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Chapter 4. Piezoelectric Material

15-Oct-14

Dr. S. H. Upadhyay

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Piezoelectriceffect
l
ff
Discovered in 1880 by Jacques and Pierre Curie
during studies into the effect of pressure on the
generation of electrical charge by crystals (such as
quartz).
)
Piezoelectricity is defined as a change in electric
polarization with a change in applied stress (direct
piezoelectric effect).
piezoelectric effect is the change
g of
The converse p
strain or stress in a material due to an applied
electric field.

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Di t Pi
DirectPiezoelectricEffect
l t i Eff t
Piezoelectric Material will generate
electric
l
i potential
i l when
h
subjected
bj
d to
some kind of mechanical stress.

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The direct Effect : Generator

ThedirectEffect:Generator
F

Compression
Effect: Decrease in volume
and it has a voltage
g with the
same polarity as the material
Tension
Effect: Increase in volume
and it has a voltage with
opposite polarity as the
material

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I
Inverse
Pi
PiezoelectricEffect
l t i Eff t
If the piezoelectric material is exposed to an
electric field (voltage) it consequently
lengthens or shortens proportional to the
voltage.
voltage

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The Inverse Piezoelectric Effect

TheInversePiezoelectricEffect
Iftheappliedvoltagehas
thesamepolaritythenthe
material expands.
materialexpands.

Iftheappliedvoltagehas
theoppositepolaritythen
h
i
l i h
thematerialcontracts.

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The History of Piezo

TheHistoryofPiezo

The
name
Piezo
originates from the
Greek word piezein,
piezein
which
means
to
squeeze or press.
The piezoelectric effect
was first proven in 1880
by the brothers Pierre
and Jacques Curie.

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Piezoelectric effect
Piezoelectriceffect
The linear relationship between stress Xik
applied to a piezoelectric material and
resulting charge density Di is known as the
direct piezoelectric effect and may be
written as
where
h
dijk (C N11) is
i a thirdrank
hi d
k tensor off
piezoelectric coefficients.

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Piezoelectriceffect
l
ff
Another interesting property of piezoelectric material is
they change their dimensions (contract or expand) when
an electric field is applied to them.
The converse piezoelectric effect describes the strain that is
developed in a piezoelectric material due to the applied
electric field:
where t denotes the transposed matrix.
The units of the converse piezoelectric coefficient are (m
V1).

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Pi
Piezoelectriceffect
l t i ff t
The piezoelectric coefficients, d for the direct
and converse piezoelectric effects are
thermodynamically identical, i.e.
ddirect = dconverse.
Note that the sign of the piezoelectric charge
Di and strain xij depends on the direction of the
mechanical and electric fields, respectively.
The piezoelectric coefficient d can be either
positive or negative.

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Pi
Piezoelectriceffect
l
i ff
It is common to call a piezoelectric coefficient
measured in the direction of applied field the
longitudinal coefficient, and that measured in the
direction perpendicular to the field the transverse
coefficient.
Other
Oth piezoelectric
i
l t i coefficients
ffi i t are known
k
as shear
h
coefficients.
Because the strain and stress are symmetrical tensors,
tensors
the piezoelectric coefficient tensor is symmetrical with
respect to the same indices.

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Pi
Piezoelectricity
l t i it
The microscopic
p origin
g of the p
piezoelectric effect is
the displacement of ionic charges within a crystal
structure.
In the absence of external strain, the charge
distribution is symmetric and the net electric dipole
moment is zero.
zero
However when an external stress is applied, the
charges are displaced and the charge distribution is
no longer symetric and a net polarization is created.

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Piezoelectricity

In some cases a crystal

y
posses a unique
p
q p
polar axis
even in the unstrained condition.
This can result in a change of the electric charge due
to a uniform
f
change
h
off temperature.
This is called the pyroelectric effect.
The
Th direct
di t piezoelectric
i
l t i effect
ff t is
i the
th basis
b i for
f force,
f
pressure, vibration and acceleration sensors and
The converse effect for actuator and displacement
devices.

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Pi
Piezoelectricandsubgroup
l ti
d b
The elements of symmetry
y
y that are utilized byy
crystallographers to define symmetry about a point in
space, for example, the central point of unit cel, are
a point (center)
(
) off symmetry,
axes of rotation,
mirror
i
planes,
l
and
d
combinations of these.
Utilizing these symmetry elements,
elements all crystals can be
divided into 32 different classes or point groups.

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Pi
Piezoelectricandsubgroup
l ti
d b
These 32 point groups are subdivisions of 7 basic crystal
systems:

triclinic,
monoclinic,
orthorhombic,
th h bi
tetragonal,
rhombohedral (trigonal),
hexagonal and
hexagonal,
cubic.

Of the 32 point groups, 21 classes do not possess a center of

symmetry (a necessary condition for piezoelectricity to exist)
and 20 of these are piezoelectric.
One class, although lacking a center of symmetry, is not
piezoelectric because of other combined symmetry elements.

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Piezoelectric and subgroup

Piezoelectricandsubgroup
32 Symmetry Point
Groups
21 PG
PG: N
Noncentrosymmetric
t
ti
20 PG: Piezoelectric (Polarized under stress)
10 PG: Pyroelectric (Spontaneously polarized)
Subgroup Ferroelectric (Spontaneously
Polarized, Revesible Polarization)

11 PG
PG: C
Centrosymmetric
t
ti

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Pi
Piezoelectricandsubgroup
l ti
d b
As discussed in previously slide,
slide piezoelectric
coefficients must be zero and the
piezoelectric effect is absent in all 11
centrosymmetric point groups.
Materials that belong to other symmetries
may exhibit the piezoelectric effect.

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How are piezoelectric ceramics made?

A traditional piezoelectric ceramic is
perovskite crystal, each consisting of a
small, tetravalent metal ion, usually
tit i
titanium
or zirconium,
i
i
i a lattice
in
l tti off
larger, divalent metal ions, usually lead
or barium, and O2 ions.
Under
conditions
that
confer
tetragonal or rhombohedral symmetry
on the crystals,
crystals each crystal has a
dipole moment.

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Polarization of piezoelectric
Above a critical temperature, the Curie point, each perovskite
crystal exhibits a simple cubic symmetry with no dipole
moment.
At temperatures below the Curie point, however, each crystal
has tetragonal or rhombohedral symmetry and a dipole
moment.
Adjoining dipoles form regions of local alignment called
domains.
The alignment gives a net dipole moment to the domain, and
thus
h a net polarization.
l i i
The direction of polarization among neighboring domains is
random, however, so the ceramic element has no overall
polarization.

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Polarizationofpiezoelectric
The domains in a ceramic element are aligned by exposing the
element to a strong, direct current electric field, usually at a
temperature slightly below the Curie point.
Through this polarizing (poling) treatment,
treatment domains most
nearly aligned with the electric field expand at the expense of
domains that are not aligned with the field, and the element
lengthens in the direction of the field.
field
When the electric field is removed most of the dipoles are
locked into a configuration of near alignment.
The element now has a permanent polarization, the remanent
polarization, and is permanently elongated.

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Electric dipoles in Weiss

domains; (1) unpoled
ferroelectric ceramic,
(2) during and (3) after
poling
li ((piezoelectric
i
l ti
ceramic)

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DomainWallMovement

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PiezoMaterials
S
Some examples
l
off practicall piezo materials
l
are barium titanate, lithium niobate,
polyvinyledene difluoride (PVDF),
(PVDF) and lead
zirconate titanate (PZT).
There are several different formulations of
the PZT compound, each with different
electromechanical properties.

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Whatcanpiezoelectricceramicsdo?

Mechanical compression or tension on a poled piezoelectric ceramic

element changes the dipole moment, creating a voltage.
Compression along the direction of polarization, or tension perpendicular
to the direction of polarization, generates voltage of the same polarity as
the poling voltage.

Generator and motor actions of a piezoelectric element

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Piezoelectricceramics applications
The principle is adapted to piezoelectric motors,
motors
sound or ultrasound generating devices, and
many other products.
Generator
G
t
action
ti
i used
is
d in
i fuel-igniting
f l i iti
d i
devices,
solid state batteries, and other products;
Motor action is adapted
p
to p
piezoelectric motors,
sound or ultrasound generating devices, and
many other products.

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Definition of Piezoelectric Coefficients and Directions

Orthogonal
system
describing
the
properties of a poled
piezoelectric ceramic.
p
Axis 3 is the poling
direction.
Because
of
the
anisotropic nature of
Piezo ceramics, effects
are
dependent
on
di
direction.
i

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Definition of Piezoelectric Coefficients and Directions

To identify directions
the axes, termed 1, 2,
and 3, are introduced
((analogous
g
to X,, Y,, Z of
the classical right
hand orthogonal axial
set).
)
The axes 4, 5 and 6
identify
rotations
(
(shear).
)

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The direction of polarization (3 axis) is established during the

poling process by a strong electrical field applied between two
electrodes.
For actuator applications the piezo properties along the poling
axis are most essential (largest deflection).
The piezoelectric coefficients described here are not
independent constants.
They vary with temperature, pressure, electric field, form
factor, mechanical and electrical boundary conditions etc.
The coefficients only describe material properties under small
signal conditions.
conditions

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Piezoelectric materials are characterized by several coefficients:

Examples are:
dij: Strain coefficients [m/V]: strain developed (m/m) per electric field
applied
pp
((V/m)
/ ) or ((due to the sensor / actuator p
properties
p
of Piezo
material).
Charge output coefficients [C/N]: charge density developed (C/m) per
given stress (N/m).
gij: Voltage coefficients or field output coefficients [Vm/N]: open circuit
electric field developed (V/m) per applied mechanical stress (N/m) or
(due to the sensor / actuator properties of Piezo material) strain
developed (m/m) per applied charge density (C/m).
kij: Coupling coefficients [no Dimensions].
The coefficients are energy
gy ratios describingg the conversion from
mechanical to electrical energy or vice versa. k is the ratio of energy
stored (mechanical or electrical) to energy (mechanical or electrical)
applied.

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Other important parameters are the Young

Young'ss modulus
(describing the elastic properties of the material) and the
dielectric constant (describing the capacitance of the
material).
t i l)
To link electrical and mechanical quantities double
subscripts (i.e. dij) are introduced.
The first subscript gives the direction of the excitation,
the second describes the direction of the system response.

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Th
There are two
t
practical
ti l coupling
li modes
d exist;
i t the
th
31 mode and the 33 mode.
In the 31 mode, a force is applied in the direction
perpendicular
p
p
to the p
polingg direction,, an example
p
of which is a bending beam that is poled on its top
and bottom surfaces.
d31 applies
li
if the
h electric
l
i field
fi ld is
i along
l
the
h
polarization axis (direction 3), but the strain is in
the 1 axis (orthogonal to the polarization axis).

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In the 33
33 mode, a force is applied in the same
direction as the poling direction, such as the
compression of a piezoelectric block that is
poled on its top and bottom surfaces.
surfaces
d33 applies when the electric field is along the
polarization axis (direction 3) and the strain
(
(deflection)
) is along the same axis.
Conventionally
Conventionally, the 31
31 mode has been the most
commonly used coupling mode: however, the
31 mode yields a lower coupling coefficient, k,
than
h the
h 33
33 mode.
d

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Illustration of 33 mode and 31 mode operation for piezoelectric

materials.
t i l (Fi
(Figure ffrom R
Roundy
d ett all 2003,
2003 2003
2003, El
Elsevier.)
i )

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It was found that in a small force, low vibration level

environment, the 31 configuration cantilever proved
most efficient, but in a high force environment, such as a
heavy manufacturing facility or in large operating
machinery, a stack configuration would be more durable
and generate useful energy.
Also found that the resonant frequency of a system
operating in the 31 mode is much lower, making the
system more likely to be driven at resonance in a natural
environment, thus providing more power.

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Schematic of the cross section of an active fiber composite

(AFC) actuator. (Figure from Wilkie et al 2000.)

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In addition the superscripts

p
p "S, T, E, D" are
introduced.
They describe an electrical or mechanical boundary
condition.
Definition:
S =strain=constant(mechanicallyclamped)
T =stress=constant(notclamped)
E =field=constant(shortcircuit)
field constant (short circuit)
D =electricaldisplacement=constant(opencircuit)

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Flexible p
piezoelectric materials are attractive for
power harvesting applications because of their ability
to withstand large amounts of strain.
Larger strains provide
d more mechanical
h
l energy
available for conversion into electrical energy.
A second method of increasing the amount of energy
harvested from a piezoelectric is to utilize a more
efficient coupling mode.

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S i
SonicandUltrasonicApplications
d Ul
i A li i
Sonar with Ultrasonic time
time
domain reflectometers
Materials testing to detect
flaws inside cast metals and
stone objects as well as
measure
elasticity
or
viscosity in gases and liquids
Compact
sensitive
microphones and guitar
pickups.
Loudspeakers

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PressureApplications

Transient pressure measurement to

study
d explosives,
l
internall combustion
b
engines (knock sensors), and any other
vibrations, accelerations, or impacts.
Piezoelectric microbalances are used
as very sensitive chemical and
biological sensors.
Transducers are used in electronic
drum pads to detect the impact of the
drummer's sticks.
Energy Harvesting from impact on the
ground
d
Atomic force and scanning tunneling
microscopes.
El t i igniters
Electric
i it and
d cigarette
i
tt lighters
li ht

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ConsumerElectronicsApplications
Quartz crystals resonators as
frequency
stabilizers
for
oscillators in all computers.
Phonograph
Ph
h pickups
i k
Accelerometers:
In
a
piezoelectric accelerometer a
mass is attached to a spring that
is attached to a piezoelectric
crystal. When subjected to
vibration the mass compresses
and stretches the piezo electric
crystal. (iPhone)

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M t A li ti
MotorApplications
Piezoelectric elements can be used in
laser mirror alignment, where their
ability to move a large mass (the
mirror mount)) over microscopic
p
distances
is
exploited.
By
electronically vibrating the mirror it
gives the light reflected off it a
D
Doppler
l shift
hift to
t fine
fi tune
t
th laser's
the
l
'
frequency.
The piezo motor is viewed as a high
precision replacement for the
stepper motor.
Travelingwave motors used for auto
focus in cameras.
cameras

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Experiment

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Procedure
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Attach a mirror to the piezoelectric buzzer. Position that laser so that

the beam can reflect off of the mirror and hit the wall across the
room.
Connect the function generator to the Piezoelectric device. Find the
resonant frequency of the device by slowly increasing the frequency
at 10Vpp. The laser will vibrate the most at the resonant frequency.
Measure the diameter of the laser without any signal. Then measure
the diameter of the laser with the AC signal applied.
C l l t the
Calculate
th displacement
di l
t off the
th laser
l
and
d divide
di id it by
b two
t to
t gett the
th
amplitude of the magnified change in volume for the piezoelectric
material.
Measure the distance from the piezo to the wall and to the laser. Also
measure the height of the laser and reflected beam in relation to the
piezo.
Calculate the change in volume for the piezoelectric material.

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Error Analysis
ErrorAnalysis
Thelasersdiameterexpandsoveradistance.
Thequalityofthemirrorscattersthelaser.
Th
li
f h
i
h l
Thesinusoidalvibrationofthematerialamplifiesthelasersdisplacement.

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15-Oct-14

Dr. S. H. Upadhyay