fondi Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelo, 2014 w.

jorj sorosis esse Cemi filanTropia wignidan

jorj sorosis filanTropia: Ria sazogadoebis mSenebloba~,
Cak sudetiki
The Philanthropy of George Soros: Building Open Societies, Chuck Sudetic

mTargmneli: erekle uruSaZe

redaqtori: ana WabaSvili
dizaineri: Tornike lorTqifaniZe
stamba: Sps `sezani~
publikacia gamoica fond Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelos
20 wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT.
ISBN: 978-9941-0-7175-1

yvela ufleba daculia. fond Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelos

werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe raime formiT am publikaciis an
misi romelime nawilis reproduqcia an gavrceleba dauSvebelia.

goistica var da egocentristic da sulac ar

meuxerxuleba amis aRiareba. Tumca bolo ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi farTo filanTropiuli qseli Sevqmeni _ Ria sazogadoebis fondebi

_ romlis wliuri biujeti adre daaxloebiT 500 milioni dolari iyo, axla ki miliards uaxlovdeba (1979
wlidan daxarjuli mTliani Tanxa daaxloebiT 8 miliardi dolaria). Ria sazogadoebis fondebis saqmianoba
msoflios yvela kuTxeSi vrceldeba da sakiTxebis iseT
farTo speqtrs moicavs, rom Tavadac gaocebuli var.
cxadia, me ara var erTaderTi egoisti da egocentristi,
radganac adamianebis umravlesoba aseTia. ubralod, me
mzad var, rom es vaRiaro. msoflioSi mravali WeSmariti
qvelmoqmedia, magram mxolod maTi mcire nawili axerxebs iseTi simdidris moxveWas, romelic filanTropiisTvis aris aucilebeli.
filanTropias yovelTvis eWvis TvaliT vuyurebdi.
Cemi azriT, filanTropia ar aris adamianis bunebrivi
Tviseba, amitom xSirad farisevlobis wyaroa da mraval
paradoqssac warmoSobs. SemiZlia, ramdenime magaliTi
moviyvano: filanTropiis mizani sxvebisTvis sargeblis
motana unda iyos, magram filanTropebi metwilad sakuTar sargebelze fiqroben xolme; filanTropiis mizani
adamianebis daxmareba unda iyos, magram is xSirad adamianebs daxmarebaze damokidebulebs xdis da qvelmoqmedebis obieqtebad aqcevs; aplikantebi fondebs imas

eubnebian, ris gagonebac maT surT, xolo Semdeg imas

akeTeben, rac Tavad undaT.
ratom vuTmob Cemi simdidrisa da energiis aseT did nawils filanTropias, Tuki filanTropiis mimarT kritikulad var ganwyobili? am kiTxvaze pasuxi nawilobriv
Cems pirad gamocdilebasa da istoriaSi Zevs, agreTve
im konceptualur CarCoSic, romliTac mTeli cxovrebis manZilze vxelmZRvanelob, nawilobriv ki ubralo
SemTxveviTobaa.

***
Cems cxovrebaze yvelaze didi gavlena 1944 wels germaniis mier ungreTis okupaciam moaxdina. ebraeli
viyavi da im dros 14 welic ar Semsruleboda. iolad
SeiZleboda, holokostis msxverpli gavmxdariyavi an
xangrZlivi

Sedegebis mqone fsiqologiuri travma

mimeRo, rom ara mamaCemi, romelic safrTxeebs kargad

xedavda da sxvebze ukeT umklavdeboda maT. mamaCemi
momzadebuli Sexvda meore msoflio omis ambebs, radgan
pirveli msoflio omis dros ramdenadme msgavsi istoria gadaxda Tavs.
miyvars moyola, Tu rogor Caewera igi avstria-ungreTis armiaSi moxalised da rogor Cauvarda tyved
rusebs. maT cimbirSi gagzavnes, rogorc samxedro tyve.
tyveTa banakSi igi xelnaweri literaturuli Jurnalis

redaqtori gaxda. Jurnals ficarze akravdnen da mas

asec ewodeboda _ ficari. statiebis avtorebi ficris
ukan ikribebodnen da mkiTxvelebis komentarebs ismendnen. Sin dabrunebulma mamaCemma xelnaweri gverdebi Tan Camoitana da maxsovs, rogor vaTvalierebdi maT
bavSvobaSi. ficris wyalobiT igi Zalze popularuli
gaxda da patimrebis warmomadgenlad airCies. rodesac
mezobeli banakidan tyveTa nawili gaiqca, im banakis patimarTa warmomadgeneli daxvrites. mamam gadawyvita,
ar dalodeboda, rodis ganmeordeboda es mis banakSi,
Sekriba tyveebis jgufi da gaqceva moawyo. Sekres tivi
da okeaneSi gacurvas apirebdnen, magram geografia maincdamainc kargad ar icodnen da imaze ar dafiqrebulan,
rom cimbiris yvela mdinare CridloeT yinulovan okeaneSi Caedineba. rodesac TavianT Secdomas mixvdnen, tivi
datoves da taigis gavliT daubrundnen civilizacias.
gzad ruseTis revoluciis qaosSi mohyvnen da Tavs araerTi Semzaravi ambavi gadaxdaT. am ambavma gadamwyveti
gavlena moaxdina misi xasiaTis Camoyalibebaze.
sabolood mamam ungreTSi CamoaRwia, magram Sin Secvlili dabrunda. rodesac armiaSi moxalised Caewera, ambiciuri axalgazrda iyo. ruseTSi Tavs gadamxdari ambebis
Sedegad ambiciebi dakarga da cxovrebisgan mxolod siamovnebis miRebaRa undoda. misi erT-erTi mTavar siamovnebaTagani ori Svilis aRzrda iyo. amis gamo Zalian
kargi mama gamodga. sxva adamianebis daxmareba da maTTvis rCevebis micemac uyvarda, Tanac ucxoebTan urTierTobis damyarebac exerxeboda. sakuTar mosazrebebsa da

dakvirvebebze didi warmodgena hqonda, magram sxva mxriv namdvilad arc egoisti iyo da arc egocentristi.
rodesac germanelebma 1944 wlis martSi ungreTis okupacia moaxdines, mamaCemma zustad icoda, Tu ra unda
eqna. mixvda, rom aranormalur droSi vimyofebodiT da
safrTxe emuqreboda yvelas, vinc normaluri wesebiT
cxovrobda. man yalbi dokumentebi moipova ara mxolod
Tavisi ojaxis wevrebis, aramed adamianebis ufro farTo wrisTvisac. maT, visac amis saSualeba hqonda, fuls
_ zogjer karga did Tanxas _ axdevinebda, sxvebs ki ufasod exmareboda. manamde arasdros minaxavs ase gulmodgined momuSave. es misi cxovrebis saukeTeso momenti
iyo. gadarCnen rogorc misi ojaxis wevrebi, ise maTi umravlesobac, visac rCeva misca da daexmara.
germanuli okupaciis welma (1944) gadamwyveti gavlena Cems Camoyalibebazec moaxdina. imis nacvlad, rom
beds

davmorCilebodiT,

winaaRmdegobas

vuwevdiT

borot Zalas, romelic Cvenze bevrad Zlieri iyo da

gavimarjveT. aman didi STabeWdileba moaxdina Cemze
da warmoudgeneli masStabis ubedureba Tavbrudamxvev Tavgadasavlad aqcia.1 am ambavma riskis mada aRmiZra
da mamaCemis brZnuli rCevebis daxmarebiT masTan gamklaveba viswavle _ SesaZleblobebis zRvris dadgena am

1 mamaCemma gamorCeulad sainteresod sakiTxavi memuarebi dawera im

Tavgadasavlebis Sesaxeb, romlebic 1944 wels gamoviareT. Tivadar
sorosi, Masquerade: Dancing around Death in Nazi-Occupied Hungary
(New York: Arcade Publishing, 2011 and 2010).

zRvarze gadaubijeblad. namdvilad msiamovnebs pirquS

realobasTan Sejaxeba da erTi SexedviT gadauWrel
problemebTan SeWidebac mizidavs. sxvebisTvis daxmarebis gaweva yovelTvis keTil saqmed mimaCnda, magram
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi amis SesaZlebloba iSviaTad meZleoda.
omis mRelvare Tavgadasavlebsa da omis Semdgom periods ungreTSi mosawyeni cxovreba mohyva. qveyana okupirebuli iyo ruseTis armiis mier da komunisturi
partia Tavis Zalauflebas amyarebda. qveynidan wasvla
msurda, rac mamaCemis daxmarebiT movaxerxe. 1947 wlis
seqtemberSi inglisSi gavemgzavre saswavleblad.
londonSi cxovrebam imedi gamicrua. Cvidmeti wlisas
fuli cota mqonda da TiTqmis aravis vicnobdi da amitom martosuli da sevdiani viyavi. kolejis damTavreba
mainc SevZeli, magram sasiamovno gamocdileba namdvilad ar mimiRia. yvela students, visi mSoblebic inglisSi cxovrobdnen, sagrafos sabWosgan stipendiis
miReba SeeZlo. me gamonaklisi viyavi, radgan Cemi mSoblebi CemTan ar iyvnen. gaZleba da kolejis damTavreba ioli ar yofila, magram aucilebeli iyo.
im rTul periodSi filanTropiasTan orjer momiwia Sexeba da Cemi Semdgomi damokidebuleba qvelmoqmedebis mimarT swored am orma SemTxvevam gansazRvra.
londonSi Casvlidan maleve finansuri daxmarebisTvis
ebrael meurveTa sabWos mivmarTe. uari miTxres, radgan

maTi wesebi gulisxmobda ara studentebis mxardaWeras, aramed im axalgazrdebisa, romlebic raime xelobas swavlobdnen. mogvianebiT, rodesac ukve londonis
ekonomikis skolis studenti viyavi, Sobas matareblis
gamcileblis samuSao viSove droebiT da fexi movitexe. saavadmyofo yavarjnebze Semdgarma davtove da
vifiqre, SeiZleba ebrael meurveTa sabWosgan fuli
miviRo-meTqi. yavarjnebiT ori sarTuli aviare da maT
droebiTi daxmareba vTxove. Tavisi mantra gaimeores,
romlis Tanaxmadac mxolod Segirdebs exmarebodnen,
magram uari mainc ver miTxres. sami funti momces, rac
erT kvirasac ar meyofoda. ase grZeldeboda ramdenime
kviris manZilze. fulisaTvis kibeze asvla miwevda yavarjnebiT.
amave dros, Cemma oTaxis mezobelma Cemi ambavi gaigo
da gadawyvita, rom ebrael meurveTa sabWoSi misuliyo
da eTqva, mzad var xelobis Sesaswavlado. arc erT samsaxurSi, romelic maT uSoves, didxans ar gaCerebula,
magram isini mainc agrZelebdnen misTvis fulis gadaxdas. mogvianebiT sawarmoo travmebis sabWoSi moisurves
Cemi gagzavna, magram vuTxari, iq ver mival, radgan aralegalurad vmuSaob da Cemi studenturi vizis dakargva
ar msurs-meTqi. es tyuli iyo. rkinigzaze Cemi droebiTi
samuSao sruliad legaluri iyo, magram maT es ar icodnen. Cems Sesamowmeblad socialuri muSaki gagzavnes,
magram man veraferi gaarkvia. amrigad, rodesac Semdgom
daxmarebaze uari miTxres, gadavwyvite, rom sakmarisi
moraluri safuZveli mqonda imisaTvis, rom sabWos Tav-

mjdomarisTvis mimewera mgznebare werili, sadac vambobdi, Tavs ki gavitan, magram sevdas mgvris imaze fiqri,
rom sabWos, romlis Tavmjdomarec Tqven brZandebiT,
ar surs daexmaros axlagazrda ebrael students, romelmac fexi moitexa da daxmareba sWirdeba-meTqi. aman
sasurveli Sedegi gamoiRo. Tavmjdomarem izruna, rom
kviraSi sami funti fostiT mimeRo, raTa kibeze asvla aRar damWirveboda. mas Semdeg, rac uyavarjnebod
siaruli daviwye da safrangeTis samxreTSi avtostopiT
mogzaurobac movaswari, Tavmjdomares mivwere, Tqveni
daxmareba aRar mWirdeba-meTqi da madloba gadavuxade. marTalia, fondi movatyue, magram vfiqrobdi, Cemi
saqcieli moralurad gamarTlebuli iyo, radganac maT
Cemi ambavi Seiswavles da, wesiT, Tanaxma unda yofiliyvnen, rom damxmarebodnen.
filanTropiasTan momdevno Sexeba im dros mqonda,
roca dRisiT vswavlobdi, RamRamobiT ki oficiantad
vmuSaobdi Ramis klubSi. Cemma saswavlo xelmZRvanelma
amis Sesaxeb rom Seityo, kvakerebs mimarTa, romlebmac
kiTxvari gamomigzavnes. rodesac kiTxvari Sevavse, maT
ormoci funtis Ceki gamomigzavnes yovelgvari pirobis
gareSe. aman Cemze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina da vifiqre, adamianebs swored ase unda daexmaro-meTqi. 2008
wlis finansuri krizisis Semdeg movaxerxe, rom milionamde niu-iorkel skolis moswavles, romelTa ojaxebic socialur daxmarebas an kvebis talonebs iRebdnen,
yovelgvari kiTxvis gareSe orasi dolaris Ceki mieRo.
niu-iorkis Statis saxeliT am xarjebis 20 procenti

10

gaviRe, raTa Stats federaluri mTavrobisgan ekonomikis stimulirebis paketis farglebSi grantis miRebis piroba daekmayofilebina. kvakerebis guluxvobam
uzarmazari Sedegi gamoiRo samoci wlis Semdeg da es
kmayofilebiT aRmavsebda, miuxedavad niu-iork postis Tavdasxmebisa, romelic amgvar socialur mowyalebas gmobda.
kolejis damTavrebis Semdeg cxovrebaSi Cemi adgilis povna gamiWirda. inglisSi ramdenime warumatebeli wamowyebis Semdeg niu-iorkSi gadavsaxldi, sadac
jer birJaze aqciebis gadamyidvelad, Semdeg fasiani
qaRaldebis analitikosad da instituciur movaWred,
bolos ki erT-erTi pirveli hej-fondis mmarTvelad
vmuSaobdi. im periodSi gamorCeuli filanTropi ar
viyavi. erTaderTi wamowyeba, romelic xsenebad Rirs,
centraluri parkis aRdgenis mcdeloba iyo. broker
da investor dik gilderTan erTad Sevqmeni centraluri parkis sazogadoebrivi fondi, magram is gansakuTrebiT warmatebuli ar aRmoCnda. sxva organizaciam,
centraluri parkis konservaciam, parkis administraciasTan mWidro samuSao urTierToba daamyara da gacilebiT did progress miaRwia parkis aRdgenis mxriv.
Cemi yvelaze didi miRweva Cveni organizaciis gauqmeba
da warmatebul organizaciasTan misi Serwyma iyo. am
procesis dros aRmovaCine, rom saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebs Tavisi cxovreba aqvT, romelic maTi Tavdapirveli misiisgan gansxvavdeba, da rom saqvelmoqmedo organizaciis Seqmna bevrad advilia, vidre misi daxurva.

11

***
jer kidev maSin, rodesac londonis ekonomikis skolaSi vswavlobdi, xolo Semdeg niu-iorkSi cxovrebisas,
ganvaviTare konceptualuri CarCo _ refleqsiurobis
Teoria _ romelic CemTvis gzamkvlevad iqca, rogorc
hej-fondis marTvisas, ise mogvianebiT, rodesac fuls
vxarjavdi, rogorc filanTropi. vecdebi, mokled Sevajamo misi ZiriTadi komponentebi, radganac man metad
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula Cems cxovrebaSi da mis
gareSe SeuZlebelia Cemi, rogorc hej-fondebis mmarTvelisa da filanTropis, karieris gaazreba.
Cemi Teoriis mizani azrovnebasa da realobas Soris kavSiris axsnaa. is erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs adamianebTan
dakavSirebul xdomilebebsa da bunebriv movlenebs. maT
Soris gansxvaveba is aris, rom pirvel kategorias moazrovne monawileebi hyavs, meores ki _ ara. adamianebTan
dakavSirebul xdomilebebSi monawileTa azrovneba
ormag rols asrulebs: adamianebi, erTi mxriv, cdiloben, gaiazron situacia, romelSic monawileoben. es
kognitiuri funqciaa. meore mxriv, maTi gadawyvetilebebi swored am gaazrebas emyareba da es ukanaskneli,
amrigad, maTi qmedebebis saSualebiT gavlenas axdens
movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobaze. es mizezobrivi, an manipulaciuri, funqciaa. es ori funqcia azrovnebasa da realobas erTmaneTTan sapirispiro mimarTulebebiT akavSirebs da SexebaSi modis erTmaneTTan maSin, rodesac
isini erTdroulad mimdinareobs. kognitiuri funqci-

12

is farglebSi realobam unda gansazRvros monawileTa

warmodgenebi realobis Sesaxeb, mizezobrivi funqcia
ki gulisxmobs, rom monawileTa qmedebebi movlenebis
Tanamimdevrobas ganapirobebs. Tumca ase mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tu realoba, romlis gaazrebasac
kognitiuri funqcia cdilobs, damoukidebeli mocemulobaa, da ara maSin, rodesac movlenebis Tanamimdevroba damokidebulia monawileTa warmodgenebze realobis
Sesaxeb. rodesac orive funqcia erTdroulad operirebs da erTi funqciis TiTqosda damoukdiebeli cvladi meore funqciis damokidebuli cvladia, WeSmaritad
damoukidebeli cvladi arc erT funqcias ar gaaCnia,
xolo misi ararsebobis pirobebSi mkafio Sedegs arc
erTi funqcia ar iZleva: monawileTa warmodgenebi realobas ar Seesabameba, xolo maTi gadawyvetilebebis Sedegi maTi molodinis Sesabamisi ar iqneba. ori funqciis
Sejaxebas refleqsiurobas vuwodeb.
amisgan gansxvavebiT, bunebriv movlenebs moazrovne
monawileebis nacvlad mxolod gare damkvirveblebi
hyavs. amrigad, ar arsebobs manipulaciuri funqcia,
romelic kognitiur funqcias xels SeuSlida. Sedegad, realoba damoukidebel kriteriums warmoadgens,
romlis mixedviTac gare damkvirveblis mosazrebebis
Sefaseba SeiZleba, xolo kognitiuri funqcia mkafio
Sedegebs iZleva. es imas ki ar gulisxmobs, rom damkvirveblebis mosazebebi aucileblad sworia, aramed
mxolod imas, rom arsebobs damoukidebeli kriteriumi
maTi gancxadebebis simarTlisa Tu sizustis Sesafaseb-

13

lad. damoukidebeli kriteriumis arsebobam sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs TvalsaCino Sedegebis miRwevis

saSualeba misca.
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis warmatebam mecnierebs
ubiZga, rom maT amgvari mkafio SedegebisTvis adamianebis
qcevis Seswavlis drosac mieRwiaT, magram maTi mcdelobebi warmatebuli ar yofila. discplina, romelmac am
TvalsazrisiT yvelaze met progress miaRwia, gaxlavT
ekonomika, magram amisTvis rom mieRwia, kvlevis sagnis
mimarT Zaladoba gamoiyena. realobis Seswavlis nacvlad
ekonomikam Seqmna garkveul postulatebze damyarebuli
hipoTezuri CarCo. es meTodi evklidem SemoiRo geometriis Seswavlisas, magram evklides postulatebi, dedamiwis zedapiris simrudis ignorirebis gamoklebiT, Zalze
axlo iyo realobasTan, ekonomika ki sul ufro da ufro
scildeba realobas. aucilebeli gaxda evaraudaT, TiTqos
monawileTa azrovnebiT gamowveuli gaurkvevloba ar arsebobs. ekonomika Tavdapirvelad srulyofili codnis
varauds emyareboda, sabolood ki racionaluri molodinis Teoriamde mivida: gamogonil samyaromde, sadac
monawileTa varaudebi iseTi momavliskenaa mimarTuli,
romelic mxolod im SemTxvevaSi dadgeba, Tu monawileTa
mosazrebebi mis garSemo moiyris Tavs. amis yvelaze axlo
analogi Sua saukuneebis Teologiaa, romlis farglebSic
imis Sesaxeb kamaTobdnen, Tu ramdeni angelozi daeteva
nemsis wverze. mTeli es ekonomikuri sistema 2008 wlis
krizisis dros daimsxvra.

14

aqtorebis gadawyvetilebebi realobas ki ar emyareba,

aramed realobis inetrpretacias am aqtorebis mier,
rac arasdros aris erTi da igive. codnis mopoveba SesaZlebelia _ da sabunebsmetyvelo mecnierebebi amis
saukeTeso magaliTia _ magram codna mTel realobas ver moicavs, radgan adamiani samyaros nawilia da
rodesac am samyaros gaazrebas cdiloben, uwevT realobis gamartiveba: analogiebis, metaforebis, CarCoebis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis wesebisa da sxva msgavsi meTodebis daxmarebiT. es gamartiveba Tavad xdeba
realobis nawili. Sedegad, realoba yovelTvis ufro
kompleqsuri iqneba, vidre Cveni warmodgena mis Sesaxeb.
miuxedavad amisa, adamianebs moqmedebis valdebuleba
aqvT. radganac srulyofil codnas ar floben, codnasTan erTad isini Tavisi emociebiTa da iluziebiT
xelmZRvaneloben da maTi qceva movlenebis Tanamimdevrobas gaurkvevlobis elements sZens. arasrulyofili
codna an Secdomebisken midrekileba gaurkvevlobis
erTaderTi mizezi ar aris, Tumca mniSvnelovani mizezia _ gansakuTrebiT adamianebis qcevis Seswavlisas _ da
socialur situaciebs bunebrivi movlenebisgan ganasxvavebs. am gansxvavebas vukavSireb princips, romelsac
adamianuri gaurkvevlobis princips vuwodeb.
radganac srulyofili codna miuRwevelia, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania adamianebis mcdari warmodgenebis xarisxi da masStabi. rac ufro axloa maTi interpretacia realobasTan, miT ufro didia albaToba,
rom maTi gadawyvetilebebis Sedegi axlos iqneba maT

15

molodinTan. am kriteriumis mixedviT Secdomebisken

midrekilebisa da refleqsiurobis _ Cemi konceptualuri CarCos ori sayrdenis _ aRiareba didi nabiji iqneboda adamianebis qcevis gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT.
samwuxarod, kacobriobas es nabiji jer ar gadaudgams.
nacvlad amisa, ganmanaTleblobis epoqidan moyolebuli, igi cdilobs, rom codnas daeuflos. swored
amis Sedegad daiwyo sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis
meTodebis gamoyeneba adamianebis qcevis kvlevisas. es
logikuri nabiji iyo, magram am mimarTulebiT Zalian
Sors wavediT. amas ganmanaTleblobis Secdomas vuwodeb.
ganmanaTlebloba miiCnevda, rom goneba realobisgan
damoukideblad arsebobs, rogorc farani, romelic
realobas anaTebs. realobisgan gonebis gancalkeveba
swori iyo ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi, rodesac amdeni
ram iyo aRmosaCeni: Tavad dedamiwac ki ar iyo srulad
Seswavlili. es Secdoma ki iyo, magram TvalsaCino Sedegebi Sva. ganmanaTleblobam dakvirvebebi ganacalkeva
im faqtebisgan, romlebTanac isini iyo dakavSirebuli
da, amrigad, SesaZlebelia sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis ganviTareba. es midgoma gamosadegia bunebrivi
movlenebis, magram ara adamianebis qcevis Seswavlisas.
Secdomebs, romlebic Rirebul Sedegebs warmoSobs,
nayofier Secdomebs vuwodeb da vfiqrob, rom civilizaciebi swored nayofier Secdomebzea agebuli. imis

16

Tqma rodi msurs, rom nebismieri codna mcdaria. mxolod imas vgulisxmob, rom Cveni codna SezRudulia
da rodesac samyaros ukeT Secnobas veswrafviT, xSirad
metis miRwevas vcdilobT, vidre Cveni SezRuduli codniT aris SesaZlebeli. swored es SeemTxva ekonomikis
Teorias. ganviTrebis adreul etapebze man faseuli
dakvirvebebi Sva, xolo mcdar gzas mxolod im periodSi daadga, rodesac koleji davamTavre. Cemi ganaTleba
jon meinard keinsis naSromebs emyareboda da fren naitis fuZemdebluri wigni riski, gaurkvevloba da mogebac wavikiTxe. makroekonomikis Teoretikosebma da
finansuri sistemebis Semqnelebma mogvianebiT es wigni
daiviwyes.
kolejSi swavlisas Cemi konceptualuri CarCo ar iyo
ise ganviTarebuli, rogorc dResaa. Tumca ukve mqoda
Zireuli ideebi, romlebic mxolod ekonomikaze ki ar
vrceldeboda, aramed politikasa da, zogadad, adamianebis qcevazec. Cems azrovnebaze didi gavlena moaxdina avstriaSi dabadebulma filosofosma karl poperma
_ Tavdapirvelad Tavisi wigniT Ria sazogadoeba da
misi mtrebi, xolo Semdeg Tavisi TeoriiT samecniero
meTodebis Sesaxeb. sabakalavro kursebi adre davasrule da xarisxis miRebamde erTi weli Tavisufali
mqonda. Cems saswavlo xelmZRvanelad karl poperi
avirCie da misTvis erTi-ori ese davwere. kolejis Semdeg Tavi unda merCina, magram azrovnebasa da realobas
Soris arsebuli rTuli kavSirisadmi interesi ar damikargavs. kolejis damTavrebidan ramdenime wlis Sem-

17

deg popers warvudgine ese saxelwodebiT cnobierebis

tvirTi. es Cemi konceptualuri CarCos pirveli formulireba iyo da dRevandlisgan didad ar gansxvavdeboda, Tumca ki sruli ar iyo.
biznesSi Cemi kariera rTuli gziT midioda mravali
warumatebeli wamowyebiTa da SecdomiT, magram sabolood erT-erTi pirveli hej-fondis mmarTveli gavxdi niu-iorkSi. hej-fondis marTva iseTi saqme iyo, romelic sxva arafrisTvis dros ar mitovebda. es saqme 1969
wels 3 milioni dolariT daviwye. 1979 wlisTvis fondis
kapitalma 100 milion dolars miaRwia, rac metwilad
daunawilebel Semosavlebze modioda. am Tanxidan
daaxloebiT 40 milioni dolari Cemi sakuTreba iyo.
vgrZnobdi, rom es fuli sakmarisze meti iyo Cemi da Cemi
ojaxisTvis. kreditebiT dafinansebul riskian proeqtebze muSaoba uzarmazar daZabulobas gulisxmobda.
erTxel britaneTis mTavrobis axlad gamoSvebuli obligaciebis Zalze didi raodenobis Sesyidvas movawere
xeli ise, rom amisaTvis saWiro dafinansebaze winaswar
ar mizrunia. londonis siTis erTi kuTxidan meoreSi
davrbodi, sakredito xazs veZebdi da lidenhol stritze moZraobisas vifiqre, gulis Seteva mewyeba-meTqi.
am riskze gamarjvebis gulisTvis wavedi, _ vuTxari
Cems Tavs, _ magram, Tu axla movkvdi, im qveynad damarcxebuli waval. fulis saSovnelad sicocxlis sasworze
Segdeba uazrobaa. swored maSin gadavwyvite, rom Cemi
fuliT raime Rirebuli gamekeTebina da fondi Sevqmeni.
didxans vifiqre, ra iyo CemTvis marTlac mniSvnelovani. Cemi sakmaod abstraqtuli konceptualuri CarCo-

18

Ti vixelmZRvanele da Ria sazogadoebis koncefciaze

SevCerdi, romelic am CarCos erT-erTi qvakuTxedia.
ramdenadac vici, termini Ria sazogadoeba pirvelad
frangma filosofosma anri bergsonma gamoiyena wignSi
zneobisa da religiis ori wyaro. erTi wyaro traibaluri iyo da daxurul sazogadoebas Sobda, meore ki universaluri da Ria sazogadoebasTan iyo asocirebuli.
karl poperma aRniSna, rom Ria sazogadoebebi daxurul
sazogadoebebad SeiZleba gadaaqcion universalurma
ideologiebma, romlebic uzenaesi WeSmaritebis flobas iCemeben. radanac es tyuilia, aseT ideologiebs
gamarjveba mxolod iZulebis meTodebis gamoyenebiT
SeuZliaT. amisgan gansxvavebiT, Ria sazogadoebebi aRiareben, rom adamianebs sxvadasxva Sexedulebebi da interesebi aqvT. isini adamianebis mier Seqmnil kanonebs
aweseben, raTa maT SeZlon mSvidobianad Tanacxovreba. poperis ideebma Cemze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina, radganac ungreTSi nacistebisa da komunistebis
mmarTvelobis dros cxovrebis gamocdileba mqonda.
Cemi fondis misia ganvsazRvre, rogorc (1) daxuruli
sazogadoebebis gaxsna, (2) Ria sazogadoebebis sicocxlisunarianobis amaRleba da (3) kritikuli azrovnebis
waxaliseba. es 1979 wels moxda.
***
fondma muSaoba mZimed daiwyo. vicodi filanTropiis maxeebisa da paradoqsebis Sesaxeb da maTTvis Tavis
aridebas vcdilobdi. praqtika gaviare helsinki uoC-

19

Si _ adamianis uflebebis dasacavad momuSave axlad

Seqmnil organizaciaSi, romelic mogvianebiT hiuman
raiTs uoCi gaxda. oTxSabaTobiT veswrebodi dilis
Sexvedrebs, sadac mimdinare movlenebsa da saqmianobas
ganixilavdnen. garda amisa, faqtebis damdgeni vizitiT
salvadorsa da nikaraguaSi gavemgzavre, sadac im dros
samoqalaqo omebi mZvinvarebda. bevri ram viswavle, magram me TviTon TiTqmis arafers vakeTebdi. marTalia,
urTierToba davamyare rus devnil vladimir bukovskisTan, romelic aqtiurad muSaobda avRaneTis Temaze,
magram gadavwyvite, ar damefinansebina saqmianoba,
romlis Sedegadac SeiZleba adamianebi daRupuliyvnen
an TviTon moeklaT sxvebi. mogvianebiT aseve faqtebis
damdgeni vizitiT gavemgzavre ruseTSi, sadac axlo
urTierToba davamyare adamianTan, romelsac qveynis
datoveba akrZaluli hqonda da Sveicariis aviaxazebis
stiuardesas daxmarebiT sxva rusi disidentebisTvis
gasanawileblad misTvis fulis gagzavna daviwye. Cemi
fondi TandaTanobiT dafinansebis mniSvnelovan wyarod iqca aRmosavleT evropis disidenturi moZraobebisTvis.
pirveli

seriozuli

wamowyeba,

romelsac

damou-

kideblad SeveWide, samxreT afrikaSi ganxorcielda.

niu-iorkSi myavda zulusi megobari herbert vilakazi, romelic koneqtikutis universitetSi leqciebs
kiTxulobda. is samxreT afrikaSi dabrunda da muSaoba
transkeis universitetSi daiwyo, romelic aparTeidis
sistemis farglebSi Seqmnil erT-erT teritoriul

20

erTeulSi mdebareobda. mas 1980 wels vewvie da samxreT afrikaSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba uCveulo kuTxiT
davinaxe. es daxuruli sazogadoeba iyo, romelsac ganviTarebuli qveynis yvela instituti hqonda, Tumca es
institutebi miuwvdomeli iyo mosaxleobis didi nawilisTvis maTi rasobrivi kuTvnilebis gamo. daxuruli
sazogadoebis gaxsnis ukeTes SesaZleblobas sxvagan
Znelad Tu mivagnebdi. Sevxvdi keiptaunis universitetis vice-kancler stiuart sonderss, romelsac surda,
rom universitetis kari Savkaniani studentebisTvisac
gaeRo. universitetSi moxvedrili yvela studentis
swavlis safasurss saxelmwifo ixdida. gadavwyvite,
aparTeiduli saxelmwifos resursebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobiT mesargebla amave saxelmwifos gasaxsnelad da SevTavaze, rom oTxmoci Savkaniani studentis
cxovrebis xarjebs gaviRebdi.
samxreT afrikaSi momdevno welsac gavemgzavre, magram is viziti naklebad warmatebuli iyo. afrikuli
xelovnebisa da kulturis mxardaWera msurda, amitom
literaturis dargSi nobelis premiis momaval laureat nadin gordimers vTxove afrikelTa kulturis
wreebis liderebTan Sexvedris organizeba am mxardaWeris saukeTeso gzebis gansaxilvelad. magram Sexvedra
warumatebeli aRmoCnda. Cemi vinaoba im droisTvis ukve
cnobili iyo da yvelam icoda, rom niu-iorkidan Camosuli mdidari filanTropi viyavi, amitomac Sexvedris
monawileebi ise miyurebdnen, rogorc oTaxis SuagulSi mdgom oqroTi savse skivrs da mxolod am oqros ga-

21

nawilebaze surdaT saubari. gadavwyvite, Cems proeqtze

uari meTqva, ris gamoc yvela imedgacruebuli darCa.
keiptaunis universitets vewvie da aRmoCnda, rom Savkaniani studentebis ricxvi oTxmociT ar gazrdiliyo,
radganac Ria sazogadoebis stipendiebidan zogi universitetSi adre miRebul studentebs misces, an, SesaZloa, imis gamoc, rom studentebis nawilma swavlas
Tavi daaneba. studentebi, romlebsac Sevxvdi, Zalze ukmayofiloni iyvnen. isini grZnobdnen, rom maTi universitetSi yofna sxvebs ar siamovnebdaT, diskriminacias
ganicdidnen da iZulebuli iyvnen, ecxovraT ucxo kulturaSi, Tanac akademiuri moTxovnebis dakmayofilebac uWirdaT. universitetis mecnier-TanamSromlebsac
Sevxvdi da isini gacilebiT naklebad gonebagaxsnilebi
aRmoCndnen, vidre vice-kancleri.
gadavwyvite, am sqemis ganxorcieleba Semewyvita, Tumca studentebis pirvel jgufs bolomde davxmarebodi. axla vfqirob, rom es gadawyvetileba mcdari iyo.
vice-kanclerma Savkaniani studentebisTvis Savkaniani mentori miiwvia _ romelic Cemi megobari herbert
vilakazi aRmoCnda _ ris Semdegac isini gacilebiT
ukeT swavlobdnen. Zalian kargi iqneboda, aparTeidis
sistemis gauqmebisas universiteti met Savkanian students rom hqonoda damTavrebuli. Tumca im dros,
rodesac es gadawyvetileba miviRe, aparTeidis sistema
myarad fesvgadgmuli Canda. ramdenime sxva proeqtis
ganxorcielebac vcade, magram iseTi SegrZneba gamiCnda,

22

rom rac ar unda meRona, sistemas mainc ver Sevcvlidi.

saqmianobis saSualebas mxolod TavianTi tolerantobis demonstrirebis mizniT maZlevdnen. nacvlad imisa,
rom aparTeiduli saxelmwifo gamomeyenebina, ise gamovida, rom aparTeiduli saxelmwifo miyenebda. axla
vfqirob, rom ufro daJinebuli unda vyofiliyavi. am
gamocdilebam maswavla, rom brZola TiTqosda uimedo
miznebis misaRwevadac Rirs.
Cemi momdevno seriozuli wamowyeba Cems mSobliur ungreTSi iyo. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ungreTis komunistur reJims saerTaSoriso savaluto fondsa da
msoflio bankSi gawevrianeba surda, ris wyalobiTac
SesaZlebloba momeca, rom ungreli disidentebis jgufi erTi wliT niu-iorkis universitetSi Camomeyvana.
maT qveynis datovebis ufleba misces. amis Sedegad ungreTis Sesaxeb garkveuli codna SeviZine, romelsac
Cemi Semdgomi saqmianoba daeyrdno.
1984 wels ungreTis mTavrobas iq fondis Seqmnis winadadebiT mivmarTe da, Cemda gasaocrad, dadebiTi pasuxi
miviRe. daviwyeT xangrZlivi molaparakebebi, romelTa
mimdinareobisas Cemi disidenti megobrebis rCevebiT
vxelmZRvanelobdi. SevTanxmdiT, rom Cemi fondi zogadad ungrul kulturas dauWerda mxars da ara mxolod
disidentebs. Cems partniorad ungreTis mecnierebaTa akademia SearCies, romelic im dros politikuri
policiis mkacri kontrolis qveS imyofeboda.

23

qveyanas ramdenjerme vewvie da SevarCie adamianebis

jgufi, romlebsac vendobodi da romlebic mTavrobisTvisac misaRebi iyvnen. akademiis vice-prezidentTan erTad isini Cveni erToblivi proeqtis sameurveo
sabWos wevrebi unda yofiliyvnen. es yvelaferi kargi
iyo, magram mTavroba daJinebiT moiTxovda, rom sabWos
gadawyvetilebebi politikuri policiis kontrolqveS
myof samdivnos ganexorcielebina, rasac verafriT
davTanxmdebodi. kulturis dargSi komunisturi partiis mTavar Cinovniks, georg aczels vewvie, raTa mecnobebina, rom CixSi SevediT. imedia, nawyeni ar dagvtoveT,
miTxra man. verafers vizam, radganac saqmes amdeni Zala
Sevalie, vupasuxe me. ukve karTan viyavi, rodesac miTxra: ra aris saWiro imisTvis, rom saqme gaagrZeloT?.
damoukidebeli samdivno, vupasuxe me. SevTanxmdiT,
rom ori mdivani gveyoleboda, romelTaganac erTs akademia daasaxelebda, meores _ me. nebismier dokuments,
imisaTvis, rom Zala hqonoda, orive maTganis xelmowera
dasWirdeboda.2 swored ase gaCnda ungruli fondi. Cemi
pirveli TanamSromeli, ungreli emigrantic aviyvane
niu-iorkSi mdebare ofisSi, romelic mogvianebiT Ria
sazogadoebis fondebis Stab-bina gaxda. manamde mTeli
Stati Cemi meuRlis, siuzen veberisgan Sedgeboda.
ungreTSi fondi gamarTulad muSaobda. is daculi iyo
yvela problemisgan, romlis winaSec idgnen Cveule2 vfiqrob, rom aSS-s mTavrobam swored es formula unda gamoiyenos
daxmarebis ganawilebis dros pakistansa da sxva qveynebSi, romelTa
bolomde ndoba ar SeuZlia.

24

brivi fondebi, radganac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba mas

Tavisianad miiCnevda. vmoqmedebdiT martivi wesiT, romelic karl poperis Ria sazogadoebis koncefciidan
gamoviyvane: saxelmwifo dogma, romelsac mmarTveli
komunisturi partia amkvidrebda, yalbi iyo, xolo misi
siyalbis gamomzeureba alternativis SeqmniT SegveZlo.
amitomac fondi mxars uWerda yvela kulturul iniciativas, romelic oficialuri dogmis gamovlineba ar
iyo _ citraze damkvrelTa klubebiT dawyebuli da fermerebis kooperativebiT damTavrebuli. gacemuli Tanxebi Zalze mcire iyo, radganac iniciativebis umetesoba
saxelmwifo nagebobebs iyenebda da maTi monawileebic
saxelmwifosgan iRebdnen xelfasebs. saxelmwifos misive resursebis gamoyenebiT vuTxridiT Zirs.
am jildoebisTvis saWiro ungrul forintebs kulturuli

da

saganmanaTleblo

institutebisTvis

grantebis dolarebSi gacemis gziT vSoulobdiT. maT

ungruli forinti bevri hqondaT, magram ucxouri
valuta uWirdaT, amitom Tanaxmani iyvnen, rom ungruli fondisTvis Semowirulobebi oficialurze ukeTesi
gacvliTi kursis mixedviT SemoetanaT. Cveni yvelaze
warmatebuli nabiji maTTvis qseroqsis aparatebis miwodeba iyo, rasac ormagi mizani hqonda. garda imisa, rom
amis Sedegad ungreTis fondma ungruli valuta miiRo,
SesaZlebeli gaxda iseTi informaciis gavrceleba, romelic manamde rTulad mosapovebeli iyo. segedis universiteti, magaliTad, qseroqsis aparatebs aralegaluri disidenturi literaturis dasabeWdad iyenebda.

25

fonds misi resursebis dauflebis msurveli aplikantebisgan Tavis dacva ar uwevda, radganac mas isini
icavdnen, visac fondi exmareboda. darRvevebis Sesaxeb is adamianebi gvatyobinebdnen, vinc fonds sakuTar
organizaciad miiCnevda. magaliTad, fondma uari Tqva
usinaTloTa asociaciis mier xmovani wignebis damzadebisa da gavrcelebis mxardaWeraze mas Semdeg, rac gafrTxileba miiRo, rom es organizacia korumpirebuli
iyo. aseTi sainformacio qselis wyalobiT fondi Zalze
efeqtiani gaxda. weliwadSi 3 milioni dolaris odenobis biujetis pirobebSi is realurad iqca kulturis
saministros alternativad, Tumca saministros biujeti gacilebiT didi iyo. Cven marTlac kulturis alternatiul saministrod mogvixseniebdnen. Cveni erT-erTi
yvelaze warmatebuli iniciativa studentebis mier marTuli damoukidebeli kolejebisa da studentebis damoukidebeli kavSiris mxardaWera iyo. es ukanaskneli
mogvianebiT ungreTis erT-erTi ZiriTadi politikuri
partiis, fidesis, birTvi gaxda.
cxadia, fondis saqmianoba uproblemo ar yofila: magaliTad, man Sva daxmarebis miRebas miCveuli klientura, ris gamoc sabolood farTo sazogadoebisTvis imaze
naklebad gaxsnili gaxda, vidre unda yofiliyo. miuxedavad amisa, fondma mainc SeZlo Tavis arideba mravali
iseTi naklovanebisTvis, romelic fondebs axasiaTebs
xolme. misma warmatebam Cems molodins gadaaWarba.
swored am iRblianma SemTxvevam aRmiZra filanTropiis mada, rac, Tavis mxriv, sakmarisi motivacia iyo imi-

26

saTvis, rom hej-fondis marTva da fulis Sovna gamegrZelebina.

1986 wels fondi CineTSi davaarse. ufro adre, ungreTis
fondma CineTsa da ungreTs Soris ekonomistebis metad
warmatebuli gacvliTi programa ganaxorciela. maTi
Cineli partniori, ekonomikuri reformis instituti,
CineTSi Cemi partnioric gaxda. Cems warmomadgenlad
Cineli emigranti liang hengi SevarCie. mas im droisTvis
kargi gamoxmaurebis mqone avtobiografiuli nawarmoebi revoluciis Svili hqonda dawerili, xolo mogvianebiT perioduli gamocema Cineli inteleqtuali
daaarsa. CineTs ramdenjerme vewvie da piradi kontaqti
davamyare premier-ministr Jao JianTan da misi aparatis
ufros bao tongTan. am ukanasknelma fondis Seqmnis
nebarTva piradi xelmoweriT daadastura da amrigad
agvarida mravali sxvadasxva uwyebidan xelmowerebis
Segrovebis saWiroebas. mogvianebiT es Zvirad daujda.
fonds grantebi yvelaze Rirseuli kandidatebisTvis
unda mieca da ara imaTTvis, visac ukeTesi kavSirebi
hqonda. es ucnauri midgoma iyo CineTSi, sadac kavSirebi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani ram aris, da araerTi uTanxmoeba
gamoiwvia Cvens instituciur partniorTan, romelic
mudmivad sakuTar TanamSromlebs aniWebda upiratesobas. CineTSi gavrcelebuli iyo midgoma, romelsac
gonebriv feodalizms vuwodebdi: daxmarebis mimRebni Tavs davalebulad Tvlidnen daxmarebis gamwevisgan,
xolo es ukanaskneli Tavis valdebulebad miiCnevda,

27

ezruna imaTze, visac exmareboda, radganac maTi bedi

misi gavlenis sazomi iyo. axla vfiqrob, rom fondisTvis ucxo midgomis daZaleba Secdoma iyo. ajobebda, rom
ubralod davxmarebodi Cems instituciur partniors,
romelic ekonomikuri da politikuri reformebis
avangardSi imyofeboda.
CineTSi Cems fonds iRbali ar swyalobda, radganac is
komunistur partiaSi sxvadasxva dajgufebas Soris
brZolis mizezi gaxda. xisti politikis momxreebi bao
tongs daupirispirdnen, radganac piradi xelmoweriT gasca iseTi fondis Seqmnis nebarTva, romelsac
diversiul organizaciad miiCnevdnen. Sida politikuri policiis mier warmoebuli gamoZiebisgan Tavis
dasacavad man da premier-ministrma fondis kontroli
gare politikur policias gadasces. radganac es ori
organizacia Tanabrad gavleniani iyo, maT aRaraferi
emuqreboda, magram fondi amis Sedegad politikuri
Zalis xelSi aRmoCnda. rodesac es gavige, fondi davxure. es tiananmenis moedanze sisxlisRvramde cota xniT
adre moxda. bao tongi mogvianebiT im ramdenime adamians Soris moxvda, vinc cixeSi amoyo Tavi.
CineTSi fondi misi daxurvidan mxolod aTi wlis Tavze
aRdga. amisaTvis 2001 wels pekinSi mTavrobis mier organizebul konferenciaze mimiwvies, romelic CineTis
momavals eZRvneboda. Cinelebs kvlav eWvebi aReZraT
Cem mimarT 2005 wels, rodesac prezidentma putinma
usamarTlod damabrala feradi revoluciebis dage-

28

gmva saqarTvelosa da ukrainaSi. es revoluciebi saxalxo ajanyebebi iyo korumpirebuli da mCagvreli reJimebis winaaRmdeg. Cemi fondi marTlac uWerda mxars
mTavrobis kritikas, magram amboxebebis dagegmvasa an
dafinansebaSi monawileoba ar miuRia. mas Semdeg Cveni
urTierTobebi ambivalenturia, rac dasanania, radganac CineTi aRmavlobis gzaze mdgom saxelmwifod mimaCnia da vfiqrob, rom CineTisa da danarCeni msoflios
mWidro TanamSromloba Zalze mniSvnelovania.
ungreTis fondis modelis poloneTSi gameoreba 1987
wels vcade. im droisTvis ukve vafinansebdi oqsfordis universitetSi poloneli mecnierebis mivlinebis
programas da solidarobis kulturul organizaciasac vugzavnidi fuls, ase rom, poloneTis samoqalaqo
sazogadoebasTan kargi kavSirebi gvqonda. zbignev
pelCinskis daxmarebiT, romelic oqsfordis programas
xelmZRvanelobda, poloneTis mTavrobis nebarTva movipoveT.
poloneTis fondis sameurveo sabWom Tavidanve uari
Tqva ungreTis modelis mixedviT muSaobaze. is daJinebiT moiTxovda, rom fonds ufro gamiznulad
emoqmeda da ramdenime programul mimarTulebaze yofiliyo fokusirebuli, imis nacvlad, rom yvela tipis
winadadebisTvis gaeRoT farTod kari. gadavwyvite, rom
maTTvis dro mimeca, sanam Tavad ar mixvdebodnen sakuTar Secdomas, magram sabWo marTali aRmoCnda da polonuri modeli Semdgom sxva qveynebSic davnergeT. es

29

CemTvis gakveTilic iyo. mivxvdi, rom im qveynebis mcxovreblebi, sadac fondebi mqonda, iqaurobas Cemze ukeT
icnobdnen da amitom Semdgom gadawyvetilebebs adgilobrivi sameurveo sabWoebis mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT viRebdi. Tu maT Sexedulebebs kateoriulad ar
veTanxmebodi, sabWos Semadgenlobas vcvlidi xolme.

***
1987 wels fondi sabWoTa kavSirSic davaarse. sabWoTa kavSiris liderma mixeil gorbaCovma 1986 wlis dekemberSi uprecedento nabiji gadadga da telefoniT
daukavSirda birTvuli fizikis specialists da adamianis uflebebis damcvel andrei saxarovs, romelic
qalaq gorkiSi (dRevandel niJni-novgorodSi) iyo gadasaxlebuli. gorbaCovma mas moskovSi dabruneba SesTavaza patriotuli saqmianobis gasagrZeleblad. es
ambavi fundamenturi cvlilebis niSnad miviCnie. saqme
Zveleburad rom yofiliyo, saxarovisTvis SeiZleboda sabWoTa kavSiris datovebis neba daerToT, magram
moskovSi dabrunebis uflebas ar miscemdnen. pirvelive
SesaZleblobisTanave moskovSi gavemgzavre.
moskovSi Casvlidan maleve potenciur partniorad
SevarCie axlad Seqmnili kulturis fondi, romelsac
gorbaCovis meuRle raisa mfarvelobda. saxarovs vewvie da vTxove, rom sameurveo sabWoSi Cemi piradi warmomadgeneli yofiliyo, magram uari miTxra. verafers
miaRwev, garda imisa, rom suk-is skivrebs dolarebiT

30

gaavseb, gamafrTxila man. gulubryvilo amerikelad

mimiCnia da meamayeboda, rom marTali ar aRmoCnda. Tumca, kulturis fondis warmomadgenlebi, romlebTanac
urTierToba mqonda, marTlac suk-Tan aRmoCndnen dakavSirebuli, rac saidumlod gamandes kidec Ria cis qveS
seirnobisas. saxarovma mainc damisaxela sabWos wevrobis savaraudo kandidatebi. im droisTvis ukve mqonda
kavSiri damoukideblad moazrovne novosibirskel sociolog tatiana zaslavskaiasTan. saxarovma rekomendacia gauwia istorikos iuri afanasievs da znamias
redaqtor grigori baklanovs. sameurveo sabWos sando
wevrebad aseve SevarCie mwerlebi daniil granini da
valentin rasputini, qarTveli filologi Tengiz buaCiZe da kosmosis mkvlevari da religiis filosofiis
specialisti boris rauSenbaxi. ase iSva Cemi sabWoTa
fondi _ kulturis iniciativa.
saqmianobas dauyovnebliv SevudeqiT ise, rom oficialur nebarTvas ar davlodebivarT. maxsovda, rogor miyveboda bavSvobaSi mamaCemi ruseTis revoluciis dros
mis Tavs gadamxdar ambebs da ambobda, qartexilebis
dros SeuZlebeli SesaZlebeli xdeba xolmeo. sxva
dasavluri fondebi daJinebiT elodebodnen xelisuflebis nebarTvas, vidre muSaobas daiwyebdnen. amrigad,
momdevno erTi-ori wlis manZilze kulturis iniciativa sabWoTa kavSirSi moqmedi erTaderTi ucxouri
fondi iyo, ris wyalobiTac mniSvnelovani Sedegebis
miRweva SegveZlo. Cveni yvelaze warmatebuli proeqti,
SesaZloa, sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis, istoriisa

31

da samarTlis axali saxelmZRvaneloebis momzadeba da

skolebsa da universitetebSi maTi gavrceleba iyo. garda amisa, Cveni daxmarebiT ganagrZobda arsebobas egreT
wodebuli sqeltaniani Jurnalebi _ cnobili literaturuli gamocemebi, romlebic Cveni mxardaWeris gareSe gaqreboda.
sabWoTa ekonomikis reformirebis gegma movamzade. Cemi
winadadeba geografiulad SemosazRvruli Tavisufali vaWrobis zonebis nacvlad, gulisxmobda Tavisufali bazris damkvidrebas sabWoTa ekonomikis zogierT
segmentSi, pirvel rigSi ki sakvebis gadamamuSavebel
mrewvelobaSi, romelsac Tavisufali bazris Canasaxad
ganvixilavdi gegmuri ekonomikis wiaRSi. moviwvie
dasavleli ekonomistebis jgufi, romelsac nobelis
premiis rusuli warmomavlobis laureati vasili leontievi xelmZRvanelobda. Cemda gasaocrad, ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomarem, nikolai riJkovma sxvadasxva saxelmwifo uwyebis xelmZRvanelebs ubrZana, rom
Cvens pirvel Sexvedras daswrebodnen. es imaze mianiSnebda, Tu raoden Zlier surda mTavrobas dasavluri
daxmarebis mopoveba. im dros gansakuTrebiT cnobili
ar viyavi, magram yvelaze gavleniani saxelmwifo uwyebebis ufrosebi mwkrivad daewyvnen Cem mier Camoyvanil
eqspertebTan Sesaxvedrad. diskusiebi erTxans gagrZelda, magram maleve mivxvdi, rom gegmuri ekonomika
metad daavadebuli iyo imisTvis, rom mis wiaRSi janmrTel Canasaxs earseba.

32

dasavleTidan samarTlis specialistebic CamoviyvaneT samoqalaqo kodeqsis momzadebis procesSi

dasaxmareblad. Tumca Cemi unari, gavlena momexdina
dasavleTis politikaze, ufro mcire iyo, vidre Cemi
fondis mier miRweuli Sedegebi sabWoTa imperiaSi.
amis mizezi, SesaZloa, aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris arsebuli kognitiuri disonansi iyo. aRmosavleTi sistemuri kolafsis mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda,
dasavleTSi ki araferi gansakuTrebuli ar xdeboda.
rodesac 1989 wlis gazafxulze potsdamSi (romelic
im dros jer kidev aRmosavleT germaniis nawili iyo),
gamarTul aRmosavleT-dasavleTis konferenciaze
sabWoTa imperiisTvis axali marSalis gegmis ganxorcielebis winadadebiT gamovedi, ubralod damcines
(frankfurter algemaine werda, winadadebam damswreni gaamxiarulao). da es ar yofila dasavleTis
politikaze gavlenis moxdenis erTaderTi Cemi mcdeloba, romelic marcxiT dasrulda.
sabWoTa sistema swrafad iSleboda da fonds ar SeeZlo, rom mxolod sakuTari ZalebiT Casdgomoda saTaveSi daxuruli sazogadoebis Ria sazogadoebad
transformirebis process. amis nacvlad, Tavad fondi
aRmoCnda daSlis procesSi CaTreuli.gavarkvieT, rom
fondis zogierTi moxele korumpirebuli iyo da fondis xelmZRvanelobis reorganizaciaze Zvirfasi dro
davkargeT. vin icis, ras mivaRwevdiT, fonds normalurad rom emuSava.

33

im dros politikuri mRelvarebis SuagulSi viyavi, rac

uCveulo mdgomareoba iyo ucxoelisTvis. me piradad
vmonawileobdi ekonomikuri reformebiT dakavebuli pirebis moqiSpe jgufebis dapirispirebaSi. metad
davuaxlovdi grigori iavlinskis, romelic Seecada
praqtikulad ganexorcielebina mamaCemis mosazreba,
rom revoluciur periodSi adamianma SeuZleblis miRweva unda scados. igi iyo realuri avtori Satalinis
gegmis da 500-dRiani programisa, romlTa mizani evropis saerTo bazris msgavsi ekonomikuri gaerTianebiT
sabWoTa kavSiris Canacvleba iyo. rodesac mis dasaxmareblad dasavleli ekonomistebis jgufi Caviyvane,
reformatorTa moqiSpe jgufebma isini xelSi Caigdes
da mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi faqtobrivad datyvevebuli hyavdaT qalaqgareT mdebare rezidenciaSi. sabolood iavlinski msoflio bankis da saerTaSoriso
savaluto fondis yovelwliur Sexvedraze waviyvane
vaSingtonSi, sadac maTi metoqeebi ibrZodnen aRiarebisTvis. marTalia, maTTvis specialuri mosmenis organizeba movaxerxe, magram Sin xelcarielebi dabrundnen
da gorbaCovmac maT programas naklebad radikaluri
programa amjobina. Tavad gorbaCovi maleve CamoaSores
xelisuflebas.
amave dros berlinis kedeli daingra da sabWoTa kavSiric daiSala. aRmosavleT evropis komunisturi reJimebis dacemas swrafad gamovexmaure da am qveynebSi
erTimeoris miyolebiT davaarse fondebi. 1989 wlis
Sobamde cota xniT adre vewvie praRas, sadac komunis-

34

turi partiis warmomadgenlis, imJamad Cexoslovakiis

premier-ministrisa da prezidentis movaleobis Semsruleblis, marian Calfasgan Sevityve, rom igi vaclav
havelisTvis

Zalauflebis

mSvidobianad

gadacemas

apirebda. havelma amis Sesaxeb ar icoda. buqarestSi 1990

wlis ianvris dasawyisSi Cavedi, komunisti diqtatoris,
nikolae CauSeskus sikvdiliT dasjidan mcire xnis Semdeg. buqaresti alyaSemortymul qalaqs hgavda. Semdeg
sofiaSi gaveSure bulgareTis fondis dasaarseblad.
aseve vewvie sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebs da iqauri
fondebi iqamde gavxseni, vidre es respublikebi damoukidebeli qveynebi gaxdebodnen.
ukrainaSi Cemi viziti gansakuTrebiT dasamaxsovrebeli
iyo. kievSi qveynis kulturul elitas Sevxvdi da maT
fondisTvis mravali gansxvavebuli idea SemomTavazes.
yvela es idea mizanSeuwonlad momeCvena da asec vuTxari maT. Sexvedris bolos bodiSi movixade aseTi uaryofiTi pasuxisTvis, Tumca isini sulac ar iyvnen amis
winaaRmdegni. ver warmoidgenT, ra sasiamovno siaxlea
adamianTan urTierToba, romelic pirdapir ambobs
aras. Cveni xelisufleba yovelTvis gveTanxmeba da Semdeg arafers akeTebs. CemTvis es gakveTili iyo. amis Semdeg uyoymanod vambobdi uars winadadebebze, romlebic
mizanSeuwonlad mimaCnda.
es mSfoTvare da eiforiuli periodi iyo. arastabiluri situaciebis Sesaxeb uCveulo warmodgena mqonda,
romelic ruseTis revoluciis dros mamaCemis mier

35

SeZenil gamocdilebas emyareboda, aseve Cems sakuTar

gamocdilebas ungreTis germanuli okupaciis wlebSi.
aman saSualeba mogvca, rom revoluciuri situacia Cveni miznebisTvis gamogveyenebina.
ojaxi londonSi gadaviyvane, raTa movlenaTa centrTan
ufro axlos vyofiliyavi. fuls raime erTiani gegmis
gareSe gavcemdi. mimaCnda, rom Ria sazogadoeba socialuri mowyobis ufro kompleqsuri forma iyo, vidre daSlis procesSi myofi komunisturi sistema. sistemuri
transformaciisTvis gareSe daxmareba iyo saWiro. yvelaferi erTdroulad unda gakeTebuliyo. amitomac,
Tu miviRebdi winadadebas, romelic ganxorcielebadi
Canda, rogorc wesi, vTanxmdebodi xolme. swored amitom gaizarda Cemi Ria sazogadoebis fondebis xarjebi
3 milioni dolaridan 300 milion dolaramde sul ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. yovelive amis gegmis mixedviT ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. ubiujetod
vmuSaobdiT da bolos fondebis mTeli qselis saqmianobis kontroli gaZnelda. qaosSi aRmovCndiT Caflulebi, Tumca es qaosi Sedegebis miRwevaSic gvexmareboda.
qaosis SuagulSi saswrafod gvWirdeboda raime saxis
wesrigi mainc.
gamimarTla da movaxerxe hiuman raiTs uoCis direqtor arie neieris rekrutireba, romelic 1993 wels
Ria sazogadoebis fondebis prezidenti gaxda. man fondebis marTva gadaibara. damoukideblad mogzaurobis
ufleba aRar mqonda _ yovelTvis vinme unda mxleboda

36

Tan da yvela Cemi dapireba CaeniSna, sxva SemTxvevaSi

fondi maT ar Seasrulebda. swored am dros daiwyo fondebis qselis Camoyalibeba misi dRevandeli saxiT. adgilobrivi xelmZRvanelobis mqone fondi yofili sabWoTa imperiis praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi davaarseT.
Cvens profesiul enaze maT erovnuli fondebis qseli vuwodeT. amasTan erTad SevqmeniT egreT wodebuli
qseluri programebic, romlebic saxelmwifo sazRvrebs kveTs da iseT konkretul saprogramo sferoebs
moicavs, rogoricaa samarTali, janmrTelobis dacva da
ganaTleba. Sedegad, Seiqmna matrica, romelic erovnuli fondebis wyalobiT dagrovil lokalur codnas
qseluri programebis farglebSi arsebul profesionalur codnasTan aerTianebs. matrica daxuruli ar iyo:
erovnul fondebs SeeZloT proeqtebis ganxorcieleba
qseluri programebis sferoebs miRma, xolo qseluri
programebis ganxorcieleba iseT qveynebSic SeiZleboda, sadac erovnuli fondebi ar gvqonda. sabWoTa
sistemis daSla grZeldeboda, magram Cveni organizacia
TandaTan ufro Sekruli xdeboda. qaosis periodma Tavisi daniSnuleba Seasrula. fondebi am qveynebSi Seqmnili pirveli msgavsi organizaciebi iyo da maT TiTqosda
ganuxorcielebadi proeqtebis mxardaWeris wyalobiT
garkveuli reputacia Seiqmnes. axla maTi muSaoba ufro
profesionaluri gaxda.
Cveni biujetis daaxloebiT mesamedi bavSvebze fokusirebul ganaTlebaze ixarjeboda _ da kritikuli
azrovnebis wamaxlisebeli midgomis damkvidrebaze

37

regionSi, romelic avtoritarul meTodebsa da dazepirebiT swavlas iyo miCveuli. davaarse saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba magistrantebisa da doqtorantebisTvis _ centraluri evropis universiteti, romelic
Tavdapirvelad praRaSi iyo ganTavsebuli, xolo Semdeg
budapeStSi gadavida da filiali varSavaSic aqvs. aseve
Sevqmeni umaRlesi ganaTlebis mxardaWeris programa,
romlis farglebSic daaxloebiT imdenive fuli daixarja sxva axlad Seqmnil saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebze. garda amisa, mxars vuWerdiT sistemur reformebs,
rogorc umaRles, aseve zogadi ganaTlebis sistemebSi.
dabolos, SemoviReT programa nabij-nabij skolamdeli asakis bavSvebisTvis, romelic sabavSvo baRebis programa kargi dasawyisis modifikacia iyo.
Cveni biujetis mesamedi da, SesaZloa, metic samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis mxardaWeraze ixarjeboda, am terminis
farTo gagebiT. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas vuTmobdiT
samoqalaqo uflebebs da mowyvladi jgufebis dacvas.
gadavwyviteT, rom eTnosi roma, romelsac umravlesoba damamcirebel saxel jifsis uwodebda, aRmosavleT
evropaSi eTnikurad motivirebuli socialuri gariyulobis yvelaze mZime SemTxveva iyo. amitomac am problemis gadaWras sul ufro met fulsa da energias vuTmobdiT. Tavdapirvelad maT kulturas vuWerdiT mxars,
Semdgom ki ganaTlebasac. Cveni yvelaze didi miRweva
iyo romas axali, ganaTlebuli Taobis aRzrda, romelic
am eTnosisadmi Tavisi kuTvnilebiT amayobs.

38

radganac sabWoTa kavSiris daSla grZeldeboda da mosaxleobas sul ufro mZime pirobebSi uwevda cxovreba,
Cveni biujetic izrdeboda. 100 milioni dolari gaviRe mecnierebis saerTaSoriso fondis Sesaqmnelad,
romlis mizani sabWoTa mecnierebis saukeTeso nawilis
gadarCena iyo. fondma 500 dolaris odenobis gadaudebeli grantebi gamouyo sabWoTa kavSiris yvelaze gamoCenil mecnierebs. ukontrolo inflaciis wyalobiT, es
Tanxa ojaxis erTi wlis manZilze sarCenad iyo sakmarisi. SerCeva martiv da obieqtur kriteriums emyareboda: sami citireba saerTaSoriso masStabiT aRiarebul
samecniero JurnalSi. am moTxovnas 30 aTasze meti mecnieri akmayofilebda. fulis danarCeni nawili kvleviT
programebs moxmarda, romlebsac mecnierebis saerTaSoriso Jiuri arCevda kolegebis mier naSromebis
ganxilvis sistemis safuZvelze. es sqema warmoudgenlad warmatebuli gamodga: mTeli Tanxa erT weliwadSi ganawilda. Cemi mizani mxolod sabWoTa mecnierebis
saukeTeso nawilis gadarCena ki ar iyo, rasac adamianis
inteleqtis umaRles miRwevad miviCnevdi, aramed imis
demonstrirebac, rom ucxouri daxmarebis efeqtianad
marTva SesaZlebelia.
uol strit jornalSi 1992 wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi gamovTqvi azri, rom saerTaSoriso savaluto
fondis mier gamoyofili daxmareba imave principiT
unda ganawilebuliyo. sabWoTa mTavrobisa da misi memkvidreebisTvis sabiujeto daxmarebis gawevis nacvlad,
daxmareba pensiebisa da umuSevarTa Semweobebis ga-

39

dasaxdelad unda gamoyofiliyo da misi ganawileba mkacri zedamxedvelobis qveS unda momxdariyo. es kargi
idea iyo, magram ganuxorcielebeli darCa. zogadad,
ideebi warmatebuli iyo maSin, rodesac maT damoukideblad vaxorcielebdi, xolo rodesac saxelmwifo politikaze gavlenis moxdenas vcdilobdi, bevrs verafers
vaRwevdi. droTa ganmavlobaSi mdgomareoba Seicvala
da bolo dros ufro warmatebiT vaxerxeb sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris mobilizebas. mtkiced mwams, rom
istoria sxvanairad ganviTareboda, uol strit jornalSi gamoqveynebuli Cemi winadadeba praqtikaSi rom
ganxorcielebuliyo. sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovrebi adamianebi dasavluri daxmarebis praqtikul da xelSesaxeb
sargebels naxavdnen da dasavleTis mimarT maTi damokidebulebac sakmaod gansxvavebuli iqneboda. evropa dRes mZime Sedegebs imkis imis gamo, rom gaWirvebis
dros rus xalxs ar daexmara.
am Tavgadasavlebis dros Tavadac bevri ram viswavle.
Tavdapirvelad gatacebuli viyavi im TiTqmis usazRvro SesaZleblobebiT, romlebic sabWoTa sistemis kolafsma Sva, da imdenad msurda istoriaSi Cemi wvlilis
Seatana, rom daufiqreblad vcdilobdi miuRwevlis
miRwevas. SesaZleblisa da SeuZleblis garCeva TandaTanobiT viswavle. ufro frTxili gavxdi da sakuTari mniSvnelovnebis mateba ufro naklebad maRelvebda, vidre raime Rirebulis miRweva. maxsovs erT-erTi
viziti moskovSi, rodesac orma yvelaze mniSvnelovanma adamianma maT Soris, visac unda Sevxvedrodi, CemTan
Sexvedra gaauqma im politikis gamo, romelsac mxars

40

vuWerdi. adre aseTi ambavi mewyineboda, magram amjerad

kmayofili viyavi imiT, rom Cemi pozicia ar davTme.
bolo periodSi, rodesac mekiTxebodnen, putins Sexvedrixar Tu arao, gulaxdilad SemeZlo mepasuxa, masTan Sexvedra ar msurs-meTqi.
Cemi, rogorc sajaro piris, statusi seriozulad
Seicvala 1992 wels. rodesac gaerTianebuli samefos
valuta, funti sterlingi, gacvliTi kursis evropuli
meqanizmidan amoiRes, inglisis bankis damaqceveli miwodes. amis mizezi is iyo, rom am ambavSi Cemi hej-fondis monawileoba ar uarvyavi, xolo Semdeg mediam Cemi
roli gaabuqa. ganzrax ar SevuSale amas xeli, imisaTvis
rom momepovebina tribuna, saidanac sxva sakiTxebze
saubars SevZlebdi. asec moxda. uecrad aRmoCnda, rom
Cems sityvebs bevri usmenda.
im wels iugoslavia omSi aRmoCnda CarTuli da Cemi
tribunidan ganvacxade, rom omis qarcecxlSi gaxveuli bosniis mSvidobiani mosaxleobis dasaxmareblad
50 milioni dolaris odenobis fonds vqmnidi. Sobis
dReebSi gakeTebulma am gancxadebam mSvidobiani mosaxleobis tanjva yuradRebis centrSi moaqcia. Cemi daxmarebis Tavdapirveli mizani saomar zonaSi humanitaruli misiebis personalis Seyvana iyo, rac, Tavis mxriv,
gaero-s samSvidobo jarebs aiZulebda, rom maT dasacavad moqmedebis ufro agresiul wesebze gadasuliyvnen.
sinamdvileSi ase ar moxda. gaero-s jarebma ar aRkveTes
sasaklao srebrenicaSi. Tumca, humanitaruli daxmarebis texaselma geniosma fred kanim am fuliT saraevos

41

gazi, eleqtroenergia, wyali da bostneulis mosayvani Tesli miawoda. Cemi daxmarebis Tavdapirveli mizani miuRweveli darCa, magram fred kanim Cemi fuli
warmatebiT gamoiyena. gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom es fuli saraevos mcxovreblebs gadarCenaSi
daexmara. kani maleve daiRupa CeCneTSi.
saraevoSi 1993 wlis noemberSi Cavedi, rodesac qalaqi
alyaSemortymuli iyo. am vizits uxalisod davTanxmdi,
radgan ar mindoda Tavi safrTxeSi Camegdo. frena sakmaod saSiSi iyo il-76-iT, romelic msoflioSi erT-erTi
yvelaze didi TviTmfrinavia. iatakze dawyobili gazis
milebis grovis gverdiT visxediT. viraJebisa da daSvebis dros ukrainuli ekipaJis wevrebi rigrigobiT uWerdnen da uSvebdnen Rvedebs, romlebiTac milebi iyo
Sekruli. Semdeg sul aTi wuTi gvqonda aeroportidan
gasasvlelad.
saraevoSi fred kanis mier aSenebuli wylis gamwmendi
sistemis sazeimo gaxsnaze Cavedi. sistema daSlili Caitanes TviTmfrinaviT da mTaSi gayvanil saavtomobilo
gvirabSi daamontaJes. Tumca, adgilobrivi xelisufleba wylis gaSvebis nebarTvas ar iZleoda. ratom _ CvenTvis ucnobi darCa. SesaZloa, viRac bevr fuls Soulobda wylis gayidviT, an mTavrobas surda, rom snaiperebs
kvlavac daexocaT wylis rigSi mdgomi adamianebi, raTa
televiziiT maTi fotoebis Cvenebas qalaqis gaWirvebis
mimarT TanagrZnoba aReZra. SesaZloa, orive mizezi realuri iyo. wylis gaSvebis nebarTva mxolod mas Semdeg

42

mogvces, rac davemuqre, protests sajarod gamovxatav-meTqi.

aRmosavleT evropisa da sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi Seqmnil fondebSi Tundac minimaluri wesrigis damyareba mZime amocana iyo, magram ara iseTi yovlismomcveli
da sasiamovno, rogorc Cemi saqmianoba revoluciur
periodSi. Cvenma yovelwliurma xarjebma 600 milion
dolars miaRwia, rodesac fiskaluri discplinis damkvidreba daviwyeT. Cveni mizani xarjebis ganaxevreba
iyo, magram amas ver mivaRwieT, radgan mudmivad Cndeboda axali SesaZleblobebi sxvadasxva adgilas.
***
rodesac 1994 wels haitize diuvalies reJimi daemxo da
amerikis armiam qveynis okupireba moaxdina, gadavwyvite,
rom iq fondis Seqmna iyo saWiro. arie neieri icnobda
Sesaferis adamians, romelsac fondis xelmZRvaneloba
SeeZlo _ miSel pier-luis. arie karg adamians gvatemalaSic icnobda. fondi iqac SevqmeniT da misi sameurveo
sabWo unikaluri iyo, radgan qalaqSi mcxovreb liberal inteleqtualebsa da soflad mcxovrebi aborigeni
Temebis liderebs aerTianebda. Semdeg samxreT afrikaSi aparTeidis sistema gauqmda da nelson mandela
prezidenti gaxda. Cveni principebidan, samxreT afrikaSi Cveni saqmianobis istoriidan da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze Cveni saqmianobis gamocdilebidan
gamomdinare, Tavi valdebulad CavTvale, rom erovnuli fondi samxreT afrikaSic damearsebina. iqidan saqmi-

43

anoba afrikis sxva nawilebzec ganvavrceT da Cveni programebis qselma msoflios sxva kuTxeebsac miaRwia.
1995 wlisTvis CavTvale, rom sakmarisi gavakeTeT Cveni
dRis wesrigis pirveli punqtis gansaxorcieleblad,
rac daxuruli sazogadoebebis gaxsnas gulisxmobda,
amitomac SegveZlo meore punqtze gadasvla _ Ria sazogadoebebis sicocxlisunarianobis amaRlebaze. Ria
sazogadoebis fondebis saqmianoba ucxo qveynebSi iyo
koncentrirebuli da dadga dro, rom sakuTar qveyanaSic gagvekeTebina rame. amerikaSi Ria sazogadoebis
naklovanebebs davufiqrdi da strategiuli gegma movamzade, romelic Semdeg socialuri filosofiis specialistebis narCev jgufs gadaveci kritikuli ganxilvisaTvis.
ori idea siaxle iyo. pirveli _ sabazro Rirebulebebma
iseT sferoebSi SeaRwia, sadac maTi adgili ar iyo _ gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavi iyo is, rom maT profesiuli Rirebulebebi Seasustes. iseTi liberaluri profesiebi,
rogorebicaa medicina, samarTali da Jurnalistika, biznesebad gadaiqca. saWiro iyo profesiuli Rirebulebebis primatis ganmtkiceba. meore idea gulisxmobda,
rom zogierT sferoSi SiSma kritikuli procesi Seaferxa da yalbi dogmebi Sva, romlebisTvisac tendenciuroba da Seuwynarebloba iyo damaxasiaTebeli da
romlebic Ria sazogadoebis principebs asustebda. ori
aseTi sfero gamovyavi: amerikelebis damokidebuleba
sikvdilis mimarT da amerikis mTavrobis narkopoli-

44

tika. am sferoebs saerTo Tviseba aqvT: narkotikebze

damokidebulebac da sikvdilic gadauWreli problemebia, amitomac bunebrivad Cndeba yalbi gamosavlis
Ziebis tendencia, Tumca aseTi gamosavali problemas
kidev ufro amZimebs. orive SemTxvevaSi, aseTi gamosavali gadauWreli problemis arsebobis aRiarebaze uaris
Tqmas gulisxmobs: eqimebi nebismier fasad cdiloben
sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebas, xolo narkotikebTan mebrZolebi nulovan tolerantobas emxrobian. mogvianebiT aRmoCnda, rom am or sferos Soris kavSiri ufro
mWidro iyo: dRevandeli gadasaxedidan narkotikebTan
omi SeiZleba terorizmTan omis winamorbedad ganvixiloT.
SeerTebul StatebSi sxva programebi danarCen msoflioSi Cven mier ganxorcielebuli programebis gagrZeleba iyo: socialuri samarTlianoba, mowyvladi jgufebi,
samoqalaqo uflebebi da sisxlis samarTlis sistema.
strategiam kritikuli ganxilva gaiara da misi ganxorcieleba daviwyeT. ZiriTadad Cem mier warmodgenili ori ideiT viyavi dakavebuli, sxva sferoebs ki siamovnebiT vuTmobdi arie neiers, romelmac maT Sesaxeb
Cemze meti icoda.
proeqti amerikaSi sikvdilis Sesaxeb, SesaZloa, Cveni
yvelaze warmatebuli saSinao programa iyo. man axali
dargi Sva. sinamdvilis uaryofisadmi amerikelebis midrekileba samedicino profesiis warmomadgenlebisTvisac iyo damaxasiaTebeli da farTo sazogadoebisTvi-

45

sac. mivageniT eqspertTa jgufs, romlebmac momakvdav

pacientebTan muSaoba icodnen. sxvadasxva samedicino
dawesebulebaSi saswavlo stipendiebis dawesebis saSualebiT maT SeZles momakvdav pacientebze zrunvis,
rogorc samedicino disciplinis, gardaqmna. isini aseve
dagvexmaren uSualod farTo sazogadoebis ganaTlebaSic. yvelaze warmatebuli nabiji bil moiersis mier
momzadebuli gadacemebis seria iyo, romelic xuTi
nawilisgan Sedgeboda da sazogadoebrivi telearxiT
gadaica. es gadacemebi Ria sazogadoebis fondebs ar
daufinasebiaT, magram moiersi metwilad Cven mier dafinasebul naSromebs iyenebda. sikvdili tabudadebuli
Tema aRar iyo. Cveni warmateba am sferoSi saqmianobis
SewyvetiT aRvniSneT. Cveni adgili sxva fondebma daikaves. Tumca bolo periodSi am sferos davubrundiT da
Tanadafinanseba gavuwieT axali Taobis proeqtebs, romlebic pirvelma Taobam Sva.
narkopolitikis sferoSi aseT winsvlas ver mivaRwieT. es metad winaaRmdegobrivi sferoa, sadac eqstremistebi dominireben. ar vici, rogori narkopolitikaa
swori, magram is ki vici, rom narkotikebTan omma meti
ziani moitana, vidre Tavad narkotikebma. rodesac narkotikebTan omis winaaRmdeg gamovedi, narkotikebis
legalizebis mcdelobaSi damadanaSaules. marTlac
vfiqrob, rom dRevandeli politikis gagrZelebas
narkotikebis legalizeba ajobebda, magram amis Tqmas
veridebi, radganac es xelsayreli iqneboda eqstremistebisTvis, romlebic cdiloben, rom sakiTxi sul or

46

SesaZleblobamde daiyvanon: an narkotkebTan oms uWer

mxars, an narkotikebis legalizebas emxrobi. vfiqrob,
rom narkopolitikas Secdomebis mixedviT politikis
adaptirebis meTodi ufro Seefereba.
Ria sazogadoebis fondebi zianis Semcirebas emxrobian,
Tu zianze saubrisas mxolod narkotikebiT gamowveul
zians ki ar vigulisxmebT, aramed maTi akrZalvis Sedegad warmoSobil ziansac. radganac legalizacia sazogadoebisTvis miuRebelia, zianis Semcirebis miznad
dasaxva SesaZlebels xdis sxvadasxva zomis gamocdisa
da Secdomebis mixedviT politikis adaptirebis process. ramdenad Sors wava es procesi, sazogadoebrivi
azris evoluciazea damokidebuli. arc is vici, Tu
ramdenad Sors unda wavides procesi, magram, rodesac
aSS-sa da gaero-s ZiriTadi politikiT gamowveul zians
vuyureb, gansakuTrebiT iseT adgilebSi, rogorebicaa
avRaneTi, meqsika, haiti, gvatemala da laTinuri amerikisa da afrikis sxva qveynebi, sul ufro metad vrwmundebi, rom procesi rac SeiZleba Sors unda wavides.
narkotikebTan omi warmatebuli ver iqneba, radganac
ekonomikis yvelaze elementarul kanonebs ewinaaRmdegeba, romelTa diskreditireba 2008 wlis katastrofamac ki ver SeZlo. miwodebis aRkveTa maSin, rodesac
moTxovna elastikuri ar aris (da ra SeiZleba iyos
ufro nakleb elastikuri, vidre narkodamokidebuleba?) mxolod fasebsa da mogebis odenobas zrdis. maRali
fasebi miwodebis stimulia, xolo mogebis sidide nar-

47

kotikebiT vaWrobis wamaxalisebelia, rac narkodamokidebulebasa da araelastikur moTxovnas warmoSobs.

rac ufro mkacria samarTaldamcvelTa saqmianoba, miT
ufro sastik adamianebs izidavs es biznesi. swored am
maxeSi vimyofebiT axla. sabednierod, amerikaSi damokidebuleba am sakiTxisadmi TandaTanobiT icvleba. adamianebi, romlebsac mozardobisas marixuana mouweviaT
da, SesaZloa, ufro seriozuli narkotikic gausinjavT,
axla mSoblebi xdebian da sazogadoebasac esmis narkotikebis momxmarebelTa patimrobis uaryofiTi Sedegebi da usamarTloba. am process, savaraudod, daaCqarebs saxelmwifo finansebis mosalodneli Semcireba.
vfiqrob, rom radikaluri reformis perspeqtivebi
axla ukeTesia, vidre romelime periodSi mas Semdeg, rac
narkopolitikiT davinteresdi. samwuxarod, avRaneTSi
viTarebis gamosasworeblad reforma SeiZleba dagvianebuli aRmoCndes.
profesiuli Rirebulebebis ganmtkicebis proeqtis Sedegebi araerTgvarovania. samarTlis profesiis SemTxvevaSi, did warmatebebs mivaRwieT sajaro samsaxuris
samarTlis praqtikosebisTvis stipendiebis dawesebis
mxriv, magram mosamarTleTa SerCevisas profesiuli
standartebis damkvidrebis mcdeloba gacilebiT naklebad warmatebuli aRmoCnda da es procesi kidev
ufro politizebuli gaxda. Jurnalistikis sferoSi
sagamoZiebo Jurnalistikis ramdenime iniciativa davafinanseT, magram sxva mxriv gansakuTrebul progress
ver mivaRwieT im profesiis problemebis gadaWraSi,

48

romelic Ria sazogadoebis aucilebeli elementia da

amJamad teqnologiur transformacias ganicdis. medicinis dargSi davaarseT instituti, romlis mizani iyo
samedicino profesiis dacva farmacevtuli industriis cdunebebisgan, magram ver SevZeliT im angarebiani
damokidebulebis Secvla, romelic profesiul gaerTianebebsa da zogierT eqims axasiaTebs. bolo periodis
debatebma janmrTelobis dacvis kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb TvalnaTliv gamoaCina, Tu ramdenad mwiria sazogadoebis codna janmrTelobis dacvis mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb. amerikuli sistema samedicino procedurebis
Rirebulebis anazRaurebas gulisxmobs da ara janmrTelobis dacvas. evropisa da kanadis janmrTelobis
dacvis erovnuli sistemebi, maTi naklovanebebis miuxedavad, ukeTes Sedegebs aRwevs, magram amerikaSi janmrTelobis dacvis erovnuli sistemis gagonebac ki ar
surT, radganac is socializmis gamovlinebad miiCneva.
specialuri interesebis gavlena yvelgan aRwevs da aman
sakanonmdeblo procesic mowamla.
amerikaSi Ria sazogadoebis problemebiT dainteresebam da sabWoTa imperiisadmi dasavluri daxmarebis
warumateblobiT gamowveulma SeSfoTebam globaluri kapitalizmis naklovanebebis Seswavlisken mibiZga.
1997 wlis TebervalSi davwere statia Jurnal atlantik manTlisaTvis saTauriT kapitalizmis safrTxe,
romelic eWvqveS ayenebda vaSingtonis konsensusis
principebs. ganviTarebadi qveynebis bazrebze 1997 wels
momxdari krizisis Semdeg statia ganvavrce da wig-

49

nad gamoveci, romelsac globaluri kapitalizmis

krizisi erqva. 2000 wels kidev erTi wigni davwere,
globalizaciis Sesaxeb, romelSic SemoTavazebuli
iyo mTeli rigi reformebisa, Tumca isini seriozulad
aravin aRiqva. am reformebidan erT-erTis, sesxebis specialuri uflebebis, seriozuli ganxilva mxolod 2008
wlis finansuri katasrtofis Semdeg daiwyo.
rodesac 1999 wels xelisuflebis saTaveSi putini movida, Cveni fondi ruseTSi Tavdasxmis obieqti gaxda da
praqtikulad qveynidan gaaZeves.

naqiravebi gvqonda

Senoba misi Semdgomi gamosyidvis uflebiT. Tumca Tavdapirvelma mflobelma Senoba erT-erT gangsters
mihyida, romelmac SeZlo sasamarTloSi Senaxuli kontraqtis Secvla yalbi asliT, sadac gamosyidvis ufleba naxsenebi aRar iyo, Semdeg ki, rodesac qiris vada
amoiwura, Cvens ofiss daeufla. im dros darwmunebuli
ar viyavi, marTlac erTi konkretuli gangsteris namoqmedari iyo es Tu ara, magram axla ufro mzad var davijero, rom yvelaferi mTavrobis xelSewyobiT moxda. ase
iyo Tu ise, davrwmundi, rom ruseTis mTavrobas aRar
surda Cemgan daxmarebis miReba da aRarc imsaxurebda
daxmarebas da amitom fondi davxure.
metad sevdiani dasasruli iyo gabeduli filanTropiuli wamowyebisTvis, magram ar vnanob, rom es gadawyvetileba miviRe. mxolod am fondis Zalebi ar iyo
sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom ruseTs daxurulidan Ria
sazogadoebad gardaqmnaSi daxmareboda. rogorc adrec

50

vTqvi, vfiqrob, rom istoria sxvagvarad ganviTardeboda, dasavleTis mTavrobebs fondisTvis rom miebaZaT.
mjera, rom filanTropi ise unda moiqces, rogorc saWirod miaCnia, miuxedavad imisa, miaRwevs Tu ara warmatebas. swored es aris mTavari gansxvaveba filanTropiasa
da biznesis investiciebs Soris. darwmunebuli var, rom
fondis saqmianoba rusma xalxma daafasa da rom misi grZelvadiani Sedgebi pozitiuri iqneba, miuxedavad mTeli im mtruli propagandisa, romelsac putinis reJimi
mimarTavs mis winaaRmdeg.
erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom prezidenti putini pirad
mtrad mimiCnevs, Cem mier saqarTvelos prezident mixeil saakaSvilis mxardaWeraa. Cemi azriT, es metad sevdiani ambavia. saqarTveloSi korufciis donem Zalian
imata eduard SevardnaZis prezidentobis dros. reformatorebis jgufma, romelsac im dros iusticiis ministri saakaSvili da parlamentis Tavmjdomare zurab
Jvania xelmZRvanelobdnen, farTo antikorufciuli
kampania wamoiwyo. kampanias mxars Cemi fondic uWerda da piradadac CaverTe masSi. kampanias aseve mxars
uWerda prezidenti SevardnaZec, romelic karg adamianad mimaCnda, magram vfiqrobdi, rom man Tavisi SesaZleblobebi amowura. antikorufciuli programa
kargad Camoyalibebuli da ambiciuri iyo, magram adgilidan ver daiZra. saqarTveloSi Cemi yoveli vizitis
dros prezidenti SevardnaZe mxardaWeras gamoxatavda,
magram realurad verafers akeTebda, radgan korufciis ZiriTadi wyaro Sinagan saqmeTa saministro iyo da

51

misi sicocxle pirdapir iyo damokidebuli uSiSroebis samsaxurze. reformatorebis moTmineba bolos da
bolos amoiwura. saakaSvilma da Jvaniam mTavroba datoves da Seqmnes politikuri partia, romelic prezident SevardnaZes daupirispida. maTdami Cemi mxardaWera imiT gamovxate, rom 2003 wels centraluri evropis
universitetis saxeliT Ria sazogadoebis jildo gadaveci. opoziciam arCevnebSi warmatebas miaRwia. damoukidebeli egzitpolis Tanaxmad, romelsac sxvebTan
erTad Cemi fondic afinansebda, maT xmebis umravlesoba miiRes, magram oficialuri SedegebiT samTavrobo
partiam gaimarjva. moqalaqeebi egzitpols ufro endobodnen, vidre oficialur Sedegebs, amitom revolucia
moxda da saakaSvili prezidenti gaxda.
aRtacebuli viyavi da yvelafers vakeTebdi, rac SemeZlo, rom warmatebis miRwevaSi davxmarebodi. ramdenime
milioni dolari gaviRe resursebis Seqmnis fondisTvis,
romelic gaero-s ganviTarebis programis iniciativiT
Seiqmna da saakaSvilis kabinetis wevrebs yovelTviurad
aTasi dolaris odenobis saxelfaso danamats uxdida,
xolo policiis personals _ TveSi asobiT dolars. aman
saakaSvils saSualeba misca, rom policiaSi disciplina
daemyarebinda da blokpostebis gauqmebis brZaneba gaeca, sadac gamvleli manqanebis mZRolebs qrTams sZalavdnen. es realuri antikorufciuli nabiji iyo, romelmac didad Seuwyo xeli misi popularobis zrdas. magram
mdgomareoba gauaresda, rodesac saakaSvilis mTavrobam korufciis braldebiT bevri cnobili biznes-

52

meni daapatimra da gaTavisuflebis sanacvlod didi

Tanxebi gamosZala maT. es fuli araformalur fondSi
iricxeboda, romelic ruseTis mosalodneli Tavdasxmisgan saqarTvelos dasacavad iaraRis SeZenisTvis iyo
gankuTvnili. radganac fondi araformaluri iyo, SemdgomSi korufciis wyarod iqca.
saqarTveloSi moqmedi Cemi fondi am ukanono qmedebis
winaaRmdeg gamovida da, radganac qveyanaSi saparlamento opozicia ar arsebobda, axali mTavrobis yvelaze aqtiuri kritikosi gaxda. Tavdapirvelad mzad viyavi, rom
mTavrobis mier Cadenil darRvevebs ase Tu ise Sevguebodi, radganac mimaCnda, rom revoluciur situaciebSi
Cveulebrivi wesebi gamousadegaria, magram ufro kritikuli gavxdi, rodesac es qmedebebi ar Sewyvites. xelisuflebaSi mosuli saakaSvili gacilebiT naklebad
erTguli iyo Ria sazogadoebis Rirebulebebisa, vidre
opoziciaSi yofnis dros.
amave dros, rusuli media madanaSaulebda, rom saakaSvilis mTavari damfinansebeli viyavi, xolo putinma
centraluri aziis respublikebis mmarTvelebs Cemi
fondebis daxurva urCia. sabednierod, maTma umravlesobam es rCeva yurad ar iRo, magram fondebi zewolis
qveS moeqcnen da uaryofiTi Sedegebi msoflios sxva
kuTxeebSic vigrZeniT. am mware gakveTilma maswavla,
rom naklebad gavreuliyavi im qveynebis Sida politikaSi, sadac Cemi fondebi moqmedebdnen.

53

aseTi daskvnis TeoriaSi gamotana ufro iolia, vidre

praqtikaSi misi ganxorcieleba. strategia, romelsac
calkeul qveynebSi saqmianobisTvis vamzadebT, didad
aris damokidebuli Sida politikur viTarebaze. Cveni
midgoma or mimarTulebas moicavs. erTi mxriv, samoqalaqo sazogadoebas vexmarebiT mTavrobis angariSvaldebulebis uzrunvelyofaSi, meore mxriv, vcdilobT
viTanamSromloT mTavrobebTan, romlebic mzad arian,
miiRon Cveni daxmareba, raTa ukeT gaarTvan Tavi TavianT movaleobebs. Cveni saqmianoba ufro Sedegiani iqneba, Tu orive mimarTulebiT SevZlebT muSaobas, xolo
yvelaze did Sedegebs reJimis demokratiuli cvlilebis periodebSi vaRwevT, rodesac axal mTavrobas
ufro Ria sazogadoebis Seqmna surs, magram saWiro resursebi ara aqvs. maTi resursebis gazrda xSirad Cveni
yvelaze mniSvnelovani daxmarebaa. swored es gavakeTeT
sabWoTa sistemis kolafsis dros. ucxoeli eqspertebi CamoviyvaneT da am qveynebis kvalificirebul moqalaqeebsac davexmareT finansurad, raTa ucxoeTidan
dabrunebuliyvnen. igive gavimeoreT saqarTveloSi aTi
wlis Semdeg. rodesac am rTul gamocdilebas vixseneb,
ar mgonia, rom raime sxvanairad unda gamekeTebina.
namdvili gakveTili, romelic saqarTveloSi miviRe, is
iyo, rom tranziciis procesSi myofi qveynebis daxmareba rTuli da umaduri saqmea. msgavsi gamocdileba sxva
qveynebSic gvqonia, sadac erTi mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebul sistemur reformebs momdevno mTavroba mizanmimarTulad auqmebda. ruseTi amis saukeTeso

54

magaliTia. Tavisuflebebi, romlebmac elcinis mmarTvelobis qaosur wlebSi fexi moikida, putinis dros
praqtikulad mTlianad gaqra. Tumca, arsebobs naklebad TvalSi sacemi gakveTilic. sistemuri reformebis
dafuZneba konkretul partnior mTavrobasTan mWidro
kavSirebze saxifaToa. sistemuri reformebi farTo
sazogadoebriv CarTulobasa da mxardaWeras saWiroebs.
mxolod am SemTxvevaSi iqneba es reformebi Seuqcevadi.
***
ocdameerTe saukuneSi Ria sazogadoebis fondebma
globalur masStabs miaRwies. msoflios yvela qveyanaSi adgilobrivi fondis Seqmna metad rTuli iqneboda,
amitom regionuli fondebis daarseba daviwyeT, romelTagan erTi samxreT afrikaSi Seiqmna da im cxra qveyanas moicavs, romelic samxreT afrikis ganviTarebis
TanamegobrobaSi (SADC) Sedis, meore dasavleT afrikis
im Tvrameti qveynisTvis aris gankuTvnili, romlebic
dasavleT afrikis saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis (ECOWAS) wevrebi arian, xolo mesame aRmosavleT afrikaSi moqmedebs da Tavdapirvelad kenias
faravda, xolo Semdeg TandaTanobiT gafarTovda mezobel qveynebSi. indoneziaSi fondi suhartos mTavrobis
damxobis Semdeg SevqmeniT 2000 wels. avRaneTSi amerikis armiis Sesvlis Semdeg programebi iqac wamoviwyeT
da pakistanSic. amJamad grantebis mcire raodenobas
eraySic gavcemT. msoflios sxva kuTxeebSi, gansakuTrebiT axlo aRmosavleTSi, samxreT-aRmosavleT aziasa da
laTinur amerikaSi, Cveni saqmianoba naklebad formal-

55

uri, magram mainc realuria.

sistemasTan erTad, romelic erovnul fondebsa da
qselur programebs aerTianebs, axal ganzomilebasac
davudeT saTave, romelsac qselebis qsels vuwodeb.
es gulisxmobs mWidro TanamSromlobas da mniSvnelovan finansur mxardaWeras iseTi damoukidebeli organizaciebisTvis, rogorebicaa global uiTnes da
krizisebis saerTaSoriso jgufi, bolo periodSi ki
sagareo urTierTobebis evropuli sabWo (ECFR) da axali ekonomikuri azrovnebis instituti (INET). CemTvis
es axal sferoebSi saqmianobis dawyebis sayvareli formula gaxda, radganac sxvebisgan dafinansebis mopovebis
SesaZlebloba gvaZlevs Sefasebis kvaziobieqtur standarts, romelic ar arsebobs fondebis qselSi, romelic mTlianad Cven gvekuTvnis. idealur SemTxvevaSi, Cveni dafinanseba Cven mier mxardaWerili organizaciebis
saerTo biujetis erT mesameds ar unda aRematebodes,
raTa maT damoukidebloba SeinarCunon.
rodesac Cemi fondebis qsels ganvixilav, am qselSi mimdinare Sors mimavali da mravalferovani saqmianobis
saTanadod aRwera ar SemiZlia, radganac am saqmianobas srulad ar vicnob. mogzaurobisas axal proeqtebs
aRmovaCen xolme, rac did kmayofilebas maniWebs. proeqtebi, romelTa Sesaxeb araferi vici, xSirad saukeTeso proeqtebia xolme, radganac me, rogorc wesi, problemuri proeqtebis Sesaxeb matyobineben. saqmianobis
mTel speqtrs mxolod arie neieri icnobs da biujetis

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ganxilvis procesSi CarTuli ramdenime adamiani. biujetis Sedgenis procesi eqvs kviras grZeldeba xolme.
Ria sazogadoebis fondebi organulad izrdebian,
radgan SesaZleblobebze maTi gaCenis paralelurad
reagireben. vfiqrob, rom es swori gzaa. mravali sxva
fondi sakuTari instituciuri saWiroebebis dakmayofilebiT aris dakavebuli. vcdilobT, rom Tavi
avaridoT amas. gveamayeba, rom, am TvalsazarisiT
uangaro fondi varT, rac Cveni Zlierebis wyaroa. SevZeliT, rom sxva fondebTan gveTanamSromla da bevrad
ufro mets mivaRwieT imis wyalobiT, rom ar gvqonda
pretenzia, proeqtebi Cveni saxeliT ganxorcielebuliyo. sxva institutebs sakuTari warmatebis xazgasma
sWirdebaT dafinansebis mosapoveblad, Cven ki Cvens
instituciur saWiroebebs realuri Sedegebis miRweviT vikmayofilebT, imisda miuxedavad, aRiarebs Tu
ara vinme Cvens damsaxurebas. rac ar unda ucnauri
iyos, ase meti megobari da mokavSire SeviZineT, vidre
gamudmebiT Cvens warmatebebze saubris SemTxvevaSi
SevZlebdiT.
egoisti adamiani da misi uangaro fondi _ rogor SeiZleba am ori ramis SeTavseba? neba miboZeT, agixsnaT.
fondebis Sesaxeb sakmaod uaryofiTi warmodgena Semeqmna im dros, rodesac maTgan fulis miRebas vcdilobdi, da azri arc mas Semdeg Semicvlia, rac Tavad
warmovadgen fonds. altruizms TavisTavad axasiaTebs
garkveuli Sinagani winaaRmdegobrioba, magram fond-

57

ebis umravlesoba amas arc aRiarebs da arc problemis

gadaWras cdilobs. rodesac fuls gascem, fulis mimRebni mliqvnebloben da cdiloben, rom gasiamovnon,
amitom winaaRmdgeobriobas farisevlobis sqeli fena
faravs. swored am mizeziT vekidebi filanTropias
eWviT. fondebi qmnian wesebs da sxvebi iZulebulni arian, rom am wesebis mixedviT imoqmedon. cxadia, aplikantebs mainc SeuZliaT, rom Tavisi gaitanon: uTxran fondebs is, risi gagonebac maT surT, xolo Semdeg Tavad
rac undaT is gaakeTon.
da mainc, me gadavWeri winaaRmdegoba, romelic, erTi
SexedviT, egocentrist filanTropsa da uangaro
fonds Soris arsebobs. cnobiereba sakuTari Tavis SecnobaSi damexmara da isic damanaxva, rom Cemi cnobierebis nayofiT mxolod me, erTi mokvdavi adamiani, ar
unda vsargeblobde. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, me Zalze
didi ego maqvs, romelic warmoudgenlad didia erTi
mokvdavisaTvis. misTvis Sesafer masStabs mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi mivaRwev, Tu kacobriobasTan movaxden
Cemi Tavis identificirebas. Cem garSemo mcxovrebi
ramdenime adamianis daxmareba, rogorc amas mamaCemi
akeTebda, sakmarisi ar aris. Cemi miswrafeba msoflios
ukeTesobisken Secvlaa. swored aq iZens mniSvnelobas
Cemi konceptualuri CarCo. is Cemi uzomod didi egos
wyarocaa da im sistemuri reformebisac, romlebsac
mxars vuWer. Tu raime gansakuTrebul codnas marTlac
daveufle, maSin gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba mekisreba, rom es codna kargi miznebis misaRwevad gamovi-

58

yeno. pasuxismgeblobis Cems SegrZnebas isic aZlierebs,

rom mdidari var. arian mdidrebi, arian gansakuTrebuli codnis mqoneni da isini, visac kacobriobis bedi
aRelvebs, magram samive es maxasiaTebeli iSviaTad iyris
Tavs erT adamianSi. Cems ambicias mxolod maTi kombinacia akmayofilebs.
unda avxsna Cems filosofiasa da Cems egos Soris kavSiric. Tavdapirvelad isini gadajaWvuli iyo. rodesac pirvelad daviwye refleqsiurobis Sesaxeb wera, am
ideas mxolod imitom vebRauWebodi, rom Cemi iyo. masTan ganSoreba ar SemeZlo. misi artikulirebis mcdelobebi sul ufro da ufro CaxlarTuli gamomdioda,
sanam erT dilas ar aRmovaCine, rom Tavad veRar vigebdi
imas, rac wina RamiT davwere. Cemi filosofiisgan Cemi
egos gamijvnas cxovrebis didi nawili movandome da am
mcdelobis warmatebiT orivem ixeira. dRes, Cemi filosofia gamoxatulebas Cems nawerebSic poulobs da Cems
fondebSic, xolo Cems egos SeuZlia, rom maTi cqeriT
datkbes.
radganac Cemi filanTropia egos dakmayofilebis saSualebaa, vfiqrob, rom am filanTropiisTvis madlobas
ar vimsaxureb. marTlac, mrcxvenoda xolme, rodesac
adamianebi madlierebas gamoxatavdnen. mimaCnda, rom
didi ego, romelic Cemi filanTropiis mizezi iyo, sazogadoebisTvis miuRebeli iqneboda, sajarod rom gamomefina, amitomac uxerxuli iyo mis gamo madlobebis
miReba. Tumca, axla ase aRar vfiqrob. vacnobiereb, rom

59

marTlac Zalian bevrs davexmare da adamianebic swored

amas xedaven da ara Cems metismetad did egos, amitomac
bunebrivia, rom CemTvis madlobis Tqma undaT. madlobis miReba viswavle. amave dros, aRar mgonia, rom unda
mrcxvenodes aseTi didi egosi , radganac is sasargeblo
aRmoCnda CemTvisac da bevri sxva adamianisTvisac. Tumca, didi egos dakmayofileba Znelia. radganac filanTropiasTan dakavSirebul farisevlobas kargad vicnob, qebiTa da mliqvnelobiT veravin damakmayofilebs.
maTdami gulrili var da realuri Sedegebis danaxva
msurs. swored ase Seqmna egoistma adamianma uangaro
fondi.
Tumca, kvlavac maocebs da mawuxebs is, rom Cem Sesaxeb
sxvebis warmodgena didad gansxvavdeba imisgan, Tu vin
var sinamdvileSi. swored es maiZulebs, rom yvelafris
axsna vcado. altruizmi da filanTropia CemTvis mxolod movaleoba ki ar aris, aramed siamovneba da kmayofilebis wyarocaa. es fufunebaa, romelzec mdidrebs
miuwvdebaT xeli. filanTropia bevrad mirCevnia, magaliTad, xelovnebis nimuSebis Segrovebas. man sxva
adamianebTan damakavSira da Cemi izolaciis garRvevis
SesaZlebloba momca. xelovnebis nimuSebis koleqciiT amas ver SevZlebdi. im dRes, rodesac lidenholis
quCaze panikis Seteva damemarTa, vifiqre, simdidris
dagrovebisTvis sikvdili ar Rirs-meTqi. mas Semdeg ramdenjerme damemuqra sikvdilis safrTxe Cems fondTan
dakavSirebuli saqmianobis gamo. aseT xifaTs Tavad ar
veZeb, magram mzad var, rom Tvali gavusworo mas. kmayo-

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filebis gancdas maniWebs iseT saqmianobaSi monawileoba, romelic sikvdiladac Rirs.

gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba miWiravs. finansur bazrebze Cemma warmatebam imaze meti damoukidebloba
momapovebina, vidre umravlesobas aqvs. es saSualebas
maZlevs, rom winaaRmdegobriv sakiTxebze principuli
pozicia davikavo, metic _ mavaldebulebs, ase moviqce,
radgan sxvebs es ar SeuZliaT. sakamaTo poziciebis dakaveba damatebiT siamovnebas maniWebs, romlis wyaro imis
gancdaa, rom gansakuTrebul mdgomareobas mivaRwie.
mokled rom vTqvaT, Cemma filanTropiam gamabedniera.
meti raRa unda moindomos adamianma? Tumca ar vfiqrob,
rom Cemi arCevani sxvebs Tavs unda movaxvio. swored amitom ar SevuerTdi bil geiTsis da uoren bafetis kampanias, romlebmac mdidrebs mouwodes, rom qonebis naxevari qvelmoqmedebisTvis gaeRoT. amis mizezi isic iyo,
rom, Cemi azriT, filanTropiaSi mTavari is aris, Tu rogor ixarjeba fuli da ara is, Tu ramdeni ixarjeba.
cxadia, rom wmindani ara var da arc imas vcdilob, rom
gavxde. zogadad verafers vxedav imaze ufro arabunebrivs da daufasebels, vidre uangarobaa, magram uangaro fondi Zalze Rirebulad mimaCnia.
adamianebis umravlesoba sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi egoisturi motivebiT monawileobs. isini mopovebul Zalauflebasa da gavlenas ebRauWebian da xSirad Znelia
maTi gverdze gaweva, rodesac isini problemebis gad-

61

aWras uSlian xels. optimalur gadawyvetilebebs ori

dabrkoleba uSlis xels: arasruli codna da specialuri interesebis gavlena, romlebic sazogadoebriv interesebs upirispirdeba. pirveli dabrkolebis winaSe
uangaro fondic dgas, magram meorisgan daculia da
swored amitom aris ase faseuli.
Cemi principia, rom biznesSi Cemi kerZo interesebis
mixedviT vimoqmedo da mxolod samarTlebrivi da eTikuri SezRudvebi gaviTvaliswino, xolo sajaro inteleqtualisa da filanTropis rangSi sazogadoebrivi
interesebiT vixelmZRvanelo. Tu kerZo da sazogadoebrivi interesebi erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba, upiratesoba sazogadoebrivs unda mieniWos. uyoymanod vuWer
xolme mxars politikas, romelic Cemi biznesis interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba da darwmunebuli var, rom Cveni
demokratia bevrad ukeT imuSavebda, am principis mixedviT meti adamiani rom moqmedebdes. Tu adamianebs kargad momuSave demokratia surT, maT am principiT unda
icxovron, imisda miuxedavad, akeTeben Tu ara imaves
sxvebi. ramdenime gambedav sajaro figuras bevri ramis
Secvla SeuZlia.
neba miboZeT, erTmaneTs davupirispiro Cem mier SemoTavazebuli refleqsiurobis Teoria da sabazro
fundamentalizmis ideologia, romelic ronald
reiganis prezidentobisa da britaneTSi margaret
TetCeris premier-ministrobis periodidan dominirebs. refleqsiurobis Cemi Teoriis mizani imis axs-

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na iyo, Tu rogor funqcionireben finansuri bazrebi

Cemi, rogorc erT-erTi monawilis, interesebisgan damoukideblad. sabazro fundamentalizmis ideologia
amis axsnasac gvTavazobs, magram es axsna misi mxardamWerebis interesebs emsaxureba. amitomac gasakviri ar aris, rom refleqsiurobis Teoria gamiznulad iyo ignorirebuli, vidre finansuri sistema ar
Camoingra. Tu politikis advokatirebaze visaubrebT,
SegiZliaT Cemi saqmianoba Zmebi koukebis an amerikis
savaWro palatis saqmianobas SeadaroT. isini TavianT
biznesinteresebs icaven, me ki sajaro interesebisTvis viRvwi im SemTxvevebSic ki, rodesac es Cems biznesinteresebs ewinaaRmdegeba, Tumca, cxadia, rom Secdomebi yvelas mogvdis. gasakviri ar aris, rom isini
meti fulis mobilizebas axerxeben.
rodesac fondebis qsels vuyureb, mTlianobaSi kmayofili var, Tumca ori ram metad maSfoTebs. pirveli is
aris, Tu ra moxdeba, rodesac Ria sazogadoebis fondebis prezidenti arie neieri da me aRar viqnebiT. meore
kiTxva ufro mniSvnelovania: kidev ris miRweva SegviZlia Cveni sicocxlis bolomde?
rodesac Ria sazogadoebis fondebi davaarse, ar msurda, rom maT Cemi sikvdilis Semdegac gaegrZelebinaT
muSaoba. sxva institutebis bedma maswavla, rom isini
xSirad Zalze Sordebian maTi damaarseblebis ganzraxvebs. Tumca azri Sevicvale, rodesac Ria sazogadoebis fondebma ufro Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo. mivx-

63

vdi, rom Cemi sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi fondebis qselis

gauqmeba ukiduresad egoisturi nabiji iqneboda, daaxloebiT iseTi, rogoric indoeli maharajis neStTan
erTad misi colebis dawvaa. Ria sazogadoebis fondebis
saqmianobas Tavis cxovrebas araerTi gamorCeuli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamiani uTmobs da ufleba ar maqvs,
rom maT sayrdeni gamovacalo. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, rom iseTi sfero gamovavlineT, sadac saqmianoba
Cemi sikvdilis Semdegac unda gagrZeldes da amisTvis
arc aries an Cemi monawileoba iqneba saWiro. es niSa moicavs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gaZlierebas mTavrobis
angariSvaldebulebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. amerikaSi araerTi instituti arsebobs, magaliTad, amerikis
samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis kavSiri, romelTa mizania,
rom mTavrobam yvela adamianis ufleba daicvas da pativi sces konstituciiT dadgenil saxelmwifo Zalauflebis SezRudvebs. sxva qveynebis umravlesobaSi aseTi institutebi ar arsebobs. bevr qveyanaSi mdidrebi
metismetad arian damokidebulni mTavrobaze imisTvis, rom aseTi institutebis mxardaWera SeZlon, xolo
ganviTarebad qveynebSi sakmarisi simdidre ar moipoveba. swored es qmnis niSas Ria sazogadoebis fondebisTvis. saqmianobis sxva mimarTulebebic gamovavline,
romlebic amave kategorias miekuTvneba, magaliTad
mowyvladi jgufebis dacva da RaribebisTvis samarTlebrivi daxmarebis gaweva. es Rirebuli amocanebia da
fondebis qseli maT gadaWras Cemi sikvdilis Semdegac
ecdeba.

64

Tu Cemi wasvliT Ria sazogadoebis fondebs raime daakldeba, es iqneba maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli gabeduli da
inovaciuri suliskveTeba. problemebTan gamklavebas
cdisa da Secdomebze swavlis gziT vcdilob xolme. aman
saSualeba momca, rom swrafad memoqmeda da did riskebze wavsuliyavi. mmarTveli sabWo, romelic Cems adgils
daikavebs, Cemi magaliTis mixedviT ver imoqmedebs finansuri pasuxismgeblobis tvirTis gamo. misi zogierTi
wevri ecdeba, rom damaarseblis ganzraxvebis erTguli
darCes, sxvebi ki risks moeridebian, Tumca ki damaarsebels riski arasdros afrTxobda.
Ria sazoagdoebis fondebis struqtura Zalze rTulia
imisTvis, rom dRevandeli saxiT iqnes SenarCunebuli.
Cveni zrda sruliad daugegmavi iyo. rogorc adrec
vTqvi, swrafi gafarToebis periodSi, rodesac Cveni
xarjebi 3 milionidan 300 milion dolaramde gaizarda,
biujetic ki ar gvqonda. Semdeg arie neieri SemogvierTda da am qaosis nacvlad garkveuli wesrigi daamyara.
axla Zalze rTuli sabiujeto procesi gvaqvs, romlis
momzadebas didi dro sWirdeba da romelic biujetis
damtkicebamde didi xniT adre unda daiwyos. es procesi
didad arasdros mainteresebda. warmoqmnili SesaZlelobebis Sesabamisad moqmedeba CemTvis bevrad ufro
saintereso iyo. Sedegad, axla Cveni fondebi fondis
or gansxvavebul tips aerTianeben: iniciativebi, romlebSic piradad vmonawileob, Zalze moqnili biujetiT
xorcieldeba, xolo organizacia, romelsac saTaveSi
arie udgas, mkacrad ganszaRvruli biujetis mixedviT

65

muSaobs. rodesac iniciativebi Camoyalibebul saxes

iRebs, isini, rogorc wesi, Cemi xelidan aries xelSi gadadis xolme. amave dros, adamianis uflebebis, samoqalaqo uflebebisa da sisxlis samarTlis sferoebs Tavidanve mTlianad is marTavda.
Cveni partnioroba Zalze nayofieri gamodga, magram
imavdroulad Sva metad mouwesrigebeli struqtura, romlis marTva Cvens aryofnaSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda. amitom misi reorganizeba iqamde unda movaswroT, vidre aq varT. dRevandeli mdgomareobiT axal
prezidents ramdenime weli mxolod organizaciis
gasacnobad dasWirdeboda. minda, rom eqvsidan rvamde
vice-prezidenti davniSno, romlebic organizaciis
calkeul nawilebs Caibareben da axal prezidents angariSebs warudgenen, rac mas saSualebas miscems, rom
strategia Camoayalibos da axali iniciativebi ganixilos. Tumca, nebismier fasad unda aviciloT Tavidan
centralizebuli struqtura. amJamad inovaciuri
ideebis didi nawili qselebis qselis wiaRSi Cndeba
da ara organizaciis saTaveSi. Ria sazogadoebis fondebSi momuSave saukeTeso adamianebi gansakuTrebul
interess iCenen maTi saqmianobis sferoebis mimarT
da mudmivad maoceben TavianTi miRwevebiT. am suliskveTebis dakargva ar msurs.
esaa mTavari mizezi, ris gamoc centraluri evropis
universitetSi sajaro politikis skolis daarseba gadavwyvite. saswavlo instituts SeuZlia, rom movlen-

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ebis ganviTarebas ar CamorCes da ufro swrafad gansazRvros problemebi da maTi gadaWris gzebi, vidre
fondis sameurveo sabWom.
sajaro politikis skolaze did imedebs vamyareb. mas
imis potenciali aqvs, rom am tipis institutebs Soris wamyvani gaxdes. am skolas SeuZlia gaaerTianos
fondebis qselisa da qselebis qselis praqtikuli gamocdileba, romlebic dRevandelobis TiTqmis yvela aqtualuri sakiTxiT arian dakavebulni da, aseve,
universitetSi arsebuli Teoriuli codna. amJamad am
aqtualur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Cven mier warmoebuli saqmianoba moculobiT aRemateba Cvens Teoriul
codnas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, fuli meti gvaqvs, vidre
ideebi. meti ideis generireba gvWirdeba, raTa Cveni
fuli ufro efeqtianad davxarjoT. Tu am process skolas gadavabarebT, skola sazogadoebriv sikeTeebs Seqmnis, romlebic SeiZleba produqtad CaiTvalos. igive
samuSao organizaciis SigniT rom Segvesrulebina, rogorc amas fondebis umravlesoba akeTebs, is zednadebi
xarji iqneboda.
rogorc yvela ideas, nakli amasac aqvs: yvela saukeTeso azrs erT adgilas ver ipovi. amitomac skolam Tavad
unda miagnos ideebs. is axali tipis globaluri instituti unda gaxdes, romelic globaluri problemebiT
iqneba dakavebuli. mas unda hqondes kritikuli masa
budapeStSi, sadac centraluri evropis universiteti mdebareobs, magram, amasTan, globaluri wvdomac

67

sWirdeba. es aris rTuli gamowveva, romelsac is unda

gaumklavdes. Teoriuli codnisa da praqtikuli gamocdilebis kombinacia Semdgom SeiZleba Cinebuli
safuZveli aRmoCndes maTTvis, visac am sferoSi saqmianobis dawyeba surs. imas, vinc qselebis qselis muSaobaSi ukve CarTulia, SesaZlebloba eqneba, rom am skolaSi samecniero Svebuleba gaataros, Tavisi karieruli
perspeqtivebi gaiumjobesos da monawileoba miiRos
kvlevasa da swavlebaSi. Cemi imedebi rom gaamarTlos,
skolam im gabeduli da siaxleebze orientirebuli suliskveTebis institucionalizeba unda moaxdinos, romelic Ria sazogadoebis fondebs axasiaTebs. es Cveni
ZiriTadi Sexedulebebisa da praqtikuli saqmianobis
kritikul ganxilvasac unda moicavdes.
marTalia, fondebis qseli imdenad kargad imarTeba, ramdenadac misi amJamindeli formis gaTvaliswinebiT aris
SesaZlebeli, es forma mxolod iqamde iarsebebs, vidre
me da arie neieri cocxlebi varT. arie vorkaholikia,
romelic Zalian bevri xalxisagan ibarebs angariSebs.
Cems menejmentis stils mxolod qaosuri SeiZleba ewodos. cdisa da Secdomebze swavlis meTods im masStabiT
viyeneb, rom ver mombaZavs verc erTi sameurveo sabWo,
romelsac axsovs Tavisi finansuri pasuxismgebloba.
arc erT Cvengans ar sjera programebis Sefasebis raodenobrivi meTodebisa. piradad me gamiWirdeba RirebulebaTa im sistemis aRwera, romelsac sxvadasxva alternatividan erT-erTis SerCevisas viyeneb.

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inovaciebi miyvars, magram mdgradobisa da Tanamimdevrulobis mniSvnelovnebasac vaRiareb. amitomac

vcidlob, rom am or elements Soris wonasworoba davicva. Sedegad viReb imas, rasac memkvidreobiTi da
inovaciuri programebis nazavs vuwodeb. asec unda
iyos. Tanamimdevruli muSaobis gareSe bevri imedismomcemi iniciativis srulad realizeba ver moxerxdeboda.
warmatebiT vaxerxebT, rom movlenebis centrSi viyoT.
yovel qveyanaSi Cven saqmianobas kritikuli azrovnebis
an disidenturi saqmianobis mxardaWeriT viwyebT da
swrafad vmoqmedebT, rodesac axal mTavrobas kargi
miznebi aqvs, magram maT misaRwevad saWiro resursebi
ar gaaCnia. Tanac, Cven ufro Tanamimdevrulebi varT,
vidre daxmarebis gamwevi oficialuri saagentoebi da
qveynebSi kidev didxans vrCebiT mas Semdeg, rac isini
ufro saintereso adgilebSi gadainacvleben xolme. igive SeiZleba iTqvas globaluri mmarTvelobis sakiTxebzec: Cven yovelTvis ar viyaviT pirvelebi, vinc am
sakiTxebs yuradRebas aqcevda, magram, Tu raime sakiTxi
Cveni TvalTaxedvis areSi moeqceva, bolomde saqmis
erTgulni varT, iqneba es SidsTan, tuberkulozTan da
malariasTan brZolis globaluri fondi, narkopolitika Tu klimatis cvlileba.
CvenTvis yvelaze rTuli erovnuli fondebis qselisa
da memkvidreobiTi programebis moZvelebis Tavidan
acileba aRmoCnda, radganac es TiTqmis iseTive Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, rogorc axali fondebisa da programe-

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bis Seqmna. Tumca, me mainc inovaciuri wamowyebebisken

maqvs midrekileba da swored am mxriv veli daxmarebas
sajaro politikis skolisgan. misi daniSnuleba axali
mijnebis Ziebaa, ris wyalobiTac memkvidreobiTi programebis aqtualurobis uzrunvelyofa Cems aryofnaSic unda SeZlos.
samomavlod upiratesobas qselebis qselis formats
vaniWeb. formalurad TviTmmarTveli institutebis
qselis mxardaWera, romelTa biujetis mxolod erTi
mesamedi modis Cven mier gaweul daxmarebaze, saSualebas gvaZlevs, aviciloT mmarTvelobis problemebi,

romlebsac

wavawydebodiT,

iniciativebi

mTlianad Cvens dafinansebaze rom iyos damokidebuli. Cveni bolodroindeli iniciativebis umravlesoba qselebis qselze modis, miuxedavad imisa, rom
Cveni daxmarebis maTi biujetis mesamedamde dayvana,
an ufro metad Semcireba ver SevZeliT. Tumca mTlianad qselebis qselad gardaqmna ar SegviZlia, radganac mravali Rirebuli iniciativa sxva wyaroebidan
ver dafinansdeba da maTi ignorireba ar SegviZlia.
es arsebul qselsac exeba da samomavlo iniciativebsac, da gulisxmobs, rom mouwesrigebeli struqturis pirobebSi muSaoba kidev ganusazRvreli periodis
ganmavlobaSi mogviwevs.
veZeb inovaciur meTodebs, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes
mouwesrigebeli struqturis marTva. magaliTad, zogierT qveyanaSi, maT Soris tailandsa da malaiziaSi,

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eqsperimentis saxiT mxolod adgilobriv mrCevelTa sabWoebs vqmniT srulfasovani fondebis gareSe.
sabWoebs SeuZliaT rCevebis SemoTavazeba adgilobrivi
mdgomareobis Taobaze, xolo programebs an damoukidebeli grantis mimRebebi ganaxorcieleben, an romelime
Cveni qseluri programa. amrigad SesaZlebelia adgilobrivi da programuli codnis SenarCuneba Zvirad Rirebuli adgilobrivi organizaciebis arsebobis gareSe,
romlebic metwilad TavianTi mudmivi klientebisTvis
fulis darigebiT arian dakavebulni. Tu es eqsperimenti warmatebuli gamodgeba, arsebuli erovnuli fondebi SeiZleba axali formatis mixedviT gardaiqmnas.
meore variantia, rom isini qselebis qsels SeuerTdnen,
gansakuTrebiT, Tu sxva wyaroebidan dafinansebis mopovebas SeZleben.
radgan gadavwyvite, rom Ria sazogadoebis fondebma
Cemi sikvdilis Semdegac unda iarsebon, yvelafers
vakeTeb, rom isini Cems aryofnas momzadebulebi Sexvdnen. Tumca Cemi es mcdeloba bolomde warmatebuli
rom yofiliyo, mcdari aRmoCndeboda Cemive rwmena,
rom adamianebis mier Seqmnili arc erTi struqtura srulyofili ar aris. amitomac Cems memkvidreebs
vandob Cem mier datovebuli nebismieri sistemis gadasinjvas imave suliskveTebiT, romliTac Tavad
Sevqmeni isini.

71

***
gvrCeba meore kiTxva: kidev ris miRweva SeuZliaT Ria
sazogadoebis fondebs Cems sicocxleSi? vfqrob, rom
axla ufro farTo SesaZleblobebi gvaqvs, vidre warsulSi. marTalia, msoflios mraval kuTxeSi bevri
mteri da wilismwamebeli gvipirispirdeba, magram Cveni
saqmianobiT davamtkiceT, rom marTlac kacobriobis
keTildReobaze vzrunavT, Tanac aqtiurad vmonawileobT dRevandelobis mravali mwvave sakiTxis ganxilvaSi.
axla SesaZlebelia Cveni saqmianobis masStabis gazrda,
rac gulisxmobs, rom Cemi fulis Cemsave sicocxleSi
daxarjva jobia fondis rezervis gadidebas. amasTan,
vfiqrob, rom kacobrioba dRes ufro didi problemebis
winaSe dgas, vidre odesme warsulSi.
SesaZleblobebi metwilad Sida faqtorebis gamoa SezRuduli. Cvens saqmianobas dRevandeli mimarTulebebiT ver gavafarToebT, radganac ukve resursebis zRvarze vmuSaobT. metic, Cveni amJamindeli Zalisxmevis
didi nawili advokatirebaze modis, xolo advokatirebas ideebi ufro sWirdeba, vidre fuli. ar miyvars advokatirebaze bevri fulis xarjva. mirCevnia, rom fuli
iseTi momsaxurebisTvis gamovyo, romelsac realuri
adamianebisTvis moaqvs sargebeli, rogoricaa stipendiebi, Spricebis ufasod darigeba an ufaso advokatebi.
sistemuri reformebis advokatirebaze daxarjuli
fuli SeiZleba mTlianad wyalSi gadayrili aRmoCndes.
adamianebis daxmarebaze daxarjuli fuli, sul mcire,
am daxmarebis mimRebT mainc moutans sargebels da is

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sistemuri reformis advokatirebis kargi platformacaa.

Cemi azris sailustraciod Zvel sabWoTa xumrobas vixseneb xolme batis RviZlis paStetis Sesaxeb. sabWoTa
moxele ambobs, rom batis RviZlis mcire deficiti warmoiqmna, amitom mas cxenis xorci unda daematos. Tumca, Tanafardoba sakmaod STambeWdavia: erTi cxeni erT
batis RviZlze. advokatirebac ase unda SevazavoT realuri adamianebis daxmarebaze gaTvlil momsaxurebasTan: erTi cxeni yovel batis RviZlze. Tumca, mxolod
momsaxurebaze daxarjuli fulis odenobis zrda ver
damakmayofilebs, radganac kargad vacnobiereb uprecedento problemebs, romelTa winaSec dgas axla Cveni
civilizacia da vfiqrob, rom, fondebis qselis dRevandeli SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, is am problemebis gadaWriT unda iyos dakavebuli.
vfiqrob, rom kacobriobis unari, axnas da akontrolos
bunebis Zalebi, bevrad aRemateba Cvensave unars, rom
Cveni Tavi vmarToT. Cveni ekonomika globaluri gaxda,
mmarTveloba ki _ ara. Cveni momavali da, garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, Cveni gadarCena, imazea damokidebuli,
SevZlebT Tu ara saTanado globaluri mmarTvelobis
Seqmnas. es sxvadasxva sferos exeba: globaluri daTboba da birTvuli iaraRis gavrceleba yvelaze aSkara magaliTebia, Tumca imave kategorias ganekuTvneba
terorizmis safrTxe da infeqciuri daavadebebi, aseve
globaluri finansuri bazrebi. 2008 wlis finansuri

73

krizisis Semdeg mxolod finansuri bazrebis stabilizacia da gadatvirTva sakmarisi ar aris. Cven xelaxla
unda SevqmnaT globaluri finansuri sistema, romelmac kraxi ganicada. radganac es gaazrebuli maqvs, ar
SemiZlia, rom araferi gavakeTo am problemebis gadasaWrelad. swored aq moqmedebs Cemi movaleobis SegrZneba.
ori mTavari prioriteti maqvs. pirveli piradia, meore
ki Cems fondebs exeba. pirovnul doneze Cemi mTavari
interesi Cemi konceptualuri CarCos ganviTarebaa, romelsac privatulad, Cems gonebaSi vqmnidi. marTalia,
Cems wignebs, statiebsa da sajaro gamosvlebs farTo
auditoria hyavs, magram didad aravin damxmarebia da
bolo dromde arc komentarebi mimiRia vinmesgan, ris
gamoc Zalze nela miviwevdi win. finansuri bazrebis
Sesaxeb Cemma mosazrebam daainteresa hej-fondebis warmomadgenlebi da praqtikuli saqmianobiT dakavebuli
sxva pirebi, magram isini Teoriul diskusiebSi iSviaTad monawileoben, amitomac maTgan komentarebi ar mimiRia. ekonomisti mecnierebi da, nawilobriv, finansuri
sistemis maregulireblebi refleqsiurobis Teorias
mizanimarTulad ar miiCnevdnen an akninebdnen mas. inglisis bankis mmarTvelma mervin kingma Cemi Teoria ise
daiwuna, rom arc ki ganuxilavs.
finansurma krizisma yvelaferi Secvala. mervin kingma
Zireulad gadaxeda Tavis mosazrebebs da aRiara, rom
finansuri bazrebis arastabiluroba endogenuria da
ara egzogenuri. refleqsiurobas sajarod dauWira

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mxari finansuri stabilurobis saagentos (FSA) xelmZRvanelma, lordma adair ternerma. aseve moiqca alan
grinspenic, Tumca mxolod pirad suabarSi. pol volkeri uwinac Cemi megobari da mxardamWeri iyo, axla ki
kidev ufro davuaxlovdiT erTmaneTs.
kategorulad vewinaaRmdegebodi aSS-is xazinis mdivan
henk polsonis gegmas, romelic sajaro fondis (TARP)
saSualebiT bankebis daxmarebas da problemuri aqtivebisgan maT gaTavisuflebas gulisxmobda. vamtkicebdi, rom gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneboda am fuliT arsebuli xvrelis amovseba da bankebis kapitalis Sevseba.
mWidrod vTanamSromlobdi demokratiuli partiis liderebTan kongresSi TARP-is Sesaxeb kanonis Sesacvlelad, raTa SesaZlebeli gamxdariyo am fulis gamoyeneba
sawesdebo kapitalSi wilebis SesaZenad. sxva ideebic
mqonda, romelTa ganxorcielebis imedi momeca, rodesac obama prezidenti gaxda. maT Soris iyo ipoTekuri
sesxebis sistemis Zireuli reforma. Tumca ase ar moxda. fainenSal taimsSi statiebis seria gamovaqveyne,
magram obamas administraciisgan TiTqmis araviTari
gamoxmaureba ar mimiRia. lari samerss prezidentis
ekonomikur mrCevlad mis daniSvnamde ufro xSirad
vesaubrebodi, vidre daniSvnis Semdeg. CemTvis yvelaze
didi imedgacrueba is iyo, rom Tavad prezident obamasTan veraviTari piradi kavSiri ver davamyare.
ekonomisti mecnierebis damokidebulebis cvlileba
bevrad ufro damakmayofilebeli iyo. maTma umravle-

75

sobam aRiara, rom gabatonebulma paradigmam marcxi

ganicada, amitomac mzad iyvnen, rom sabaziso varaudebi
gadaesinjaT. anatol kaleckis winadadebas davTanxmdi,
rom gavmxdariyavi axali ekonomikuri azrovnebis institutis sponsori, romlis misia akademiur da samTavrobo wreebSi efeqtiani bazris hipoTezisa da racionaluri molodinebis Teoriis monopoliis damsxvreva
iyo. Sevkribe gamoCenili ekonomistebis jgufi, romelSic nobelis premiis ramdenime laureati Sedioda. isini
enTuziazmiT Sexvdnen Cems winadadebas. SevqmeniT sabWo,
romlis Tavmjdomarec jozef stiglici gaxda. Cemi
megobari da yofili kolega rob jonsoni axali ekonomikuri azrovnebis institutis prezidentad dainiSna
da STagonebiT savse lideri aRmoCnda. pirveli seminari, romelic kembrijis kings kolejSi gaimarTa(sadac
jon meinard keinsi moRvaweobda), Zalze warmatebuli
gamodga.
Tanasponsoric vipove jim bolsilis saxiT, romelic
bleqberiSi moRvaweobiT aris cnobili. axla kidev erT
sponsors veZebT, romelic dafinansebis erT mesameds
gaiRebs. vfiqrob, rom es aucilebelia institutis damoukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad, radganac me sponsoris garda, alternatiuli paradigmis avtoric var.
es Cinebul SesaZleblobas momcems, rom Cemi konceptualuri paradigma ganvaviTaro, Tumca misi ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobis zRvarsac vxedav. Cems asakSi ekonomikuri modelirebis swavla Znelia, gansakuTrebiT imis

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gaTvaliswinebiT, rom maTematikaSi Zlieri arc axalgazrdobaSi viyavi. aseve mainteresebs globaluri regulirebisa da saerTaSoriso savaluto sistemis sakiTxebi. Tumca, rodesac am sakiTxebs vuRrmavdebi, vxvdebi,
rom maT detalebSi Cafloba Cemi SezRuduli droisa da
energiis araswori gamoyeneba iqneboda. radganac axla
sxvebTan erTad muSaoba SemiZlia, bevrad ufro produqtiuli viqnebi, Tu koncentrirebas zogad suraTze
movaxden.
refleqsiuroba da procesebi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad damatebiTi xelSewyobis gareSec mimdinareobs,
magram sabolood marcxisTvisaa ganwiruli, gavlenas
politikazec axdens da finansur sistemazec. nayofier
Secomebs igive dinamika axasiaTebs, rac finansur buStebs. ucnaur msgavsebas vxedav buSis da obamas administraciebs Soris, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini politikuri speqtris sapirispiro polusebs warmoadgenen. orive
prezidentma bumisa da kraxis sqema gaimeora, romelsac
finansur bazrebze vxvdebiT xSirad. amis safuZvelze
zogadi Teoria jer ar Semiqmnia, Tumca amis saSualeba,
SesaZloa, axla momeces.
***
swored amasTan aris dakavSirebuli Cemi mTavari prioriteti Ria sazogadoebis fondebisTvis: ris gakeTeba SegviZlia Ria sazogadoebis SesanarCuneblad da
gasaZliereblad? vfiqrob, rom Ria sazogadoeba mTel
msoflioSi safrTxeSia. cxadia, rom Ria sazogadoebas

77

safrTxe yovelTvis emuqreba da adamianebma mudmivad

unda gamoxaton TavianTi erTguleba am ideis mimarT,
raTa Ria sazogadoeba gadarCes, magram vSiSob, rom axla
ufro axlos varT marcxTan, vidre warsulSi.
amjerad amerikis SeerTebul Statebze SevCerdebi,
radganac msoflios yvela kuTxis ganxilva Zalze
Sors wagviyvans. SeerTebuli Statebi daarsebis dRidan demokratia da Ria sazogadoebaa. mosazreba, rom
erT dRes is SeiZleba aseTi aRar iyos, absurdulad moCans, magram es perspeqtiva sruliad realuria. 11 seqtembris Semdeg buSis administraciam teraqtebiT gamowveuli realuri SiSi Tavisi miznebisTvis gamoiyena,
terorizmTan omis gamocxadebiT qveyana umaRlesi mTavarsardlis mxardasaWerad gaaerTiana, yalbi sababiT
daesxa Tavs erays, xolo teroristebis devnisas adamianis uflebebis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli standartebi
daarRvia.
terorizmTan omma maiZula, kidev erTxel davfiqrebuliyavi cneba Ria sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. ufro adre,
yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi SeZenilma gamocdilebam maswavla, rom daxuruli sazogadoebis ngreva avtomaturad Ria sazogadoebas ar warmoSobs. es ngreva SeiZleba,
erTi SexedviT, usasrulod gagrZeldes, bolos ki axali
reJimi Svas, romelic Zvel reJims ufro hgavs, vidre Ria
sazogadoebas. amjerad ufro Rrmad davufiqrdi studentobis wlebSi karl poperisgan naswavl Ria sazogadoebis koncenfcias da masSi xarvezi aRmovaCine.

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poperi amtkicebda, rom sityvis Tavisuflebisa da kritikuli azrovnebis Sedegi ukeTesi kanonebi da realobis ukeTesi gaazreba iqneboda, vidre nebismieri dogmis
pirobebSi iyo SesaZlebeli. mivxvdi, rom misi msjeloba
uTqmel varauds Seicavda, kerZod imas, rom demokratiuli diskursis mizani realobis ukeT gaazrebaa. uecrad
davinaxe, rom refleqsiurobis Cemi koncefcia eWvqveS
ayenebda poperis farul varauds. Tu azrovnebas kognitiurTan erTad manipulaciuri funqciac aqvs, SenTvis
sasurveli kanonebis misaRebad realobis ukeT gaazreba
sulac ar aris saWiro. amis misaRwevad ufro mokle gzac
arsebobs: argumentebis SerCeviTad interpretireba da
sazogadoebrivi azriT manipulireba sasurveli Sedegebis misaRwevad. demokratiuli politikuri diskursis ZiriTadi mizani arCevnebis mogeba da Zalauflebis
SenarCunebaa. poperis faruli varaudi, rom sityvisa da
azris Tavisufleba realobis ukeT gaazrebamde migviyvans, mxolod bunebis movlenebis SemTxvevaSia marTali.
amave varaudis gavrceleba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze
imis nawilia, rasac ganmanaTleblobis Secdomas vuwodeb.
ise moxda, rom buSis administraciis politikurma muSakebma ganmanaTleblobis Secdoma Cemze bevrad adre
aRmoaCines. Cemnairi adamianebi, romlebic ganmanaTleblobis Secdomis msxverplni iyvnen, fiqrobdnen,
rom jorj oruelis wign 1984-Si aRwerili propagandis meTodebi mxolod diqtaturis pirobebSi iyo
Sedegiani. aRmoCnda, rom maT Cvenze meti icodnen.

79

cnobili memarjvene politikuri konsultanti frenk

lunci amayad aRiarebda, rom 1984 saxelmZRvanelod
gamoiyena, rodesac efeqtian politikur lozungebs
qmnida. karl rouvi, rogorc amboben, amtkicebda, rom
realobis Seswavla ar sWirdeboda, radganac Tavad
SeeZlo realobis Seqmna. orueliseuli meTodebis
gamoyenebam respublikelebis propagandistul manqanas politikur asparezze upiratesoba moapovebina. meore mxare Seecada, rom maTTvis miebaZa, magram
simarTlis Ziebisadmi mdgradma midrekilebam xeli
SeuSala amaSi.
propagandis meTodebma, romlebsac adamianebi gamiznulad Sehyavs SecdomaSi, SeiZleba Ria sazogadoeba
gaanadguros. nacisturi propagandis meTodebi Zalian
Zlieri aRmoCnda vaimaris respublikis dasamxobad. es
meTodebi amerikaSi gadmoitanes da kidev ufro daxvewes. marTalia, amerikaSi demokratias gacilebiT Rrma
fesvebi aqvs, vidre germaniaSi hqonda, magram, rogorc
buSis administraciam gviCvena, mizanmimarTuli tyuilisgan arc is aris daculi. abstraqciis winaaRmdeg
omis warmoeba SeuZlebelia, Tumca terorizmis winaaRmdeg omi dResac rCeba farTod damkvidrebul metaforad.
rogor unda daicvas Ria sazogadoebam Tavi SecodmaSi Semyvani argumentebisgan? amis erTaderTi gza maTi
arsebobisa da maTi unaris aRiarebaa, rom adamianebis
Sexedulebebze zegavlenis gziT realobazec moaxdinon

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gavlena. adamianebis azrovneba im realobis nawilia, romelic adamianebma unda gaiazron, ris gamoc realobis
gaazreba bevrad ufro rTulia, vidre ganmanaTleblobis epoqis filosofosebs warmoedginaT. maTi xedviT
goneba realobisgan damoukideblad arsebobs da im
faraniviTaa, romelic realobas anaTebs. es simarTlea
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis SemTxvevaSi, magram
ara sazogadoebrivi procesebisa. unda viswavloT, rom
politikur diskursSi upiratesoba realobis Secnobas
mivaniWoT _ kognitiur funqcias da ara manipulaciurs.
sxva SemTxvevaSi, Sedegebi Cveni molodinis Sesabamisi ar
iqneba. poperma mocemulobad miiCnia, rom politikuri
diskursis mizani WeSmaritebis Ziebaa. sinamdvileSi es
ase ar aris, magram Cveni amocanaa, rom es sinamdviled
vaqcioT. is, rac poperis msjelobaSi faruli varaudi
iyo, pirdapir moTxovnad unda vaqcioT, raTa Ria sazogadoebam gaimarjvos.
vfiqrobdi, rom damajerebeli argumenti mqonda Ria
sazogadoebis sasargeblod. SexedeT buSis politikis
Sedegebs: misi mizani iyo amerikis upiratesobis demonstrireba, magram sruliad sapirispiros miaRwia _ amerikis Zala da gavlena mkveTrad Semcirda. Cemi azriT,
es imis dasturi iyo, rom SexedulebebiT manipulireba sakmarisi ar aris da unda vicodeT, Tu rogor aris
msoflio mowyobili sinamdvileSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, kognitiur funqcias upiratesoba unda eniWebodes
manipulaciur funqciasTan SedarebiT. es damatebiTi
moTxovnaa, romelic Ria sazogadoebis Cems definiciaSi

81

Sevitane. samwuxarod, amis Tqma ufro ioli iyo, vidre

gakeTeba da Cemma TiTqosda unaklo argumentma sazogadoebis ganwyoba ver Secvala. prezidenti buSi 2004 wels
meore vadiT airCies.
2008 wels prezident obamas arCeva msofliosTvis
mZlavri gzavnili iyo, rom aSS-s mkveTrad SeuZlia Tavisi kursis Secvla, rodesac xedavs, rom mcdar gzas
adgas. Tumca, es cvlileba droebiTi aRmoCnda: misi
arCeva da inauguracia misi prezidentobis zeniti iyo.
jer kidev prezident buSis meore vadiT arCevisas davrwmundi, rom amerikuli sazogadoebis problema mxolod misi liderebi ar iyvnen. amerikul sazogadoebas
ar surda pirquSi realobisTvis Tvalis gasworeba da
pirdapir ubiZgebda Tavis liderebs tyuilisken, radganac maTgan iol pasuxebs iTxovda rTul problemebTan
gasamklaveblad.
es Sexeduleba gamimyara iman, Tu rogor warimarTa
obamas prezidentoba. obama prezidenti finansuri
krizisis periodSi gaxda, romlis masStabic adamianebis
umravlesobas, misi CaTvliT, ar esmoda. Tumca imas ki
mixvda, rom amerikul sazogadoebas pirquSi realobis
danaxva ar surs, Tanac sakuTari qarizmisa mtkiced swamda. mas aseve surda partiul interesebze maRla dadgoma da, rogorc Tavis saarCevno gamosvlebSi ambobda
xolme, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentad
gaxdoma. amitomac, misi winamorbedi administraciisTvis ramis dabraleba ar undoda da yvelanairad cdi-

82

lobda kritikisa da konfliqtis Tavidan acilebas. man

mimarTa meTods, romelsac akerlofma da Silerma ndobis multiplikatori uwodes TavianT gavlenian wignSi
cxovelebis sulebi. amitomac imdroindeli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis realurze gacilebiT optimisturi suraTi daxata im imediT, rom recesiis Serbilebas
SeZlebda. am taqtikis wyalobiT recesia imaze ufro
xanmokle da zedapiruli gamodga, vidre sxva SemTxvevaSi iqneboda, magram amave taqtikas katastrofuli
politikuri Sedegebi hqonda. ndobis multiplikatori, sinamdvileSi, refleqsiuri ukukavSiris uwyveti
procesis erTi nawilia: adamianebis Sexedulebebze
pozitiur gavlenas SeiZleba pozitiuri ukukavSiric
hqondes Zireul realobasTan. Tu realoba molodinis
Sesabamisi ar aRmoCnda, ndoba imedgacruebad da brazad
gardaiqmneba. es refleqsiuri ukukavSiris procesis
meore nawilia da yvelaferi swored ase moxda.
eleqtoratma obamas recesiis Serbileba ar daufasa,
radganac ar icoda, Tu ra gaakeTa man. konfliqtisTvis
Tavis aridebiT obamam iniciativa opozicias dauTmo,
xolo opozicias TanamSromlobis motivacia ar hqonda.
respublikelebis propagandam xalxi daarwmuna, rom
finansuri krizisi mTavrobis warumateblobis Sedegi
iyo da ara bazris warumateblobisa. respublikelebis
narativis Tanaxmad, mTavrobis ndoba ar SeiZleba da
ekonomikaSi misi roli, romelic regulirebasa da gadasaxadebis dawesebas moicavs, minimumamde unda SevamciroT.

83

respublikelebs seriozuli mizezi hqondaT, rom es

xazi aerCiaT: es iyo naxevarsimarTle, romelic maT
politikuri miznebis miRwevaSi uwyobda xels. gasakviri mxolod maTi warmatebis masStabia. amis erT-erTi mizezi orueliseuli axalmetyvelebis Zalaa, aseve
sazogadoebis midrekileba, rom pirquS realobas Tvali ar gausworos.
erTi mxriv, axalmetyvelebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva
Zalze Znelia, radganac is TavisTavad winaaRmdegobrivia, iseve rogorc, magaliTad, foqs niusi, romelic sakuTar Tavs samarTlians da dabalansebuls uwodebs.
kidev erTi xriki mowinaaRmdegis dadanaSaulebaa iseT
qmedebaSi, romelsac Tavad sCadixar. ase magaliTad,
foqs niusi brals mdebs, rom mediaimperias vakontroleb. daostatebul praqtikosebs ieriSi yovelTvis
oponentis yvelaze Zlier wertilze miaqvT, rogorc,
magaliTad, maSin, rodesac organizacia sviftboutma
jon keris, rogorc vietnamis omis veteranis, damsaxureba daayena eWvqveS. faqtebiT Tavs ver daicav, xolo
braldebis uaryofisas kidev erTxel imeoreb mas. amave
dros, braldebis ignorireba SeiZleba Zalze Zvirad
dagijdes, rogorc jon keris SeemTxva 2004 wlis arCevnebis dros.
meore mxriv, WeSmaritebis dadgenis mcdelobam mimzidveloba didwilad dakarga. rodesac realoba usiamovnoa, iluziebi misgan Tavis daRwevis mimzidveli gzaa.
Znelbedobis Jams, uprincipo manipulatorebi upi-

84

ratesobas floben imaTTan SedarebiT, vinc realobisTvis Tvalis gasworebas cdilobs. vaimaris respublikaSi
nacistebis propagandam warmatebas imitom miaRwia, rom
sazogadoeba omSi gancdili marcxiT damcirebuli da
ukontrolo inflaciiT dezorientirebuli iyo. amerikulma sazogadoebam garkveulwilad msgavsi ram gamoiara, rodesac jer 11 seqtembris teroristulma aqtebma
agrZnobina sikvdilis SiSi, xolo Semdeg finansurma
krizisma materialuri gaWirvebac moitana da SeerTebuli Statebis, rogorc msoflios dominanti saxelmwifos, daRmasvlac daadastura. radganac SeerTebuli
Statebis daRmasvla da CineTis aRmavloba erTsa da
imave dros mimdinareobs, Zalauflebisa da gavlenis mxriv momxdari Zvra marTlac dramatulad gamoiyureba.
es ori tendencia _ pirquSi realobisTvis Tavis
aridebis survili da tyuilis meTodebis daxvewa _
jamSi imis mizezia, rom amerika Ria sazogadoebis moTxovnebs veRar akmayofilebs. rogorc Cans, sazogadoeba
warmatebuli unda iyos, imisaTvis, rom Riad darCes.
ris gakeTeba SegviZlia, rom amerikaSi Ria sazogadoeba SevinarCunoT da gavaZlieroT? pirvel rigSi, kargi
iqneba, Tu sazogadoeba imunitets gamoimuSavebs axalmetyvelebis mimarT. imas, visac is nacistebis an komunistebis mmarTvelobisas gamoucdia sakuTar Tavze,
masze alergiuli reaqcia aqvs, magram farTo sazogadoeba metad daucvelia.

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amasTan, msurs amerikuli sazogadoeba davarwmuno, rom

pirquSi realobisTvis Tvalis gasworeba sasargeblo
iqneba. bedma gamiRima, rom nacistur okupacias araTu
gadavurCi, aramed iqidan gamarjvebulic gamovedi: mamaCemma sxva adamianebisTvis daxmarebis gaweva SeZlo, me
ki mas vexmarebodi. amis wyalobiT, pirquS realobasTan
Sejaxeba da TiTqosda gadauWrel problemebTan SeWideba miyvars. foqs niusis xelmZRvanelebma, rupert merdoqma da rojer ailsma, sworad gamomarCies, rogorc
maTi mowinaaRmdege. Tumca, meTodebi, romlebsac Cemze
TavdasxmisTvis iyeneben, nakleb Sedegiani aRmoCnda:
maTi tyuili gamJRavndeba da arc maTi meTodebi iqneba
warmatebuli.
Tumca, politikuri diskursis xarisxis gaumjobeseba
sakmarisi ar aris. aseve unda mivagnoT saWiro politikasac Cveni qveynis realur problemebTan, umuSevrobis
maRal maCvenebelTan da qronikul sabiujeto da savaWro deficitebTan gasamklaveblad. Statebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis dafinanseba kraxisken
miiwevs. respublikelebma dRis wesrigze kontrolis
mopoveba SeZles da mcdar mosazrebas amkvidreben, romlis Tanaxmad yvelaferi mTavrobis bralia. demokratebi iZulebuli arian, rom uimedo brZolaSi Caeban da
simarTlis meore naxevari daicvan.
saWiroa mdgomareobis xelaxla da safuZvlianad gaazreba da, aseve, imis aRiarebac, rom naxevarsimarTles
yovelTvis Secdomisken mivyavarT. is, rom Seni oponen-

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ti cdeba, ar niSnavs, rom Tavad marTali xar. unda SeveguoT im faqts, rom arsebiTad arasrulyofil sazogadoebaSi vcxovrobT, sadac srulyofilebas verc bazari
miaRwevs da verc mTavrobis regulaciebi. Cveni amocana
is aris, rom naklovanebebi SevamciroT, raTa kerZo
sawarmoebmac da mTavrobamac ukeT imuSaon. magram vin
Seqmnis aseT dRis wesrigs? swred am gzavnilis mitana
minda rogorme sazgadoebamde.