Basic Math Symbols

Basic math symbols
Symbol
>
<
()
[]
+
Symbol Name
Meaning / definition
Example
equals sign
equality
5 = 2+3
not equal sign
inequality
54
strict inequality
greater than
5>4
strict inequality
less than
4<5
inequality
greater than or equal to
54
inequality
less than or equal to
45
parentheses
calculate expression inside first
2 (3+5) = 16
brackets
[(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18
plus sign
addition
1+1=2
minus sign
subtraction
21=1
plus - minus
both plus and minus operations
3 5 = 8 and -2
minus - plus
both minus and plus operations
3 5 = -2 and 8
asterisk
multiplication
2*3=6
times sign
multiplication
23=6
multiplication dot
multiplication
23=6
division sign / obelus
division
62=3
division slash
division
6/2=3
horizontal line
division / fraction
mod
modulo
remainder calculation
7 mod 2 = 1
.
ab
period
decimal point, decimal separator
2.56 = 2+56/100
power
exponent
23 = 8
Confidential 2013 Aker Solutions
Page 1 of 15
a^b
a
3
a
4
a
n
a
%
caret
exponent
2 ^ 3= 8
square root
a a = a
9 = 3
ppm
ppb
ppt
per-million
8 = 2
cube root
forth root
n-th root (radical)
for n=3, n8 = 2
16 = 2
percent
1% = 1/100
10% 30 = 3
per-mille
1 = 1/1000 = 0.1%
1ppm = 1/1000000
1ppb = 1/1000000000
1ppb = 10-12
10 30 = 0.3
10ppm 30 = 0.0003
10ppb 30 = 310-7
10ppb 30 = 310-10
per-billion
per-trillion
Geometry symbols
Symbol
Symbol Name
Example
angle
measured angle
ABC = 30
spherical angle
AOB = 30
AB
|
||
formed by two rays
ABC = 30
right angle
= 90
= 90
degree
1 turn = 360
= 60
arcminute
1 = 60
= 6059'
arcsecond
1 = 60
= 6059'59''
line
infinite line
line segment
line from point A to point B
ray
line that start from point A
arc
arc from point A to point B
perpendicular
perpendicular lines (90

angle)
AC |BC
parallel
parallel lines
AB || CD
Page 2 of 15
| x-y |
congruent to
equivalence of geometric
shapes and size
ABC XYZ
similarity
same shapes, not same size
ABC ~ XYZ
triangle
triangle shape
ABC BCD
distance
distance between points x

and y
| x-y | = 5
= 3.141592654...
rad
grad
pi constant
is the ratio between the

circumference and diameter of
a circle
c = d = 2r
radians
radians angle unit
grads
grads angle unit
360 = 2 rad
360 = 400 grad
Algebra symbols
Symbol
:=
~
()
[]
{}
x
Symbol Name
Example
when 2x = 4, then x = 2
x variable
unknown value to find
equivalence
identical to
equal by definition
equal by definition
equal by definition
equal by definition
approximately equal
weak approximation
11 ~ 10
approximately equal
approximation
sin(0.01) 0.01
proportional to
proportional to
f(x) g(x)
lemniscate
infinity symbol
much less than
much less than
1 1000000
much greater than
much greater than
1000000 1
parentheses
2 * (3+5) = 16
brackets
[(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18
braces
set
floor brackets
rounds number to lower integer
4.34
Page 3 of 15
x
x!
|x|
f (x)
(f
g)
(a,b)
[a,b]
ceiling brackets
rounds number to upper integer
4.35
exclamation mark
factorial
4! = 1*2*3*4 = 24
single vertical bar
absolute value
| -5 | = 5
function of x
maps values of x to f(x)
f (x) = 3x+5
function composition (f g) (x) = f (g(x))
f (x)=3x, g(x)=x-1 (f
g)(x)=3(x-1)
open interval
(a,b) {x | a < x < b}
x (2,6)
closed interval
[a,b] {x | a x b}
delta
change / difference
x [2,6]
t = t1 - t0
discriminant
= b2 - 4ac
sigma
summation - sum of all values in

range of series
sigma
double summation
capital pi
product - product of all values in

range of series
xi=x1x2...xn
e = 2.718281828...
e = lim (1+1/x)x , x
e constant / Euler's
number
EulerMascheroni constant
golden ratio
xi= x1+x2+...+xn
= 0.527721566...
golden ratio constant
Linear Algebra Symbols

Symbol
AB
Symbol Name
dot
scalar product
cross
vector product
tensor product
tensor product of A and B
Example
ab
ab
AB
inner product
[]
()
brackets
matrix of numbers
parentheses
matrix of numbers
Page 4 of 15
|A|
det(A)
|| x ||
AT
A
A*
A -1
rank(A)
dim(U)
determinant
determinant of matrix A
determinant
determinant of matrix A
double vertical bars
norm
transpose
matrix transpose
(AT)ij = (A)ji
Hermitian matrix
matrix conjugate transpose
(A)ij = (A)ji
Hermitian matrix
matrix conjugate transpose
(A*)ij = (A)ji
inverse matrix
A A-1 = I
matrix rank
rank of matrix A
rank(A) = 3
dimension
dimension of matrix A
rank(U) = 3
Probability and statistics symbols

Symbol
P(A)
Symbol Name
Example
probability function probability of event A
P(A) = 0.5
P(A B)
probability of
probability that of events A
events intersection and B
P(AB) = 0.5
P(A B)
probability of
events union
P(AB) = 0.5
P(A | B)
probability that of events A or

B
conditional
probability of event A given
probability function event B occured
P(A | B) = 0.3
f (x)
probability density
function (pdf)
P(a x b) = f (x) dx
F(x)
cumulative
distribution
function (cdf)
F(x) = P(X x)
population mean
mean of population values
= 10
E(X)
expectation value
expected value of random

variable X
E(X) = 10
conditional
expectation
expected value of random

variable X given Y
E(X | Y=2) = 5
var(X)
2
variance
variance of random variable X
var(X) = 4
variance
variance of population values
2 = 4
std(X)
standard deviation
standard deviation of random

variable X
std(X) = 2
E(X | Y)
Page 5 of 15
standard deviation
standard deviation value of

random variable X
median
middle value of random

variable x
cov(X,Y)
covariance
covariance of random
variables X and Y
cov(X,Y) = 4
corr(X,Y)
correlation
correlation of random
variables X and Y
corr(X,Y) = 3
X,Y
correlation
correlation of random
variables X and Y
X,Y = 3
summation
summation - sum of all values

in range of series
double summation
double summation
Mo
mode
value that occurs most

frequently in population
MR
mid-range
MR = (xmax+xmin)/2
Md
Q1
sample median
Q2
Q3
x
s2
s
zx
X~
N(,2)
U(a,b)
exp()
gamma(c, )
2(k)
X = 2
half the population is below

this value
25% of population are below
lower / first quartile
this value
median / second
this value = median of
quartile
samples
upper / third
quartile
this value
average / arithmetic mean
x = (2+5+9) / 3 = 5.333
s2 = 4
sample standard
deviation
population samples variance

estimator
population samples standard
deviation estimator
standard score
zx = (x-x) / sx
distribution of X
distribution of random variable

X
X ~ N(0,3)
normal distribution
gaussian distribution
X ~ N(0,3)
X ~ U(0,3)
sample mean
sample variance
uniform distribution equal probability in range a,b

exponential
f (x) = e-x , x0
distribution
gamma distribution f (x) = c x
chi-square
c-1 -x
s=2
/ (c), x0
f (x) = xk/2-1e-x/2 / ( 2k/2

Page 6 of 15
(k/2) )
distribution
F (k1, k2)
Bin(n,p)
Poisson()
Geom(p)
HG(N,K,n)
Bern(p)
F distribution
binomial
distribution
Poisson
distribution
geometric
distribution
hyper-geometric
distribution
Bernoulli
distribution
f (k) = nCk pk(1-p)n-k

f (k) = ke- / k!
f (k) = p (1-p) k
Combinatorics Symbols
Symbol
n!
Symbol Name
n! = 123...n
factorial
nPk
Example
5! = 12345 = 120
permutation
5P3
= 5! / (5-3)! = 60
combination
5C3
= 5!/[3!(5-3)!]=10
nCk
Set theory symbols

Symbol
{}
Symbol Name
Example
set
a collection of elements
A={3,7,9,14}, B={9,14,28}
AB
intersection
objects that belong to set A

and set B
A B = {9,14}
AB
union
objects that belong to set A

or set B
A B = {3,7,9,14,28}
AB
subset
subset has less elements or

equal to the set
{9,14,28} {9,14,28}
AB
proper subset / strict subset has less elements

subset
than the set
AB
not subset
left set not a subset of right

set
{9,14} {9,14,28}
{9,66} {9,14,28}
Page 7 of 15
AB
superset
set A has more elements or

equal to the set B
{9,14,28} {9,14,28}
AB
proper superset /
strict superset
set A has more elements

than set B
{9,14,28} {9,14}
not superset
set A is not a superset of

set B
{9,14,28} {9,66}
power set
all subsets of A
(A)
power set
all subsets of A
A=B
equality
both sets have the same

members
complement
all the objects that do not

belong to set A
A\B
relative complement
objects that belong to A and

not to B
A={3,9,14},
B={9,14}
B={1,2,3}, A-
A-B
relative complement
objects that belong to A and

not to B
A={3,9,14},
B={9,14}
B={1,2,3}, A-
AB
symmetric
difference
objects that belong to A or

B but not to their
intersection
A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3}, A
B={1,2,9,14}
AB
symmetric
difference
objects that belong to A or

B but not to their
intersection
A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3}, A
B={1,2,9,14}
aA
element of
set membership
A={3,9,14}, 3 A
xA
(a,b)
not element of
no set membership
A={3,9,14}, 1 A
ordered pair
collection of 2 elements
AB
cartesian product
set of all ordered pairs from

A and B
|A|
cardinality
the number of elements of

set A
A={3,9,14}, |A|=3
#A
cardinality
the number of elements of

set A
A={3,9,14}, #A=3
aleph-null
infinite cardinality of natural

numbers set
aleph-one
cardinality of countable
ordinal numbers set
AB
2A
Ac
A={3,9,14}, B={3,9,14}, A=B
Page 8 of 15
empty set
={}
C = {}
universal set
set of all possible values
natural numbers /
whole numbers set
(with zero)
0 = {0,1,2,3,4,...}
0 0
natural numbers /
whole numbers set
(without zero)
1 = {1,2,3,4,5,...}
6 1
integer numbers set
= {...-3,-2,1,0,1,2,3,...}
-6
rational numbers set
real numbers set
= {x | - < x <}
6.343434
complex numbers
set
= {z | z=a+bi, <a<, -<b<}
6+2i
= {x | x=a/b,
2/6
a,b}
Logic symbols
Symbol
^
&
+
|
x'
x
Symbol Name
Example
and
and
xy
caret / circumflex
and
x^y
ampersand
and
x&y
plus
or
x+y
reversed caret
or
xy
vertical line
or
x|y
single quote
not - negation
x'
bar
not - negation
not
not - negation
exclamation mark
not - negation
!x
circled plus / oplus
exclusive or - xor
xy
Page 9 of 15
tilde
~x
negation
implies
equivalent
for all
there exists
there does not

exists
therefore
because / since
if and only if
Calculus & analysis symbols

Symbol
e
y'
y ''
y(n)
Symbol Name
limit
limit value of a function
epsilon
represents a very small

number, near zero
e constant / Euler's
number
e = 2.718281828...
e = lim (1+1/x)x , x
derivative
derivative - Leibniz's notation
(3x3)' = 9x2
second derivative
derivative of derivative
(3x3)'' = 18x
nth derivative
n times derivation
(3x3)(3) = 18
derivative
derivative - Lagrange's
notation
d(3x3)/dx = 9x2
second derivative
d2(3x3)/dx2 = 18x
nth derivative
n times derivation
time derivative
time second derivative
derivative by time - Newton

notation
(x2+y2)/x = 2x
partial derivative
Example
integral
opposite to derivation
Page 10 of 15
double integral
integration of function of 2
variables
triple integral
integration of function of 3
variables
closed contour / line

integral
closed surface integral
[a,b]
(a,b)
i
z*
z
closed volume integral

closed interval
[a,b] = {x | a x b}
open interval
(a,b) = {x | a < x < b}
imaginary unit
i -1
z = 3 + 2i
complex conjugate
z = a+bi z*=a-bi
z* = 3 + 2i
complex conjugate
z = a+bi z = a-bi
z = 3 + 2i
nabla / del
gradient / divergence operator
f (x,y,z)
vector
unit vector
x*y
convolution
y(t) = x(t) * h(t)
Laplace transform
F(s) = {f (t)}
Fourier transform
X() = {f (t)}
delta function
Numeral symbols
Name
European
Roman
Hindu Arabic
Hebrew
zero
one
two
II
three
III
four
IV
five
Page 11 of 15
six
VI
seven
VII
eight
VIII
nine
IX
ten
10
eleven
11
XI
twelve
12
XII
thirteen
13
XIII
fourteen
14
XIV
fifteen
15
XV
sixteen
16
XVI
seventeen
17
XVII
eighteen
18
XVIII
nineteen
19
XIX
twenty
20
XX
thirty
30
XXX
fourty
40
XL
fifty
50
sixty
60
LX
seventy
70
LXX
eighty
80
LXXX
ninety
90
XC
one hundred
100
Greek alphabet letters

Greek Symbol
Upper Case
Lower Case
Greek Letter Name
English Equivalent
Pronunciation
Alpha
al-fa
Beta
be-ta
Page 12 of 15
Gamma
ga-ma
Delta
del-ta
Epsilon
ep-si-lon
Zeta
ze-ta
Eta
eh-ta
Theta
th
te-ta
Iota
io-ta
Kappa
ka-pa
Lambda
lam-da
Mu
m-yoo
Nu
noo
Xi
x-ee
Omicron
o-mee-c-ron
Pi
pa-yee
Rho
row
Sigma
sig-ma
Tau
ta-oo
Upsilon
oo-psi-lon
Phi
ph
f-ee
Chi
ch
kh-ee
Psi
ps
p-see
Omega
o-me-ga
Roman numerals
Number
Roman numeral
Page 13 of 15
II
III
IV
VI
VII
VIII
IX
10
11
XI
12
XII
13
XIII
14
XIV
15
XV
16
XVI
17
XVII
18
XVIII
19
XIX
20
XX
30
XXX
40
XL
50
60
LX
70
LXX
80
LXXX
90
XC
100
200
CC
Page 14 of 15
300
CCC
400
CD
500
600
DC
700
DCC
800
DCCC
900
CM
1000
5000
10000
50000
100000
500000
1000000
Page 15 of 15

Basic Math Symbols

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Basic Math Symbols

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Basic math symbols

not equal sign

greater than or equal to

less than or equal to

calculate expression inside first

calculate expression inside first

both plus and minus operations

both minus and plus operations

division sign / obelus

decimal point, decimal separator

Confidential 2013 Aker Solutions

n-th root (radical)

formed by two rays

line from point A to point B

line that start from point A

arc from point A to point B

perpendicular lines (90

Confidential 2013 Aker Solutions

same shapes, not same size

distance between points x

is the ratio between the

radians angle unit

grads angle unit

unknown value to find

much less than

much less than

much greater than

much greater than

calculate expression inside first

calculate expression inside first

rounds number to lower integer

Confidential 2013 Aker Solutions

rounds number to upper integer

single vertical bar

maps values of x to f(x)

function composition (f g) (x) = f (g(x))

(a,b) {x | a < x < b}

summation - sum of all values in

product - product of all values in

Linear Algebra Symbols

tensor product of A and B

Confidential 2013 Aker Solutions

double vertical bars

matrix conjugate transpose

matrix conjugate transpose

Probability and statistics symbols

probability function probability of event A

probability that of events A or

mean of population values

expected value of random

expected value of random

variance of random variable X

variance of population values

standard deviation of random

Confidential 2013 Aker Solutions

standard deviation value of

middle value of random

summation - sum of all values

value that occurs most

half the population is below

population samples variance

distribution of random variable

uniform distribution equal probability in range a,b

Confidential 2013 Aker Solutions