, IDL KNUST

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ASSESSMENT
Class Attendance
Assignments
Mid-Semester Exam
End of Semester Exam
TOTAL

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5%
10%
15%
70%
100%

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GOVERNORS
Governors together with flywheels control the speeds of engines.
Flywheels control fluctuation of engine speed (try to keep the speed within a
certain range).
Governors control engine mean speed.
They try to maintain a mean engine speed by regulating the flow of fuel for engine
combustion process in response to the load on the engine.
Load increase on the engine reduces engine (and governor) speed, opening a fuel
regulating valve and vice versa.
There are various types; Mechanical, Pneumatic, Electromechanical and
Electronic governors, etc. etc. etc. (http://constructionmanuals.tpub.com/)
Focus is on Mechanical Governors.

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MECHANICAL GOVERNORS
Are of two basic types; Inertia and Centrifugal.
Inertia/Shaft Governor
Relies on rate of change of speed to regulate fuel flow. Are reputed to be more
sensitive

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MECHANICAL GOVERNORS
Centrifugal Governor - Parts

Source:
ME 361 Course Material,
IDL, KNUST.

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MECHANICAL GOVERNORS
Centrifugal Governor M/O

Source:
IGNOU Study Material.

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CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNORS
Some Terminologies

Height of a governor
Refers to the vertical distance from the center of the ball to a point where the axes of
the arms (or arms produced) intersection the spindle axis, usually denoted by h.
Equilibrium speed.
the speed at which the governor balls, arms etc., are in complete equilibrium and the
sleeve does not tend to move upwards or downwards.
Mean equilibrium speed.
the speed at the mean position of the balls or the sleeve.
Maximum and minimum equilibrium speeds.
the speeds at the maximum and minimum radius of rotation of the balls, without
tending to move either way.
Sleeve lift.
It is the vertical distance which the sleeve travels due to change in equilibrium speed.
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MECHANICAL GOVERNORS
Types of Centrifugal Governors

Source:

Theory of Machines, Kurmi and Gupta.

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MECHANICAL GOVERNORS

Types of Centrifugal Governors

Pendulum/Watt governor has low range of operating speed due to comparatively
small controlling force (from light weight of the sleeve).
Loaded governors provide a greater controlling force either by virtue of the
weighted mass or due to springs to oppose centrifugal mass
Key:
a. Watt/Pendulum
b. Porter
c. Proell
d. Hartnell
e. Wilson-Hartnell
f. A variation of the Hartnell

(d)

(e)

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(f)

Source:
Mechanics of Machines, Hannah and Stephens.

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CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNORS
Some Basic Concepts
Controlling Force
Resists the centrifugal force acting on the balls when the governor is rotating.
Comprises the resultant effect of gravity on sleeve, weight at sleeve etc.

Stability
A governor is said to be stable when there is only one radius of rotation of the
governor balls at which the governor is in equilibrium. The radius of rotation for a
stable governor increases with its speed of rotation. An unstable always tends to
move to one of its extreme positions, not settling at its mean position.

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CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNORS
Some Basic Concepts

Sensitiveness
This depends on whether the governor is being treated as a single entity or as part of
a machine that it is connected to.
In the first instance,
The smaller the change in speed for a given sleeve movement, the more sensitive
the governor.
In the other instance, the speeds considered are the full load and no load speeds of
the governor. So, the smaller the change in speed from no load to the full load, the
more sensitive the governor will be.

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CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNORS
Some Basic Concepts
Co-efficient of Insensitiveness
Co-efficient of insensitiveness is the change in speed required for the governor to
make a correction to the fuel control system. It is calculated with the minimum and
maximum speeds before movement. It is due to friction which can prevent the
movement of the governor sleeve even when the speeds have changed.

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CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNORS
Some Basic Concepts
Hunting
This is the continuous fluctuation of the governor speed above and below the mean
speed. It occurs in a governor that is too sensitive, letting too much or too little fuel
into the engine.
Isochronous
A governor is said to be isochronous when the equilibrium speed is constant
for all radii of rotation of fly balls with the working range. This phenomenon only
occurs in spring loaded governors.

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