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UnitofYoungsModulus
E
E=Youngsmodulusofelasticity,
propertyofthematerial
Pressure=Force/area
=Pascal
=N/m^2
Elasticpropertiesofbiologicalcomponents
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Elasticpropertiesofbiologicalcomponents
Theviscosityofwateratbodytemperature(37C)is0.01g/cms,
whichisusuallytranslatedtothespecialunitforviscosityof1
centipoise(cp).Bloodhasaviscosityof3cp.Anormaladulthas
morethan5millionRBCspermilliliterofblood
Viscosityofcommonsubstances
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Viscosity
Viscosity
Experimentally,theshearstressisdirectlyproportionaltothevelocity
oftheupperplate,v andinverselyproportionaltothegapdistanceh:
Moreprecisely,theshearstressisequaltoaconstantmultiplied
bythefirstderivativeofthevelocitywithrespecttodistance
normaltothemovingplate:
wherexy istheviscousshearstressinthexdirectionexertedonafluidsurfaceofconstanty.Thenegativesign
mustbeincludedbecauseviscosityhasapositivevalue(>0),andtheshearstressfluxispositiveinthe
directionofdecreasingvelocity.
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Shearrate
Theshearstressandthevelocitygradient(alsocalledtheshearrate)areproportional,withtheconstantof
propor onality,whereistheviscosityofthefluid.Forsomefluids,Equation2holdsoverawiderangeof
shearrateswithaconstant;thesearecalledNewtonianfluids.Thevalueoftheviscosityisapropertyof
thefluid;
isafunctionoffluidphasecomposition,temperature,andpressure.
WaterandbloodplasmaareNewtonianfluids;atbodytemperature(37C)theviscosityofwateris~1cp
(1cp =0.01g/cms)andplasmais1.2cp.
Viscosityofblood
BloodisanonNewtonianfluidbecausetheviscositychangeswithshearrate.Whentheshearrateislow,
RBCstendtoformaggregates,whichincreasetheviscosity.Wholebloodhasaviscosityof3.0cp,provided
thattheshearrateissufficientlyhighsothattheRBCsdonotaggregate.
Atintermediateshearrates,theviscosityofbloodisafunctionofshearrate,asshownintheFigure.
Viscosityofbloodisalsoafunctionofcomposition,dependingparticularlyontheconcentrationofRBCs
andcertainkeyproteins
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Viscous+elasticmaterials
Realmaterialssometimesbehavelikeoneoftheseidealizedmodels:Forexample,undercertain
conditions,cartilagebehaveslikeanelasticmaterialandbloodbehaveslikeaNewtonianfluid.In
contrast,biologicalmaterials,whicharefrequentlycomplexincomposition,canexhibitbehaviorsthat
resembleaspectsofboththeelasticmaterialandanincompressiblefluid,butarealsounlikeeitherof
theseidealizedmodels.Materialsthatexhibitbothviscousandelasticnaturesarecalledviscoelastic.
Creepingbehavior
Dampingcoefficient
Itisoftenusefultocomparethebehaviorofrealmaterialswiththatofidealizedmodels.Asimpleelastic
material,forexample,canbecomparedtoaperfectlyelasticspring.Thebehavioroftheperfectlyelastic
materialisprovidedbyHookesLawEquation,whichcanalsoberewrittenintheform:
whereFistheinstantaneoustotalforceappliedtothematerial,kisthespringconstant,andU
istheinstantaneousdisplacementofthematerial.Whenaforceisappliedtoaspring,the
springinstantaneouslydeformstothelengthprescribedbyHookeslaweqn.
Similarly,aviscousliquidcanbecomparedtoanotheridealizedmechanicalobject,thedashpot.Thedashpot
behaveslikeasimpleviscousliquid:
whichissimilartotheaboveequation,withequaltothedampingcoefficient
(analogoustoviscosity).Whenaforceisappliedtoamaterialthatbehaves
likeaviscousliquid,itdeformscontinuously;thedeformationofthematerial
willcontinueforaslongastheforceisapplied
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Viscousandelasticmodels
(A) Springdashpotmodelsofanelasticsolid
(B) Viscousliquid
(C) MaxwellmodelofviscoelasticMaterials
(D) Voigtmodelofviscoelasticmaterials
Mechanicalbiologicalsystems
Musculoskeletalsystems
Organsystems
Bones
Muscles
Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage
Lungs
heart