Gas Insulated Substation Report

GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION
INDEX
I.INTRODUCTION
2 NEEDS OF GIS
3.SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER
4.ELECTRICAL CONNECTION DIAGRAM 5.CURRENT TRANSFORMER 6.GAS INSULATED TRANSFORME
R 7.ADVANTAGES OF GAS INSULATED TRANSFORMER 8.INTER-CONNECTION TRANSFORMER 9.DIS
CONNECTOR AND EARTHING SWITCHES 10.INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF GAS INSULATED TRANSFORM
ER 11.V-I SENSOR CURRENT &VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT 12.SURGE ARRESTER CVT WAVE TRAP 13.
ADVANTAGES OF GIS 14.DISADVANTAGES OF GIS 15.CONCLUSION 16.REFERENCE
PAGE NO.
2 5 8 15 16 19 20 21 22 31 33 34 35 37 39 40
MARUDHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Page 1
INTRODUCTION:
Gas Insulated Substations are high voltage Substations that are compact, requiri
ng little maintenance when compared to air-insulated conventional Substations. C
ompressed Gas Insulated Substations (CGIS) consist basically a conductor support
ed on insulators inside an enclosure which is filled with sulfur hexafluoride ga
s (SF6). The compactness is with the use of SF6 gas, which has high dielectric s
trength. The voltage withstand capability of SF6 Busduct is strongly dependent o
n field perturbations, such as those caused by conductor surface imperfections a
nd by conducting particle contaminants. The contaminants can be produced by abra
sion between components during assembly or operations. Electrical insulation per
formance of compressed gas insulated Substation is adversely affected by metalli
c particle contaminants. Free conducting particles, depending upon their shape,
size and location, may lead to serious deterioration of the dielectric strength
of the system and also one of the major factors causing breakdown of the system
and leading to power disruption. These particles can either be free to move in t
he Gas Insulated Busduct (GIB) or they may be stuck either to an energized elect
rode or to an enclosure surface. The presence of contamination can therefore be
a problem with gas insulated substations operating at high fields. If a metallic
particle crosses the gap and comes into contact with the inner electrode or if
a metallic particle adheres to the inner conductor, the particle will act as a p
rotrusion on the surface of the ii electrode. Consequently, voltage required for
breakdown of the GIS will be significantly decreased. Several methods have been
used to reduce the effect of conducting particles, including electrostatic trap
ping, use of adhesive coatings, and discharging of conducting particles through
radiation. Dielectric coating of a metallic electrode surface affects the partic
le charge mechanism.
The charge acquired by a particle, the equation of motion, the bounce and the dr
ag are discussed by several authors. The present work makes use of the equation
proposed by H. Anis, K.D.Srivastava and M.M.Morcos, it also includes the concept
of random motion along
Page 2

axial direction. The random motion is due to the cross sectional irregularities
of the metallic particles.
Present work analyses the movement pattern of metallic particles in Gas Insulate
d Substation (GIS) or Gas Insulated Busduct (GIB). In order to determine the par
ticle trajectories in a GIB, an inner diameter of 55 mm and outer enclosure diam
eter of 152 mm were considered. Aluminum, Copper and Silver particles of 0.2 mm/
12 mm (diameter/length) were considered to be present on the enclosure surface.
The motion of the metallic particle was simulated using the charge acquired by t
he particle, the gravitational force on the particle, field intensity at the par
ticle location, drag force, gas pressure, restitution co-efficient and the Reyno
lds number. The distance traveled by the particle, calculated using the appropria
te equations, is found to be in good agreement with the published work for a giv
en set of parameters. The results are also presented for other set of parameters
.
In order to determine the random behavior of moving particles, the calculation o
f movement in axial and radial directions was carried out by Monte-Carlo techniq
ue. Typically for Aluminum particle for a given Busduct voltage of 100 kV RMS, t
he movement of the particle (0.25 mm/12 mm) for 1.5 s was computed to be 30.839
mm in radial and 841.12 mm in axial directions. Similar calculations are also ex
tended for other types of voltages. Typical results for aluminum, copper and sil
ver particles are presented in this thesis.
The effect of various parameters like radii and length of particles, co-efficien
t of restitution, pressure in the Busduct and the applied voltage has been exami
ned and presented. Different metallic contaminants viz., Al, Cu and Ag have been
considered for the above study. Typically a GIB of 55mm/152mm (inner conductor
diameter is 55mm and outer enclosure diameter is 152mm) has been considered for
a 132 kV system.
The thesis presents the movement pattern of metallic particles at different oper
ating voltages in a Gas insulated Busduct (GIB) which has been simulated with an
d without enclosure coating. The purpose of dielectric coating is to improve the
insulation performance. Free conducting particles situated inside the GIS enclo
sure decrease high local fields caused by conductor roughness. The coating reduc
es the charge on the particle colliding with the coated enclosure, which in turn
reduces the risk of breakdown due to increase of the lift-off field of particle
s. The movement of a particle has been carried out not only by its electric fiel
d effect
MARUDHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 3
on the particle but also considers electromagnetic field and image charge effect
s. The simulated results are presented at Power frequency, lightning/switching i
mpulse superimposed on power frequency, triangular, square and asymmetric voltag
es. Particle trajectories obtained for various voltages of aluminum, copper and
silver particles are presented and duly discussed. Gas Insulated Substations (GI
S) is a compact, multicomponent assembly enclosed in a ground metallic housing w
hich the primary insulating medium is compressed sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas.
GIS generally consists components Of 1. Circuit Breakers 2. Operating mechanism
of circuit breaker 3. Current transformers 4. Disconnector 5. Maintenance Earth
ing switches 6. Fast acting Earthing switches 7. Voltage transformers 8. SF6 Bus
hing 9. Gas supply and gas monitoring equipment 10. Bus Bar 11. Voltage Transfor
mer 12. Gas supply and Monitoring eqipment

Page 4
Why we need GIS:
Gas Insulated Substations are used where there is space for providing the substa
tion is expensive in large cities and towns. In normal substation the clearances
between the phase to phase and phase to ground is very large. Due to this, larg
e space is required for the normal or Air Insulated Substation (AIS). But the di
electric strength of SF6 gas is higher compared to the air, the clearances requi
red for phase to phase and phase to ground for all equipments are quite lower. H
ence, the overall size of each equipment and the complete substation is reduced
to about 10% of the conventional air insulated substation. Extremely high dielec
tric properties of SF6 have long been recognized. Compressed SF6 has been used a
s an insulating medium as well as arc quenching medium in electrical apparatus i
n a wide range of voltages. Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) can be used for long
er times without any periodical inspections. Conducting contamination (i.e. alum
inum, copper and silver particles) could, however, seriously reduce the dielectr
ic strength of gas-insulated system. A metallic particle stuck on an insulator s
urface in a GIS will also cause a significant reduction of the breakdown voltage
. Gas insulated Substations have found a broad range applications in power syste
ms over the last three decades because of their high reliability Easy maintenanc
e, small ground space requirements etc... Because of the entire equipment being
enclosed in enclosures, filled with pressurized SF6 gas, installation is not sub
ject to environmental pollutions, as experienced along coastal areas or certain
types of industries. a) Such installations are preferred in cosmopolitan cities,
industrial townships, etc., where cost of land is very high and higher cost of
SF6 insulated switchgear is justified by saving due to reduction in floor area r
equirement. It is not necessary that high voltage or extra high voltage switchge
ar to be installed out doors. b) Since most of the construction is modular and t
he assembly is done in the works, one site erection time both for supporting str
uctures and switchgear is greatly reduced.
Page 5
Locations where Gas Insulated Substation is preferred:i. ii. iii.
Large cities and towns Under ground stations Highly polluted and saline environm
ent Indoor GIS occupies very little space
iv.
Substations and power stations located Off shore Mountains and valley regions
Page 6

Explaination:
The SF6 Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) contains the same compartments as in the
conventional outdoor substations. All the live parts are enclosed in metal housi
ngs filled with SF6 gas. The live parts are supported on cast resin insulators.
Some of the insulators are designed as barriers between neighboring modules such
that the gas does not pass through them. The entire installation is sub divided
into compartments which are gas tight with respect to each other. Thereby the g
as monitoring system of each compartment can be independent and simpler. The enc
losures are of non magnetic materials such as aluminum or stainless steel and ar
e earthed. The gas tightness is provided with static O seals placed between the ma
chined flanges. The O- rings are placed in the grooves such that after assembly, t
he O-rings are get squeezed by about 20%. Quality of the materials, dimension of g
rooves and O-seals are important to ensure gas tight performance of Gas Insulated
Substation. Gas Insulated Substation has gas monitoring system. Gas inside each
compartment should have a pressure of about 3kg/cm2.The gas density in each comp
artment is monitored. If the pressure drops slightly, the gas is automatically t
rapped up. With further gas leakage, the low pressure alarm is sounded or automa
tic tripping or lock-out occurs.
Page 7
SF6 Circuit Breaker:
Page 8
Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) is an excellent gaseous dielectric for high voltage po
wer applications. It has been used extensively in high voltage circuit breakers
and other switchgears employed by the power industry. Applications for SF6 inclu
de gas insulated transmission lines and'gas insulated power distributions. The c
ombined electrical, physical, chemical and thermal properties offer many advanta
ges when used in power switchgears. Some of the outstanding properties of SF6 ma
king it desirable to use in power applications are: V High dielectric strength V
Unique arc-quenching ability V Excellent thermal stability V Good thermal condu
ctivity
General Information:
Elimsan SF6 circuit breaker is equipped with separated poles each having its own
gas. In all types of the circuit breakers, gas pressure is 2 bars (absolute 3 b
ars). Even if the pressure drops to I bar, there will not be any change in the b
reaking properties of the circuit breaker due to the superior features of SF6 an
d Elimsan's high safety factor for the poles. During arcing, the circuit breaker
maintains a relatively low pressure (max 5-6 bars) inside the chamber and there
will be no danger of explosion and spilling of the gas around. Any leakage from
the chamber will not create a problem since SF6 can undergo considerable decomp
osition, in which some of toxic products may stay inside the chamber in the form
of white dust. If the poles are dismantled for maintenance, it needs special at
tention during removal of the parts of the pole. This type of maintenance should
be carried out only by the experts of the manufacturer. (According to ELIMSAN A
rcing Products and Safety Instruction for Working on SF6 Circuit Breakers)
Operation of Circuit Breaker:
In general, the circuit breakers consist of two main parts, the poles and the me
chanism. The poles consist of contact and arc-extinguishing devices. The mechani
sm is the part to open or close the contacts in the poles at the same time insta
ntaneously (with max. 5 milisec. Tolerance). The closing and opening procedures
are performed through springs which are charged by a servomotor and a driving le
ver. In the system, the closing springs are first charged. If "close" button is
pressed the opening springs get charged while the contacts get
Page 9
closed. Thus, circuit breaker will be ready for opening. The mechanical operatin
g cycle of the circuit breaker is (OPEN-3 Min CLOSE/OPEN-3 Min- CLOSE/OPEN) or (
OPEN-0.3 secCLOSE/OPEN-3 Min CLOSE/OPEN). The second cycle is valid when the cir
cuit breaker is used with re-closing relay. In that case, after the closing oper
ation, the closing springs are charged by the driving lever or by driving motor
(if equipped). Thus, the circuit breaker will be ready for opening and re-closin
g.
Mechanical Life and Maintenance of The Mechanism:
Elimsan breaker mechanism can perform 10.000 opening-closing operations without
changing any component. The mechanical life of the circuit breaker is minimum lO
'.OOO operations. However, it needs a periodical maintenance depending on its en
vironment. In ideal working conditions, lubrication once a year or after every 1
000 operations is sufficient. In dusty and damp environment, the mechanism shoul
d be lubricated once every 3 - 6 months or after every 250 - 500 operations. Thi
n machine oil and grease with molybdenum must be used for lubricating. Owing to
mechanism's capability of operating between -5C and + 40 C, it does not require a
heater.
Auxiliary Switch:
The auxiliary switch mounted on the circuit breaker has 12 contacts. One of them
is for antipumping circuit, four of them are allocated for opening and closing
coils. The remaining 7 contacts are spare. Three of them are normally opened and
four are normally closed. When it is necessary, the number of the contacts can
be increased.
Rapid Automatic Reclosing:
The circuit breaker which opens due to a short circuit failure, can be re-closed
automatically after a pre selected time by arc closing relay, assuming the faul
t is temporary. Thus, we avoid long time power loss in case of temporary short c
ircuits. But, if the fault lasts after re-closure, the protection relay will tri
p to open the circuit breaker again.
What to Specify on The Order:
1- Rated voltage of the circuit breaker 2- Rated current of the circuit breaker
3- Rated short circuit breaking current
4- Voltages of opening and closing coils 5- Motor supply voltage (if equipped)
Closing and Opening Operation Of the Circuit Breaker:

When manual or motor-drive is used, the circuit breaker will be ready to close.
The closure can be actuated pressing the closing button located on the circuit b
reaker. It is recommended to close it using remote control system for secure ope
rations. The opening can be performed either by opening button or remote control
led opening coil. In case of a fault, the relay signal actuates the opening coil
and circuit breaker opens. (This is mechanically a primary protection system).
In addition, there is an anti-pumping relay for preventing the re-closing and op
ening of the circuit breaker more than one cycle (O - C - O) and for preventing
possible troubles created by remote closing button.
Commissioning:
The outer surfaces of epoxy insulating tubes of the poles are to be wiped out
th a clean and dry cloth. The wiring and connections of the auxiliary circuit
e to be carefully examined. DC voltage should be checked to see whether it is
itable for coil and motor or not (if equipped). The opening-closing coils are
be operated 15-20 times and the accuracy of the
wi
ar
su
to

relay circuit is to be checked before energizing the circuit breaker. The circui
t breaker is to be mounted with two MI2 bolts through its anchoring shoes. It sh
ould not move during operation. No excessive load should be exerted to the poles
and if possible flexible cables should be used. The incoming and outgoing conta
cts must have clean surfaces and their contact resistance should be as low as po
ssible. When connecting the circuit breaker to protection system and auxiliary s
upply, the cable cross sections should be according to the table given. The circ
uit breaker must be grounded through at least 16 mm steel tape (by cable shoe).
After all, the following procedure must be performed: 1. Open the isolator of ci
rcuit breaker, 2. Prepare the circuit breaker for closing operation by driving m
echanism, 3. Close the isolator of circuit breaker firmly, 4. Send the closing s
ignal to the circuit breaker,
The Maintenance Of Circuit Breaker During Operation:
Normally, at least once a year or after every 500 operations, the circuit breake
r must be maintained. During maintenance, the moving parts of the mechanism must
be lubricated carefully. The insulating parts are to be wiped out by a clean an
d dry cloth. When maintaining, the circuit breaker should be open and high volta
ge sides must be grounded. Auxiliary power supply should also be disconnected. O
n saline areas near seaside, the insulating parts of the circuit breaker must be
carefully cleaned, at least once every two months. If not, the microscopic salt
particles drawn by wind from the sea will create conductive layers on the insul
ating surfaces and may cause surface flashover. Before maintenance, first circui
t breaker, then isolator should be opened and grounded carefully. The maintenanc
e of circuit breaker must be done after checking the open position of isolator c
ontacts by eye.
Page 12
MAIN DIMENSIONS (IN mm):
Page 13
Page 14
ELECTRICAL CONNECTION DIAGRAM:
Page 15
Current tansformer:
Current transformers are used in electrical grids for measurement and protective
applications to provide signals to equipment such as meters and protective rela
ys by stepping down the current of that system to measurable values. Their role
in electrical systems is of primary importance because the data sent by current
transformers represent the heartbeat of the entire system. RHM Internationals pro
prietary dry type Current Transformers are unique as they provide a rugged, reli
able option for high voltage metering and protection operations up to 550 kV.
Our high quality Current Transformers are based on a unique U-shaped bushing des
ign for the primary winding. The bushing is a very fine capacitance graded insul
ator. In a new approach to dry designs, our advanced proprietary HV DryShieldTM
composite insulation system uses reliable materials like PTFE (Polytetrafluoroet
hylene) and silicon rubber to provide a low stress, uniform field distribution b
etween the conductor and the outside structure.
The primary and secondary windings are independently sealed resulting in a total
ly weather resistant design. Oil or gas is not required for insulation. Therefor
e, our environmentally friendly Current Transformers completely eliminate the ri
sk of explosion and toxic leaks.
Considering the difficulty for our customers to schedule circuit outages for rou
tine upgrades and maintenance, the high cost of maintenance, and environmental i
ssues, RHM Internationals Current Transformers provide exceptionally low cost of
ownership and offer you peace of mind as they are truly maintenance free.
Customer benefits:
Totally safe
no risk of explosion
Totally maintenance free exceptional low cost of ownership Environmentally frien
dly no risk of toxic leak and recyclable insulation materials 2 to 3 times light
er than conventional oil or gas based products Mature and Innovative with unmatc
hed quality records not a single failure in 20 000 HV DryShieldTM equipped produ
cts in the field

A new approach to dry design without the limitations of conventional dry Current
Transformers All products are developed and manufactured in an ISO 9001 certifi
ed plant and compliant to IEC and IEEE international standards.
Main Characteristics:
1.Performance:
Highest voltage for equipment: 40.5-550 kV Rated frequency: 50, 60 Hz
Rated primary current: 5-5000 A (up to 8000 A under specific conditions please c
ontact us) Rated secondary current: 5 A, 1 A Rated output: 10-50 VA Accuracy cla
ss for measuring current transformer: 0.2S, 0.2, 0.5S and 0.5 class Instrument s
ecurity factor: 5, 10 Accuracy class for protective current transformer: 5P, 10P
and TPY (TPS, TPX and TPZ on demand) Accuracy limit factor for protective curre
nt transformer: 5,10, 15, 20, 30, 40 Secondary cores: 1-8
2. Environmental Condition:
Places of operation: Indoors and outdoors Environmental temperature: -45c [-49F]
/ +45c [113F] Altitude: <1000m above sea level (when higher than 1000m, specific
design available. Please contact us) Pollution level: fully compliant to Class I
V environments (IEC category very heavy pollution level)
3. Type tests and special tests include:
Measurement of capacitance and Dielectric Dissipation under Um/3 and 10kV, the Di
electric dissipation factor (tan) is less than 0.004 Short-time current tests: Th
ermal short-time current (Ith): 50 kA, 3s Rate ynamic current (I yn): 125 kA (
peak value)
Temperature-rise test: 75 K Mechanical tests (see table 2) Determination of erro
rs
Insulation
an
thermal stability test (36h accor ing to stan ar but teste 72h for 550kV)
4. Routine tests: Before leaving the factory the following routine tests are car
rie out: on primary win ing:
Power-frequency withstan test Power-frequency withstan test between sections o
f primary Partial ischarge measurement Capacitance an ielectric issipation f
actor measurement Verification of terminal markings
on secon ary win ings:
Power-frequency
withstan test
Power-frequency withstan test between sections of secon ary win ings Inter-turn
over-voltage test Determination of errors
Page 18
GAS INSULATED TRANSFORMER:

Intro uction:
Since gas insulate transformer oes not nee the conservator, the height of tra
nsformer room can be re uce . In a ition, its non-flammability an non tankexpl
osion characteristics can remove the fire fighting equipment from transformer ro
om. As a result, gas insulate transformer, gas insulate shunt reactor an GIS
control panels can be installe in the same room. With such arrangement, a fully
SF6 gas insulate substation can be recognize
Specifications an Ratings:
Rising eman for electric power in large cities has encourage large-scale subs
tations to be tucke away un ergroun in overpopulate urban areas, lea ing to s
trong eman for incombustible an non-explosive, large-capacity gas insulate t
ransformers from the view point of acci ent prevention an compactness of equipm
ent. In line with this requirement, several types of large-capacity gas insulate
transformer have been evelope .
The gas-force cooling type was consi ere to be available for up to approximate
ly 60MVA, while all other gas insulate transformer with higher ratings are liqu
i coole . But the liqui cooling type has the isa vantage of a complex structu
re for liqui cooling. Thus, TOSHIBA began evelopment of gas force cooling typ
e gas insulate transformer, making best use of accumulate experience, latest a
nalyzing technique an the results of innovative research activities. As a resul
t, TOSHIBA has elivere 275kV- 300MVA gas coole an gas insulate transformer,
of which its structure is as simple as the oil immerse type an is the largest
capacity gas insulate transformer in the worl .
Realization of gas insulate transformer:
Since heat capacity of SF6 gas is much smaller than that of insulating oil, the
following measures are taken into account. 1. Raise the SF6 gas pressure to 0.5M
Pa 2. Pro uce as large flow as possible by optimizing the layout of gas ucts in
the win ings 3. Develop high capacity gas blower with high reliability 4. Apply
highly thermal-resistant insulating materials to raise the limit of win ing tem
perature rises
Page 19
Internal structure of gas insulate transformer:
ADVANTAGE OF GAS INSULATED TRANSFORMER:
1. Non-flammability: Gas insulate transformers, using incombustible SF6 gas as
a insulation an cooling me ium, enable to remove a fire fighting equipment from
transformer room. 2. Tank-explosion Prevention: Pressure tank enables to withst
an the pressure rise in case of internal fault. 3. Compactness: By irectly cou
pling with gas-insulate switchgear, substation space can be minimize as the re
sult of compact facilities. 4. Easy installation: Oil or liqui purifying proces
s is not necessary in case of gas insulate transformer. 5. Easy inspection an
maintenance work: monitore uring perio ically inspection. 6. Environmentally F
rien ly: The use of SF6 gas abolishes the risk of oil leakage. Only SF6 gas pres
sure shall be basically
Page 20
INTER CONNECTING TRANSFORMER[ICT]:-
An autotransformer is an electrical transformer with only one win ing. The win i
ng has at least three electrical connection points calle taps. The voltage sour
ce an the loa are each connecte to two taps. One tap at the en of the win in
g is a common connection to both circuits (source an loa ). Each tap correspon
s to a ifferent source or loa voltage. An autotransformer for power applicatio
ns is typically lighter an less costly than a two-win ing transformer, up to a
voltage ratio of about 3:1 beyon that range a two-win ing transformer is usuall
y more economical.
In an autotransformer a portion of the same win ing acts as part of both the pri
mary an secon ary win ing
Page 21
DISCONNECTOR AND EARTHING SWITCHES:Disconnectors an earthing switches are use
to protect personnel while working on operational equipment an must therefore b
e very reliable an operationally safe even un er a verse climatic con itions. D
isconnectors an earthing switches are often offere as a combination of both. D
isconnectors have to isolate ownstream operational equipment i.e., e-energise
equipment from the connecte circuits. Thus they establish a visible isolating
istance in air towar s ownstream operational equipment. The task of an earthin
g switch is to earth e-energise parts of the switchgear an in the case of mul
ti-pole earthing switches to short-circuit them at the same time.
Page 22
Application:
Disconnectors an earthing switches are suitable for in oor installations up to
36 kV. Due to their cast-resin ribbe insulators, the isconnectors an earthing
switches can also be use with high air humi ity an occasional con ensation, e
.g., in tropical areas.
The evices are protecte against corrosion. Steel parts are either galvanise a
n yellowpassivate , or electrostatically coate with epoxy-resin pow er over a
phosphate layer.
The switching evices can be installe in any position with horizontal shaft. De
signs for installation with the shaft in vertical position are also available.

Page 23
En urance:
Normally,
e they are
urance an
or 1,000
isconnectors an earthing switches are operate very rarely. Therefor

not esigne for a high number of operating cycles. The mechanical en
the contact en urance are: 5,000 operating cycles for the isconnect
operating cycles for the earthing switch.
Functions of the switching evices:

3DA/3DC isconnectors have the following functions: Opening or closing circuits
when either negligibly small currents have to be switche off/on or when there i
s no significant voltage ifference between the circuits to be isconnecte or c
onnecte . Establishing an isolating istance between the terminals of each pole
in the open position.
Page 24
The task of 3DD/3DE earthing switches is to earth eenergise parts of the switc
hgear an in the case of multi-pole earthing switches to short-circuit them at t
he same time.
Short-circuit capability:
The short-circuit capability of close isconnectors an earthing switches is te
ste accor ing to VDE. Due to the loopless circuit, the isconnectors nee not b
e interlocke against being opene by short-circuit forces.
Earthing switches built on isconnectors or use as in epen ent evices have to
be interlocke in presence of peak withstan currents above 50 kA if the earthin
g switch is installe with the peak withstan current flowing through the earthi
ng switch in irection 2 accor ing to the rawing shown on the right. In this i
rection, strong opening forces are effective.
Sufficient interlocking is guarantee for motor operating mechanisms as well as
for selfblocking manual operating mechanisms (e.g., spherical joint mechanism).
For earthing switches built on a isconnector, the mechanical interlock between
the isconnector an the earthing switch is a simple means to exclu e the isa v
antages of the energy irection with opening force effect.
Description
Operating mechanisms
Motor operating mechanism:
The motor operating mechanism provi e for isconnectors an earthing switches t
ype 3D mainly consists of a DC compoun -woun motor, egree of protection IP00,
which rives the eccentric shaft of a free-wheeling mechanism via a single-step
spur gearing. The freewheeling mechanism makes the crank (2) rotate counter-cloc
kwise. The crank is linke with the rive lever through a short rive ro , an t
he rive lever is connecte with the operating shaft (4).

Page 25
A 180 turn of the crank pro uces a switching angle of 90 at the operating shaft. I
n the en positions of the switching evice, the rive motor is e-energise via
built-in position switches. If an AC motor operating mechanism is require , a r
ectifier is installe a itionally.
The time from initiation of the comman until reaching the en position or arriv
al of the fee back (total operating time) is 3 s as a maximum at the lowest valu
e of the operating voltage.
Manual operating mechanisms:
Instea of being operate by a motor, the operating shaft can also be actuate m
anually. Operation by means of a switching ro epen s on the mounting position
an the accessibility. Switching ro s are ma e of glass-fibre reinforce polyest
er tube an can be
use in switchgear with rate voltages above 1 kV. These switching ro s are use
to actuate the switching ro lever (available as an accessory) mounte on the o
perating shaft.
Switching ro levers ma e of insulating material are always use where the neces
sary minimum istances are not reache . For fixing in the en positions, an elas
tic latch is always provi e for switching ro actuation (see interlocks).
Interlocks Latch:
For isconnectors an earthing switches a latch can be supplie , which latches t
ight in the en positions in an elastic way. Such a latch must be provi e when
these switching evices are operate manually with a switching ro .
Page 27
Mechanical interlocking:
Disconnectors with built-on earthing switch can be equippe with a mechanical in
terlock if the earthing switch is actuate by means of a switching ro .
Power-operate switching evices must be interlocke with the means belonging to
the operating mechanism, i.e., actuation must be prevente . For this purpose, t
he part without power operating mechanism requires an auxiliary switch.
If neither the isconnector nor the earthing switch are power-operate , mechanic
al interlocking is possible in connection with an electromechanical lockout. The
electromechanical lockout is then mounte on the isconnector.
Electromechanical lockout:
Electromechanical lockout evices can be installe on all isconnectors an
eart
hing switches without power operating mechanism. The lockout evices block the s
witching evices in the en positions when the solenoi is not excite . In the i
nterme iate position (faulty position) the lockout is not effective. The magnet
coils are suitable for continuous operation.
Page 28
Interlocks for motor operating mechanisms:
Via switchgear interlocking system:
For operation in connection with a switchgear interlocking evice 8TJ2, a pole
relay is require to prevent maloperation. Interlocks on the isconnector can be
omitte . For operation in connection with a switchgear interlocking evice 8TK,
no other auxiliary contactors are require .
Via auxiliary contactor:
With an auxiliary contactor (with or without comman execution) an pushbuttons,
a itional protective measures must be taken against impermissible switching op
erations.
Via changeover switch:
The simplest possibility of control is a changeover switch. However, a equate pr
otective measures against impermissible switching operations must be taken here
as well.
Page 29
The opening of the line isolator or busbar section isolator is necessary for saf
ety, but not sufficient. Groun ing must be con ucte at both the upstream an o
wnstream sections of the evice un er maintenance. This is accomplishe by earth
ing switches. Disconnect switches are esigne to continuously carry loa curren
ts an momentarily carry short circuit currents for a specifie uration. They a
re esigne for no-loa switching , opening , or closing circuits where negligib
le currents are ma e or interrupte (inclu ing capacitive current an resistive
or in uctive current , or when there is no significant voltage across the open t
erminals of the switch.
Page 30
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF GAS INSULATED TRANSFORMER:
MERITS IF GIT OVER OIT: Nonflammability Gas insulate transformers , using incomb
ustible SF6 gas as insulation an cooling me ium, enable to remove a fire fighti
ng equipment from transformer room.
Non Tank explosion - Pressure tank enables t
o withstan the pressure rise in case of internal fault. Compactness Since conse
rvator or pressure relief equipment is not necessary, height of transformer room

can be re uce approximately 2 2.5 meters.
Page 31
Easy installation oil or liqui purifying process is not necessary in case of ga

sinsulate 60 transformer. Easy inspection an maintenance work -Only SF6 gas pr
essure shall be basically
monitore uring perio ically inspection.
SMART GIS - Integration of Electronic CTs & PTs:
The Combine sensors are the Rogowski coil for current measurement an the capac
itive ivi er for voltage measurement A combine current an voltage sensor has
been evelope to replace the conventional current an voltage transformers in G
IS.
Why Combine Voltage & current Sensor ?

A vance CTs without a magnetic core (Rowgowski coil) & Capacitive sensor have be
en developed to save space and reduce the cost of GIS. The output signal is at a
low level, so it is immediately converted by an enclosure mounted device to a d
igital signal
Small size - Helps to optimize the use of space in the switchgear
Lighter weight means less material usage and lower life cycle costs (LCC) Large
dynamic range - permits minimization of number of sensor types needed and improv
ement of some protection functions. Protection and measurement functions combine
d. Lower losses mean lower LCC (Life Cycle Cost)
Page 32
UI SENSOR- CURRENT & VOLTAGE MEASURMENT:
Current Measurement Current Sensor instead of Current Transformer The current se

nsor is based on a Rogowski coil (a coreless inductive current transformer). Vol
tage Measurement Voltage Sensor instead of Voltage Transformer The voltage senso
r is based on a capacitive electrical field sensor (Capacitive ring sensor). The
capacitive ring, which acts as a voltage sensor, also has a linear characterist
ic and is very simple in terms of the insulation.
Page 33
SURGE ARRESTER-CVT-WAVE TRAP:
Capacitor Voltage Transformers convert transmission class voltages to standardiz
ed low and easily measurable values, used for metering, protection and control o
f the high voltage system. Additionally, Capacitor Voltage Transformers serve as

a coupling capacitor for coupling high frequency power line carrier signals to
the transmission line.
Lightning Arresters or Surge Arresters are always connected in Shunt to the equi
pment to be protected, they provide a low impedance path for the surge current t
o the ground
Line trap also is known as Wave trap. It traps Hi-frequency communication signal
s sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/
tele protection panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacito
r 38 and LMU). This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) syste
ms for communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom
company network.
Advantages of GIS:A GIS has many advantages over a conventional substation, incl
uding a space saving and flexible design, less field construction work resulting
in quicker installation time, reduced maintenance, higher reliability and safet
y, and excellent seismic withstand characteristics. Aesthetics of GIS are far su
perior to that of a conventional substation, due to its substantially smaller si
ze. A GIS can even be installed in a building, if desired. When all of these adv
antages are taken into consideration, a GIS is a cost effective alternative to a
conventional substation that offers many benefits to the end user. i. Special F
eatures:- Enhanced insulating properties and reduced long-term operational costs
by means of sealed metal enclosure filled with SF6 gas. ii. Reliability:-Extens
ive experience in designing optimum phase and feeder spacing dimensions accordin
g to site conditions enable compact dimensions that reduce space requirements to
less than 20% of conventional air insulated substations iii. Compact Design:-En
sured personnel safety by earthed enclosure, numerous interlocks and lockout dev
ices. Increased stability during earthquakes with a low center of gravity. iv. M
aintenance:-Virtual elimination of long-term maintenance costs and contamination
of critical components by means of SF6 gas-filled metal enclosures, automatic m
onitoring of operating mechanisms and SF6 gas system. v. Efficient Installation:
-Assembly at factory and shipment in one complete bay dramatically reduces insta
llation time and customer's costs. vi. Environmental:-Minimized operation noise
levels allow installation in urban and sub-urban indoor substations. Elimination
of radio interference problems and individual painting of enclosures with the c
olor of customer choice.. vii. Space Saving:- SF6 switchgear installations take
up only 10% of the space required for the conventional installations. viii. Econ
omical: - Initial high investment is required for installation but the cost can
be comparable for the less maintenance, reliable, safe operation against convent
ional substation. Ability to interrupt out-of-phase ix. Compatibility:- It is in
combustible, non toxic, colourless and chemically inert.
Page 35
x.
Low Weight:- due to aluminum enclosure, corresponds to low cost foundations and
buildings.
xi.
The dielectric strength of SF6 gas at atmospheric pressure is approximately thre

e times that of air.
xii. xiii. xiv. xv. xvi.
It has arc-quenching properties 3 to 4 times better than air at equal pressure.
Ability to interrupt short-line faults Overvoltage is kept to a minimum. Minimum
gas leakage (less than 0.1% per year). The use of SF6 gas as an insulating medi
um in switchgear reduces the clearance distance between active and non-active pa
rts of a switchgear facilitating the following advantages of gas insulated appli
cations compared to air insulated applications: Less space requirements - especi
ally in congested city areas Less sensitivity to pollution, as well as salt, san
d or even large amounts of snow Less operation & maintenance costs
Page 36
Disadvantages with Air Insulated Substations:a) b) It requires huge amount of ar
ea . Cost is higher compared to Air Insulated Substation or conventional substat
ion. Maintenance cost is more. c) Normally this type of substations are indoor t
ype and requires separate building. Each and every component of substation is ex
posed to air and pollution. d) Maintaining Cleanliness is very important. Dust o
r moisture inside the compartment causes the flash overs so frequent flashovers
and breakdown occurs. e) When fault occurs internally, the outage period will be
very long. The damage effect will also be severe. f) Installation time is also
more..
ADVANCEMENT IN GIS TECHNOLOGY:(For Further Space reduction)
Gas Insulated Transformer (GIT) Instead of Oil Immersed Transformer (OIT). SMART
GIS - Integration of Electronic CTs & PTs Combined Earthing Switch & Disconnector
COMBINED DISCONNECTOR/EARTHING SWITCH:
The DSES incorporates the two functions of a disconnector and a maintenance eart
hing switch as a result saving the space in GIS.
This is achieved by a sliding contact characterized by three defined positions:
disconnector open / earthing switch closed disconnector closed / earthing switch
open disconnector open / earthing switch open
Page 37
The use of one moving contact for the disconnector and the earthing switch inhib
its simultaneous closed position of both switches. Combined disconnector and ear
thing switch is mounted at the front, and acts via bevel gears and an insulating
shaft on the three parallel contact pins. Depending on the direction of movemen
t the contacts act as disconnector or earthing switch (maintenance earthing swit
ch). By means of a crank handle, manual operation of the combined disconnector a
nd earthing switch is also possible.
Page 38
Conclusion
GIS are necessary for EHV&UHV and some important areas to be studied include mor
e conservative designs better particle control&improved gas handling&decompositi
on product management techniques Achieving&maintaining high levels of availabili
ty requires a more integrated approach to quality control by both users and manu
factures
Page 39
REFERENCE
I develop my this seminar report on GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION by using following w
eb sites.
Web Sites:
www.wikipedia.com
www.google.com
Page 40
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