ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-2013
II B.Tech MECH I-SEMESTER

PADMASRI DR B.V.RAJU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

VISHNUPUR, NARSAPUR, MEDAK (DIST.) 502313
Phone No: 08458 222031, www.bvrit.ac.in

PREFACE
The significance of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Lab is
renowned in the various fields of engineering applications. For an Mechanical
Engineer, it is obligatory to have the practical ideas about the Electrical and
Electronics Engineering. By this perspective we have introduced a Laboratory
manual cum Observation for Electrical and Electronics Engineering Lab.

The manual uses the plan, cogent and simple language to explain the
fundamental aspects of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in practical. The
manual prepared very carefully with our level best.
executing an experiment.

It gives all the steps in

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is one of lifes simple pleasures to say thank you for all the help that one
has extended their support. I wish to acknowledge and appreciate Assoc Prof Saleem
Pasha, Foreman. P Prabhu Dass, and G.Suresh for their sincere efforts made towards
developing the Electrical and Electronics Engineering manual. I wish to thank
students for their suggestions which are considered while preparing the lab manual.
I am extremely indebted to Sri.Col Dr. T. S. Surendra, Principal and
Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVRIT for his
valuable inputs and sincere support to complete the work.
Specifically, I am grateful to the Management for their constant advocacy
and incitement.
Finally, I would again like to thank the entire faculty in the Department and
those people who directly or indirectly helped in successful completion of this work.

(Prof. N. BHOOPAL)
HOD EEE

GUIDELINES TO WRITE YOUR OBSERVATION BOOK

1. Experiment Title, Aim, Apparatus, Procedure should be on right
side.
2. Circuit diagrams, Model graphs, Observations table, Calculations table should be
left side.
3. Theoretical and model calculations can be any side as per your convenience.
4. Result should always be in the ending.
5. You all are advised to leave sufficient no of pages between experiments
for theoretical or model calculations purpose.

DOS AND DONTS IN THE LAB

DOS:1. Proper dress has to be maintained while entering in the Lab. (Boys Tuck in and
shoes, girls with apron)
2. All students should come to the Lab with necessary tools. (Cutting Pliers 6,
Insulation remover and phase tester)
3. Students should carry observation notes and record completed in all aspects.
4. Correct specifications of the equipment have to be mentioned in the circuit
diagram.
5. Student should be aware of operating equipment.
6. Students should be at their concerned experiment table, unnecessary moment is
restricted.
7. Student should follow the indent procedure to receive and deposit the equipment
from the Lab Store Room.
8. After completing the connections Students should verify the circuits by the Lab
Instructor.
9. The reading must be shown to the Lecturer In-Charge for verification.
10. Students must ensure that all switches are in the OFF position, all the
connections are removed.
11. All patch cords and stools should be placed at their original positions.
DONTs:1. Dont come late to the Lab.
2. Dont enter into the Lab with Golden rings, bracelets and bangles.
3. Dont make or remove the connections with power ON.
4. Dont switch ON the supply without verifying by the Staff Member.
5. Dont switch OFF the machine with load.
6. Dont leave the lab without the permission of the Lecturer In-Charge.

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

II Year B.Tech MECH I-Sem

Academic year 2012-2013

L T/P/D C
0

-/3/-

(53604) ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB

SECTION-A: Electrical Engineering:
The following experiments are required to be conducted as compulsory experiments.
1. Swinburnes Test on DC shunt machine (Predetermination of efficiency of a given
DC Shunt machine working as motor and generator).
2. OC & SC tests on Single-phase transformer (Predetermination of efficiency and
regulation at given power factors).
3. Brake test on 3-phase Induction motor (performance characteristics).
4. Regulation of alternator by synchronous impedance method.In addition to the above
four experiments, any one of the experiments from the following list is required to
be conducted
5. Speed control of DC shunt motor by
A)Armature voltage control method
B)Field flux control method.
6. Brake test on DC shunt motor.
SECTION-B: Electronics Engineering:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Transistor CE Characteristics (Input and Output)

Full wave Rectifier With and without Filters
CE Amplifiers
RC phase shift Oscillator
Class A power Amplifier.
Microprocessor.

Expt No: 1
SWINBURNE S TEST ON DC SHUNT MACHINE
PREDETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCIES

Aim: To perform no load test on dc motor and to predetermine the

efficiencies of the machine acting as a motor and generator.
Equipment:
S.No

Apparatus

Type

Range

qty

1
2

Voltmeter
Voltmeter

MC
MC

0-250v
0-30V

1
1

Ammeter

MC

0-5A

Ammeter

MC

0-2A

Rheostats

Wire wound
Wire wound

400 /1.7A 1
1
100 /5A

Name plate details(To be noted down from the Machine)

Circuit diagram:

Circuit diagram to find out Ra:

Theory:
It is simple indirect method in which losses are measured separately
and the efficiency at any desired load can be predetermined. This test applicable to
those machines in which flux is practically constant i.e. shunt and compound wound
machines. The no load power input to armature consist iron losses in core, friction
loss, windage loss and armature copper loss. It is convenient and economical
because power required to test a large machine is small i.e. only no load power. But
no account is taken the change in iron losses from no load to full load due to
armature reaction flux is distorted which increases the iron losses in some cases by
as 50%

Procedure:
1.Make connections as per the circuit diagram.
2.Show the connections to the lab instructor.
3.Keeping both rheostats at minimum, Start the motor with the help of starter,and
by adjusting field rheostat bring the motor to rated speed.
4. Note down all the meter readings at no load..
5.Do necessary calculations and find out the efficiency of the Machine as a motor
and as a generator.
5.Draw the graphs between output Vs efficiency of the Machine as a generator and
as a motor..

Observations:
IL

IF

IA

For Ra
V
S.NO

Ra=V/I

Tabular Column to find out efficiency:

GENERATOR:
S.No

Voltage
=
V

Load
Current=
IL

Armature
Current Ia
=
(IL+If)

Armature
Cu loss=
Ia XIaXRa

Total losses
Wt=Wc+
IaXIaXRa

Output
=VxIL

Input
=
Output+
total
losses=
VxIL+
Wt

=
Output
Input.

Voltage
=
V

Load
Current=
IL

Armature
Current Ia
=
(IL-If)

Armature
Cu loss=
Ia XIaXRa

Total losses
Wt=Wc+
IaXIaXRa

Input
=VxIL

Output=
Inputtotal
losses=
VxILWt

=
Output
Input.

Motor
S.No

Model calculations:
No load input=V IL
No load armature copper losses =Ia 2 Ra =(Il If)2 Ra
Constant losses Wc=V l(Il-If )2 Ra
Efficiency as a motor:
I= Assumed load current
Motor i/p=VI
Ia=IL-If
Motor armature losses=I2a .Ra
Total losses=I2a Ra+ Wc
Efficiency of motor= VI- I2a Ra+ Wc / VI x 100

Efficiency as generator:
I=assumed load current
Generator O/P =VI
Generator armature cu. Losses= I2a .Ra
Total losses= I2a Ra+ Wc
Efficiency of generator=VI / VI+ I 2a Ra+ Wc

Expected graphs:-

Efficiency Vs Output

Results

Expt No : 2
OC & SC TESTS ON 1- TRANSFORMER
Aim: To conduct OC & SC tests on the given 1- Transformer and to calculate its
equivalent circuit parameters, efficiency & regulation.
Name plate details:
1- TRANSFORMER
Capacity

3 KVA

I/P voltage

230V

I/P current

13.04A

O/P voltage

115V

O/P current

26.08A

Frequency

50Hz

Apparatus required:

S.NO DESCRIPTION

RANGE

TYPE

QTY

OC TEST
1

Voltmeter

0-150V

M.I

1 No

Ammeter

0-2.5A

M.I

1 No

Dynamo
3

Wattmeter

2.5A/150V

meter

1 No

(LPF)
4

Auto T/F

Fuses

230V/0-270V,

1- wire

8A

wound

5A

1 No

2
Nos

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:-

Ph

DPST

(0-2)A
MI
A

115V
V

2A, 150V, 60W,

LPF
M
L

230V
V

V
C
1-
230V
50 Hz
AC
Supply

V (0150)V
MI

Variac
3KVA, 230V/ (0270)V

Open
Circuit

1 -Transformer
3KVA, 230V/
115V

Fig -1

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

Ph

DPST

(0-15)A
MI
A

15A, 50V, 600W,

UPF
M
L

230V
V

115V
V

V
C
1-
230V
50 Hz
AC
Supply

V (0-50)V
MI

Variac
3KVA, 230V/ (0270)V

Fig -2

Short
Circuit

1 -Transformer
3KVA, 230V/
115V

Apparatus Required for SC Test

Voltmeter

0-50V

M.I

1 No

Ammeter

0-5A

M.I

1 No

Dynamo
3

Wattmeter

5A/50V

meter

1 No

(UPF)
4

Auto T/F

Fuses

230V/0-270V,

1- wire

8A

wound

5A

1 No

2
Nos

Theory: Transformer is a static device which transfers electrical power from

one circuit to another circuit either by step up or step down the

voltage

with corresponding decrease increase in the current, with outchanging the

frequency.
OC Test
The main aim of this test is to determine the Iron losses & No- load
current of the T/F which are helpful in finding R o & Xo.In this test generally
supply will be given to primary and secondary kept open. Since secondary is
opened a small current(magnetizing current will flow and it will be 5 to 10%
of full load current. The wattmeter connected in primary will give directly the
Iron losses (core losses).

SC Test:
The main aim of this test is to determine the full load copper losses which is
helpful in finding the R01, X01, Z01, efficiency and regulation of the T/F.

Generally low voltage side will be short circuited and supply will be given to
high voltage side & it will be of 5-10% of the rated voltage. The wattmeter
connected in primary will give directly the full load copper losses of the T/F.

Procedure

OC Test:
1)

Give connections as per the circuit diagram.

2)

Switch-ON the supply and apply rated voltage to the

3)

primary of the winding by using the auto transformer.

4)

Note the readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter & Wattmeter

SC Test:
1)

Give connections as per the circuit diagram.

2)

Switch-ON the supply and vary the Dimmerstat till rated

3)

full load current flows through transformer.

4)

Note the readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter & Wattmeter

Graph:

A graph is drawn between P.F and % regulation by taking P.F on

X- axis and % regulation on Y-axis.

Observations:
O.C Test:

S.C Test:

V0

I0

W0

VSC

ISC

WSC

volt

ampere

watt

volt

ampere

Watt

Calculations:
Load
Full

Cu losses Total losses

I/P power O/P power

P.F

PRECAITIONS:

% Regulation
lag

lead

1) The Dimmer stat should be kept at minimum O/P

position initially.
2) In OC test, rated voltage should be applied to the
Primary of the Transformer.
3) In SC test, the Dimmer stat should be varied up to the
rated load current only.
4) The Dimmer stat should be varied slowly & uniformly.

Result:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

(0-15)A
MI
A

10A, 600V, 3KW,

UPF
L
M

L
1

3-
415V
50 Hz
AC
Supply

V (0600)V
MI

Y
3-
415V
50 Hz
AC
Supply
B

A
2

C
1

C
V
L
M
10A, 600V, 3KW,
UPF

A
Y/1
Starte
r
L

C
L
3

B
2

A
2

B
C

Expt No: 3
BRAKE TEST ON 3 - INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim: To conduct a brake test on the given 3 -Slip ring Induction motor and to
draw its performance Characteristics.
Nameplate details:
3 -INDUCTION MOTOR
Capacity

5 H.P

Voltage

415V

Current

7.5A

Speed

1500rpm

Frequency

50Hz

Rotor

Voltage

200V

current

11A

Apparatus required:
S.NO DESCRIPTION

RANGE
415V,

TYPE

QTY

D.O.L

1 No

Starter

Ammeter

0-10A

M.I

1 No

Voltmeter

0-600V

M.I

1 No

Wattmeters

10A/600V

Dynamo

meter

Nos

Fuses

10A

Tachometer

15A

050000rpm

Digital

3
Nos
1 No

Precautions:

1) There should not be any load on the motor initially.

2) The brake drum should be filled with water to cool it.
3) If the wattmeter shows negative deflection, reverse either
pressure coil or current coil and take that reading as
negative.
4) The rotor external resistance should be kept at max
resistance position initially.

Theory: As a general rule, conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy

takes place in to the rotating part on electrical motor. In DC motors, electrical
power is conduct directly to the armature, i.e, rotating part through brushes and
commutator. Hence, in this sense, a DC motor can be called as conduction
motor. However, in AC motors, rotor does not receive power by conduction but
by induction in exactly the same way as secondary of a two winding T/F receives
its power from the primary. So, these motors are
known as Induction motors. In fact an induction motor can be taken as rotating
T/F, i.e, one in which primary winding is stationary and but the secondary is free.
The starting torque of the Induction motor can be increase by improving its p.f
by adding external resistance in the rotor circuit from the stator connected rheostat,
the rheostat resistance being progressively cut out as the motor gathers speed.
Addition of external resistance increases the rotor impedance and so reduces the
rotor current. At first, the effect of improved p.f predominates the currentdecreasing effect of impedance. So, starting torque is increased. At time of starting,
external resistance is kept at maximum resistance position and after a certain time,
the effect of increased impedance predominates the effect of improved p.f and so
the torque starts decreasing. By this during running period the rotor resistance
being progressively cut-out as the motor attains its speed. In this way, it is possible
to get good starting torque as well as good running torque.

Procedure:

1) Give all the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2) Switch ON the supply and press the ON button of the
starter.
3) Now put the rotor external resistance switch to run
position in steps & slowly.
4) Note the no-load readings of ammeter, voltmeter,
wattmeter, speed & loads.
5) Gradually increase the load on the motor by tightening the
hand-swivels and note the corresponding meters
readings.
6) Remove the load completely & Switch-Off the power.

Graph: A graph is drawn b/w O/P power in watts (on X-axis) verses speed,
torque, current, slip, efficiency & p.f (on Y-axis).

Observations:

Volt
meter
Reading

Volt

Ammeter

I/P=W1 W2

Force

reading

ampere

W1

watt

W2

Watt

F1

kg

F2

kg

Net

Torq

Force

-ue

F1~F2

kg

9.8x
Fe.Re
FxRe

Speed

O/P

2 NT/
60

rpm

watt

O/p
/i/p
X 100
-

% Slip

p.f

Ns-Na
/Ns
-

Thickness of the belt,

t=

Circumference of the drum, 2 R =

Radius,

R = C/2

Effective radius, Re = R + t/s

Expected Graphs

Y
N Vs O/P
Vs O/P

T Vs O/P

0
X

Result:

4. REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE

METHOD

Aim:

To conduct OC test & SC test n the given 3 -Alternator and to

determine its regulation by synchronous impedance method.

Nameplate details:

DESCRPTION
Capacity
Voltage
Current
Speed
Excitation

D.C MOTOR
5 H.P
220V
19A
1500 Rpm
220V, 1.5A

3 -ALTERNATOR
3 KVA
415V
4.2A
1500 Rpm
220V, 1.4A

Apparatus required:

S.NO

DESCRIPTION RANGE

TYPE

QTY

3 point starter

OC Test

DPST Switch

3-

TPST Switch

FA

400 /
1.7A

230 V
DC
Supply

Alternator

FA

(0-300)V
MI

F
A

FAA

M
AA
FF

B
Fuse

+
400 /

230 V
DC
Supply

1.7A

A
(0-1)A
MC

Fuse

3 point starter

SC Test

DPST Switch

3-

TPST Switch

FA

400 /
1.7A

230 V
DC
Supply

Alternator

FA

F
A

FAA

M
AA
FF

B
Fuse

+
230 V
DC
Supply

400 /
1.7A

A
(0-1)A
MC

Fuse

(0-10)A
MI

Precautions:

1) Operate the 3-point starter slowly & uniformely.

2) Keep the speed of the prime mover to its rated value through
out the experiment.
3) In OC test, there should not be any load on Alternator.
4) In SC test, the SC current should not exceed its rated value.

Theory:
Alternator is a machine, which converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy. Regulation of an Alternator can be calculated by synchronous
impedance method. In OC test the terminals of the alternator are kept opened and a
voltmeter is connected. Keeping speed constant, a relation b/w field current & open
circuit voltage are obtained. In SC test, the terminals are short circuited with a
suitable ammeter & a relation b/w field current & short circuit Current are
obtained.
Voltage regulation:
It is defined as the rise in terminal voltage of an isolated
Machine when full load is thrown off w.r.t voltage on the full load,
when speed & excitation remaining constant.

Now,

Syn.Impedance (ZS) = OC voltage / SC current

XS = Z2S - R2a
From fig.

EO = OB2 + BD2
= (Vcos +IRa)2 + (Vsin +IXS)2

% Regulation = [(E0-V) / V] 100

Procedure: OC test:
1) Give all connections as per the circuit diagram.
2) Switch-ON the supply & by varying the starter, prime mover
speed is adjusted to rated.
3) Now keeping the field current at zero, note the induced emf in
armature duo to residual Magnetism.
4) By slowly varying the potential divider, field current is increased
& corresponding emf Induced is noted up to above 20% of rated
voltage.
SC test:
1) Give all connections as per the circuit diagram.
2) Switch-ON the supply & by varying the starter, prime mover
speed is adjusted to rated.
3) By slowly varying the potential divider, field current is increased
& corresponding short Circuit current is noted up to rated value.
To find armature resistance (Ra):
Give the connections as per diagram and by slowly varying the
rheostat, note the values of ammeter & voltmeter up to some
value and average them.

Graph:

1) A graph is drawn b/w If and V which is known as OC

curve, by taking If on X-axis and V on Y-axis.

2) A graph is drawn b/w If and ISC which is known as SC
curve, by Taking If on X-axis and ISCV on Y-axis.

Observations:
OC Test:

SCTest:

Field

OC

Field

SC

current If

voltage

current If

current

Armature resistance:
Voltage current

Resistance Ra

Expected Graphs:

Y
Isc
Eo

% Voltage
Regulation

OCC

SCC
Leading PF

If 2

If1
If

Result:

Lagging PF

5. SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

Aim: To conduct speed controls on DC shunt motor.
The methods are
1.Armature voltage control method 2. Flux control method

Apparatus:
S.No Equipment
Ammeter
1
2
3

Voltmeter
Rheostats

4
5

Tachometer
Connecting Wires

Circuit diagram:

Theory:

Range
0-5A
0-2A
0-250V
100 /5A
400 /1.7A
0-2000rpm

Type
MC
MC
MC
Wire wound
Wire wound
Digital

Qty
1No
1No
1No
1NO
1No
1No
LS

i) Armature voltage control method:

For a load of constant Torque, the speed is proportional to the applied to the armature. Therefore
speed voltage characteristic is linear and is a straight line. As the voltage is decrease across the
armature the speed falls. This method gives speeds less than rated speeds.
Eb N
Eb N
V-Ia(Ra+R) N
As the voltage is decreased speed decreases.
ii)

Flux Control Method:

With rated voltage applied to the motor, the field resistance is increased i.e field current is
decreased. I t is observed that speed increases.
Eb/ N
N Eb/If
The characteristics If Vs N is inverse (or) if it is hyperbola.

Procedure:
i) Armature Voltage Control Method
1) Make connections as per the circuit diagram.
2) Show the connections to the lab instructor.
3) Keeping both rheostats at minimum, Start the motor with the help of starter,and by adjusting
field rheostat bring the motor to rated speed.
4) By increasing armature circuit rheostat in steps note down voltage, Ia and speed at every
step.
5) The corresponding graph is draw between armature Voltage Vs speed.

ii) Flux Control method:

1) The machine run at its rated speed and rated voltage obtained.
2) The voltage is kept constant and for different vales of field currents the speeds are
noted.

Tabular Column:
Armature Voltage Control Method:
S.No Armature
Voltage in V

Armature Speed
current=Ia in RPM
in A

Eb=V-IaRa in V

Flux Control Method:

S.No Field Current

Speed in RPM

Expected graphs:-

N vs If

N vs Va(Armature voltage)

Result:

6. BRAKE TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR. DETERMINATION OF ITS PERFORMANCE

CURVES

Aim: To conduct brake test on DC Shunt motor. And to determine its performance curves.
Apparatus:
S. No
1.

Equipment
Voltmeter

Range
0-250V

2.
3
4
5.

Ammeter
Ammeter
Rheostat
Tachometer

0-20A
M.C
0-1/2A
M.C
400 /1.7A Wire wound
Digital type

6.

Connecting wires

Name plate details:

Circuit diagram:

Type
M.C.

Qty
1
1
1
1
1

Theory:
When if is required to determine directly efficiency if comparatively small motors, the
motor is loaded directly by means of Mechanical Break. Hence in the case of shunt motor there
is no drastic change in speed. The Torque T = (S 1 ~ S2 ) g. r Nm. where S1 S2 is the spring
balance reading, r = Break drum Radius
and g=9.81.
P = Power developed. Hence directly the efficiency = P o/ Pi x 100

Procedure:01.
02.
03.
04.

Make Connections as per the circuit diagram.

Start the motor with the help of the starter.
Then bring the motor to rated speed by adjusting field rheostat.
Put the mechanical load on the motor in steps and note down corresponding readings of
all meters.
05. Do calculations accordingly.
Tabular columns :
S.No

Voltage
(V)

Current
(I)

Speed
(N)

Spring
Balance
Readings
S1
S2

Torque=
9.8 1(S1 ~ S2)
.r -Nm

Pout =
2 nT/60
-Watts

Pin =
Vi - Watts

Eff =
op/ip
x100.

EXPECTED GRAPHS:-

Ta

vs Ia.

N vs Ia.

N vs T

Vs O/P

Result:

PART-B
Expt No: 1
TRANSISTOR CE CHARACTERISTICS (INPUT AND OUTPUT)
AIM: To plot the transistor characteristics of common emitter configuration
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Regulated Power Supply
DC Ammeter
Voltmeter

0 30V(Dual)
0 100 UA,0-10 mA. DC
0 -- 1V, 0--30V

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Transistor
Resistor
Breadboard
Connecting wires

BC 107,BC 547
1K , 39K

THEORY:

PROCEDURE:

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1.

Connect the circuit as shown in Figure. Use milli ammeters of

proper range

2.

For input characteristics, first fix the collector - emitter voltage VCE
at 5 volts. Now vary base-emitter voltage VBE in steps of 0.1 volts
and note down the corresponding emitter current IB.

3.

Repeat the above procedure for collector emitter voltage VCE at

10V, 15V etc.

4.

Plot the graph between base-emitter voltage VBE and Base current
IB for a constant collector emitter voltage VCE.

Circuit diagram:

5.

Find the h parameters:

(a) hre: Reverse voltage gain

(b) hie : Input impedance

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
1.

For out put characteristics, first fix the Base current IB at 20 A

.Now vary collector-emitter voltage VCE in steps of 1volts and note
down the corresponding collector current IC

2.

Repeat the above procedure for Base current IB at 30 A , 40 A.

3.

Plot the graph between collector Emitter voltage VCE and

collector current IC for a constant Base current IB.

4.

Find the h parameters : (a) hfe = Forward current gain.

hoe = Output admittance.

MODEL GRAPHS: Input characteristics

Output Characteristics

Tabular Form:

Input characteristics:

Output characteristics:

CALCULATIONS:

V
V
I
BE

1. Input dynamic resistance, ri =

CE

cons tan t

V
I
I
CE

2. Output ac resistance , ro =

____ A

3. DC Current gain ,

I
V
I
I
V
I
C

DC

CE

_____

4. AC Current gain ,

RESULT:
hie =
hfe =
hre =
hoe =

CE

_____ cons tan t

EXPERIMENTS 2
RECTIFIERS WITH OUT FILTERS (FULL WAVE & HALF WAVE)
RECTIFIERS WITH FILTERS (FULL WAVE & HALF WAVE)
AIM:

Study of rectifiers with and with out capacitance filters half wave
rectifier and full wave rectifier. To Find its. Percentage of
regulation and Ripple factor.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
CRO
Voltmeter

0 20 M hz (Dual trace) DC
0--30V

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Diodes
Resistor (Variable)
Connecting wires

(1N 4007) 2Nos.

10K Breadboard

THEORY:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Figure.1
2. Connect CRO across the load. Keep the CRO switch in ground mode and
observe the horizontal line and adjust it to the X- axis.
3. Switch the CRO in to DC mode and observe the waveform. Note down its
amplitude, Vm and frequency from the screen along with its multiplication
factor.
v
4. Calculate Vdc using the relation Vdc = m

5. Switch the CRO in to AC mode and observe the waveform. Note down its
amplitude, Vm and frequency from the screen along with its multiplication
factor.
6. Calculate Vac using the relation: V2 rms = V2ac +V2 dc
7. Calculate

the ripple factor from the given formula: = v ac

Circuit diagram:
Half wave rectifier with out capacitor:

dc

Half wave rectifier with capacitor:

Full wave rectifier with out capacitor:

Full wave rectifier with capacitor:

8. Remove the load and measure the output DC voltage (DC mode) and calculate the

percentage of voltage regulation using the formula:

Percentage regulation =

noload

load

100 %

noload

9. To measure ratio of rectification, observe the power (DC and AC) using wattmeter across
the load. The ratio of rectification is given by Pac/Pdc
Model graph:
Half wave rectifier model graph:

Full wave rectifier model graph:

With Capacitor:
1. Calculate the value of R by assuming C = 1000 F and f = 50 Hz using the
formula = 1/ 4 (3fRC) (assume as 0.002 or any small value)
2. Connect the capacitor across the load resistance and proceed with the above
Procedure from steps 1 9 as shown above. Follow the abovementioned procedure for Full Wave rectifier.

Calculations:
Half wave rectifiers:
1. Vrms =

Vavg =

2
2

2. ripple factor

v
v

rm s
2

avg

3. Efficiency =
4. Percentage efficiency =
5. Peak inverse voltage (PIV) = Vm
6. Form factor = Vrms / Vavg
7. Peak factor = Vpeak / Vrms
Full wave rectifiers :
1. Vrms =
2. Vavg =

2v

3. ripple factor

v
v

rm s
2
avg

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

CE AMPLIFER

CE AMPLIFIER
AIM: Design and test a common emitter amplifier and find the following
parameters.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Current gain
Voltage gain
Bandwidth
Input and output impedances.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Regulated Power Supply
CRO
Function generator

0 30V
20 MHz(Dual trace)
0 1 Mhz

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Transistor
Resistor
Breadboard
Connecting wires

BC 107,BC 547
designed values

THEORY:

Amplifier Design:

AVS= -hFeRleeff /((hie||RB)+RS)

-hFeRleeff/(hie+RS) ---------(1)
Assume, VCE=VCC/2(transistor active)
Effective load resistance is given by,Rleff=RC||RL
Emitter resistance is given by,re=26mv/IE
hie= re
Where re is internal resistance of the transistor
hie= hfe re ,VE=Vcc/10
On applying KVL to output loop we get
Vcc=Ic.Rc+VcE+IE.RE Where
VE=IE.RE,Find Rc? From
equation (1),find RL
Since IB is very small when compare with Ic

In put Coupling capacitor is given by Xci={[hie+(1+hfe)RE]||RB}/10

Xci=1/2 f Ci
Find Ci?
Out put coupling capacitor is given by, XCO=RC||RT/10
Xco=1/2 fCo
Find Co ?
By-pass capacitor is given by
Xce=RE/10
XCE=1/2 fCE
Find CE=?
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Figure.1.
2. Keep VS at 50 mv, using the signal generator.
3. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 0 to 1
Mhz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output voltage.
4. Plot the graph between gain (dB) and frequency.
5. Find the input and output impedances.
Input impedance, Zi = Vi Rs / (Vs+Vi)
Output impedance, Zo Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.
6. Note down the bandwidth, input and output impedances.

Tabular form:
Input voltage Vs =

S No.

Frequency

Vo (volt)

Gain =
Vo/Vs

Gain (dB) = 20 log

(Vo/Vs)

Result:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Input impedance
Output impedance
Gain (Mid band)
Bandwidth

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1.

Define Amplification?

2.

What is biasing? Why it is necessary?

3.

Mention different types of Biasing?

4.

Mention the applications of CE Amplifier, Justify?

Circuit Diagram:
RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

MODEL GRAPH:

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

AIM: To design and construct a RC Phase Shift Oscillator for a given operating
Frequency.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Regulated Power Supply
CRO

0 30V
20 MHz (Dual trace)

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Transistor
Resistor
Capacitors
Breadboard
Connecting wires
THEORY:
Design :
Fo=1Khz,C=0.01uf,Vcc=12V
F=1/2

(6RC),Find R?, (s)=-1/29,=1/ =-29

Amplifier Design:
AV=-hFeRleeff/hie (AV=29,design given)
Assume, VCE=VCC/2(transistor active)
Effective load resistance is given by,Rleff=RC||RL
Emitter resistance is given by,re=26mv/IE
hie= re
Where re is internal resistance of the transistor
hie= hfe re
VE=Vcc/10
On applying KVL to output loop we get
Vcc=Ic. Rc+VcE+IE.RE
Whre VE=IE.RE
Find Rc?
Since IB is very small when compare with Ic
Ic IE RE=VE/IE
VB=VBE+VE
VB=Vcc(RB2/(RB1+RB2))

BC 107
designed
designed

values
values

S=1+(RB/RE)
Find RB ?
RB=RB1||RB2
Find RB1 and RB2
Input coupling capacitor is given by Xci={[hie+(1+hfe)RE]||RB}/10
Xci=1/2 fci,Find Ci?,Xco=1/2 fco,Find Co ?
By-pass capacitor is given by
Xce=RE/10,XCE=1/2 fCE
Find CE=?
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.

Connect circuit diagram as shown in Figure

Switch on the power supply and observe the output on the
CRO (Sine wave).
Note down the practical frequency and compare it with its
theoretical frequency.

3.

TABULAR FORM:
Sl. No.

Theoretical time period

Practical time period

RESULTS:
Theoretical time period and frequency: ---------

---------

Practical time period and frequency: ----------

--------

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1.
2.
3.

It s the main difference between an alternator and an

oscillator?
How can damped oscillations can be converted into un
damped oscillations?
How are RC oscillators different from LC oscillators?