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Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 29 36

Conference and Exhibition Indonesia Renewable Energy & Energy Conservation

[Indonesia EBTKE CONEX 2013]

A Technical Review of Building Integrated Wind Turbine System

and a Sample Simulation Model in Central Java, Indonesia
Dany Perwita Saria,*, Wida Banar Kusumaningruma
a

RND Unit for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jln. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, Indonesia

Abstract
Indonesia is an archipelago country and has significant wind energy potential. This paper investigated the potential of wind
energy on the building based on location in Central Java Province, Indonesia. The results show that overall, Yogyakarta and
Semarang, offers a much higher wind potential than other location. Four different sample models for buildings and houses are
explained with CFD models. This study reports the investigation results of wind energy potential in building especially in
Yogyakarta and Semarang. Hence, Yogyakarta has potential for high rise building that integrated with wind turbine and
Semarang has potential for roof mounted-micro wind turbine.

2014 The
TheAuthors.
Authors.Published
Published
Elsevier
2014
byby
Elsevier
Ltd.Ltd.
Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Selection
andpeer-review
peer-review
under
responsibility
of Scientific
the Scientific
Committee
of Indonesia
Conex 2013.
Selection and
under
responsibility
of the
Committee
of Indonesia
EBTKEEBTKE
Conex 2013
Keywords: building integrated wind turbines; micro-wind turbine; CFD; wind energy; Yogyakarta; Semarang; Indonesia

1. Introduction
Indonesia is the worlds largest archipelago, which consist of more than 17,000 islands. This country has coastal
line as long as more than 81,000 km. Considering the natural geography, Indonesia is blessed with great potential of
renewable energy that is shown in Table 1. Wind energy, one of alternative energy that can replace traditional fossil
fuels in daily life, while harmless to the environment. The number of installed wind power plants is yearly
increasing [1]. Large wind energy resources are located at the oceans and near coasts. Wind power plan can be
constructed along coastal areas where energy demands are high. The Government of Indonesia commit to reduce

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-813-2569-3808.

E-mail address: dany.perwitasari@gmail.com

1876-6102 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of Indonesia EBTKE Conex 2013
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.193

30

Dany Perwita Sari and Wida Banar Kusumaningrum / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 29 36

ffossil fuel consumption up to 26% by the year 2020 [2] with vision energy mixes based on four main sources: oil
(30%), coal (22%), gas (23%) and new renewable energy (25%) (Figure 1) [3]. Produced wind energy from wind
turbine which installed on or around building can be defined as building integrated wind turbine. Building integrated
wind turbines become new icon of green building. This technology brings the power generation close to the user to
reduce the fossil fuel consumption.
Table 1. Renewable energy development [3].
No.

Non Fossil Energy

Resources

Installed Capacity

Ratio (%)

5=4/3

5.771 MW

7.62

Hydro

75.670 MW

Geothermal

28.543 MW

1.228 MW

4.30

Mini/Microhydro

769.69 MW

217.89 MW

28.31

Biomass

1.618.40 MW

3.25

Solar Energy

49.810 MW
4.80
kWh/m2/day

20 MW

Wind Energy

3-6 m/s

1.87 MW

This paper reports the investigation result of wind energy on buildings in four sections. At section one, general
wind power density of Java Island is calculated using wind power application [4] and section two, the visual
representation of building integrated wind turbine design for Indonesias climate is shown. Section three, analyse
wind power potential in Yogyakarta and Semarang using data from The Meteorological Department wind power
application. High rise building integrated wind turbine in Yogyakarta and rooff mounted micro wind turbine in
Semarang is examined briefly using computational fluid
f
dynamic at section four. (NRE : New Renewable Energy)

Fig. 1. Estimation energy policy derection 2010-2025 [3].

2. Building integrated wind turbine concept design

The principle of building integrated wind turbine aims to reduce negative impacts on the environment and human
health and is therefore more sustainable than conventional construction methods [5]. There are three significant
drives are shifting land owners forward green buildings [6]:
x Unstable energy prices that always rising because of limited availability of oil and gas.
x Healthy quality of live. American spend 90 percent of their time indoors, where asthma and allergy attacks can
be triggered by air pollutions. With detail ventilation design could reduce the negative effect.
x Global warming and climate change.
In Indonesia, Government already released some guidelines for green building. Visual representation of building
integrated wind turbine design for Indonesian climate is presented in Figure 2.

Dany Perwita Sari and Wida Banar Kusumaningrum / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 29 36

Optimize site potential and analyze high priority wind energy resource is important. The most important factor in
building integrated wind turbine is how much it can produce the power for energy consumption. Different effect of
wind velocity was observed through the different roof shape, placed within urban configuration [7]. Looking for best
location, estimating monthly energy from building consumption and from turbine [8], best building aerodynamic
shape and wind turbine position are essential for harvesting maximum potential wind energy.
SITE ANALYSIS

CLIMATE
SITE ORIENTATION
EXPLORE OF THE BUILDING SHAPE

DESIGN FORM AND

ORIENTATION

PHILOSOPHY AND AESTHETIC OF THE BUILDING

ENVELOPE DESIGN; SNI 03 6389 2000
2D AND 3D BUILDING DESIGN
OUTPUT

ENERGY ANALYSIS
SNI 6390 2011
SNI 03 6197 2000
Energy consumption analysis
Fossil fuel analysis
Renewable energy analysis
COST ESTIMATION

GREEN BUILDING

STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; SNI 1726 2002

ENERGY PERFORMANCE
ANALYSIS
- CFD analysis
- Wind tunnel test

FINAL DESIGN
Fig. 2. Building integrated wind turbine design concept.

3. Wind energy potential in Yogyakarta and Semarang city

Most of worlds wind energy is over the oceans. Oceans provide plenty of energy to atmospheric motions, and
its roughness is generally smaller than over land. Wind power density directly determines cost efficiency in using
wind energy. There are four categories for wind power density [4]:
x Poor
: < 150 Watt/m2
x Fair
: 150-250 Watt/m2
x Good
: 250-350 Watt/m2
x Excellent
: > 350 Watt/m2
In another hand, Soeripno [9] categorizes wind power density in Indonesia into three resources potential: marginal,
fair and good (Table 2). Table 2 expressed that Yogyakarta and Central Java have wind potential for wind.

31

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Dany Perwita Sari and Wida Banar Kusumaningrum / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 29 36
Table 2. Summary wind data Indonesia (50m above the surface) from Institute of Aeronautics and Space Agency (LAPAN) [9]
Resources potential
Wind speed (m/s)
Wind power density
Number of sites
Provinces
(Watt/m2)
Maluku, Papua, Sumba, Mentawai,
Bengkulu, Jambi, East and West Nusa
Marginal
3-4
< 75
84
Tenggara, South and North Sulawesi,
North Sumatra, Central Java, Maluku,
Yogyakarta, Lampung, Kalimantan
Central and East Java, Yogyakarta, Bali,
Fair
45
75 150
34
Benkulu, East and West Nusa Tenggara,
South and North Sulawesi
Banten, DKI, Central and West Java,
Good
>5
> 150
35
Yogyakarta, East and West Nusa
Tenggara, South and North Sulaawesi,
Maluku

To ensure that Yogyakarta and Central Java are truly potential for wind energy, Quanhua Liu [4] calculation are
used. General wind power density results of Java Island using wind power application [7] is depicted in Figure 3.
Java Island has a high potential of wind energy. The detail result presented that West Java has the best performance
and potential for wind turbine because of its wind power density. Central Java and East Java in Southern
Hemisphere does not have high wind energy but fair enough to install wind turbine. Central Java province has been
chosen presently for the case study, Yogyakarta and Semarang city are both of the locations with most populated
and wind potential in Central Java.
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200

Power Density (W/m2)

1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65
70
75
80
85
90
Wind Turbin Location Around Java Island

95

Fig. 3. Wind power density around Java Island.

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

Legend
Tower height
Tower height
Tower height
Tower height
Tower height

135

for
for
for
for
for

140

wind
wind
wind
wind
wind

145

turbine
turbine
turbine
turbine
turbine

150

10m
25m
50m
100m
200m

155

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Dany Perwita Sari and Wida Banar Kusumaningrum / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 29 36

3.1. Wind turbine power

However, building integrated with wind turbine are limited installation because of low mean wind speeds, high
turbulence levels and relatively high aerodynamic noise levels generated by the turbine in built environment [10].
Researh showed that roof shapes could maximize the energy harvesting from the acceleration of the wind above the
building [7]. Wind turbine power of a wind generator [11] can be expressed as:
(1)

where:
Pturbine = the wind turbine power,

= the air density (kg/m3),

Cp
= the coefficient of performance,
A
= the swept area of the blades (m2),
V
= free wind speed (m/s).
From the equation (1) showed that the power of the wind increases with the cube of the wind speed. It is clear that
wind speed have an important part to maximize the power generation. Wind turbine should be located at relatively
windy site (coastal area) [12] and best roof shape.
3.2. Wind energy potential in Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta is located in Java Island and has high potential wind energy. Wind power density at populated area
in Yogyakarta show two different kinds of wind power density (Fig. 4). Higher wind power density is in southern
part while lower wind power density is in northern part. Wind power density and annual electricity result are
presented in Table 3. Southern part is the best area for built building which integrated with wind turbine.
Table 3. Wind power density and annual electricity in Yogyakarta.
Northern Part
Wind turbine tower
height (m)

Power density
(W/m2)

Annual electricity
(kWh)

10

34

18710

25

50

27700

50

68

37270

100

91

50140

200

123

67450

Wind turbine tower

height (m)

Power density
(W/m2)

Annual electricity
(kWh)

10

161

88620

25

238

131200

50

321

176500

100

431

237400

200

580

319400

Northern Part

Southern Part
Southern Part

Fig.4. Wind power density and annual electricity in

Yogyakarta.

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Dany Perwita Sari and Wida Banar Kusumaningrum / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 29 36

3.3. Wind energy potential in Semarang

Different with Yogyakarta results, Semarang wind power density is stable. Semarang citys forecasting within
period 5 years (2008-2012) [13] shows that has huge potential for power generation. Predicting wind power density
is chosen around coastal area (Fig. 5).
Table 4. Percentage wind speed and wind direction at Semarang
(2008-2012).
Wind
Speed
Wind Direction
(km/hr)

SE

7-9

13.33

11.67

6.667

3.333

SW
5

10 - 12

10

6.667

3.333

13 - 15

1.667

16 - 18

1.667

19 - 20
Total
(%)

23.33

18.33

Total

NW

(%)

8.333

48.33

1.667

10

36.67

1.667

3.333

1.667

6.667

10

1.667

1.667

13.33

8.333

8.333

28.33

100

Fig. 5. House samples in Semarang to be tested by installing a

wind-turbine.

4. Concept and application

Yogyakarta has high potential for wind energy. Populated area combined with high wind density is suitable for
high rise mounted wind turbine. Some of high rise building integrated wind turbine which already built show in
Figure 6.

Fig. 6. High rise building integrated wind turbine from left to right: Greenway self park (USA), Pearl river tower (China) [14].

CFD is one of wind velocity measurement method. It can be used to simulate and calculate the wind flow around
the building to help analyze and locate turbine. Best building integrated wind turbine design for Yogyakarta are
expressed in Figure 7. Figure 7 show that wind velocity increase 39.89% from the wind velocity approach. The
highest wind velocity are located at 1m after passing the circular rounded shape (red contour in Figure 7).

Fig. 7. High rise building samples to be tested by installing wind-turbine.

Dany Perwita Sari and Wida Banar Kusumaningrum / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 29 36

In other, Semarang city has lower wind power density and more stable wind velocity than Yogyakarta. Roof
shapes are very dominant to increase the wind velocity. Traditional roof shapes like gable roof and hip roof are
better than flat roof because could increase the wind velocity. Building integrated micro-wind turbines are potential
low-cost renewable energy devices that could be adopted in these environments [10]. Micro wind turbines are
defined as wind turbines with capacity less than 2.5 kW [13] and rotor diameter less than 1.25m [14]. Several micro
wind turbines are demonstrated in Figure 8 [8]. Simulation for houses (Figure 9) show that wind velocity on the top
gable roof are stable but for house which using hip roof, wind velocity increase on the edge (red colour in Figure 9).

Fig. 8. Micro wind turbines left to right: (L-R): D400 StealthGen, Windsave, renewable devices swift turbine, Turby
vertical axis [8].

Wind direction

Wind direction
Fig. 9. House design samples to be tested by micro-wind turbine, left to right: Gable Roof, Hip Roof.

5. Conclusion
This paper presents a general simulation evaluation framework for best building integrated wind turbines design
in Yogyakarta and Semarang, Indonesia. To maximize the performance of building design, building concept is
essential. Building design concept has given the idea for complete method to bring the efficiency in wind turbines
on buildings. By investigating the building aerodynamic shape, local meteorological data, local building

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Dany Perwita Sari and Wida Banar Kusumaningrum / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 29 36

characteristics and location could enhance wind velocity. It explains the effect of building shape and location in the
productivity of power in wind turbine. High rise building integrated wind turbine is suitable for Yogyakarta because
of its potential wind density. This building can support annual office buildings electricity 6%. Semarang city which
the power density lower than Yogyakarta is suitable for micro wind turbine. House with gable roof installed microwind turbine on the top of the roof due to a stable wind velocity. Hip roof is better installed micro-wind turbine in
the building or roof side which wind velocity higher than in the top of the roof. In the future work, considering
Indonesias natural potential renewable energy, researcher will analyse others city and province using CFD analysis
especially for micro wind turbine at housing in coastal area.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank The Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) for allowing this study to be undertaken.
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