Criminal Law 2 (Amurao Notes 02)

CRIMINALLAWII
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CRIMINALLAWII 2
Knotes
ART.114
TREASON
Q:whomaycommittreason?
Filipinosandaliensresidingwithinthecountry
Q:iftheoffenderisaFilipinoCitizen,wheremayhecommittreason?
Anywhere
Q:SoFilipinoswhocommittreasonabroadmaybeheldcriminallyliableunderPhilippinelaws?
Yes
Q:Doesthisnotviolatetheprincipleofterritoriality?
Itdoes
Q:Whatistheprincipleofterritoriality?
ThepenallawsofaStateextendonlyasfarasitsterritory
PhilippinepenallawspunishcrimescommittedonlywithinPhilippineterritory
Q: Is there a conflict between the principle of territoriality and the fact that a Filipino who commits
treasonabroadmaybeliableunderPhilippinelaws?
Yes,thereis.
Q:Howwouldyouthenresolvetheconflict?Stateyourlegalbases.
1. Underpar.5,art.2oftheRPC,treasonisacrimeagainstnationalsecurity.Itfallswithinthe
exceptionstothedoctrineofterritoriality.
2. Art.114usesthephraseAnyFilipinocitizenwholevieswaragainstthePhilippinesoradheres
toherenemies,givingthemaidandcomfortwithinthePhilippinesorelsewhere
Q:WhatstheprinciplebehindthefactthataFilipinoCitizen,asopposedtoanalien,maybeheldliable
fortreasonevenifhehappenstocommititoutsidePhilippineshores?
1. BecausetreasonisacrimeagainstnationalsecurityandtheState
2. andhisCITIZENSHIPrequireshimtoowepermanentallegiancetohisState
Q:Asfarasthealienisconcerned,wheremayhecommittreason?
OnlywithinthePhilippines
Q:Whyisthat?
BecausetheTreasonhecommitsistreasonagainstthehoststate,andhemayonlycommitit
duringhisactualresidencewithinthatstate.
Q:DoesntanalienresidinginthePhilippinesowethestatehisallegiance,too?
Yes,hedoes.Buttheallegianceheowestothestateistemporary.
Q:Whatdoyoumeanbytemporary?
Heonlyowes it to the state during hisactual residence there, inreturnfortheprotectionhe
receivesfromthestate.
Q:Howlongdoeshe(thealien)havetostayinthePhilippinesinordertobeheldliableforthe
Commissionoftreason?
Anylengthoftimewouldsufficefortheliabilitytoattach.
Q:Evenifhestaysforonlyadayandcommitstreasonwithinthatday?
Yes,eventhen.
Q:Butdoesntresidenceentailalongerperiodoftime?
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Knotes
Notinthiscase.Residenceascontemplatedbytheprovisionontreasonisnotsynonymousto
residencecontemplatedbycivillaw.Thealienmaybeheldliableevenifhisresidencewithin
thecountryisonlyforaday.
*NB:residenceheredoesnotconnoteanydefinitelengthoftime.Theraisondeetreofthelaw
istomakeanyalienwhobetraysthestateliable.Theoretically,evenifhestaysforanhour,and
commitstreasonwithinthathour,hemaystillbeheldliable.Whatismeantbyresidenceisthe
stay of the alien within the country, during which stay he shares our resources, and the
protectionaffordedtousbytheState.
Q:WhatifthealienwasaformerJapanesecitizenwhenhecommittedtreason,andthenhebecomes
Naturalized.Mayhestillbeheldliable?
Yes.
Q:Howistreasoncommitted?
1.Bylevyingwaragainstthegovernment
2. Byadheringtoher(thePhilippines)enemies,givingthemaidandcomfort
Q:Treasoninthefirstmode(Levyingwar).Howisthiscommitted?
Through the assemblingofpersonsfor the purposeofdeliveringthe governmenttoaforeign
country
Q:Whataretheelementsofcommittingtreasonbylevyingwaragainstthegovernment?
1.Thereisanassemblingofpersons
2. Thepurposeistoexecuteatreasonabledesignagainstthegovernment
Q:Inlevyingwar,shouldtherebeanactualmilitaryencounterwiththegovernmentforces?
Not necessarily.Themereassemblyof persons forthepurposeof executing atreasonable
designisalreadymadepunishable.
Q:Canthisbecommittedbyasingleperson?
No.Thelawspeaksofmen.Thereisapresuppositionofthepluralityofoffenders.
Q:Isitnecessarythatthisassemblyofmenbearmed?
No,thelawdoesnotqualify.
Q:SupposingthePhilippinegovernmentwasatwarwithJapan.Wewereallunarmedinsidethis
classroomandwerediscussingwaysandmeansofeffectivelydeliveringthegovernmentintothehands
ofaforeignpower.Maywebeheldliablefortreason?
Yes.Thereiscompliancewithalltheelementsoflevyingwaragainstthegovernment.
Q:Treasoninthe2nd mode(adheringtotheenemiesandgivingthemaidandcomfort),doesthe
adherencehavetobeaphysicalact?
Yes,itdoes.
Q:Whatdoyoumeanbyadhere?
Favouringtheenemyeithermentally,psychologically,oremotionally.
Q:Ifthatsthecase,thenyoumeanthatmereadherencethefavouringoftheenemymentallyis
punishable?
No.Merementaladherenceisnotpunishable.Theadherencehastobecoupledwithaphysical,
overtact.Adherenceisqualifiedbythephrasegiving them aid and comfort.
Q:Whatdoyoumeanbygivingthemaid?
Theactofstrengtheningoraidingtostrengthentheenemy
TheactofweakeningoraidingtoweakenthePhilippines
*NB:notethebipolarconsequence.Youaidtheenemy,youweakenourdefence.
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Knotes
Q:SupposingthatduringtheJapaneseoccupation,certainFilipinosweremovingaround,convincingthe
peoplethattheprinciplesoftheJapanesegovernmentwerebetterthanthoseofthePhilippines.Is
thistreasonous?
No. There is only adherence in this case. Adherence and givingaid orcomfortmustconcurto
consummatethecrimeoftreasoninthesecondmode.
Q:Supposingduringthatsameoccupationyouwereamerchantengagedinthesellingofweapons.You
hadtransactionswiththeJapaneseinvolvingthoseweapons.Isthistreasonous?
Yes.Armingthemaugmentstheircapabilityforwarandisanalogoustoadheringtothemand
givingthemaidorcomfort.
Q:Howisadherenceproven?
Itmaybeimpliedbythenatureoftheact.
Q:Supposethatyouwereengagedinthetransportationbusiness.Japanesehiredyourbusesto
transporttheirtroopstoanotherprovince.Areyouliable?
Yes.Theactdirectlystrengthenstheenemy.
Q:SupposeyouwerearicedealerandtheJapaneseboughtricefromyou.Areyouliable?
No.Thepurposehereispurelycommercial.
*NB:unlessIexclusivelysupplyittothem.
Q:Whynot?Wontthesellingofricetothemoperatetostrengthenthem?
Itwill,butthereisnoadherenceonmypart.Aidorcomfortmustbeextendedtotheenemiesin
theircapacityasenemies,notasregularorpayingcustomersorindividuals.
Q:AndifyouweresupplyingtheJapanesetroopswithcomfortwomen?
Iwillnotbeliable.Thisdoesnotaidtheminwar.
Q:Supposingyouperformedanactofdutyinfavouroftheenemygovernment(i.e.:servingasan
officialundertheirregime),willyoubeliable?
Itdepends.Ifthepositionisahighlyresponsibleone(think:policydetermining),Iamliable.
Ifthedutycontemplatedispurelyaministerialone,Iamnotliable.
Q:Intheprosecutionfortreason,whatisnecessarytosecureaconviction?
1. ThetestimonyofATLEASTTWOwitnessestotheSAMEovertactor
2. Theconfessionoftheaccusedofhisguiltinthecommissionofthecrime
Q:Howiscompliancewiththewiththe2witnessruleachieved?
1. Bythepresentationofatleast2witnesseswhotestifytothesameovertactAND
2. These2witnessestestimoniesmustbelentcredencebythecourt
*NB:If you present 2witnesses, but onlyoneis believed,thereisno compliance. Thetwo
requirementsmustconcur.
Q:Isitnecessarythatthose2witnessestestifytothesameovertact?
Yes
Q:Why?(Ah,thekillerquestion.3roundsofshotgunrecitsforushere,mates.Becareful)
Because
1. Thelawrequiresit
2. Theseriousnessoftheoffenseoftreasonanditscorrespondingafflictivepenaltiesneedto
beprovenbyevidencegreaterthanproofbeyondreasonabledoubt.
3. Thecrimeoftreasonisacontinuingcrimecomposedofmanyacts
4.Treasoniscommittedintimeofwarandunderabnormalcircumstances
5. Topreventtomiscarriageofjustice
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Knotes
Q:Youmeantosayproofbeyondreasonabledoubtisnotenough?
Yes,itisntenough.Theremustbecompliancewiththe2witnessrule.
*NB:Treasonistheonlycrimewhereproofbeyondreasonableisnotsufficient.
Q:Isapleaofguiltymitigatingintreason?
Yes,itis.
Q:Whenshouldthispleabemade?
DuringArraignment,forittobemitigatingunderArticle13,par.7
*NB:Duringarraignment,thecontentsoftheinformationarereadtotheaccusedinalanguage
Ordialectknowntohim.Heisaskedwhetherornotheunderstandsthechargesleviedagainst
Him,thenheisaskedhow hepleads:guiltyornot guilty.THIS istheconfessionof guilt
contemplatedbyArt.13,par.7
Q:Whatisthelegaleffectofapleaofguilty?
ItservesasanadmissionbytheaccusedoftheveracityofALLthefactsandchargesallegedin
theinformation
Q:Iftheaccusedpleadsguilty,doestheprosecutionstillneedtopresentevidenceagainsthimtoprove
hisculpability?
Notanymore
Q:Whataboutthedefence?Whatproofmayitpresent,assumingtheaccusedpleadsguilty?
Thedefencemaypresentevidencetomitigateorjustifytheact.
*NB:thisisknownasareversetrial.Defencepresentsevidenceofmitigation,Prosecution
refutestheevidenceofthedefence.
Q:Ifduringarraignment,theaccusedisaskedifheunderstandsthechargesreadtohimandhesaysno,
whatshouldthecourtdo?
Exertefforttomakehimunderstand(think:translators,signlanguageexpertsetc.)
Q:Andifafterthoseefforts,hestilldoesnotunderstand,maythecourtproceedwithtrial?
No.
*NB:toproceedatthisstagewouldviolatetheaccusedsconstitutionalrighttobeinformedof
thenatureandcauseoftheaccusationsagainsthim.(Btwthismaysoundridiculous,butthere
youhaveit.)
Q:Doesthetwowitnessruleapplyinprovingadherence?
No.Adherencemaybeprovedbythetestimonyofonlyonewitness.
NOTES:
*Treason,definition:abreach of allegianceto thegovernment, committedbya personwho owes

allegiancetoit.
*Allegiance:theobligationoffidelityandobedienceowedbyacitizentohisstate,andthealientothe
hoststate.Itmaybepermanentortemporary.
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Iftheaccusedpleadsguiltyatanothertime,willitstillbeconsideredmitigating?
Notanymore.Thepleaofguiltymustbedoneinopencourtbeforetheprosecutionpresentsits
Evidence
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Knotes
*Thefollowingcircumstancesareinherentintreasonandarethereforenotaggravating:evident
premeditation,abuseofsuperiorstrengthandtreachery.
*Treasonisa warcrime. It cannot be committed duringtimes of peace. Itis, however, notnecessary

thattherebeaformaldeclarationofwar.
*Treasoncannotbeprovedbycircumstantialevidenceorbyextrajudicialconfessions
*Thereisnosuchthingasattemptedtreason.Themereattempttocommititispunishable.
*Treasonabsorbsothercommoncrimescommittedinfurtheranceofitsgoals.Itmaynotbecomplexed
withthem.
ART.115
CONSPIRACYANDPROPOSALTOCOMMITTREASON
Q:Whataretheelements?
a.Inthetimeofwar
b.2ormorepersonscometoanagreementto
1. Levywaragainstthegovernment
2. Adheretotheenemiesandgivethemaidorcomfort
c. Theydecidetocommitit
Q:Canaforeignerbeheldliableforconspiracyorproposaltocommittreason?
Yes.
Q:ElementsofProposaltocommittreason
a.Intimeofwar
b.Apersonwhohasdecidedtolevywaragainstthegovernment,ortoadheretotheenemies
togivethemaidandcomfortproposesitsexecutiontosomeotherperson/s
NOTES:
*Mereagreementanddecisiontocommit~consummatesthecrime
*Mere proposal, evenwithout acceptance, is punishabletoo. Iftheother personaccepts, thecrimeis

alreadyconspiracytocommittreason.
ART.116
MISPRISIONOFTREASON
Q:Doesmeresilencemakeapersoncriminallyliable?
Generally,No.
Q:Arethereanyexceptionstotherule?
Yes.Whenthelawspecificallyprovides.
Q:Whythenisfailuretodiscloseknowledgeofaconspiracytocommittreasonpunishable?
1. Becausetheveryexistenceofthestateitselfthreatened
2. Because conspiracy to commit treason is mired in secrecy, hence the need for disclosure
(andamechanismtoensuredisclosure).
Q:Whyistherenopunishmentforfailuretodiscloseknowledgeofactualtreason?
Becauseinfullblowntreason,theovertactsareplainforthegovernmenttosee.
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Knotes
Q:Willthetwowitnessruleapplytotheprosecutionofthiscrime?
No.Thisisadistinctoffencefromthatofreason.
Q:Mayaforeignerbeheldliableformisprisionoftreason?
No.TheoffendermustbeaFilipinocitizenowingfullandpermanentallegiancetotheRepublic.
Q:Doesthisviolatetheprincipleofgenerality?
Yes,itdoes.
Q:Whatistheprincipleofgenerality?
Allpersonswithinastatescriminaljurisdictionareequallyliableforactscommittedagainst
Thatstateslaws.
Q:Howthenwouldyouresolvetheconflict?
Theprincipleofgeneralityhascertainexceptions:
1. Treaties
2. Thelawofnations(internationallaw)
3. Expressprovisionstothiseffectinourownlaws
Q:Whatisconcealedinmisprisionintreason?
Knowledgeoftheconspiracytocommittreason
Q:Whoaretheauthoritiestowhomthisknowledgeshouldbedisclosed?
Mayors,Judges,CityFiscals/Prosecutors
Q:Supposingyouhaveknowledgeofaconspiracytocommittreason.Youdidnotdiscloseittothe
authoritiesbecausetoyourmind,theyareallcorrupt.Youdisclosedtheinformationinsteadtothe
ChiefofStaff.Areyouliable?
No.Thereisnointentiontokeepthesecret.Nocriminalintent
Q:Howsoonshouldthedisclosurebemade?
Withinareasonableperiod.Theactualtimedependsonthesounddiscretionofthecourt.
Q: Theaccused is prosecuted for MT, itwasalleged intheinformation that, beingaFilipinocitizen, he

owed permanent allegiance tothe Philippines and yet, having knowledge of persons whowere armed
andwhoperformedactswiththeviewofoverthrowingthegovernment,hedidnotdisclosethesame.
Mayhebeheldliable?
No.Theknowledgehehadwasknowledgeoffullblowntreasonalready,andnotamere
conspiracy.
Q:Theaccusedisaresidentofacity,hasknowledgeofaconspiracytocommittreason,butrefusedto
disclosethesametotheproperauthoritiesbecausetheyareamongthemostcorrupt.Hedisclosedhis
knowledgetotheAFP.Isheliable?
No. TherewasnointenttoNOTdisclosetheinformationhehad.
NOTES:
*Art.116 does not apply when the crime of treason is already committed because Art.116 speaks of
knowledgeofconspiracyagainstxxx
*TheoffenderinArt.116ispunishedasanaccessory(penalty:2degreeslowerthanthatforprincipalsin
treason),althoughheisaprincipalinthecrimeofmisprisionoftreason.
*Art.116isanexceptiontotherulethatmeresilencedoesnotmakeapersoncriminallyliable.
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Knotes
Art.117
ESPIONAGE
Q:Howisthiscommitted?
1. By entering without authority therefor, anywarship,fort or naval or military establishment or
reservationtoobtainanyinformation,plans,photographsorotherdataofaconfidentialnature
relativetothedefenseofthePhilippines;or
2. By disclosing to the representatives of a foreign nation the contents of the articles, data, or
informationreferredtoinpar.1,art.117,which the offender had in hispossession byreasonof
thepublicofficeheholds
Q:Underthe1st modeofcommission,whomaybeheldliable?
Anyperson
Q:Youmeantosaythatinthisfirstmannerofcommission,liabilityisnotconditionedbycitizenship?
Yes
Q:Whenisthecrimeconsummated?
Whentheoffenderhasenteredanyoftheenumeratedplacesinpar.1,art.117andhastakenthe
articles,dataorinformationwithintenttogainthesame
Q:Isitnecessarythattheoffenderpossessintenttogain?
Yes,intentisnecessary.Refertothephrasing:forthepurposeofxxx.
Q:Isitnecessarythathesucceeds?
No,itisnt.Mereentrancewithpurposetoobtainclassifiedinformationisenoughforliabilityto
attach
Q:SupposingtheUSdonatedarmaments,etc.totheRPforustouseagainstMalaysia.Thesearmswere
storedinawarehouseinNuevaEcija.Anewspaperreporter,withoutpermissionfromthegovernment,
enteredtheplaceinordertotakepictures.Onhiswayout,hewasapprehended.Isheliable?
Yes.Theelementsofespionageinthefirstmodearecomplete.
Q:Whatifhecharteredaprivatehelicoptertotakeaerialpictures?
Liable.
Q:UndertheRPC?
No,thelawthatgovernsinthiscaseisCA616
Q:Whatifheclimbedatreetogetabetterview?
Liable.(CA616)
Q:Supposeajournalistwhowasaccostedtoldtheauthoritiesthatheonlywantedtotakepicturesof
modernwarmachineshepreviouslyreadaboutintheManilaBulletin?
No.Theinformationheintendstoobtainisnolongerconfidential.Ithasbeendeclassified.
(think:publicationinanewspaper)
Q:Whatisthesecondmannerofcommission?
By disclosing to the representatives of a foreign nation the contents of the articles, data or
information referred to in par.1, art.117, which the offender had in his possession by reason of
hispublicoffice.
Q:A highranking official has possession of classified information. In order toimpress a foreign beauty
candidate,hesharedtheinformationwithher.Mayhebecriminally liableunderthesecondmannerof
commission?
Yes. The lawspeaksofrepresentatives. Itmakesnodistinctionastowhatkindof
representative.Aforeignbeautycandidateisarepresentativeofhernation.
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Knotes
Art.118
INCITINGTOWARORGIVINGMOTIVESFORREPRISALS
The offender performs unlawful or unauthorized acts, and such acts provoke or give occasion
for a war involvingor liable to involvethe Philippinesor expose Filipinocitizens toreprisals in
theirpersonsandproperty.
Q:Canyougiveanexample
Burninganothercountrysflag,iftheactresultsinawarthatinvolvesorisliabletoinvolvethe
Philippines
Q:TheUSisinvolvedinawar.SupposethePhilippinestrainedabattalionofsoldierstobedeployedin
Iraq;ifthepersontrainingthosesoldiershasnoauthoritytodoso,willhebeliable?
No.Hebecomesliableifheisauthorizedtotrainthosesoldiers.
Art.119
VIOLATIONOFNEUTRALITY
There is a war in which the Philippines is involved, there is a regulation issued by competent
authorityforthepurposeofenforcingneutrality,andtheoffenderviolatessuchregulation.
Q:Whatisneutrality?
Thestateoftakingnopartinacontestofarmsgoingonbetweenothers.
Aconditionofabstinencefromarmedhostilities.
Q:Isitnecessaryfortheretobeagovernmentregulation?
Yes.
Q:Areyousayingitistheregulationthatyouactuallyviolate?
Yes.
Q:Soyoumeanthatwithoutaregulation,apersonwillnotbeliableunderthisprovision?
Yes.
Q:Whoseneutralityisviolatedwhenapersoncommitsthiscrime?
ThePhilippinesneutrality.
Q:Whodeclaresourneutrality?
Congress.
Art.120
CORRESPONDENCEWITHHOSTILECOUNTRY
ItisintimeofwarinwhichthePhilippinesisinvolved,theoffendermakescorrespondencewith
an enemy country or a territory occupied by enemy troops; and the correspondence is either
a)prohibitedbyGovernment;b)carriedoninciphersorconventionalsigns;orc)containing
noticeorinformationwhichmightbeusefultotheenemy
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Knotes
Q: Supposing the Phils is at war with Malaysia. Mindanao is under control of Malaysia. You left your
boyfriendinDavao,youwrotealettertohimandsentit.Thegovernmentpreviouslyrestrictedallmail
intoMindanao.Willyoubeliable?
Yes.
Q:Supposingyouwrotealetterwithaheartandanarrowdrawnonthepaper.Nowordswereused.
Willyoubeliable?
Yes.Ciphersandconventionalsigns.
Q:Isintentmaterialhere?
No.
Q:Mayapersonbeheldliableevenifthecorrespondencecontainsinnocentmatters?
Evenifthemattersareinnocent,solongasitisprohibitedbythegovernmentandyousenditor
committheprohibitedact,youareliable.
Q:Whyisintentimmaterialwhenthegovernmenthasexpresslyprohibitedcorrespondence?
Becauseofthepossibilitythatsomeinformationthatmightproveusefultotheenemymightbe
unwittinglyrevealed.
Q:Soitisthepossibilityofrevealingthatinformationthatissoughttobepreempted?
Yes.
NOTE:
*Ifcipherswereused,thereisnoneedforprohibition
Art.121
FLIGHTTOENEMYSCOUNTRY
ThereisawarinwhichthePhilippinesisinvolved;theoffendermustbeowingallegiancetothe
Government;theoffenderattemptstofleeortogotoenemycountry;thatgoingisprohibited
bycompetentauthority.
Q:Whatconsummatesthecrime?
Themereattempttoflee
Q:Whomaybeheldliable?
Personsowingallegiancetothegovernment
Q:Mayresidentaliensbeheldliable?
Yes.Allegiancemaybetemporaryorpermanent.Thelawdoesnotqualify.
Q:Supposingyouflytoenemycountry.Theactisnotprohibitedbythegovernment.Mayyoubeliable?
No.Theremustbeprohibitionbycompetentauthority.
Q:Soyoumeantheprohibitiondefinesthecrime?
Yes.
Art.122
PIRACYINGENERALANDMUTINYONTHEHIGHSEAS
ORINPHILIPPINEWATERS
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Knotes
1.ByattackingorseizingavesselonthehighseasorinPHwaters
2. ByseizinginthevesselwhileonthehighseasorinPHwatersthewholeorpartofitscargo,
itsequivalentorthepersonalbelongingsofitscomplementorpassengers
Q:Whatispiracy?
RobberyorforcibledepredationonthehighseasorinPHwaterswithoutlawfulauthority,and
donewithanimofurandiandinthespiritofuniversalhostility.
Q:Wheremaypiracybecommitted?
OntheHighSeasorinPHwaters
Q:Whatarethe2kindsofpiracypunishedbyourlaws?
1.PiracyundertheRPC(art. 122)
2. PiracyunderPresidentialDecree532
Q:UndertheRPC,maypiracybecommittedbyastranger?
Yes.
Q:Underthesamelaw,mayitbecommittedbyacrewmemberofpassenger?
Yes.
Q:Definehighseas
Anywatersontheseacoastwhicharewithouttheboundariesofthelowwatermarksalthough
thosewatersmaybeinthejurisdictionallimitsofaforeigncountry.
Q:Isthetermsynonymouswithinternationalwaters?
No.
Q:WhatareincludedinthedefinitionofPhilippinewaters?
Allbodiesofwatersuchasbutnotlimitedtoseas,bays,gulfsaround,betweenandconnecting
each of the islands of the Philippine archipelago, irrespective of their depth or breadth over
whichthePhilippineshassovereigntyorjurisdiction
Q:Whatisavessel?
AnycraftusedforthetransportofpassengersandcargofromoneplacetoanotherthroughPH
waters,includingallkindsandtypesofvesselsorboatsusedinfishing(sec.3,PD532)
Q:MaypiracybecommittedinthePasigriver?
Yes
Q:SupposeyouwereonboardabancainBurnhamlake(BaguioCity);youtookoutyourphoneanda
personsuddenlyseizeditfromyou.Whatcrimewascommitted?
PiracyundertheRPC(becausetheoffenderwasastranger)
Q:Isthebancaconsideredavessel?
Yes
Q:IsBurnhamlakeconsideredabodyofwater?
Yes
Q:Evenifithappenstobemanmade?
Yes
Q:Isthephonepersonalproperty?
Yes
Q:Thepersonwhotookyourphone,washeamemberofthecomplementorapassenger?
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Knotes
Hewasastranger
Q:MaypiracybecommittedintheEsterodeSanMiguel,beneaththeMendiolaBridge?
Yes
Q:Supposetheesterowasfullofgarbage,maypiracystillbecommitted?
No,thewatersmustatleastbenavigable
Q:Onabanca fromMandaluyongtoMakati, one ofthepassengerswasaholdupper, inthemiddle of

theriver,heannouncedaholdupanddemandedthatyougiveyourbelongingstohim.Whatcrimedid
hecommit?
PiracyunderPD532
Q: On a ship from Manila to Cebu: while waiting for the departure of the ship, a person suddenly
boardedtheship,pointedaknifeatyou,demandedthatyousurrenderyourbelongings,afterwhich,he
gotoff.Whatcrimewascommitted?
PiracyunderRPC
Q:Eveniftheshipwasnotsailingthen?
Yes
Q:Whatifitwasafellowpassengerwhotookyourbelongings?
ThecrimeispiracyundertheRPC
Q: Supposing you are in a floating casino in Manila Bay. While you were there, a person pointed a
revolveratyouanddemandedthatyougivehimyourwinnings.Whatcrimewascommitted?
PiracyundertheRPCandPD532
Q:Whodecideswhichcrimeistobeallegedintheinformationsheet?
Theprosecutor/fiscal
Q:Soyoufilebothandletthefiscaldecide?
Yes
Q: SupposingIndonesian pirates committed the crime in Malaysian waters. They fled and encountered
enginetrouble.TheywerebroughtbythePhilippineCoastguardtoManila.Maytheybeprosecutedina
RegionalTrialCourtinManila?
Yes
*NB:Piracyisacrimeagainstthelawofnationsandpiratesarehosteshumanigeneris(enemies
ofthehumanrace)
Q:Whenispiracyqualified?
1. Wheneverthepirateshaveseizedavesselbyboardingorfiringuponthesame;
2. Whenevertheyhaveabandonedtheirvictimswithoutanymeansofsavingthemselves;
3. Wheneverthecrimeisaccompaniedbymurder,homicide,physicalinjuriesorrape
Q:Isthereacomplexcrimeofpiracywithrape?
None.Qualifiedpiracyisaseparatecrimeinitself
RA6235
THEANTIHIJACKINGLAW
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts,asfarasanaircraftofPhilippineregistryisconcerned?
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Knotes
1. Compelling a change in the course or destination of an aircraft (whether the aircraft is in

flightornot)
2. Seizingorusurpingcontrolofanaircraftwhileitisinflight
Q:Whenisanaircraftconsideredtobeinflight?
Fromthemomentallitsexternaldoorsareclosedfollowingembarkationuntilanyofsuchdoors
isopenedfordisembarkation
*NB: flight as farasanaircraftof PH registry is concerned is thecrucial timeelementwhich

woulddeterminethecommissionofthecrimeofhijacking
Q:OnaPALflightfromManilatoDavao:theaccusedcompelledthepilottoveertheplanealittletothe
rightforacoupleofminutes.IsthisaviolationofRA6235?
Yes,theaccusedcompelledtopilottochangethecourseoftheplaneforafewminutes
Q: Theaccused bribedthepilottoveer theplane alittletotheleftin exchangeformoney. Isheliable

underthislaw?
No.Therewasnocompulsioninvolved.
Q:Mayaplanebeconsideredinflightwhenitsdoorsarealreadyclosedbuttheplaneitselfisstillonthe
groundbecausetherehappenstobeanengineproblem?
Yes
Q:Supposingthedoorswerealreadyclosed,thepassengerswerealreadyonboardbutthepilotwasstill
waiting for instructions from the control tower. The accused seized control of the plane during this
interval.Isheliable?
Yes
Q:Youmeantosaytheplanewasalreadyinflight?
Yes
Q:Areyousayingthatthelegaldefinitionofflightisdifferentfromthescientificdefinitionofflight?
Yes
Q:Isthatnotridiculous?(trollingmoment,mates.Saytheanswerloudandclear:)
Yes,sir.Itisridiculous:D
Q:SupposingagroupofskydiversonboardaPHplanewereabouttostageanexhibition.Atanaltitude
of 15,000 ft. the door of the plane opened and the diversjumped out. The last person, instead of
jumping,seizedcontroloftheplaneinstead.Isheliable?
No.Legallyspeaking,theplaneisnolongerinflight,notwithstandingthefactthatitisactually
flying.
Q:Whatcrimewascommitted,ifnothijacking?
Gravecoercion
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts,asfarasaplaneofforeignregistryisconcerned?
1. LandingtheplaneanywherewithinthePhilippines
2. SeizingofusurpingcontroloftheplanewhileitiswithinthePhilippines
Q: Is it necessary that the usurping or seizing of control be done while the foreign plane is legally in
flight?
No
Q:JapanAirlines.Aftertheplanehaslanded,theexternaldoorswereopenedandtheaccusedbarged
intothecockpitandseizedcontroloftheplane.Isheliable?
Yes
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 14
Knotes
Q: Underthe samecircumstances, except that the plane wasone of PAL. Isthe accused liable for
hijacking?
No
Q:WhataretheotherpunishableactsunderRA6235?
Shipping, Loading, Carrying in any passenger aircraft operating as a public utility within the
Philippinesanyexplosive,flammable,corrosiveorpoisonoussubstanceormaterial
Q:Maytheoffendersstillbeheldliableforshipping/loading/carryinganyexplosivematerialiftheydid
soonacharteredplane?
Yes
Q:Why?
The character of a public utility is NOT changed by a mere contract (i.e. the fact that it was
chartered).Itremainsapublicutility.
Q:Whywontanoffenderbeheldliableiftheactsweretobecommittedonaprivateaircraft?
Because there is no threat to innocent passengers, and this threat is what the law seeks to
avoid.(ifyoudothisonyourownplane,goahead.PakamataykamagisaAtty.A)
Q:Whatarethequalifyingcircumstancesunderthisspeciallaw?
Whentheoffenderhasfireduponthepilot,membersofpassengers
Whenthecrimewasaccompaniedbymurder,homicide,seriousphysicalinjuriesorrape
ART.123
QUALIFIEDPIRACY
Q:Whatarethequalifyingcircumstances?
1. Whenevertheoffendershaveseizedavesselbyboardingorfiringuponthesame
2. Wheneverthepirateshaveabandonedtheirvictimswithoutmeansofsavingthemselves
3. Wheneverthecrimeisaccompaniedbymurder,homicide,physicalinjuriesorrape
FACTS:
Emiliano Catantan was found guilty of piracy for having attacked Eugene and Juan Pilapil, Jr.,
whowerethenfishing.HeallegedlyboardedthePilapilspumpboat,levelledhisgunatEugene,
struckthe latter on the cheekand ordered Juan, Jr. tolie down. When they were far outinto
sea,theenginestalledandthebrothersweredirectedtorowtheboat.Theysawanotherboat
andCatantanorderedthemtoapproachit.Heboardedthenewboat,alongwithhiscoaccused,
Ursal. The outrigger of the new boat caught the front part of the Pilapils boat and Catantan
kicked it hard, causing the prow to break. The Pilapil brothers ended in the sea, where they
swam together,clinging to theirboat.Catantan arguesthathisactionsmerelyconstituted
GraveCoercionandnotPiracy;andthatin orderforPiracytobecommitted,itisessentialthat
there is an attack and seizure of a vessel. He claims that he and Ursal merely boarded the
Pilapilsboatandwhenaboard, usedforcetocompelthebrotherstotakethemtosomeother
place. Catantan insists that he and Ursal had nointention of permanentlytaking possession or
deprivingthePilapilsoftheirboat.
ISSUE:
Did the actions of Catantan constitute Piracy as defined by Section 2, par.(d) of Presidential
DecreeNo.532?
HELD:
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
PEOPLEv.CATANTAN
278SCRA761
Bellosillo,J.
CRIMINALLAWII 15
Knotes
YES. Sec.2, par.(d)ofPD532 definespiracy as anyattackupon or seizure of anyvessel, or the

takingawayofthewholeorpartthereoforitscargo,equipment,orthepersonalbelongingsof
the complement or passengers, irrespective of thevalue thereof,by means ofviolence against
orintimidationofpersons,includingapassengerormemberofthecomplementofsaidvesselin
Philippine waters. The compulsion on the Pilapils was obviously part of the act of seizing the
boat.CatantanandUrsalabandonedthePilapilsonlybecausetheirpumpboatbrokedownand
itwasnecessarytotransfertoanotherboat.
oOo
PEOPLEv.TULIN
364SCRA10
Melo,J.
FACTS:
M/TTabangaowassailingofthecoastofMindoro,carryingatotalvalueofPhp40.4Millionin
petroleumproducts.ItwassuddenlyboardedbysevenfullyarmedpiratesledbyEmilio
Changco. Thepiratesdetainedthecrewandtookcompletecontrolofthevessel.Thecrewwas
orderedtopaintoverthenameM/TTabangaoonthefrontandrearportions ofthevesselas
well as the logo on its chimney. They were then ordered topaint the name Galilee. The crew
was forced to sail to Singapore where, following a failed attempt to anchor, it returned to
Batangas. A few days later, it sailed again to Singapore and anchored a few miles from the
shorelinewhereanothervesselnamedNaviPrideanchoredbesideit,towhichthecaptivecrew
was ordered by Changco to transfer the petroleum products. M/T Tabangao returned to
Batangas,but remainedatsea.2dayslater,themembersofthecrewwerereleasedin3
batches, the 1st and 2nd batches were fetched from the shoreline by Cecilio Changco, Emilio
Changcosbrother.Thecrewcalledtheiremployerandreportedtheincident.Aseriesofarrests
weremadeandaccusedappellantsTulin,Loyola,Changco,InfanteandHiongwereapprehended
and charged with Qualified Piracy, to which they pleaded not guilty. Tulin, Infante and Loyola
claimedthattheywerestandingbythebeach,conversing,whenM/TTabangaosCaptainand
2ndMate approached them and asked if they wanted to work on the vessel, to which they
allegedly agreed even if they had no seagoing experience. The trial court found them guilty
beyondreasonabledoubtandconvictedthemtoReclusionPerpetua.
ISSUES:
1. Did Republic Act 7659, amending Art.122 of the Revised Penal Code, obliterate the crime of
PiracyunderPD532?
2. CanAccusedAppellantCheongbeconvictedasanaccomplicedespitethefactthattheactions
heallegedlycommittedwereexecutedoutsidePhilippinewatersandterritory?
HELD:
1. NO.Art.122oftheRPC,beforeitsamendment,providedthatpiracymustbecommittedonthe
high seas by any person not a member of a ships complement nor a passenger. Upon its
amendmentbyRA7659,thecoverageofthepertinentprovisionwaswidenedtoinclude
offensescommittedinPhilippinewaters.Ontheotherhand,underPD532,thecoverageofthe
lawonpiracyembracesanyperson,includingapassengerormemberofthecomplement.RA
7659neithersupersedednotamendedtheprovisionsonpiracyunderPD532.Art.122,as
amended;andPD532existharmoniouslyasseparatelaws.
2. YES.AlthoughPD532requiresthattheattackandseizureofthevesselanditscargobe
committedinPhilippinewaters,thedispositionbythepiratesofthevesselanditscargoisstill
deemedpartoftheact ofpiracy,hencethesameneednotbecommitted inPhilippinewaters.
Piracy falls underTitleOne,Book Twoofthe RevisedPenalCode.As such,itisan exceptionto
theruleonterritorialityincriminallaw.
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 16
Knotes
TITLEII
CRIMESCOMMITTEDBYPUBLICOFFICERS
ART.124
ARBITRARYDETENTION
Q:Whataretheclassesofarbitrarydetention?
1. Detainingapersonwithoutlegalground
2. Delayinthedeliveryofdetainedpersonstotheproperjudicialauthorities
3. Delayingrelease
Q:Mannerofcommission(elements)
1. Theoffenderisapublicofficeroremployee
2. Hedetainsaperson
3. Thedetentioniswithoutlegalgrounds
Q:MaythisbecommittedbyANYpublicofficer?
Noonlythosevestedwithauthoritytodetainaperson
Q:Andwhoarethosepublicofficers?
Thosewhohaveadutytomakeanarrest;orthosewhomayrecommendanarrestordetention;
orthosewhomayorderanarrestordetention
Q:Mayaprivateindividualbeliableforarbitrarydetention?
Yes
Q:How?
Byproving himto beanaccomplice,accessoryor a principal(byinducement/indispensable
cooperation)
Q:Mayaprivatepersonbeheldliableasaprincipalbydirectparticipation?
Yes
Q:How?
Byprovingaconspiracybetweentheprivateindividualandthepublicofficer
Q: May this be committed by an officer who arrested and detained a person by virtue of a warrant
issuedbycourt?
No.Themomentthereisawarrant,noarbitrarydetentioncanbecommitted.Awarrantgrants
theauthoritytoarrestaperson.
Q:Whataretheinstanceswhenawarrantlessarrestmaybeconsideredlawful?
1. When theoffender has committed, isactuallycommitting, or is attemptingto commitan
offenseinthepresenceofthearrestingofficer
2. When the arresting officer has personal knowledge of the facts and circumstances of the
commissionofthecrime
3. Whenthepersonarrestedisaprisonerwhohasescaped
Q:Giveanexampleofthefirstinstance
Q:Mayacrimebecommittedinthepresenceofanofficerwhoisblind?Deaf?Both?
Yes;Yes;andYes.
Q:Explain.
Saidofficerstillhasothersenseswithwhichtodeterminethecommissionofacrime.
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 17
Knotes
Q:Underarbitrarydetention,isitnecessarythatthearrestiswithoutlegalground?
Yes
Q:Andifthearrestiswithlegalground?
Thereisnocrimeofarbitrarydetention
Q:Giveexamplesoflegalgrounds
1.Commissionofacrime
2. Ailmentsrequiringcompulsoryconfinement
3. Violentinsanity
NB:violentinsanity.Notplaininsanity.Thelawspecifiesthedegreeofinsanityrequired.
Q:Underthe1st manner,supposeyouwerewalkinghomeandyousawA,B,Centeringthehouseofyour
neighbor,carryingouttheirplantorobthelatter.Mayyouasaprivateindividualarrestthem?
Yes.Thecrimeisbeingcommittedinmypresence.
Q: Supposing one night, while on your way home, you saw Pedro tinkering with the padlock of your
gate.Mayyouarresthim?
Yes.Heisattemptingtocommitanoffense.
Q:Areyousurethatheis?Supposehetoldyouhewasmerelycurious.Mayyoustillarresthim?
Yes.Icanlinktheovertactoftinkeringwiththegatetothecommissionofrobberyortrespass
todwelling.Itsalsoillogicalforhimtobetinkeringwithapadlockatthattimeofthenight.The
circumstancestendtoproverobbery.
Q: Under the first instance of a warrantless arrest (i.e: the offender has committed a crime). Give an
example
Q:SupposingonyourwaytoSanBeda,yousawacommotion.Awasstabbedby B.Theywere5meters
away from you. B starts to run. You stopped him and proceeded to arrest him. Were your actions
lawful?
Yes.Acrimewasjustcommittedinmypresence.
Q:OnedayyousawJuanstabPedro.Youfailedtoarresthim.Afteramonth,yousawJuanwalkingnear
yourhouse.Mayyouarresthim?
Yes.Thecrimewascommittedinmypresence
Q:Evenifthecrimewascommittedamonthago?
Yes,thelapseoftimeisimmaterial
Q:Whatisthesecondinstanceofawarrantlessarrest?
Whenanoffensehasinfactjustbeencommittedandtheofficerhasprobablecausetobelieve
thatthe person wasthe onewhocommitted it, andthe officer has personal knowledge ofthe
factsindicatingthatthepersontobearrestedhascommittedit.
Q: There was a commotion in front of UE. While on your way there, you sawpeople running towards
yourdirection.Youaskedthemwhathappened.Theytoldyouthatapersonwasstabbedinfrontofthe
university.YoureachedUEandsawthevictim.Hepointedtoarunningfigureandtoldyouthatthesaid
figurewasthestabber.Youranafterthesuspectbutlosthiminthecrowd.WhenyoureachedMorayta,
yousawamanwearingabloodyshirt.Mayyouarresthim?
Yes.Thereisprobablecausetobelievethathewastheonewhocommittedtheoffense.Italked
tothe victim and obtained personal knowledge ofthe factsofthe crime. I can linkthe bloody
shirttothefacts.Thisgivesmeprobablecausetobelievethatthemanwasindeedthestabber.
Q: Supposing you did not get to talk to the victim, you simply heard the shouts about the fleeing
stabber. You saw a man with a knife somewhere along Morayta. He was cleaning his knife. May you
arresthim?
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 18
Knotes
No. I donothave personal knowledge ofthe facts ofthecrime. Imaynotunilaterallyassume

thathecommittedthestabbingsimplybecauseIsawhimcleaningaknife.
Q: Supposing the victim told you the man that stabbed him is tall, white, with a prominent chin and
dressed in a white shirt. When you reached Morayta, you saw a man fitting the description. May you
arresthim?
No.Thefactsaretoogeneral.Theyarenotwhatthelawcontemplatesbypersonalknowledge
of facts they arent enough to sustain a lawful warrantless arrest. They do not constitute
probablecause.
*NB:goingbytheabovedescription,anybodycanbethestabber.Tall,white,withaprominent
chin and wearinga whiteshirt perhaps halfthemale population ofmetromanila canfitthe
description
Q: Ms. Palay is a victim of rape. Together with her parents, she proceeded to the NBI to report the
incident. Due to the influence ofthe media, the case became wellknown. A taskforce was organized,
thistaskforcewasindependentoftheNBI.ThetaskforcelearnedthattherapistwasinBacolod.They
wentthere,andfoundhim.Maythelawfullyarresthimwithoutawarrant?
No.Thereisnopersonalknowledge,merelyhearsayknowledge.
Q:Underthe samefacts, you were inBacolodairport andsawaman wearingajacket withthename

MabellePalayembroideredonit.Mayyouarresthim?
No.Ihavenopersonalknowledgeofthefacts.
*NB:thejacketaloneisnotasufficientbasisforprobablecause.
Q: 10 cars were carnapped from the Toyota showroom. The incident was reported to your office. The
followingmorning,ManilaPDreceivedacallfromasecretinformantthatthecarnapperswereontheir
waytoBinondoandwillhavedinneratoneoftherestaurantsthere.5officersweredispatchedtothe
sceneandat8pm,thecarnappersarrived.Maytheofficerseffectanarrest?
No.Theymerelyhavehearsayknowledge.
Q:Defineprobablecause
Q:Isprobablecausethesameassuspicion?
No
Q:Canapersonbearrestedbasedonsuspicion?
No
Q:Whynot?
Becausesuspicionisnotthesameasprobablecause.
Q:Xstabbedsomeoneandwaschasedbypeopleashefled.Hewasholdingaknifeandwearingashirt
stained with blood.From the opposite direction, a police officer saw the commotion. He arrested X. Is
thearrestalawfulone?
Yes
Q: Your house was robbed. You saw the robbers as they fled. You were able to give a description of
themtothepolice.After3days,theofficerssawapersonwhofittedthedescriptionsyougave.Isthe
warrantlessarrestlawful?
No.Theofficershadenoughtimetosecureawarrant.
Q:Canarbitrarydetentionbecommittedthroughimprudence?
Yes
Q:Whataretheperiodsofdetentionwhichthelawpenalizes?
Notexceeding3days
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 19
Knotes
Morethan3daysbutlessthan15days
Morethan15daysbutlessthan6months
Morethan6months
Q:Inthecaseofanescapedprisoner,whyisawarrantlessarrestnotunlawful?
Because the escapee is already in the act of committing a continuous crime: evasion of the
serviceofsentence
Q:Whatarethelegalgroundsfordetainingaperson?
commissionofacrime
violentinsanity
ailmentsrequiringcompulsoryconfinement(nb:notjustanyailment)
Q: Y waskilled by anunknown assailant. The officers got a tip that X wastheoffender. They arrested
him. Xvoluntarily admitted that he did it although he was not asked by the officers to do so. He was
detained.Wastherearbitrarydetention?
None.OnceXmadetheconfession,theofficershadarighttoarresthim.
NOTES:
*Thereisdetentionwhenapersonisplacedinconfinementorthereisrestraintonhisliberty
*Theperson detainedneednot be restrained literally.Hemay evenbeable to walk around.The

essence of detention is that the person is not allowed to leave of his own volition and his liberty is
curtailed.
*Although the primary persons liable for this crime are public officers/employees, private individuals
whoconspirewithpublicofficersmayalsobeliable
ART.125
DELAYINTHEDELIVERY OFDETAINEDPERSONS TOTHEPROPERJUDICIAL
AUTHORITIES
1. Theoffenderisapublicofficer/employee
2. Hehasdetainedapersonforsomelegalground
3. Hefailstodeliversuchpersontotheproperjudicialauthoritieswithin
a.12hrs,forcrimes/offensespunishablebylightpenaltiesortheirequivalent
b.18hrs,forcrimes/offensespunishablebycorrectionalpenalties/theirequivalent
c. 36hrs, for crimes/offenses punishable by capital punishment or afflictive penalties, or
theirequivalent
Q:Whatismeantbydelayindeliveryhere?
Thedelayindeliveryreferstothe filingofthepropercomplaint/informationorchargeagainst
thepersondetainedbeforeacourt.
*NB:thefilingoftheinformationmaybewaivedifapreliminaryinvestigationisaskedfor
Q:Soyouresayingthatthedeliveryheredoesnotpertaintoactualphysicaldelivery?
Yes.Whatismeantbydeliveryisthefilingofthecomplaint/information/charge
Q:Whydoesthelawpunishthedelayinfiling?
Toprotecttheaccused
Q:Howisthat?
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 20
Knotes
Thefiling ofthepropercomplaintputstheaccusedunder theambitofjudicialprotection.The

courts will take it from there. If certain actions (i.e.: conveyance to prison or facilities like an
asylum)isnecessary,thecourtsmayorderthem.Withoutthecomplaint, andtheprotectionof
thelaw,theaccusedisopentoallsortsofabuse.
Q: If the detention was illegal to begin with (i.e.: done in excess of the period for filing the
complaint/informationallowedbylaw),doesasubsequentfilingcuretheillegality?
No
Q:Maytheofficersasktheaccusedtosignawaiverconcerningthedetention?
Yes, but the waiver must be executed by the accused under oath and with the assistance of
counsel,inordertoavoidaviolationoftheaccusedsconstitutionalrights.
Q:Whatisthelengthofthewaiverofarbitrarydetention?
5daysforlightoffenses
7to10daysforseriousandlessseriousoffenses
*NB:Beyondthis,arbitrarydetentioniscommitted.
Q: Iftheoffender is not a publicofficer, oris a publicofficer acting in a privatecapacity, whatis the

crimecommitted?
Illegaldetention
Q:distinguisharbitrarydetentionfromillegaldetention
Q: May a public officer who arrested an offender by virtue of a warrant of arrest be held liable for
arbitrarydetention?
No.ThepresenceofawarranttakestheactoutofthecontemplationofArt.125
Q:Whomayissueawarrantofarrest?
Acompetentcourt
Q:Whatdoyoumeanbycompetent?
Thecourtisvestedwithjurisdictionovertheoffensecommitted
Q:Whendoesthedelaybecomeillegal?
Upontheexpirationofthespecifiedperiods
Q:Whataretheperiods?
*NB: Art.125 applies only when the arrest is made without a valid warrant of arrest AND the
subsequentwarrantlessarrestisalawfulone.
Q:IsaturnovertothePNPsufficientcompliancewiththelaw?TheOmbudsman?ThePublicProsecutor?
TheProvincialGovernnor?
Notoalltheabovementionedofficials,theyarenotpartofthejudiciary
Q:Supposeyouarrestedarobberbyvirtueofawarrantofarrest.Duetobadweatherconditions,you
failedtodeliverhimtotheproperauthorities.Mayyoubeheldliable?
No,thereisawarrantofarrest,Icandetainhimforaslongasthecircumstanceswarrant
Q:Supposeyoukilledaneighbourinthecourseofyourtownfiesta.Therewasapolice officerpresent
andhearrestedyoubecausehesawthekillinghappen.Withinhowmanyhoursmusthedeliveryouto
theproperauthorities?
36hours,thecrimeIcommittedispunishablebyanafflictivepenalty(homicide/murder)
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Supposingtheaccusedwasdeliveredtothefiscal/prosecutor,doesart.125stillapply?
Yes.Thefiscalisnotpartofthejudiciary.
CRIMINALLAWII 21
Knotes
Q:Andifyouweredeliveredwithin48hours,whatcrimedidtheofficercommit?
ViolationofArt.125
Q: Supposingthepoliceofficercouldnotdeliveryouwithin36hours,whatshouldhedo?
Releaseme.
Q:Assumingthatthedetentionwasillegaltobeginwith,doesthisaffectthevalidityofyourarrest?
Notnecessarily.Thearrestmayhavebeen validat itsinception,notwithstandingthatthe
subsequentdetentionwasillegal.
Q: As a police officer, you validly arrested a murderer. Instead of delivering him to the proper judicial
authorities, you proposed a different deal: he would serve as your manservant for a year. He agreed.
Whatcrimemayyoubechargedwith?
Art.125
Q:Whyisntapublicofficerliableifhefailedtodelivertheaccusedtothejudicialauthoritiesbeyondthe
specifiedperiodsinArt.125whenthearrestwaseffectedbyvirtueofavalidwarrant?
Becausetheaccusedisalreadywithinthesphereofjudicialprotection.Theissuanceofa
warrant presupposes that a criminal information sheet was already filed before a competent
court.
Q:Illustratethejudicialprotectioncontemplatedbythisarticle
Theaccused, whenplacedunderjudicialprotectionmay safelyexercisehisrights(i.e.:theright
tobail/preliminaryinvestigation/speedy,impartialandpublictrial++)andcanbemonitoredby
thecourt.Heisnolongervulnerabletoabuseinthehandsofthearrestingofficers.
Q:Apoliceofficerdeliveredamurderertothepublicprosecutoronthe37 th hourfollowingtheincident.
Theprosecutorfiledaninformation3dayslater.Isthepoliceofficerliableunderthisprovision?
Yes
Q:Istheprosecutorliable?
No
Q: When an officer releases a person because he could not deliver that person to the proper judicial
authoritieswithinthetimeframeprovidedforinthisprovision,mayhebeheldcriminallyliable?
No,buthemaybeheldadministrativelyliable
ART.126
DELAYINGRELEASE
Q:Whenisthereareleaseindelay?(elements)
1.Theoffenderisapublicofficer/employee
2. a.thereisajudicialorexecutiveorderforthereleaseofaprisoner
b.thereisaproceedinguponapetitionfortheliberationofsuchperson
3.Theoffenderwithoutgoodreasondelays
a. theserviceofnoticeofsuchordertotheprisoner
b.theperformanceofsuchjudicial/executiveorderforthereleaseoftheprisoner
c. theproceedingsuponapetitionfortheliberationofsuchperson
Q:Uponwhomisthenoticeserved?
Thejailerorwarden
Q:Giveanexampleofaproceedingfortheliberationofapersoncontemplatedbythisprovision
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Whoarethepublicofficersmostlikelytoviolatethisprovision?
Wardensandjailers;bailiffs,sheriffs,andclerksofcourtasfarasserviceofnoticeisconcerned
CRIMINALLAWII 22
Knotes
ProceedingsforHabeasCorpus
*NB:IthelpstoknowthedefinitionofHabeasCorpus;)
ART.127
EXPULSION
1. Offender=publicofficer/employee
2. HeexpelsapersonfromthePhilippinesorcompelsapersontochangehisresidence
3. Theoffenderisnotauthorizedbylawtodoso
Q:WhomaybevalidlyexpelledfromthePH?
AliensONLY(acitizenmaynotbeexpelled)
Q:Whomayordertheexpulsion?
ThePresident,asrecommendedbytheCommissiononImmigrationandDeportation
Q: Suppose there is a convict who has already served the minimum of his sentence and was allowed
parole. The condition of his parole fixes his residence in a different place, against his own will. Is the
conditionvalid?
Yes, thelaw onprobation allows the court to fix conditions for a personsparole. The
compulsionisauthorizedbylaw.
Q: The Mayor of Manila ordered the arrest of prostitutes in order to clean up the city and to stop
prostitution.HehadthembroughttoMindanao.Isheliable?
Yes
*NB:Actualcase:Villavicenciov.Lukban
Q:MayanalienbedeportedbytheCommissiononImmigrationandDeportationwithoutviolatingthis
provision?
Yes,ifthealienisanundesirablealien
Q:SupposeX,aFilipinocitizen,wasrefusedreentryintothePHafterhehadvoluntarilyleftthecountry
ayearbefore.Maytheactofrefusalbeconsideredasforcinghimtochangehisresidence?
Yes
Q:Isathreattonationalsecurityavalidreasonforexpellingacitizen?
No
Q:WhycantaFilipinocitizenbeexpelled?
BecauseitishislegalandnaturalrightconferreduponbirthtoliveanddieinthePhilippines
Q:Giveinstanceswhenapersonmaybelawfullycompelledtochangehisaddress
Byvirtueofajudicialorder/finaljudgment
Expropriationproceedings
Ejectmentproceedings
Destierro
Asaconditionforparole/probation/pardon
Byvirtueofabarangayprotection order, inrelationtothe AntiViolenceagainstWomen and
ChildrenLaw(RA9262)
SECTIONTWOVIOLATIONOFDOMICILE
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 23
Knotes
ART.128
VIOLATIONOFDOMICILE
*NB:Payspecialattentiontothisprovision.ItalmostalwayscomesupintheMidtermExam
1.Byenteringanydwellingagainstthewilloftheownerthereof;or
2. By searching papers or other effects found therein without the previous consent of the
owner;or
3. Byrefusingtoleavethepremisesafterhavingsurreptitiouslyenteredthesaiddwellingand
afterhavingbeenrequiredtheleavethesame
Q:Whomaybeheldliableforthiscrime?
Publicofficers/employeeswhoarevestedwithauthoritytoconductasearch
Q:Underthefirstmanner,mustentrybedoneagainsttheownerswill?
Yes
Q:Supposethereisajudicialorderfortheentry,Maytheofficerbeliable?
No
Q:Whatdoyoumeanbyjudicialorder?
Asearchwarrant
Q:Defineasearchwarrant
ItisanorderinwritingissuedinthenameofthePeopleofthePhilippines,signedbytheJudge
and directed to a peace officer, commanding him to search for personal property described
thereinandtobringitbeforethecourt(Sec.1,Rule126,RevisedRulesofCriminalProcedure)
Q:Whenisthisissued?
Uponprobablecause
Q:Defineprobablecause
Q:Whatdoyoumeanbydwelling?
Aplaceofrestandcomfort
Q:(Trollingmoment:P)Soacomfortroomisadwelling?
No
Q:Yousaidplaceofrestandcomfort.
Theplacemustsatisfythedomesticlifeofaperson
Q:Mustthedwellingbeaconcretehouse?
No
Q:Supposethehousewasmadeofcardboard.Maytheofficerstillbeheldliable?
Yes
Q:Whataretherequisitesofavalidsearchwarrant?
1.Itmustbeissueduponprobablecause
2. Itmustbeissuedforasingleoffense
3. Theprobablecausemustbedeterminedpersonallybytheissuingjudge
4.Itmustcontainaparticulardescriptionoftheplace,personsorthingstobeseized
Q:Supposeoneoftherequisitesismissing,whatisthelegaleffectonthewarrant?
Thewarrantbecomesnullandvoid
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 24
Knotes
Q:Howdoestheissuingjudgedetermineprobablecause?
Throughtheuseofsearchingquestions
Q:Mayhedelegatethistasktosomebodyelse?
No,hemustperformitpersonally
Q: Supposethesearch warrant was not obtained lawfully, what is its effect onthepersonal property
seized?
Thethingsseizedareinadmissibleasevidenceagainsttheaccused
*NB:RecalltheDoctrineoftheFruitofthePoisonousTree(youcanthankJusticeHolmesforthe
cheesylabelbtw)
Q:TheNBIconductedasurveillanceoperationfor2 weeks,afterwhichtheagentswereconvincedthat
thereisindeedashabulabinsideacertaincompound.Theyappliedforasearchwarrantforaviolation
oftheComprehensiveDangerousDrugsAct(CDDA)andforIllegalPossessionofFirearms.Isthewarrant
issuedbythecourtavalidone?
No,itwasissuedfor2offenses.Theagentsshouldhaveappliedfor2separatewarrants.
Q:AwarrantwasissuedforaviolationoftheCDDA.Whentheagentsenteredthecompound,theysaw
a warehouse whose door was open, through which they could see highpowered firearms. They seized
thefirearms.Maythosesamefirearmsbeusedasevidenceagainsttheownersofthecompound?
Yes. Although the warrant specified a search for illicit drugs only, the seizure of the firearms
maybejustifiedunderthePlainViewDoctrine
*NB:ThePlainViewDoctrineallowsofficerstoseizeincriminatingevidencesolongastheitems
seized were within their plain view. What is meant by plain view however is that the items
mustbe(1)opentoeyeandhandandthat(2)theincriminatingnatureoftheitemsisobviousor
apparenttotheofficersseizingthem.ItdoesNOTallowtheofficerstoSEARCHfortheitemsif
thesameitemsarenotincludedinthewarrantandarenotwithinplainview.
Q: Suppose the warrantissued was for the seizure of equipment etcfor the production ofshabu, and
statedthelocationoftheshabulabasbeinginsideacompound,withinawhitehousewithabluegate.
Isthewarrantvalid?
No.Thereisnoparticularityofdescription.Anycompoundorhousecouldfitthedescription.
Q: A warrant was issued for Illegal Possession of Firearms. It ordered the peace officers to seize high
powered firearms in the condominium unit of the accused located on the 5 th floor of a building. The
agentssawthattherewereseveralotherunitsonthatfloor,sotheyknockedonthedoorofthe1 st unit
thereandinquiredabouttheonetheyweresearchingfor.Thetenantpointedtotheoneonthefarend.
Theagentsraidedthatunitandseizedthefirearms.Maythefirearmsbeusedasevidence?
No.There wasanintervention of a third person in conducting thesearchandseizure.The
warrantdidnotfulfilltherequirementsforvalidity.Itdidnotstatewithparticularitytheplace
tobesearched.
Q: A warrant was issued against 4 accused for violation of the internal revenue law. It ordered the
seizure of all documents contained inside 2 cabinets in the office of the accused, the agents
implemented the warrant and seized each piece of paper found within the cabinets. The prosecutor
sifted through the papers and chose the relevant ones and then presented them as evidence.May the
papersbeadmittedasevidenceagainsttheaccused,inviewoftheirrelevancetotheoffensecharged?
No.Theywereillegallyobtained.Thewarrantwasinthenatureofageneralwarrant,itdidnot
containaparticularityofdescriptionofthingstobeseized.
Q: NBI agents applied for a search warrant in order to search a house said to be a shabu lab. It was
almost5pmwhentheyarrivedatthesalaofthejudge.Thejudgewasinahurryandinstructedtheclerk
ofcourttoreceivewhateverevidencetheagentsweretopresentinsupportoftheirapplicationforthe
warrant, todraft the warrant,and tobringthesame tothejudge. Everythingwasdone by the clerk,
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 25
Knotes
who left a blank space for the signature of the judge. The clerk brought the order to the judge who
signedit.TheNBIagentsimplementedthewarrant.Isthewarrantvalid?
No,probablecausewasnotdeterminedbythejudge
Q:Supposethejudgewasnotinhissala.YouwereoneoftheNBIagents.Youwerepressedfortimeso
you askedthe judges wifewho was present to signthewarrant. Thewifehappenedto be an
AssociateJusticeoftheSupremeCourt.Isthesearchwarrantvalid?
No, the duty todetermine probable causeis apersonal one. Theonly personwhocould have
issueditwasthejudge,nothiswife.
Q:ButhiswifewasisaSupremeCourtJustice
Her position is immaterial. Only her husband could have issued the warrant, even if he did
happentooccupyalowerposition.
Q:InthecourseofasearchforviolationoftheCDDA,NBIagents inadvertentlycameacrossunlicensed
firearms.Maytheseizethegunsandusethemasevidence?
No
Q: A SW wasissued directing officers to seize firearms in a unit on the3rd floor of ABC Condominium.
WhentheNBIagentsgotthere,theyfoundmanyunits.Theysearchedeveryroomuntiltheyfoundthe
onecontainingthefirearms.Wasthesearchandsubsequentseizurevalid?
No,thefactthattheyhadtosearchroomtoroompresupposesthatthewarrantdidnotcontain
asufficientlyparticulardescriptionoftheplacetobesearched
Q:Supposetheaccusedownedtheentire3rd floor.Wastheroomtoroomsearchvalid?
Yes
Q: A SWwas issued. The place described was a 2storey blue house within XYZcompound. When the
officersarrivedthere,theyfound3twostoreyhouses.Theyenteredeachofthehousesandservedthe
warrant.Weretheiractionslawful?
No
Q: Suppose then that when the officers arrived atXYZ compound, they found no 2storey blue house.
Oneofficer asked the guard onduty and the guard told them the house they werelookingfor wason
theotherstreet.Theyfollowedtheguardsinstructionsandfoundthehouse.Theyservedthewarrant.
Wastheserviceofwarrantlawful?
No
Q: Supposethewarrant described the place tobe searched as a rainbowpainted house bluedoor,

pinkroof,yellowwindows.Whentheofficersarrived,theyservedthewarrant.Wastheservicevalid?
Yes(hardtomissahousepaintedsogarishlyAttyA.)
*NB:Whytheoutlandishhypotheticals,youask.Simpleenough:Hesdrillingitintoyou:theNBI
agent/ officers implementing the warrant should NOT need nor ask any help in identifying the
placetobesearchedbecauseoncetheydo;thewarrantdoesnotcontainasufficientdescription
ofthelocaletobesearched.
Q:Mayvessels(i.e.:boats)besearchedwithoutawarrant?Aircraft?
Yestoboth.Thenatureofthesevessels/aircraftmakesthemeasytomove.
Q: Suppose theperson who committedthe punishable actsunderthis provision is a private individual,

whatcrimedidhecommit?
Trespasstodwelling
Q:Whenmaywesaythattherehasbeenentryagainstthewilloftheowner?
Whentheentryiseffectedagainstanexpressorimpliedprohibition
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 26
Knotes
Q:Apoliceofficerwhoisyourneighbournoticedthatthefrontdoortoyourhousewasslightlyajar.HE
enteredtoinvestigatewhatwasgoingonbecauseitarousedhissuspicion.Isthisaviolation?
No
Q:TherewasasignonthedoorDONOTENTERATALLTIMESbutthedoorwasslightlyopen.Would
entrybeaviolation?
Yes,thesignconstitutesanexpressprohibition
Q:Giveanexampleofanimpliedprohibition
Alockeddoor
Q:Supposethedoorwaslocked,andthepoliceofficerpickedthelockinordertoenterandinvestigate.
Isheliable?
Yes
Q:AsignsaysNOTRESPASSINGandtheofficerentered.Isheliable?
Yes
Q:SupposethesignsaysENTERATYOUROWNRISK.Wouldentrymaketheofficerliable?
No
Q:WhatifitsaidBEWAREOFDOGS?
No.(Thesignismerelyawarning..thatthereare..dogs.:DJaikaDublado,1k)
Q:Anofficersawyouryoungerbrotherenteryourhousewithanunlicensedfirearm.Thedoorwashalf
openbutasignsaidStrangersKeepOut.Theofficerentered.Isheliable?
Yesexpressprohibition
Q:Supposetherewasnosign
Theofficerisnotliable
Q:Supposetheofficerenteredandsatonthesofa.Thedoorwasclosedbutnotlocked.Isheliable?
Yes,closeddoor=impliedprohibition
Q:Underthesecondmannerofcommission(searchingpapersandeffectswithouttheownersprevious
consent),isitnecessarythattheentrybedonewithouttheconsentoftheowner?
No.Whatispunishedhereisanunconsentedsearch,notentry.
*NB:Itseasyenoughtoimaginethescenariocontemplatedbythelaw.Forinstance,theofficer
enteredwithouttheownersconsent,butwhentheownersawtheofficer,hedidnotcomplain.
The officer then proceeded to conduct a search. Notice that the owner subsequently allowed
the entry, but did not give permission for a search.THATsearch is what the second manner
punishes, not the earlier entry. The essence of the crime is searching without consent,
regardlessofwhetherornottheentrywasdonewithorwithoutpermission.
Q:Whatiftheownerconsentedtoasearchofthelivingroomandtheofficercontinuedsearchinginto
thehallwaysandthebedrooms,isheliableunderthesecondmanner?
Yes.Thepermissionwasonlyforthelivingroom.
Q:Apoliceofficerenteredyourhousewithyourconsent.Whilewaitinginthesala,hesawanunlicensed
firearmatoptheTV.Heseizedthesame.Werehisactionsvalid?
Yes,undertheplainviewdoctrine
Q: Suppose you allowed a police officer to enter the living room. You leftto make him some coffee.
Whenyoureturned,hewassearchingtheroom.Youaskedhimwhathewasdoingandhesaidtryingto
look for shabu. You said theres no shabu here, if you want, you can search the other rooms of the
house.Wasthesearchinthelivingroomvalid?
No,therewasnopreviousconsent
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
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Knotes
Q:Soheisliableforthesearchinthelivingroom,butnotintheotherrooms?
Yes
Q:Supposethatwhilewaitingforyou,heopenedseveralcabinetsanddrawersinyourhouse,andwas
abletoseizeanunlicensedgunandshabu.Wasthesearchvalid?
No,theitemswerenotinplainviewandareconsequentlyinadmissibleasevidence
Q:Underthe3rdmannerofcommission(enteringsurreptitiously,refusingtheleavethepremisesafter
havingbeenrequiredtodoso),whatconsummatesthecrime?
Refusaltoleavethepremises
Q:Whatdoyoumeanbysurreptitiouslyentering?
Enteringsecretly,orwithouttheknowledgeoftheowner
Q:Istheliabilityhereforentry?
No,itisfortherefusaltoleaveaftereffectingentry
Q:Giveanexample
Q:Iftheentrywasmadethroughthemaindoorwhichwasclosedbutwasnotlocked,andtheowner
requiredtheofficertoleave,whichtheofficerdid,isthehestillliable?
Yes,underthe1st mannerofcommission
ART.129
MALICIOUSLYOBTAINEDSEARCHWARRANTANDABUSEINTHESERVICE
OFALEGALLYOBTAINEDWARRANT
1. Procuringasearchwarrantwithoutjustcause;or
2. Exceeding authority by using unnecessary severity inexecuting a search warrant legally
obtained
Q:Whomaycommitthis?
Publicofficers/employeesvestedwithauthoritytoprocureorexecuteasearchwarrant
Q:Whenmayitbesaidthatthereisnojustcause?
ByapplyingtheTestofLackofCause,whenperjurycanbeimputedonthepersonwhoexecuted
orappliedforthewarrant
Q:Isperjuryanecessarycrimeincommittingtheoffenseofmaliciouslyobtainingawarrant?
Yes
Q:DoesthatmakeitacomplexcrimeunderArt.48?
No,theyremainseparatecrimes
Q:Whatisyourlegalbasisforsayingthat?
Bydirectprovisionoflaw,Art.129makesitaseparatecrime(Inadditiontoxxx)
Q:Giveexamplesofothercrimeswhich,bydirectprovisionoflaw,maynotbecomplexedunderArt.48?
DirectBribery(Art.210)
MaltreatmentofPrisoners(Art.235)
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Whatdoyoumeanbyperjury?
Executingafalseaffidavitormakingafalsestatementunderoath(simplystated,itismalicious
iftheitbasedonfalsefactsAttyA.)
CRIMINALLAWII 28
Knotes
UsurpationofRealRights(Art.312)
Q:Whatarethe2kindsofcomplexcrimesunderArt.48?
1. Anoffenseisanecessarymeansforcommittinganotheroffense;
2. Asingleactresultsintwoormoregraveorlessgraveoffenses
Q: Suppose NBI agents, through a false affidavit, procured a search warrant. During the search, they
destroyed several furniture, committed acts of lasciviousness against the daughter of the owner and
kickedtheson.Whatcrimeswerecommitted?
1. Maliciouslyobtainingasearchwarrant
2. Perjury
3. PhysicalInjuries
4.MaliciousMischief(resultingindestructionofproperty)
5. Actsoflasciviousness
*allseparatecrimes
Q:Supposeyouhadapersistentsuitorwhomyoudontlikeandsorejected.HeturnedouttobeanNBI
officer. To get back at you, he caused an application for a search warrant against your brother for
keepingfirearmsinyourhouse,whichisnottrue.Thewarrantwasissued.Whatcrimesmayhebeliable
for?
1. Maliciouslyobtainedsearchwarrantand
2. Perjury
*separatecrimes
Q:Supposehecametoyouandtoldyouthatunlessyouanswerhim,hewillimplementthewarrant.In
order to save your brother, you answered him. Is he still liable for procuring a warrant without just
cause?
Yes, thecrime isalready consummated. The warrantneed notbe implementedfor liabilityto
attach.
Q:Supposethatwhenheappliedforasearchwarrant,hehadnolegalcause,butwhenthewarrantwas
served, an unlicensed firearm was found beneath the pillow of your brother. May the officer still be
liableforprocuringasearchwarrantwithoutjustcause?
No,notanymore
Q: NBI agents, after conducting a surveillance operation, applied for a warrant. The application
contained 2 offenses: violation of the CDDA and Illegal possession of firearms.The judge issued the
searchwarrant.Theagentsraidedtheshabulabandwereabletoseizeseveralshabuparaphernaliaand
50unlicensedfirearms.ThesameweredepositedinthecustodyoftheNBI.Theitemsweresoughttobe
usedasevidenceincourt.Aretheyadmissible?
No, the warrant was not lawfully obtained, the application contained 2 offenses. No warrant
shallissueexceptforasingleoffense(Rule126,RevisedRulesofCourt)
*NB: The rule on the validity ofa search warrant is strictly construed againstthe State. This is
becauseawarrantisthestatesmostpotentweaponforintrudingintotheprivacyofaperson.
When a warrant is illegally obtained, all evidence seized by virtue of that warrant are tainted
(fruitsofthepoisonoustree)andmaynotbeusedasevidenceagainsttheaccused,regardless
oftheirrelevanceormaterialitytothecase.
Q:AwarrantwasissuedbytheRTCforthesearchofahousesuspectedtobeashabulab.Thethingsto
beseizedwereparticularlydescribedandthereafter,theNBIagentsconductedthesearch.Theysawan
unlicensed firearm which was not mentioned in the search warrant. They seized the same. A
correspondingcaseforillegalpossessionoffirearmwasfiled.Istheevidenceadmissible?
Yes.Theseizureoftheunlicensedfirearmwasdonebecauseacrimewasthenbeingcommitted
inthepresenceoftheNBIagentsandtheobjectofthecrimewastheunlicensedfirearm.
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Eveniftheevidenceisvitaltothecaseandwouldprovetheaccusedsguiltbeyondreasonabledoubt?
Yes,evenif
CRIMINALLAWII 29
Knotes
Q:Youresayingthatacontinuingcrimewasbeingcommitted?Whatcrime?
Yesillegalpossessionoffirearm
Q:Asearchwarrantwasissuedforshabuandotherparaphernalia.Afterdiggingaroundinthebackof
thehouse,theagentsfoundunlicensedfirearms.Arethesameadmissible?
No, the firearms were not seized by virtue of a lawful search, they were also not within the
ambitoftheplainviewdoctrine
Q:Whataretheinstanceswhenawarrantlesssearchisallowed?
ConsentedSearches
Searchesincidentaltolawfularrests
Plainview
StopandFrisk
Searchesofmovingvehiclesorvessels
Searchespursuanttobuilding,sanitaryorsafety(i.e.:fire)regulations
Searchespursuanttoviolationsofcustomslaws
Q:Underthesecondmanner(abuseintheserviceofawarrant),supposethatintheimplementationof
a SW lawfully obtained, anofficer with his rifle hit an occupant who did not evenresist the search to
beginwith.Theoccupantdied.Whatcrime/swerecommitted?
1. Art.129(2)abuseintheserviceofawarrant;and
2. Homicide
*separatecrimes
Q: Suppose one of the agents destroyed your things during the implementation of a search warrant
lawfullyobtained.Whatcrime/swerecommitted?
1. Abuseintheserviceofawarrant;and
2. Maliciousmischief
*separatecrimes
Q: Does the law require that for abuse to be committed, the search warrant must first be lawfully
obtained?
Yes
Q:Onitsface,maythewarrantbepresumedvalid?
Yes,thewarrantenjoysthepresumptionofvaliditysinceitwasissuedbythecourt
Q:Whatconstitutionalrightissoughttobesafeguardedbythisprovision?
Therightagainstunreasonablesearchesandseizures
PEOPLEv.SINOC
275SCRA357
Narvasa,C.J.
FACTS:
Isidoro Viacrusis was motoring on a company Pajero, driven by Tarsisio Guijapon. As they
approached the public cemetery of Claver, several armed men stopped them. Claiming to be
New Peoples Army members, the men boarded the vehicle and ordered Guijapon to proceed.
OnceinBarobo,SurigaodelNorte,thearmedmenorderedViacrusisandGuijapontoalight,led
them with their hands bound behind their backs to a coconut grove, and shot them. Viacrusis
survived. Witness Marlyn Legaspi saw the victims, and the Pajero, which left the scene. The
police, acting on a tipoff by a secret informant, went to the Bliss Housing Project where they
found Danilo Sinoc approaching the stolen Pajero, and found on his person the keys to the
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
*NB:NOTtherighttoprivacy,doNOTsayrighttoprivacyandruinyourrecitstreak:)
CRIMINALLAWII 30
Knotes
vehicle. Sinoc was arrested. 4 months after the arrest, Sinoc was brought tothe Public
Attorneys Office where police asked Atty. Alfredo Jalad for permission to take Sinocs
statement in writing. Sinoc confessed to the occurrences leading up to his arrest after he was
informed of his rights byAtty. Jalad. Theformerwasthen broughttotheCity Prosecutor that
hemighttakeoathonhisstatement.Afterhavingascertainedthevoluntarinessoftheaffidavit,
the Prosecutor affixed his signature. During trial, Sinoc proferred an alibi and alleged further
thathewasnotinformedofhisconstitutionalrightsduringcustodialinterrogationandthathe
wasmadetosigntheaffidavitofconfessionunderduress.
ISSUE:
Wasthereavalidwarrantlessarrest?
HELD:
YES. Anarrest withouta warrantmaybeliawfully effected byapeace officer when anoffense
hasjustbeencommittedandhehaspersonalknowledgeofthefactsindicatingthattheperson
tobearrestedhascommittedit.Thereisnoquestionthatthepolicewereawarethatanoffense
had justbeen committed, that an informant sawthe Pajeroand thatSinochad the key tothe
vehicle.Sinocslinktothestolenvehiclewaspalpableandtheofficershadnoalternativesaveto
arresthim.Itwastheircleardutytodoso,theomissionofwhichwouldhavebeeninexcusable.
oOo
PEOPLEv.SALVATIERRA
276SCRA55
Kapunan,J.
FACTS:
Charlie Fernandez was walking towards the direction of Quiapo, along M. de la Fuente Street
when he was met by 4 persons, one of whom was David Salvatierra. Salvatierra lunged at
Fernandez with a bladed instrument, hitting him in the chest. Charlie Fernandez died of his
wound.TheincidentwaswitnessedbyMilagrosMartinez,whoatthetime,wasafraidandtold
no one save for her daughter. Meanwhile, Marciano Fernandez, Charlies father, reported the
death of his son to the Western Police District (WPD) where an advance information was
prepared, indicating that 4 unidentified persons perpetrated the crime. 3 months after the
stabbing, David Salvatierra was apprehended for causing a commotion along Miguelin Street,
Sampaloc,Manila.ThearrestingofficersfoundoutthathewasasuspectinthekillingofCharlie
Fernandez andturnedhimoverto theWPD.Salvatierrawaschargedwith murderandhe
pleaded not guilty. The prosecution presented Milagros Martinez, who had been persuaded to
testifybyMarcianoFernandez,andthetrialcourtfoundSalvatierraguiltyascharged.On
appeal,Salvatierraassignsaserrorthetrialcourtsfailuretofindthatthewarrantlessarrestfor
theoffenseofmaliciousmischiefwhichledtohisdetentionfortheallegedmurderofCharlie
Fernandezwasunconstitutional.
Were the irregularities in the warrantless arrestof David Salvatierra for the crime of murder
deemedwaivedbyhisfailuretoraisethembeforeenteringhisplea?
HELD:
YES. Accusedappellant Salvatierra is estopped from questioning his arrest considering that he
never raised it before entering his plea. Any objection involving a warrant of arrest or in the
procedureintheacquisitionofjurisdictionoverthepersonofanaccusedmustbemadebefore
he enters his plea. Otherwise, the objection is deemed waived. Consequently, any irregularity
attendanttohisarrest,ifany,hadbeencuredbyhisvoluntarysubmissiontothejurisdictionof
thetrialcourtwhenheenteredhispleaandparticipatedduringtrial.
oOo
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
ISSUE:
CRIMINALLAWII 31
Knotes
PEOPLEv.FLORES
358SCRA319
YnaresSantiago,J.
FACTS:
SamsonSayamwaslastseendrinkingbeerinthecompanyofSgt.WinnieTampioc,andCitizens
Armed Force Geographical Unit (CAFGU) members Aaron Flores, Sulpecio Silpao and Edgar
Villeran.Theyleftthestorewheretheyweredrinkingandwalkedtowardsthedirectionofthe
military detachment headquarters, after which, witnesses heard gunshots. Despite diligent
effortsbySayamsmotherandrelativestolocatehim,hehasnotbeenfound. Theprosecution
contendsthatSayamwaskidnappedandillegallydetainedpursuanttoaconspiracyamongthe
accused. The trial court rendered a decision acquitting Sgt. Tampioc on the grounds of
reasonable doubt, and convicting Flores, Villeran and Silpao of the crime of kidnapping and
seriousillegaldetention.
ISSUES:
1. Didthetrial courterr inrulingthat the accusedappellants committedkidnappingandserious
illegaldetention?
2. AretheaccusedguiltyofarbitrarydetentionunderArt.124?
HELD:
1. YES. The crime of kidnapping and serious illegal detention has the following elements: (a) the
offender is a private individual; (b) he kidnaps or detains another, or in any other manner
deprivesthelatterofhisliberty;(c)theactofdetentionorkidnappingmustbeillegal;and(d)in
the commission of the offense, the following circumstances are present: (i) the kidnapping or
detention lasts for more than 3 days; (ii) it is committed simulating public authority; (iii) any
serious physical injuries are inflicted upon the person kidnapped or detained or threats to kill
him are made; or (iv) the person kidnapped is a minor, female, or public officer. Accused
appellants,beingmembersofthelocalCitizenArmedForceGeographicalUnit(CAFGU),arenot
private individuals but public officers. As such, they can only be held liable for the crime of
arbitrarydetention.
2. NO.Detentionisdefinedastheactualconfinementofapersoninanenclosureorinanymanner
depriving him of his liberty. The records show no evidence sufficient to prove that Samson
Sayam was detained arbitrarily by accusedappellants. While the prosecution witness testified
thattheywereseenwalkingwithSayamtowardthedirectionofthedetachmentheadquarters,
thereisnoevidencethathewasactuallyconfinedthereoranywhereelse.ThefactthatSayam
has not been seen or heard from since he was last seen with the accusedappellants does not
provethathewasdetainedanddeprivedofhisliberty.Thefactofdetention,whetherillegalor
arbitrary, was not clearly established by credible evidence. Likewise, there was no proof that
there was actual intent on the part of the accusedappellants to deprive Sayam of his liberty.
ThatSayamismissinguptothisdatecannotbeabasisforthetrialcourttorenderconviction.
Meresuspicionisinsufficienttoconvicttheaccusedappellants.
NOTES
*On warrants. A question was once asked in Constitutional Law II (under the coverage ofSearch and
Seizure) whether or not a warrant could in fact contain more than one offense. The class suffered a
shotgun round, and was made to say yes despite deep instincts to the contrary. It was said that a
warrantcouldinfactcontainmorethanoneoffenseIFitwasissuedfor(1)complexcrimes;or(2)special
complex crimes. We asked Atty. A for clarification and he spent 30 whole minutes drillingit intous: a
warrantCANNOTEVERcontainmorethanASINGLEoffense.
*Notwithstandingthepresenceofart.48,RPConcomplexcrimes,awarrantmaystillNOTcontaintwo
ormoreoffenses.ThecomplexingisdonebythePROSECUTOR,NOTthearrestingofficers;anditsdone
AFTERawarranthasbeenservedbecausetheProsecutorlooksat theevidenceobtainedthrough that
very warrant and determines the degree of perversion and hence, culpability of the
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 32
Knotes
accusedfollowingtheformula:didoneoffenseresult intwo ormoregraveorlessgraveoffenses?Was

one a necessary means to commit the other? Beyond that, complexing cannot be assumed. Besides,
whatisthebasisofthearrestingofficerstoapplyforawarrantinconnectionwithacomplexorspecial
complex crime? And whatbasis would the issuingJudge have tofind probable cause for a complex or
special complex crime? If I were counsel for the defence, I would move for the nullification of your
warrant.ThebestremedyistoapplyforTWOseparatewarrantsAtty.A
ART.130
SEARCHINGDOMICILEWITHOUTAWITNESS
1. Theoffender=publicofficer/employee
2. Heisarmedwithasearchwarrantlegallyobtained
3. Hesearchesthedomicile,papersorotherbelongingsofanyperson
4.Theowneroranymemberofhisfamily,or2witnessesresidinginthesamelocalityarenot
present
Q:Whatistheorderofthepeoplewhomustwitnessthesearch?
1. Homeowner
2. Membersofthefamilywhoareofsufficientageanddiscretion
3. Responsiblemembersofthecommunity(2)
Q:Whomaycommitthis?
Publicofficers/employeesauthorizedtoconductasearch
Q: Are 2 housemaids considered witnesses, in the event that the owner and blood relatives are not
present?
Yes
Q:2Barangaytanods?
Yes
Q:2membersofthepoliceteam?
No
Q:Supposetheownerwasnotpresent,buthis2daughtersaged12and8respectivelywerethere.May
thesearchbemade?
No
Q:Whatabout2neighborswhomyouwerenotingoodtermswith?
Theymaybewitnesses.Thelawdoesnotrequirethattheownerbeongoodtermswiththem.
SECTIONTHREEPROHIBITION,INTERRUPTIONANDDISSOLUTIONOF
PEACEFULMEETINGS
ART.131
PROHIBITION,INTERRUPTIONAND
DISSOLUTIONOFPEACEFULMEETINGS
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Whynot?
Themembersofthefamilymustbeofsufficientageordiscretion
CRIMINALLAWII 33
Knotes
1. Byprohibitingorinterruptingwithoutlegalground,theholdingofapeacefulmeeting;orby
dissolvingthesame
2. By hindering any person from joining any lawful association or from attending any of its
meetings
3. Byprohibitingorhinderinganypersonfromaddressing,eitheraloneortogetherwith
others,anypetitiontotheauthoritiesforthecorrectionofabusesorredressofgrievances
Q: Under the 1st mode ofcommission (prohibitingor interruption the holdingofan assembly without
legalground/dissolvingthesame),whatconstitutionalrightissafeguarded?
Therighttopeacefulassembly
Q:Isthisrightabsolute?
No
Q:Mayitberegulated?How?
Yes,itmayberegulated.Theregulationmaybedoneinexerciseofpolicepower.
Q:Iftheoffenderisaprivateindividual,whatcrimedoeshecommit?
DisturbanceofPublicOrder(Art.153)
Q:Ifthemeetingisnolongerpeaceful,mayitbedissolved?
Yes
Q:Ifthemeetingthatwasinterruptedordissolvedisasessionofthecitycouncil,andthedissolutionis
donebyapublicofficer,isArt.131applicable?
No,thecrimeinthiscaseisacrimeagainstalegislativebody,notpunishableunderthisarticle
Q:Iftheofficerstopsameetingbecauseofacityordinance,isheliable?
No
Q:supposehedoessoinaprivateresidence?
Heisliable
Q:Mayapoliceofficerstopapeacefulmeetingtakingplaceinafreedompark?
No.Bylaw(BP880), meetingsinfreedomparksneednotbeconductedpursuanttoapermit.
Theofficerhasnolawfulcausetointerruptthepeacefulmeeting
Q:Whatisafreedompark?
An area established by law as such, where one can peaceably assemble at any time without
havingtoprocureapermitfromthegovernmentforthatpurpose
Q:Underwhatlaw?
BatasPambansa880ThePublicAssemblyActof1985
Q:Inwhatmannerareyouliable?
Forconductinganassemblywithoutapermitandinanareanotdesignatedasafreedompark
Q:WhatifyouconductedyourrallyinLiwasang,Bonifacio?
WearenotliableTheareaisadesignatedfreedompark
Q:IfyouconducteditinfrontoftheSanBedagate,mayyoubearrestedwithoutawarrant?
Yes
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q: Suppose you and your classmates are failing Criminal Law 2. You assembled in front of San Beda
withoutapermit,demandingtheremovalofAtty.Amurao.Areyouliable?
Yes
CRIMINALLAWII 34
Knotes
Q:YoudecidedtostarttherallyfromEspaatoMendiola.Itwasaspontaneousdecision.Mayyoube
interceptedanywherebetweenthoseareasandarrested?
Yes
Q:Whatisthereasonforrequiringapermit?
Thestateseekstoensurethemaintenanceofpublicorderandsafetyanddoessoinexerciseof
itssovereignpolicepower
Q: Youconducted arally at a freedom park. In thecourseofthe rally, youuttered libellousspeeches.

Maytherallybedispersed?
Yes,ithasceasedtobepeaceful
Q:Butitwasdoneinafreedompark
Whatiscontrollingasfarasthedispersalgoesisthenatureoftherally.Evenifitwasdoneina
freedom park, it had ceased to be peaceful. A freedom park may be used subject to the
qualificationthattheassemblymustbeapeacefulone
Q:Sotherighttoapeacefulassemblyinafreedomparkisalsonotabsolute?
Yes,itisnotabsolute.Therighttouseafreedomparkisalsoregulated
Q:Underthe2nd modeofcommission(hinderingapersonfromjoininganylawfulassociation/attending
anyofitsmeetings),whatconstitutionalrightissafeguarded?
Therighttoassociation
Q:Whatarethe2punishableactsunderthismannerofcommission?
1.Hinderingsomeonefromjoiningalawfulassociation
2. Preventinghimfromattendinganyofitsmeetings
Q:Giveanexampleofthe1st act
Q:Yourdistantrelative,apoliceofficer, preventedyoufromjoininganunrecognizedfraternitywithin
SanBedaCollegeofLaw.Isheliable?
Yes,thefraternityisnotnecessarilyanunlawfulassociation,notwithstandingthefactthatSan
BedaLawdoesnotrecognizeit
Q: Same facts, except that the organization you wanted to join was the Abu Sayyaf. Is your relative
liabel?
No
Q:AndifyouwantedtojointheNationalDemocraticFrontNewPeoplesArmy(NDFNPA)?
Heisnotliable
Q:Giveanexampleofthe2nd mannerofcommission
Q:Underthe3rd manner,whatconstitutionalrightissafeguarded?
Therighttopetitionthegovernmentforredressofgrievances
BATASPAMBANSABLG.880
THEPUBLICASSEMBLYACTOF1985
OutlineofDefinitions
PublicAssembly:
PublicPlace:Includesanyhighway,boulevard,avenue,road,street,bridge,orotherthoroughfare,
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Giveanexampleofthe3rd mannerofcommission
CRIMINALLAWII 35
Knotes
park,plaza,squareand/oranyopenspaceofpublicownershipwherethepeopleareallowedaccess
Freedom Parks: Parks duly established by every City or Municipality where demonstrations and
meetingsmaybeheldatanytimewithouttheneedofanypriorpermit
Maximum Tolerance: The highest degree of restraint that the military, police and other peace
keepingauthoritiesshallobserveduringapublicassemblyorinthedispersalofthesame
WhenPermitsarerequired:organizationandholdingofapublicassemblyinapublicplace
Nopermitsrequiredfortheuseoffreedomparksdulyestablishedbylaw
Whentheassemblyistobeheldonprivateproperty,theconsentoftheownerisneeded
SalientProvisions
Sec.5 ApplicationRequirements:Theapplicationshallbeinwriting,shallincludethenamesofthe
leaders/organizers; the purpose of the assembly; date, time, duration thereof; the place/streets to
be used; and the probable number of persons participating; and the transport and public address
systemtobeused.TheapplicationshallbefiledwiththeofficeoftheMayorofthecityof
municipalityinwhosejurisdictiontheintendedactivityistobeheld, atleast5workingdaysbefore
thescheduledactivity.
Sec.6 Action to be taken on the Application: The Mayor/any official acting in his behalf has the
dutytoissueorgrantapermitunlessthereisclearandconvincingevidencethatthepublicassembly
will create a clear and present danger to public order, public safety, public convenience, public
moralsandpublichealth.TheMayor/officialactinginhisbehalfshallactontheapplicationwithin2
working days from the date the application was filed, failing which, the permit shall be deemed
granted.Shouldforanyreason,theMayor/officialrefusetoaccepttheapplicationforapermit,said
applicationshallbepostedbytheapplicantonthepremisesoftheofficeoftheMayoranditshallbe
deemedtohavebeenfiled.Ifthemayorisoftheviewthatthereisimminentandgravedangerofa
substantive evil warranting the denial/modification of the permit, he shall immediately inform the
applicantwhomustbeheardonthematter.Actiononthepermitshallbeinwritingandservedon
the applicant within 24hrs. If the mayor/acting official denies the application/modifies the terms
thereof,theapplicantmaycontestthedecisioninanappropriatecourtoflaw.
Sec.9 Noninterference of law enforcement authorities:Law enforcement authorities shall not

interfere with the holding of a public assembly. To adequately ensure public safety, a contingent
underthecommandof aresponsible policeofficermaybe detailedand stationedatleast100
metersawayfromtheareaofactivitytomaintainpeaceandorderatalltimes.
Sec.10 PoliceAssistancewhen requested:Membersofthe law enforcement contingent who deal
withthedemonstratorsshallbeincompleteuniformwiththeirnameplatesandunitstowhichthey
belongdisplayed prominently; and they shall observethe policy of Maximum Tolerance. They shall
not carry any kind of firearms, but may be equipped with baton, riot sticks, and shields, crash
helmetswithvisor,gasmasks,bootsoranklehighshoeswithshinguards.Teargas,smoke
grenades,watercannonsoranysimilarantiriotdeviceshallnotbeusedunlessthepublicassembly
isattendedbyactualviolenceorseriousthreatsofviolenceordeliberatedestructionofproperty.
Sec.11 DispersalofPublicAssemblywithPermit: Nopublicassemblywithapermitshallbe

dispersed.However,whenanassemblybecomesviolent,thepolicemaydisperseitasfollows:Atthe
firstsignofimpendingviolence,therankingofficerofthelawenforcementcontingentshallcallthe
attention of the leaders of the public assembly and ask the latter to prevent any possible
disturbance. If actual violence starts to a point where rocks or other harmful objects from the
participantsarethrownatthepoliceoratthenonparticipantsoratanyproperty,causingdamage,
therankingofficershallaudiblywarntheparticipantsthatifthedisturbancepersists,theassembly
willbedispersed.Iftheviolence/disturbancedoesnotstoporabate,therankingofficershallaudibly
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 36
Knotes
issue a warning to the participants and after allowing a reasonable period of time to lapse, shall
immediateorderittoforthwithdisperse.Noarrestofanyleader,organizerorparticipantshallalso
bemadeduringthepublicassemblyunlessheviolatesduringthatassemblyalaw,statute,
ordinance, or any provision of this Act. Such arrest shall be governed by Art.125 of the RPC as
amended. Isolatedacts/incidents of disorders orbreach of the peaceduring theassemblyshall not
constituteagroundfordispersal.
Sec.13 ProhibitedActs:ThefollowingshallconstituteviolationsofthisAct:
a.Theholdingofanypublicassemblyasdefinedinthisactbyanyleader/organizerwithouthaving
firstsecuredthatwrittenpermitwhereapermitisrequired,ortheuseofsuchpermitforsuch
purposesinanyplaceotherthanthosesetoutinsaidpermit:providedhoweverthatnoperson
can be punished or held criminally liable for participating in/attending an otherwise peaceful
assembly
b.Arbitraryandunjustifieddenial/modificationofapermitinviolationoftheprovisionsofthisAct
bytheMayororanyotherofficialactinginhisbehalf
c. Unjustified/arbitraryrefusaltoacceptoracknowledgereceiptoftheapplicationforapermit
d.Obstructing, impeding, disrupting, or otherwise denying the exercise of the right to peaceful
assembly
e.Unnecessary firing of firearms by amember of anylaw enforcement agency or anypersonto
dispersetheassembly
f.ActsinviolationofSec.10hereof
g.Actsdescribedhereunder,ifcommittedwithin100metersfromtheareaofactivityofthepublic
assemblyoronoccasionthereof:
1.Carryingofadeadlyoroffensiveweapon/devicesuchasfirearm,pillbox,bombandthelike
2. Carryingofabladedweaponandthelike
3. Maliciousburningofanyobjectinthestreetsorthoroughfares
4.Carryingoffirearmsbymembersofthelawenforcementunit
5. Interferingwithorintentionallydisturbingtheholdingofapublicassembly,bytheuseofa
motorvehicle,itshorns,andloudsoundsystems.
ART.132
INTERRUPTIONOFRELIGIOUSWORSHIP
1. Theoffender=publicofficial/employee
2. Religiousceremoniesormanifestationsofanyreligionareabouttotakeplaceoraregoing
on
3. Theoffenderpreventsordisturbsthesame
Q:Isitnecessarythatthisbecommittedinanactualplaceofworship?
No,themanifestationsorceremoniesmaybetakingplaceoutsideareligiousstructure
Q:Whatarethecircumstancesqualifyingthecrime?
Thepresenceofviolenceorthreatsinthecommissionofthecrime
Q:SupposetherewasamassgoingoninLuneta.Apublicofficerfired shotsintheairandthepeople
scattered.Isheliable?
Yes
Q:Supposethemasswasoverandapoliticianwasgivingaspeech
HeisnolongerliableunderArt.132
Q:Samefacts.YoulearnedofthemassinLunetaandyouwantedtojoin.Youwerenotallowedtojoin
byapoliceofficerguardingtheentrance.Isheliable?
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Giveanexample
CRIMINALLAWII 37
Knotes
Yes,butunderArt.131,not132
Q:Whatconstitutionalrightissafeguardedhere?
TheRighttoFreedomofReligion
Q:Isameredisturbancesufficient?
No,thedisturbancehastobenotoriouslyoffensivetothefeelingsofthefaithful
ART.133
OFFENDINGTHERELIGIOUSFEELINGS
Q:Whomaycommitit?
Q:Whenistheactconsideredtobenotoriouslyoffensive?
Q:Giveanexample
Q:Fromwhoseviewpointistheconceptofnotoriouslyoffensivejudged?
Fromtheviewpointoftheoffendedparty
Q:Theaccusedtookastatueofthevirginmaryandchoppeditintopiecesinfrontofagroupthatwas
praying.Heconsideredthestatuetobemerelyapieceofwood.Isheliable?
Yes
Q:Wouldsuchanactbeconsiderednotoriouslyoffensive?
Yes
CRIMECOMMITTED
NATUREOFTHECRIME
PERSONSLIABLE
Prohibition,
Interruptionand
Dissolutionofa
PeacefulMeeting
(ART.131)
Crimeagainstthe
fundamentallawofthe
State
PublicOfficers,
Outsiders
Interruptionof
ReligiousWorship
(ART.132)
Crimeagainstthe
fundamentallawofthe
state
PublicOfficers
LEGALEFFECTOFA
MISSINGELEMENT
Ifnotcommittedbya
publicofficer,thecrime
isTumultsandPublic
DisordersorGrave
Coercion
Ifcommittedbya
memberofthemeeting
=UnjustVexation
Ifthemeetingisnot
religious=Tumultsor
Alarms
Iftheactisnot
notoriouslyoffensiveto
thefeelingsofthe
faithful=Unjust
Vexation
Iftheoffenderisa
privatepersonwhois
notamemberofthe
meeting=Disturbance
ofPublicOrder
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 38
Knotes
OffendingtheReligious CrimeagainstPublic
Feelings
Order
(ART.133)
PublicOfficers,
PrivatePersonswhoare
membersofthe
meeting,
Outsiders
Ifthecrimeisnot
Tumults=Alarmsand
Scandals
Ifthemeetingisillegal
fromtheonset=
IncitingtoRebellion
NOTES:
*Ifthecrimeisconductedinaplacedevotedtoareligiouspurpose,thereisnoneedforanongoingand
actualceremony
*Religious ceremonies well think:acts performed (not necessarily) inside the church,i.e.:
processionsandspecialprayersforburyingthedeadbutNOTprayerrallies
*Theoffensiveactsmustbedirectedagainstreligiouspracticeordogmaoraritualofthesamenature
for the purpose of ridicule i.e.: mocking or scoffing at, or attempting to damage an objectofreligious
veneration
*Theremustbedeliberateintenttohurtthefeelingsofthefaithful.Merearroganceorrudenessisnot
enough
CHAPTERONE
REBELLION,COUPDETAT,SEDITIONANDDISLOYALTY
ART.134
REBELLIONORINSURRECTION
1. Thereis
a.ApublicuprisingAND(*whateveryoudo,doNOTforgettheconjunctive)
b.Atakingupofarmsagainstthegovernment
2. Thepurposeoftheuprisingormovementiseither
a.ToremovefromtheallegiancetosaidGovernmentoritslaws
i. TheterritoryofthePhilippinesORanypartthereof(*doNOTforgetthedisjunctive);
or
ii.Anybodyofland,naval,orotherArmedForces
b.TodeprivetheChiefExecutiveorCongresswhollyorpartiallyofanyoftheirpowersof
prerogatives
Q:DifferentiatethisfromTreason
RE:MannerofProsecution
TREASON
(ART.114)
TwoWitnessRule
REBELLION
(ART.134)
OrdinaryRulesofEvidence
RE:TimeofCommission
TimeofWar
TimeofPeace
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 39
Knotes
Q:GiveanexampleofRebellioninthePhilippines
Q:Canthisbecommittedbyasingleperson?
No,itisacrimeofmasses
Q:Whomaybeliable?
TheLeadersandtheParticipants
Q:SupposeanNPAofficeraskedyoutoencashsomeoftheirchecksanddeliverthemoneytothem.Are
youliable?
No,mereadherencetotheenemybygivingthemaidorcomfortisNOTpunishableinrebellion
Q: Members of the NPA kidnapped a Chinese merchant and demanded ransom. Upon payment, the
merchantwasreleasedandtheransomwasusedbytheNPAtofinanceitsactivities.Whatcrime/swas
committed?
RebellionONLY
Q:Whyisthat?
Because Rebellion ABSORBScommoncrimes committed in furtheranceofitsgoals.Itmaynot
becomplexedwiththosecrimesinordertoaggravatetheliabilityoftheaccused
*NB:AbsorptionofcrimesisNOTsynonymouswithComplexCrimes.Incomplexing,theliability
of the accused is the one for the greater offense. In Absorption, the liability is set by law and
maynotbeaggravatedbythecommissionofanothercrime.Why?Becausepenallawsshouldbe
construedliberallyinfavouroftheaccusedandstrictlyagainsttheState.Thatsjustthewayit
is.
Q:Supposethekidnappersdistributedtheransomamongstthemselvesanddidnotremitthemoneyto
theirhigherups,whatcrimewascommitted?
Kidnapping,thecrimeisnotabsorbedbyrebellionbecauseitwasnotcommittedinfurtherance
ofthepoliticalgoalsofrebellion
Q:TheNPAambushedtheGovernorandkilledhimforbeingcorrupt.Whatcrimewascommitted?
Rebellion
Q:MaytheybeprosecutedforMurder?
No,thecrimeisabsorbedinRebellion
Q:SupposetheyrapedthedaughteroftheGovernor,Whatcrime/crimeswerecommitted?
1.Rebellion
2. Rape
*separate,notabsorbedbecausetherapewasnotcommittedinfurtheranceofrebellion
Q: Factory employees organized themselves as an armed group and become so powerful they had a
strike and declared their factory as being under their own laws. They killed 10 persons in the process.
Whatcrimewascommitted?
Rebellion
Q:SupposetheleaderoftheRebellionisunknown.Whomaybeheldliable?
Anypersonwhospeaksforsignsreceiptsfor,ordirectstheRebellion,orperformssimilaracts
onbehalfoftherebels
Q:WillconspiracytocommitRebellionmakeyouliable?
Yes
Q:Howaboutproposaltocommitit?
No
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 40
Knotes
NOTES:
*The success of a rebellion is immaterial. Whether it failed or not does not affect the liability of the
accused
*Thepurposeofrebellionisalwayspolitical
*Theterm Rebellion isused whentheobject is tocompletelyoverthrowthegovernmentand

supersedeit
*Insurrectionreferstoamovementwhichseeksmerelytoeffectsomechangeofminorimportanceto
preventtheexerciseofgovernmentauthoritywithrespecttoparticularmattersorsubjects
*An actual clash of arms between government forces and the rebels is not necessary to convict the
accusedwhoisinconspiracywithothersactuallytakingarmsagainstthegovernment
*Thepurposeoftheuprisingmustbeshownalthoughitisnotnecessarythatitisactuallyachieved
*Rebellionreferstothearmedactofseekingachangeofgovernmentwithoutexternalparticipation
*Actualparticipationherereferstorisingpubliclyandtakinguparmsagainstthegovernment.Ifthere
doesnthappentobeapublicuprising,thecrimeisdirectassault
*Meregivingofaidorcomfortisnotacriminalactinthecaseofrebellion.Merelysympathizingwiththe
rebels is not considered as participation in the rebellion. There must be actual participation in the
uprising.
*Theredoesnthavetobeactualkillingofanyperson.ThemerethreatofremovingthePhilippinesfrom
thecontrolofthegovernmentthroughforceorviolenceissufficient
*Rebellioncannotbecomplexedwithothercommoncrimes,HOWEVER,illegalpossessionoffirearmsin
furtheranceofrebellionisDISTINCTfromthecrimeofrebellion.
*RebellionisaCONTINUINGCRIME
*Aprivatecrime(aka.crimesagainstchastitynotethatRAPEisnolongeraprivatecrimebyvirtueof
RA8353)maybecommittedduringrebellion
PONCEENRILEv.SALAZAR
Narvasa,J.
FACTS:
Senate Minority floor leaderJuan Ponce Enrile was arrested on thestrength ofa warrantissuedon an
information charging him and the spouses Rebecco and Erlinda Panlilio, and Gregorio Honasan for the
crimeofrebellionwithmurderandmultiplefrustratedmurderwhichtheyallegedlycommittedduring
the period of the failed coup attempt from November 29 to December 10, 1990. Enrile was taken and
heldovernightattheNBIHeadquartersinTaftAvenuewithoutbail,nonehavingbeenrecommendedby
the Prosecutor. The following morning he was brought to Camp Tomas Karingal in Quezon City, and
given over tothe custody ofthe Superintendentofthe Northern Police District. Enrile filedfor Habeas
Corpus, alleging that he was being held to answer for a criminal offense not contained in the statute
books, that he was charged in an information for which no complaintwas initially filed or preliminary
investigationconducted,thathewasdeniedhisrighttobailandarrestedanddetainedonthestrength
of a warrant issued without the judge having first personally determined the existence of probable
cause.
ISSUES:
1. CanSenatorEnrilebeheldliableforthecomplexcrimeofRebellionwithmurderandmultiple
frustratedmurder?
2. Wasthearrestwarrantissuedwithoutthejudgespersonaldeterminationofprobablecause?
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 41
Knotes
HELD:
1. NO.As heldintheHernandez case,rebellion cannot becomplexedwith anyotheroffense
committed on the occasion thereof, either as a means necessary to its commission or as an
unintended effect of an activity that constitutes rebellion. The information filed against him
doesinfactchargeanoffense.ReadinthecontextofHernandez,theinformationchargesEnrile
withacrimedefinedandpunishedbytheRevisedPenalCode:simplerebellion.
2. NO. It is sufficient that the Judge follows established procedure by personally evaluating the
report and supporting documents submitted by the Prosecutor. Merely because respondent
JudgeSalazarhadwhatsomemightconsiderarelativelybriefperiod(1hourand20mins)within
whichtocomplywiththedutygivesnoreasontoassumethathehadnot,orcouldnothaveso
complied; nor does that single circumstance suffice to overcome the legal presumption that
officialdutyhasbeenregularlyperformed.
oOo
PONCEENRILEv.AMIN
Gutierrez,Jr.,J.
FACTS:
Together with the filing of an information charging Sen. Enrile with Rebellion complexed with
MurderandMultipleFrustratedMurderintheRegionalTrialCourtofQuezonCity,Government
ProsecutorsfiledanotherinformationcharginghimwithaviolationofPresidentialDecree1829.
The information alleged that Enrile, who had reasonable ground tobelieve or suspect that ex
Colonel Gregorio Honasan had committed a crime, voluntarily concealed the exColonel in his
ownresidenceinDasmariasVillage,Makati.Enrilefiledanomnibusmotiontoquashordismiss
ontheground,amongothers,thatthependingchargeofrebellioncomplexedwithmurderand
frustrated murder precluded theprosecution ofaviolationof PD1829. Hismotion wasdenied.
The respondent Judge upheld the prosecutions contention that simultaneous proceedings are
permissible because Rebellion is based on the Revised Penal Code; where the instant case is
based on a special law. Enrile appealed to the Supreme Court, and the High Court issued a
TemporaryRestrainingorderenjoiningproceedingsintheinstantcase.
ISSUE:
Can Senator Enrile be simultaneously charged withobstruction of justice, a violation of

PresidentialDecree1829;andtheRevisedPenalCode,withregardstoRebellion?
NO.Ifapersoncannotbechargedwiththecomplexcrimeofrebellionforthegreaterpenaltyto
be applied, neither can he be charged separately for two different offenses where one is a
constitutive or component element of, or committed in furtherance of rebellion. Being in
conspiracywithHonasan,Enrilesallegedactofharbouring/concealingwasfornootherpurpose
but to further the crime of rebellion, thus constituting a component thereof. The crime of
rebellion consists of many acts. The acts committed in furtherance of it, though crimes in
themselvesaredeemedabsorbedintheonesinglecrimeofrebellion.Theycannot,therefore,be
made the basis of separate charges. The rationale remains the same: all crimes, whether
punishable under a special law or general law, which are components or ingredients, or
committed in furtherance thereof, become absorbed in rebellion and cannot be isolated and
charged as separate crimes. The theory of absorption in rebellion cases must not confine itself
tocommoncrimesbutalsotooffensesunderspeciallawswhichareperpetratedinfurtherance
ofthepoliticaloffense.
oOo
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
HELD:
CRIMINALLAWII 42
Knotes
UMILv.RAMOS
PerCuriam
FACTS:
ConsolidatedcasesforHabeasCorpus.
RE:ROLANDODURAL
Ronnie Javellon was arrested without a warrant while he was confined at the Saint Agnes
Hospital and receiving treatment for gunshot wounds. The doctors alerted the military to his
presencethere.Hewasidentifiedthedaybeforeasbeingoneofthepeoplewhoshot2CAPCOM
policemen in their patrol car. Javellon later turned out to be Rolando Dural, a known NPA
member.
RE:AMELIAROQUE,WILFREDOBUENAOBRA,DOMINGOANONUEVO,
RAMONCASIPLE,ANDVICKYOCAYA
TheaccusedwerearrestedaftermilitaryagentsreceivedinformationfromaformerNPA
member that twohouses one occupied by Renato Constantine and located in Molave Street,
Marikina Heights, Marikina; and one occupied by Benito Tiamzon were being used as NPA
safehouses. The houses were put under military surveillance. Pursuant to a search warrant,
Renato Constantine was confronted. He could not produce any permit for the firearms in his
house,aswellastheammunitions,radioandotherequipmentintheresidence.Healso
admitted that he was a ranking member of the NPA. Wilfredo Buenaobra arrived at the
safehouse and had letters for Constantine and other rebels. He also admitted tobeinganNPA
courier.AmeliaRoquewasarrestedinconsequencetoBuenaobrasarrestbecausehehadinhis
possession papersleading to herwhereabouts.Subversivedocumentsandliveammunition
werefoundinher possessionandsheadmittedtobelongingtothegroup. DomingoAnonuevo
and Ramon Casiple arrived at the safehouse and agents frisked them, finding subversive
documents, and loaded guns without permits. Vicky Ocaya was arrested without a warrant
whenshearrivedatthehouseofBenitoTiamzon.Tiamzonshousewasthesubjectofa search
warrant.AmmunitionandsubversivedocumentswerethereafterfoundinOcayascar.
RE:DEOGRACIASESPIRITU
Theaccusedwasarrestedwithoutawarrantonthebasisoftheattestationofcertainwitnesses
that at 5:00pm, at the corner of Magsaysay Boulevard and Velencia Street, Sta. Mesa, Manila,
and on November 22, 1988, Espiritu spoke at a gathering of drivers and sympathizers, saying
Bukastuloyangwelganatin,hanggangsamagkagulona.
RE:NARCISONAZARENO
Romulo Bunye II was killed by a group of men in Alabang, Muntinlupa.14 days later, Ramil
Regala, one of the suspects, was arrested and he pointed out Narciso Nazareno as one of his
companionsduringthekilling.Thatsamemorning,Nazarenowasarrestedwithoutawarrant.
ISSUE:
Werethearrestsvalidlyeffected?
RE:ROLANDODURAL
YES, the warrantless arrest was valid. He was committing an offense when he was arrested
being an NPA member. The NPA is an outlawed organization and membership therein is a
continuingcrime.Hedidnot ceasetobeasubversiveforpurposesofarrestsimplybecausehe
wasconfinedatSt.AgnesHospital.Militaryagentsweredispatchedonconfidentialinformation
to verify if an NPA member had indeed been admitted for a gunshot wound. The information
was based on actual facts, supported by circumstances sufficient to engender a belief that an
NPAmembertrulywasinthathospital.
RE:AMELIAROQUE,WILFREDOBUENAOBRA,DOMINGOANONUEVO,
RAMONCASIPLE,ANDVICKYOCAYA
YES, their arrests were all valid. They were searched pursuant to search warrants and were
foundwith unlicensedfirearms,explosivesandammunition.Theywerecaughtinflagrante
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
HELD:
CRIMINALLAWII 43
Knotes
delicto.Thereasonforalltheirarrestswasthatmilitaryauthoritiesreceivedinformationabout
2safehousesbeingusedbytheNPA,withexactlocationsandthenamesofRenatoConstantine
and Benito Tiamzon. At the time of their arrests, they had ownership of unlicensed firearms,
ammunition, subversive documents. They also admitted to membership in the NPA. There was
probablecausetosupporttheirwarrantlessarrests.
RE:DEOGRACIASESPIRITU
YES,thewarrantlessarrestwasvalid.Hewasarrestednotforsubversionbutforutteringwords
which the arresting officers believed to constitute Inciting to Sedition. The case was mooted
anyhow,consideringthefailureoftheinvestigatingofficerstoappearatthereinvestigation.
RE:NARCISONAZARENO
YES,thewarrantlessarrestwasvalid.AlthoughNazarenosarrestwaseffected14dayslater,the
arrest falls under Sec.5(b), Rule 113ofthe Rules of Court since it wasonly then thatthe police
came to know that Nazareno was probably one of those guilty in the killing of Bunye II. The
arresthadtobemadepromptly,evenwithoutawarrant,topreventpossibleflight.
ART.134A
COUPDETAT
Q:Whoistheoffenderhere?
Memberofthemilitary,police;publicofficersoremployees
Q:DifferentiatethiswithRebellion
REBELLION
(ART.134)
PublicOfficers/Employeesand
PrivateIndividuals
COUPDETAT
(ART.134A)
PublicOfficers/Employees,
Militarymen,PoliceOfficers
RE:MannerofCommission
RisingPubliclyandTakingUp
ArmsagainsttheGovernment
ASwiftattackaccompaniedby
violence,intimidation,threat,
strategyorstealth
RE:PurposeofCommission
Toremovefromallegianceto
theGovernmenttheterritoryof
thePhilipinesoranypart
thereof,oranybodyofland,
navalorotherarmedforces;
Seizingordiminishingstate
power
RE:PersonsLiable
TodeprivetheChiefExecutiveor
Congress,whollyorpartially,of
anyoftheirprerogativesor
powers
RE:TargetofAttack
TheGovernment
Q:Maycoupdetatbecommitedbyasingleperson?
Yes
Q:Mayitbecommittedsecretly?
Yes(useofstealth)
AuthoritiesofthePhilippines,
MilitaryCamps,Installations,
CommunicationsNetworks,
PublicUtilitiesorotherfacilities
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 44
Knotes
Q:Mayaprivateindividualbeheldliableforcoupdetat?
No
TREASON
(ART.114)
CrimeAgainst
NationalSecurity
Natureofthe
Crime
OvertActs
Levyingwar
againstthe
government;
Purposeor
Objective
Adherencetothe
enemies,giving
themaidor
comfort
Todeliverthe
government,
duringtimeof
war,totheenemy
COUPDETAT
(ART.134A)
CrimeAgainst
PublicOrder
SEDITION
(ART.139)
CrimeAgainst
PublicOrder
PublicUprising;
Swiftattack
accompaniedby
violence,
intimidation,
threat,strategyor
stealth
Risingpubliclyor
tumultuously
REBELLION
(ART.134)
CrimeAgainst
PublicOrder
Takinguparms
againstthe
government
*NB:tumultuously
referstothe
presenceofmore
than3(i.e.:atleast
4)armedmenor
menprovidedwith
meansforviolence
Toremovefrom
allegiancetothe
Governmentthe
territoryofthe
Philipinesorany
partthereof,or
anybodyofland,
navalorother
armedforces;
Todeprivethe
ChiefExecutiveor
Congress,wholly
orpartially,ofany
oftheir
prerogativesor
powers
Seizingor
diminishingstate
power
Topreventthe
promulgationor
executionofany
lawortheholding
ofanypopular
election;
Topreventthe
National
Governmentorany
provincial/municipal
governmentorany
publicofficer
thereoffromfreely
exercisingitsorhis
functions;orto
preventthe
executionofany
administrative
order;
Toinflictanyactof
hate/revengeupon
thepersonor
propertyofany
public
officer/employee;
Tocommit,forany
politicalorsocial
end,anyactof
hate/revenge
againstprivate
personsorany
socialclass;
Todespoil,forany
politicalorsocial
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 45
Knotes
end,anyperson,
municipalityor
province,orthe
National
Governmentifallor
anypartofits
property.
Q:Conspiracytocommitrebellion,howisthiscommitted?
Q:Proposaltocommitrebellion,howisthiscommitted?
Q:5membersoftheNPAambushedandkilledacompanymanagerbecausehewasresponsibleforthe
dismissal of several workers. The workers were dismissed for union busting. What crime was
committed?
Rebellion
Q: Prof. Amuraoflunked ofthe class.Hereceived athreat tochange the gradesorelsehewouldbe

killed.Herefused tochange the grades. The followingday, he was ambushed byan NPAmember who
happenedtobethebrotherofonestudentwhofailed.Whatcrimeswerecommitted?
1. Rebellion(brotherwasanNPAmember,rebellionisacontinuingcrime)
2. GraveCoercion
3. MurdercomplexedwithDirectAssault
*Allseparate, notabsorbedbyrebellionbecausethecommoncrimeswerenotcommitted
infurtheranceofrebellion
Q: The provincial governor was liquidated by the Alex Boncayao Brigade (an NPA liquidation squad
think: people who kill other people for the NPA). The governor had been a known drug lord. He was
foundandkilledbytheBrigade.Whatcrimewascommitted?
Rebellion
Q: 2 Victory Liner Buses were burned by the NPA because the management of Victory refused to pay
revolutionarytaxes.2passengersdied.Whatcrimewascommitted?
Rebellion
Q: The sister of an NPA officer was raped by the commanding officer of the AFP. The prosecution for
rapewas dismissed.To avengetheinjustice,theNPAofficerkilledthemilitarycommander.What
crime/sdidhecommit?
1. Rebellion
2. Murder
*Separate,becausethemurderwascommittedforapersonalmotive
ART.135
PENALTYFORREBELLION,INSURRECTIONORCOUPDETAT
Q:Whoareliable?
1. Anypersonwho
a. Promotes
b. Maintains
c. Headsarebellionorinsurrection
2. Anypersonwho,whileholdinganypublicofficeoremployment,takespartthereinby
a. Engaginginwaragainsttheforcesofthegovernment
b. Destroyingpropertyorcommittingseriousviolence
c. Exactingcontributionsordivertingpublicfundsfromthelawfulpurposeforwhichthey
havebeenappropriate

3. Anypersonmerelyparticipatingorexecutingthecommandofanotherinarebellion
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 46
Knotes
*NB:
PersonsLiable,asfarastheiroccupationsareconcerned:
A. PERSONSINGOVERNMENTSERVICE
Anyonewholeads,directs,orcommandsotherstoundertakeacoupdetat
B.PERSONSNOTINGOVERNMENTSERVICE
Anyone whoparticipates or inanymanner, supports, finances, abets or aidsothersin
thecommissionofcoupdetat
NOTES
*Seriousviolenceisthatinflicteduponcivilianswhichmayresultinhomicide.Itisnotlimitedto
hostilitiesagainstothermilitaryforces
*DiversionofPublicFundsisMalversation,butwhencommittedhere,itisabsorbedbyrebellion.
*The public officer, to be liable, must take active part. Mere silence or omission is not punishable in
rebellion
*Commoncrimescommittedforprofitorpersonalmotives,withoutanypoliticalmotivation,wouldbe
separatelypunishedandnotabsorbedinrebellion
ART.136
CONSPIRACYANDPROPOSALTOCOMMITCOUPDETAT,
REBELLIONORINSURRECTION
*NB:Ithelpstoknowbyheartthedefinitionofconspiracyandproposal
Q:SupposemilitaryofficersmetoutsidethePHandagreedanddecidedtoseizepowerfromthepresent
administration. Upon arrival in the PH, they were arrested and prosecuted for conspiracy tocommita
coupdetat.Aretheyliable?
No,thecrimewascommittedoutsidethecountry.Itcannotbeprosecutedherebecauseitisnot
oneoftheexceptionstotheruleonterritoriality,asenumeratedunderArt.2oftheRPC
ART.137
DISLOYALTYOFPUBLICOFFICERSOFEMPLOYEES
Q:Giveanexample
NOTES
*Art.137presupposestheexistenceofrebellion.Norebellion,nocrimescommittedunderArt.137
*Thepublicofficer/employeesochargedmustnotbeinconspiracywiththerebelsorcoupplotterselse
hisliabilityisunderart.135/art.136
*Ifthepositionwasacceptedinordertoprotectthepeople,theofficialisnotliable
*Thecollaboratormustnothavetriedtoimposethewishesoftherebelsonthepeople
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
1. Byfailingtoresistarebellionbyallthemeanswithinonespower
2. Continuingtodischargethedutiesofofficeunderthecontroloftherebels
3. Acceptingappointmenttoofficeundertherebels
CRIMINALLAWII 47
Knotes
ART.138
INCITINGTOREBELLIONORINSURRECTION
1. Theoffenderdoesnottakearms,norisheinopenhostilityagainstthegovernment
2. Heincitesotherstotheexecutionofanyoftheactsofrebellion
3. The inciting is done by means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems, banners or
otherrepresentationstendingtothesameend
Q:SupposeamemberoftheNPAwasgoingaround,recruitingmembers.Whatcrimewascommitted?
Rebellion
Q: An ordinary barangay leader, fed up with the present administration, gave speeches aimed at
persuadingor convincing people to join him in the fight against the government. What crime did he
commit?
Incitingtorebellion
Q:Supposetheaudiencebeforewhomhespokewasfinallyinducedandpersuadedtojointhe
movementtooverthrowthegovernment.Whatcrimedidhecommit?
Rebellion
Thepersonsinducedwillbeprincipalsbydirectparticipation
Theoffenderisaprincipalbyinducementinthecrimeofrebellion
Q:Andiftheaudiencewasnotconvinced?Whataretherespectiveliabilities?
Thespeaker=IncitingtoRebellion
Theaudience=Noliability
Q:YouwerewalkingalongMakati,naked,withaplacardsayingDownwiththeAquinoAdministration.
Youweredistributingflyerscontainingpicturesofacorruptgovernment,andinvitingthereadertojoin
youandoverthrowthegovernment.Whatisyourliability?
IncitingtoRebellion
Q:DistinguishArt.136fromArt.138
PROPOSALTOCOMMITREBELLION
(ART.136)
Thepersonmakingtheproposalhasdecidedto
committherebellion,i.e.:totakeactivepartinit
INCITINGTOREBELLION
(ART.138)
Itisnotrequiredthattheoffenderhasdecidedto
actuallycommitrebellion
Thepersonwhoproposestheexecutionofthe
crimeusessecretorcovertmeans
Theincitingisdonepublicly
Q:Giveexamples(*note:examples,plural)ofmilitarycampsorreservations
ThearmyreservationinFortBonifacio
ThePhilippineMilitaryAcademy
VillamorAirBase
CampCrame
CampDangwa
NavyHeadquarters
PoropointinSanFernando,LaUnion
Q:GiveexamplesofCommunicationsNetworks
*NB:thismayincludeprivatelyownedcompanies(i.e.:PLDT,Smart,Globe,ABSCBNetc)
Q:GiveexamplesofPublicUtilities
*NB:publicmindtheexamples,MERALCOisnowprivatelyowned,btw
MAYNILAD
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 48
Knotes
NAIA
DMIA
Q:Deathoccurringduringacoupdetatisthisaseparatecrime?
No,itisabsorbed.Violenceisanelementofcoupdetat
Q:Whenmayciviliansbeliableforcoupdetat?
Whentheyparticipate,support,finance,aidorabetthecoup
ART.139
SEDITION
*NB:Paycloseattentiontothisone,itcomesupduringMidtermExams
1. Theoffendersrise
a.Publicly(*NB:ofthereisNOpublicuprising,thecrime=tumultsandotherdisturbances
ofpublicorder);AND(*NB:conjunctiveveryimportant)
b.Tumultuously(visavisrebellionwheretheremustbeatakingupofarmsagainstthe
government)
2. Theyemploythreat,intimidation,orothermeansoutsideoflegalmethods
3. Theoffendersemployanyofthosemeanstoattainanyofthefollowingobjects:
a. To prevent the promulgation or execution of any law OR the holding of any popular
election
b.Topreventthenationalgovernment,oranyprovincialormunicipalgovernment,orany
public official thereof from freely exercising its or his functions, OR prevent the
executionofanyadministrativeorder
c. Toinflictanyactofhateorrevengeuponthepersonorpropertyofanypublicofficeror
employee
d. To commit for any political or social end, any act of hate or revenge against private
persons or any social class (*NB: evenprivate individuals may be offended parties, not
justthegovernmentorpublicofficials)
e.To despoil for any political or social end, any person, municipality, or province, or the
nationalgovernmentofallitspropertyoranypartthereof
Q:Whenisapublicuprisingdeemedtumultuous?
When there is the presence of at least 4 (and ALL four must be armed) men provided with
meansforviolence
Q: 10 persons armed themselves for the purpose of preventing the holding of a referendum through
violence.Aretheyliableforsedition?
No,areferendumisdifferentfromapopularelection
Q: Several members of a barangay armed themselves and proceeded to the election precincts, and
preventedtheelectionofficersfromperformingtheirduty.Whatcrimewascommitted?
Seditioninthe1st manner
Q:ThecityengineerofMakatiissuedanorderforthe demolition oftheshantytownsinacertainarea.

Whenthedemolitionwasabouttotakeplace,residentsoftheareablockedtheroadleadingtothesite,
the purpose of doing so is to prevent the city engineer and his men from pushing through with the
demolition.Whatcrimewascommitted?
Seditioninthe2nd manner
Q: Suppose Bayani Fernando, pursuant to his project Metro Gwapo, relocated all the squatters in
Baclaran.OnemorningwhileinsidetheBaclaranChurch,theresidentssethiscaronfire.Whatcrimeor
crimesdidtheycommit?
1. Sedition
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 49
Knotes
2. Arson
*separatecrimes:unlikerebellionorcoupdetat,seditiondoesNOTabsorbcommitcrimes
committedinfurtheranceofitsgoals
Q: Suppose you have a grudge against your municipal mayor and you burned down his house. What
crime/smayyoubeliablefor?
1. Seditioninthe3rd manner
2. Arson
*separatecrimes
Q:Supposeyoushoothiminstead
1. Seditioninthe3rd manner
2. Murder/Homicide
*separatecrimes
Q:Giveanexampleofthe4th objective
Q:Giveanexampleofthe5th objective
Q:Conspiracytocommitsedition,howisthiscommitted?
Q:Incitingtosedition,howisthiscommitted?
Q:Giveanexampleofincitingtoseditioninthe1 st manner
Q:Whatarethetworulesindeterminingculpability,asfarasincitingtoseditiongoes?
1. TheClearandPresentDangerRule
2. TheDangerousTendencyRule
Q:Whatisemployedinthisjurisdiction?
BothRules,dependingontheattendingcircumstances
Q:Istheresuchacrimeasproposaltocommitsedition?
None
Q:Supposeyouincitedotherstocommitseditionandtheydid.Whatcrimewascommitted?
Sedition
Q:Whatismeantbyscurrilouslibels?
Writingsthatarelow,vulgarandmean
Q:Giveanexample
Q:Whatissedition?
A Raising of commotion or disturbances in theState, possessing as its ultimate objective a
violationofthepublicpeaceoratleastsuchmeasuresthatevidentlyengendersuchviolations
Q:Mayseditionbecommittedby3persons?
Notheremustatleastbe4armedpersons
Q:Ifthereare50personswhoarenotarmed,istheresedition?
None
Q:20persons,withonlyonecarryinga.45calrevolver
No
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Mayincitingtoseditionbecommittedbymeresilence?
Yes,byknowinglyconcealingsuchevilpractices
CRIMINALLAWII 50
Knotes
*NB:itdoesntmatterhowmanypeoplethereare,itmattershowmanyARMEDpeoplethere
aremindthequalificationformeansofviolence
Q:Ifnoonewascarryingagunbut5werecarryingarms
Sedition
Q:If6werecarryingWorldWarIIvintageM1GarandRiflesthatwouldnotevenfire?
Sedition(trollingmoment:theycanstillbeusedtohitsomebody:D)
Q:Whatifthose6peoplewerearmedwithstones?Scissors?Needles?
Yes to all the above, the crime is sedition theseitems may be used for violence (trolling
moment:Everbeenpokedintheeyewithaneedle?Thereyougoviolence:D)
Q: Whatisthe liabilityofthe participants, supposing they were notable toachievethepurposethey

aimedfor?
Sedition,Thecrimeisconsummatedoncealltheelementsconcur(think:publicandtumultuous
uprising+anyofthe5objectsofsedition)thesuccessoftheendeavourisnotanelement
*NB:Thatshowitworks.OnceALLelementsarepresent,criminalliabilityinures(automatically
attaches)totheoffense.Checktheelementsforeverycrimeiftheyareincomplete,thecrime
isnotconsummated.
Q: The MMDA was set to demolish a shantytown. The residents blocked the MMDA officials access to
thesite.Thepolicearrivedandtheresidentsdispersed,allowingthedemolition officerstodotheirjob.
Aretheresidentsliable?
Yes,thecrimewasalreadyconsummated
Q:Samefacts,exceptthattheresidentsheldonlypiecesofwood.Aretheyliable?
Stillliable(trollingmoment:beinghitbyapieceofwoodhurts.Violence,mates.)
Q:Inthe1st manner,isitnecessarythattheholdingofpopularelectionsisactuallyprevented?
No
Q: In the MMDA example, suppose there were 20 residents, only one carried a firearm, the rest were
simply being rowdy and noisy. The armed resident fired at a vehicle owned by the MMDA. The driver
died.Whatisthearmedresidentsliability?
Murder/Homicide
*NB:NOTsedition.Notice,hewastheonlyonearmed
Q:Supposethattheremaining19residentspickeduppiecesofwood.Whatistheliabilityoftheresident
whoshotamemberofthedemolitionteam?
1.Sedition
2. Murder/Homicide
*separatecrimesbecauseseditiondoesnotabsorbcommoncrimes
Q:Whatisthelegaleffectofcommoncrimesinsedition?
Theyarenotabsorbedandwillbeprosecutedindependentlyofthecaseforsedition
Q:Maytheybecomplexedwithsedition?
No
Q:Giveanexampleofcommoncrimescommittedinsedition
*trollingmomentformula:sedition(publicandtumultuousuprising+anyofthe5objectives)+
any of the common crimes (i.e.: murder/homicide/arson/rape/serious physical injuries etc) + a
wholelotofimagination.Goforit:P
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 51
Knotes
NOTES:
*Asdifferentiatedwithrebellion,thenatureofseditionmaybeeitherpoliticalorsocial,whereas
rebellionisalwayspolitical
*Theoffenderinseditionmaybeeitherapublicorprivateindividual
*ApublicuprisingANDanobjectofseditionmustconcur,elseitisntsedition
*CommoncrimesareNOTabsorbedbysedition
*Preventing anelectionthrough legalmeans (i.e.: electoralcontests,filing civilcasespertaining to

elections)isnotcontemplatedbysedition
*Personsliableforseditionare(1)theleader/sand(2)otherpersonsparticipatingintheseditiousact/s
ART.143
ACTS TENDINGTO PREVENTTHE MEETINGOF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND
SIMILARBODIES
1. There is a projected OR (*NB: disjunctive very important) actual meeting of Congress or
any of its committees or subcommittees, constitutional commissions, or committees or
divisionsthereof,orofanyprovincialboardorcityormunicipalcouncilorboard
2. The offender who may be any person prevents such meeting by force or fraud (*NB:
mindthe2mannersofprevention:forceorfraud)
Q:Giveanexample
Q:Whatarethelegislativebodiesincludedintheprovision?
Q:Maythisbecommittedbyaparticipantofthemeeting?
Yes,anyperson
ART.144
DISTURBANCEOFPROCEEDING
1. There is a meeting of Congress or any of its committees, constitutionalcommissionsor
committeesordivisionsthereof,orofanyprovincialboard/city/municipalcouncilorboard
2. Theoffendersdoesanyofthefollowingacts:
a.Hedisturbsanyofsuchmeetings
b.Hebehaveswhileinthepresenceofanysuchbodiesinsuchamannerastointerruptits
proceedingsortoimpairtherespectdueit
Q:Giveanexample
Q:MeetingofacommitteecreatedbytheSenate.Aresourcepersonwasbeinginterpolated.Someone
intheaudienceshoutedandbooedtheinterpolatingSenator.Isthatsomeoneliable?
Yes
Q:MaytheSenatealsocitehimforcontempt?
Yes
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 52
Knotes
Q:MaytheSenatoralsoorderthatpersonsincarceration?
Yes
NOTES:
*The nature ofthe crime of disturbance ofproceeding is criminal. When the Senate cites a person in
contempt, the nature of that offense (the one found to be contemptuous) is essentially legislative.
Hence,the2offensesareindependentofeachother,eveniftheyresultfromthesameovertact.
*The Senate, in the exercise of its inherent plenary powers, may also order the incarceration of the
accused,notwithstandingthefilingofacriminalcaseforArt.144
ART.145
VIOLATIONOFPARLIAMENTARYIMMUNITY
*NB: It helps to review the table of penalties, as well as the definition of concepts like sessionof
Congressandparliamentaryimmunity
1. Byusingforce,intimidation,threatsorfraudtopreventanymemberofCongressfrom
a.Attending the meeting of the assembly or any of its committees, constitutional
commissions,orcommitteesordivisionsthereof,orfrom
b.Expressinghisopinionsor
c. Castinghisvote
2. By arresting or searching any member of Congress while Congress is in regular or special
session,exceptincasesuchmemberhascommittedacrimepunishableundertheCodebya
penaltyhigherthanprisionmayor
**elements:
a.Theoffender=apublicofficer/employee
b.HearrestsorsearchesanymemberofCongress
c. Congress,atthetimeofthearrestorsearch,isinaregularorspecialsession;
d.Themembersearched/arrestedhasnotcommittedacrimepunishableundertheRPCby
apenaltyhigherthanprisionmayor
*NB: Under the 1987 Constitution (which, needless to say, takes precedence over the
RPC), theprivilegefrom arrest ofany memberofCongress while the sameis in session
extendstoalloffensespunishablebynotmorethan6yearsofimprisonment.Theambit
of the privilege, therefore, includes offenses punishable by prision mayor, which runs
from6yearsand1dayto12years.
Q:Giveanexampleofthe1st mannerofcommission
Q:Isitnecessarythatthememberisactuallypreventedfromdoingthosethings?
No
Q:MaythecrimebecommittedoutsidetheHallsofCongress?
Yes
Q:SupposethecommitteeonpublicorderoftheHouseofRepresentatives(HR)scheduledameetingin
Basilan. The meeting was in connection to the hostages taken by the Abu Sayyaf. Because the airport
waswaylaidbypersons,theywerenotabletoattendthemeeting.Arethosepersonsliable?
Yes
Q:Giveanexampleofpreventingalegislatorfromexpressinghisopinion
Q:Whereshouldthatopinionbeexpressed?
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 53
Knotes
IntheLegislature,inthehallsofcongress,duringthemeetingorsession
Q:Andifthelegislatorwasinvitedtogiveangraduationaddress?
NoliabilityfortheoffenderunderArt.145.Hemaybeheldliable,however,forgravecoercion
Q:Giveanexampleofpreventingalegislatorfromcastinghisvote
Q:Supposethatdespitethethreat,thelegislatorstillcastedhisvote.Istheoffenderstillliable?
Yes
Q:Whatconsummatesthecrimeinthe1st manner?
Employingforce,intimidationofthreat
*NB:Itisntnecessarythattheoffenderactuallysucceedsinpreventingthelegislator
Q:Howisthe2nd mannercommitted?
Q:WhatisthedurationofPrisionMayor?
6years,1dayto12years
Q: So youre saying that a legislator may only be arrested when his offense carries with it a penalty
higherthan12years?
NoifthecrimewascommittedwhenCongressisnotinsession,hemaybearresteddespitethe
factthatthepenaltyisnotwithintheprivilegedrangeprovidedforinart.145
Q:WhenamemberofCongresscommitsacrimeandthepenaltyforitis6years,mayhebearrested?
No
Q:Ifthepenaltyishigherthan6years?
Yes
Q:EvenifCongressisinsession?
Yes,evenif
Q:IfCongressisnotinsession,mayhebearrested,regardlessofthepenalty?
Yes
*NB:2importantqualificationsinthiscrimeare(1)thepenaltyfortheoffensecommittedand
(2)whetherCongresshappenstobeinsessionornot
Q:PhysicalInjuriescommittedlongbeforethelegislatorwaselected.Awarrantofarrestwasissuedfor
theoffense,whichispunishedbyPrisionCorreccional.CongressisinSession.Mayhebearrested?
No
Q:ThelowerhouseisinsessionfromJuly1toOctober31.OnSeptember15,thewarrantwasissued.The
legislatorwasarrestedinhishouse.Arethearrestingofficersliable?
Yes
*NB: Bysession,the law doesnot mean thetime when the membersofCongress are actually
sitting in the Halls of Congress. As far as the concept goes, Congress is in session 24/7 and is
deemedtobeinsessionforallthedaysincludedintheperiodofJuly1toOctober31
Q:Whatismeantbysession?
Thetimeinclusiveoftheinitialconveninguntilfinaladjournment
Q:Samefacts,exceptthattheoffensecommittedwasmurder.Wouldthepolicestillbeliable?
Notanymore,thepenaltyformurderishigherthan6years
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 54
Knotes
Q: A person committed a crime before he became a Member of Congress. When he was elected, the
warrantofarrest wasissued. The penalty for the crime he committed is 6 years. The officers arrested
him,aretheofficersliable?
Yes
Q:ACongresswomancommittedplunderlongbeforebeingelected.Acorrespondinginformationwas
filedwiththeSandiganbayan.Mayshebearrested,notwithstandingthefactthatCongressisinsession?
Yes,thepenaltyforplunderishigherthan6years
Q:Supposealegislatorutteredgravelyslanderouswordsagainstyou.Canyoufileacaseagainsthim?
Yes,theimmunityisfromarrestandsearchesonly,NOTfromthefilingofcomplaints
*NB:fileanytimeyouwant,butbemindfulthatfilingisNOTthesameasarrest/search.Forthe
latter,thelawimposescertainqualifications.
Q:Soifthecourtpreparedawarrantofarrestbutdidnothaveitimplemented,thecourtisnotliable?
Yes,thecourtisnotliable.Whatispunishedisactualarrest/search
ART.146
ILLEGALASSEMBLIES
Q:Whatarethe2kindsofillegalassemblies?
1. Any meeting attended by armed persons for the purpose of committingany ofthe crimes
punishableundertheRPC
2. Any meeting in whichthe audience, whether armedor not, is incited tothe commission of
thecrimeoftreason,rebellionorinsurrection,seditionorassaultuponapersoninauthority
orhisagent
Q:Whomaybecriminallyliable?
1. Theleaders/organizersofthemeeting
2. Thepersonsmerelypresentatthemeeting
Q:Whatisthepresumptionofthelaw,ifapersonatthemeetingcarriesanunlicensedfirearm?
1. Itispresumedthatthepurposeofthemeetinginsofarasheisconcerned,istocommitacts
2. Heisconsideredaleader/organizerofthemeeting
Q:Inthe1st form,howmanypersonsmustbearmed?
Atleast2sincethelawspeaksofpersons(plural)
Q:Supposethenthat5ofthemarearmedandthepurposeoftheirmeetingistosellshabu,marijuana
andcocaine.Willtheybeliableforillegalassemblyunderthe1 st manner?
No,thecrimecommittedisaviolationofaspeciallaw(CDDA),nottheRPC
Q:Andifthepurposewastostealcars?
Theyarenotliable,theyviolatedaspeciallaw(AntiCarnappingLaw)
Q:Whatiftheyplannedtorobabank?
Theyareliable,robberyispunishableundertheRPC
Q:Whatisthe2nd mannerofcommission?
Q:Isitnecessarythatthepersonsattendingthemeetingbearmed,underthe2nd manner?
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Supposethereare10members,only1ofthemisarmedwith10handgrenades.Isthesame
consideredanillegalassembly?
No
CRIMINALLAWII 55
Knotes
No
Q: Suppose you and your classmates gathered together since the midterm exam is upcoming and you
knewforafactthatallofyouwouldfail.Youplannedtowipeyourcriminallawteacherofftheface of
theplanet.Willyoubeliableforillegalassembly?
Yes,underthe2nd manner
Q:Why?
Becausethemembersareincitedtocommitthecrimeofdirectassaultuponapersonin
authority
Q:Supposethatinsteadofgoingtoclass,youand10otherclassmatesgatheredtogetherforameeting
whereinyou,astheleader,incitedthemtojointheNPA.Whatisyourliability?
1.IncitingtoRebellion(*NB:youmerelyincitedthem,nomentionwasmadeastowhetheror
nottheyactuallyjoined)
2. IllegalAssemblyinthe2nd manner
*separatecrimes
Q:Andtheliabilityofyourclassmates,assumingtheyjointheNPA?
Rebellionbydirectparticipation
Q:WhatisyourliabilityifyourclassmatesendupjoiningtheNPA?
Rebellionasprincipalbyinducement
*NB:theclassmatesactuallyjoinedtheNPA.Youinducedthemto.
Q:WhatwouldbeyourliabilityifyourclassmatesdidNOTendupjoiningtheNPA?
IllegalAssembly(only)
*NB: It is important under the 2nd manner that the audience is incited to the commission the
crime of treason, rebellion, insurrection, sedition or assault. If the audience ends up actually
committingthose crimes, the liability for those crimes attach, as far as theyare concerned. As
far as the person inciting them to commit those crimes, he becomes liable as a principal by
inducementforhavingcausedtheactualcommission. Ithelpstorecalltheparticepscriminisat
thispoint,becauseliabilitiesforcrimes(asprincipals,accomplicesandaccessories)areaffected
bycommissionornoncommission.Rememberalsothatwhentheaudienceendsupcommitting
thosecrimes,theleadersliabilityisforthecrimetheycommittedinadditiontotheliabilityfor
illegalassemblybecausebythetimetheaudiencemembersactuallycommittreason/rebellion
etc,thecrimeofillegalassemblyinthe2nd mannerhasalreadybeenconsummated.
Q:Whatifyouandyourclassmatesmettodiscussyourplansforillegalrecruitment?
Weareliable
ART.147
ILLEGALASSOCIATIONS
Q:Whatareillegalassociations?
1. Associationstotallyorpartiallyorganizedforthepurposeofcommittinganyofthecrimes
2. Associationstotallyorpartiallyorganizedforpurposescontrarytopublicmorals
Q:Differentiateillegalassembliesfromillegalassociations
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
*NB: Remember that ESTAFA is a crime punishable bythe RPC, andthatestafa can be
committedinconnectionwithillegalrecruitment
CRIMINALLAWII 56
Knotes
ILLEGALASSEMBLIES
ART.146
MeetingandAssemblyperseare
punishable
ILLEGALASSOCIATIONS
ART.147
Theactofformingororganizing,
aswellasmembershipinthese
organizationsispunishable
RE:conductofameeting
Thereshouldbeanactual
meeting
Thereisnoneedforanactual
meeting
RE:personsliable
Leaders
Organizers
Personsmerelypresent
Founders
Directors
Presidents
Members
RE:purpose
Commitcrimespunishableunder
theRPC
Commitanyofthecrimes
RE:punishableacts
Inciteaudiencetothe
commissionof
treason,rebellion,
insurrection,sedition,
assault
Organizinganassociationor
organizationforpurposes
contrarytopublicmorals
Q:Giveanexampleofillegalassociations
Q: You and your classmates form an association for the purpose of taking money from your clients
throughfraudulentacts.Areyouliable?
Yes,thecrimeweplanoncommittingisestafa
Q:You,alongwithyourfriends,formanassociationcalledCheats,Inc.inordertohelpeachotherpass
criminallawII.Willyoubeliableforillegalassociations?
Yes,cheatingiscontrarytopublicmorals
Q:Anorganizationwasformedinordertopaircouplestogetherandorchestratefalseweddings.Isthis
punishable?
Yes,theactsarecontrarytopublicmorals
Q: Suppose you joined an association which propagates cohabitation without the benefit of marriage.
The philosophy of the organization is that marriage is just a piece of paper, nolonger practicable nor
honouredbysociety.Areyouliable?
Yes,theorganizationspurposeiscontrarytopublicmorals
ART.148
DIRECTASSAULTS
*NB: Pay special attention, this comes up inMidterm Exams. Also, it helps to review the elements of
rebellionandsedition
1. Withoutpublicuprising,byemployingforceorintimidationfortheattainmentofanyofthe
purposesenumeratedindefiningthecrimesofrebellionandsedition
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q: An associationis composed of married men and women. The purpose is to foster love among
themselves.Aretheyliable?
Notnecessarily,aslongastheyarenotcommittingadulteryorconcubinageorbigamy
CRIMINALLAWII 57
Knotes
2. Without public uprising, by attacking, employing force, seriously intimidating or seriously

resistinganypersoninauthorityorhisagentwhilethesaidpersonoragentis
a.Engaged in the actual performance of official duties; OR (*NB: disjunctive, very
important)
b.Ontheoccasionofsuchperformance(*NB:ontheoccasionheredoesNOTrefertothe
time when the performance is being done. It meansby reason of orbecause of the
performance. Hence, the performance contemplated here has already been/has
previouslybeendone.Think:pasttense,asfarasthedutyperformedgoes)
*NB:DoNOTomitthewithoutpublicuprisingphrase.Oncethereisapublicuprising,thecrime
isnolongerdirectassaultbutrebellion/seditionasthecasemaybe.
Q:Maydirectassaultbecommittedagainstprivateindividuals?
Yes(see:objectsofsedition,xxxanyactofhateorrevengeagainstprivateindividualsxxx
Q:Giveanexampleofdirectassaultinthe1st manner
Q:Thereare3 armedpersons who went to Binondo,employedforceandintimidationonChinese

retailerstherebecausetheseretailers weredominatingthe retailbusinessarea. Whatis theliability of
the3persons?
DirectAssaultinthe1st manner(see:4th objectofsedition)
Q:Whatisthe2nd mannerofcommittingdirectassault?
Q:Whodoyoumeanbyontheoccasionofsuchperformance?
Theimpellingmotiveoftheattackisthepastperformanceofofficialduty
*NB: past because if the attack wasdone during the actual performance, thecrime isdirect
assaultunderthe1st manner,notthe2nd
Q:Whoisapersoninauthority?(*NB:knowthisbyheart)
Anypersondirectly vestedwith jurisdictiontogovernorexecutethelaws,whetherasan
individualorasamemberofsomecourtorgovernmentcorporation,boardorcommission
Q:Giveexamples
BarangayCaptains
Mayors
Governors
MunicipalCouncilors,etc.
Q:Teachers?
Yes(see:Art.152)
Q:Asenator?
Yes
Q:ThePresidentofthePhilippines?
Yes
Q:FormerFirstGentlemanMiguelArroyo?
No,heisnotvestedwithjurisdictiontoexecutethelaws
Q:Andwhoisanagentofapersoninauthority?(*NB:knowthisbyheart,too)
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Lawyers?
Yes(see:Art.152)
CRIMINALLAWII 58
Knotes
Anypersonwho,bydirectprovisionoflaw,byelectionorappointmentbycompetentauthority
is charged with the maintenance of public order and the protection and security of life and
property
Q:Giveexamples
Peaceofficers/Policemen
BarangayTanods
Soldiers/Membersofthemilitary
Q:Betweenthe1st and2nd mannersofcommission,isthereadifferenceinthedegreeofforcenecessary

tocommitthecrimeofdirectassault?
Yes
a.If the offended party is a Person in Authority, the force employed does not have to be
serious
b.If the offended party is an Agent of a Person in Authority, the force employed must be
serious
Q:Whendoyousaythattheforceemployedisserious?
Whenitindicatesadeterminationtodefythelawanditsrepresentativesatallhazards
Q:Supposeyouwerebeingarrestedbyapoliceofficer,youhithimwithyourfists.Willyoubeliable?
No,fistblowsarentserious
Q: A warrantofarrest wasissued against you. The police sought to implementthewarrantandyour

familymembersblockedthemfromenteringthehouse.Aretheyliable?
Yes, Direct Assault under the 1st manner (see: objects of sedition: preventing a public officer
fromexercisinghisfunctions)
Q: Your brother was apprehended by the police while he was in a bar fight. He was incarcerated. You
asked the police for his release and they refused. You organized your friends and went to the police
headquartersandfiredattheofficersthere.AreyouliableforDirectAssault?
Yes
Q:Underthe1st or2nd manner?

1st forinflictinganactofhateorrevengeonanagentofapersoninauthority
Q:BecauseyouflunkedCriminalLawI,youpushedyourprofessorasidewhenyoumethimbythestairs
leadingupto13L.Helosthisbalancebutdidntfall.Areyouliablefordirectassault?
Yes,aprofessorisalsoconsideredapersoninauthority.Theforcenecessaryneednotbeserious
Q:YouwerenotabletostudyforCriminalLawII.YoucametoclassandpointedarifleatAtty.Amurao.
TheriflehadasignthatreadDonotcallmeforrecitation.Willyoubeliable?
Yesseriousintimidation
Q:AMayorsmistressassaultedhiminhisofficebecausetheMayorrefusedtosupporther.Issheliable?
Yes
Q:Butthereasonfortheassaultwasbecauseherefusedtosupporther
Whenthepersoninauthorityisengagedintheactualperformanceofduty,themotiveforthe
attackisimmaterial
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Arealltheelementspresent?
Yes.Theoffendedpartyisapersoninauthority,theforceuseddidnothavetobeserious,and
theattackwasbyreason,oronoccasionofapastperformanceofduty
CRIMINALLAWII 59
Knotes
*NB: motive only becomes material whenthe offenseis committed underthesecondmanner

i.e.:whenthepersoninauthorityisnotengagedintheactualperformanceofduty
Q:SupposewearehavingclassinCriminalLawII.ApersonsuddenlycameinandshotAtty.Amurao.The
shotresultedinyourteachersdeath.Whatcrimesdidthatpersoncommit?
DirectAssaultcomplexedwithMurder/Homicideasthecasemaybe
*NB:theteacherwasintheactualperformanceofofficialduties
Q: For example, after our class in Criminal Law II, Atty. Amurao was walking along Mendiola when a
personsuddenlyfiredathim.He eventuallydies.ThereasonfortheattackwasthatAtty.Amuraohad
an obligation to pay the amount of Php 100,000 and he refused to honor the obligation. What is the
offendersliability?
DirectAssault(inthe2 nd manner)complexedwithMurder
*NB:theteacherisnolongerintheactualperformanceofofficialduties
Q: For example, you ran intoyour teacher inCriminal LawIIalongone ofthecorridors. Thiswasafter
yourCriminalLawIIclasswhichyoufailed.Whatcrimedidyoucommit?
DirectAssaultinthe2nd manner
Q:Supposealawyermadearguments that significantlystrengthenedthecasefortheprosecution

duringthetrial.Theoffendersawthelawyereatingatarestaurantontheeveningofthedaywhenthe
judgmentpronouncingtheaccusedguiltybeyondreasonabledoubtwaspromulgated.Hefiredhisgun
atthelawyer,causingseriousphysicalinjuries.Istheoffenderliable?
Yes,theattackwascommittedbyreasonofapastperformanceofduty
Q: Suppose you are a governor, and you recommended your niece to the Mayor for a position in said
Mayors office. The Mayor deferred your recommendation because the position was no longer vacant.
WhenyousawtheMayor,youshothimbuthedidnotdie.Yousucceededinmerelyinflictingaserious
wound.Whatcrimedidyoucommit?
DirectAssaultcomplexedwithSeriousPhysicalInjuries
Q: Say you are a Senator. You are in a hurry so you ran a red light. The traffic enforcer asked you to
presentyour drivers license but instead ofcomplying, you pointed a gun athim and fired, inflicting a
wound.Areyouliable?
Yes
NOTES:
*Direct Assault is always complexed with the material consequence of the act (i.e.: murder, serious
physical injuries, etc.) EXCEPT when it results in a light felony, in which case, the liability for the light
penaltyisabsorbedbydirectassault
*Hittingapolicemanwithyourfistsisnotdirectassaultbecausethepolicemanisanagentofapersonin
authorityandtheforcenecessarytoconsummatethecrimemustbeofaseriouscharacter
*Because the provision uses thephraselayinghands xxx on aperson inauthority, theforce thatis
necessarytoconsummatedirectassaultwhentheoffendedpartyisapersoninauthoritydoesnothave
tobeserious
*Theintimidationorresistanceemployedagainstbothapersoninauthorityandhisagentmustbeofa
seriouscharacter
PERSONINAUTHORITY
AGENTOFAPERSONIN
AUTHORITY
RE:forceemployed NeednotbeseriousMustbeofaseriouscharacter
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 60
Knotes
RE:intimidationorresistance
Mustbeofaseriouscharacter
Mustbeofaseriouscharacter
*Evenwhenthepersoninauthority/agentagreestofight,thecrimeisstilldirectassault.Their
agreementtofightdoesnotmitigatetheliability
*BUT when the person in authority/agent PROVOKES the fight (i.e.: the PIA/agent attacks first), the
innocentpartyisentitledtopleadlegitimateselfdefence
*DirectAssaultcannotbecommittedduringrebellionrecall:elementsofbothcrimes,needforpublic
uprisinginrebellion
ART.149
INDIRECTASSAULT
1. A person in authority or an agentofa person in authorityisavictimofanyformofdirect
assaultdefinedunderart.148(*NB:noticethatoneoftheelementsofthiscrimeisacrimein
andofitselfdirectassaultunderart.148)
2. Apersoncomestotheaidofsuchpersoninauthority/agent
3. Theoffendermakesuseofforceorintimidationuponthepersonwhocametotheaidofthe
personinauthority/agent
Q:DoesthepersoncomingtotheaidofthePersoninAuthority/Agenthavetobeapublicofficer?
No,evenaprivateindividualmaycomewithinthepurviewoftheprovision,aslongashecame
totheaidoftheassaultedpersoninauthority/agent
Q:Mayindirectassaultbecommittedwithoutthecrimeofdirectassault?
No,DirectAssaultisanessentialelementofIndirectAssault
*NB:thisisanexampleofaparasitecrime(Atty.A).NoDirectAssault,noIndirectAssault
Q:WilltheacquittalinDirectAssaultcarrywithittheacquittalinIndirectAssault,asfarastheoffender
isconcerned?(*NB:payattentiontothis,itcanbetricky)
Itdepends
Q:Dependsonwhat?
ThenatureoftheacquittalforthecrimeofDirectAssault
Q:Explain
IftheacquittalinDirectAssaultisbecausetheoffenderDIDNOTcommittheact,therewillbean
acquittalforIndirectAssault
IftheacquittalinDirectAssaultisbyreasonofanEXEMPTINGCIRCUMSTANCE,therewillNOTbe
anacquittalforIndirectAssault
*NB: Recall the nature of exempting circumstances (i.e.: minority, insanity) unlike
justifyingcircumstanceswhere,intheeyesofthelaw,nocrimewascommitted,thereis
nocriminalandthereisnocriminalliability;inexemptingcircumstances,thereisstilla
crime committed, there is still a criminal offender and there is still criminal liability,
EXCEPT that the criminal offender is EXEMPTED. Think: when a person is exempted, it
doesNOTmeanthatheisinnocentofthecrime.Itsimplymeansthatthelawdoesnot
makehimserveoutthesentenceforhiscrime.
IftheacquittalinDirectAssaultisbecausetheevidenceadducedforthatcrimedoesnotprove
the offenders guilt beyondreasonabledoubt,therewillNOTbeanacquittalinIndirectAssault
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 61
Knotes
*NB: Remember that Indirect Assault depends on the commission of Direct Assault. If
theprosecutionwasnotabletoprovebeyondreasonabledoubtthattheoffenderdidin
fact commit Direct Assault, it still does NOT mean that he did not commit it at all it
simply means that the prosecution was not able tomeet the quantum of proof
necessaryforaconviction.Consequently,thecaseforIndirectAssaultmaystillproceed.
Q:SupposeajudgewhoconvictedXandsentencedhimtosuffer10yearsofimprisonment.Xservedout
the sentence and when he was released, the judge had already retired. X saw the judge leaving the
churchone morningandhe attacked the judge. The mayor wasalsoon hisway outofthe church and
sawthecommotion.He(themayor)startedtomakehiswaytothejudgeinordertohelpthelatter,but
someoneathirdpersonpreventedhimfromdoingsobyhittinghim.WhatistheliabilityofX?What
abouttheliabilityofthe3rd personwhopreventedthemayorfromhelpingthejudge?
Xsliability:DirectAssault
3rd personsliability:DirectAssaultaswell.Themayorisapersoninauthority,too
Q:Samefacts,exceptthatthepersoncomingtotheaidofthejudgewashisneighbour,abusinessman.
Whatistheliabilityofthe3rd personwhopreventedtheprofessor?
IndirectAssault
ART.150
DISOBEDIENCETOSUMMONS
1. By refusing, without legal excuse, to obey the summons of Congress, its special/standing
committees and subcommittees, the Constitutional Commissions and their committees,
subcommittees or divisions, or by any commission of committee chairman or member
authorizedtosummonwitnesses
2. Byrefusingtobeswornin,orplacedunderaffirmationwhilebeingbeforesuchlegislativeor
constitutionalbody/official
3. By refusing to answer any legal inquiry or to produce any books, papers, documents or
records in the offenders possession, when required by them (Congress, constitutional
commissionsetc)todosointheexerciseoftheirfunctions
4.Byrestraininganotherfromattendingasawitnessinsuchlegislativeorconstitutionalbody
5. By inducing disobedience to a summons or refusal to be sworn in by any such body or
official
Q:Giveanexampleunderanyofthepunishableacts
Q:JocjocBolantewasbeingquestionedbytheSenate.Herefusedtoanswerthequestionsandinvoked
hisrightagainstselfincrimination.Willhebeliable?
No,thereisalegalexcuseforhisrefusal
Q:BolantedepositedPhp500,000,000inseveralbanks.TheSenaterequiredthebankstoproducethe
papers,booksandrecordsoftheaccountsallegedlybelongingtoBolante.Thebanksrefusedtocomply
andinvokedtheBankSecrecyLaw.Willthebanksbeliable?
No,thereisalegalexcuse
Q: Suppose Bolante answered all the Senates questions, but the Senate was not satisfied with the
answers because they werent what the Senators expected to hear. May Bolante be held criminally
liable?
No,heansweredallthequestions
Q:SupposeBolantefailedtoproducethebooks,papersanddocumentsrequiredbytheSenateandthe
Senateorderedhisimprisonmentunlesshecomplied.MaytheSenatevalidlydoso?
No
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 62
Knotes
Q:WhatisthedifferencebetweenContemptandDisobedience?
ContemptisanoffensethatisAdministrativeinnature
Disobedienceisacriminaloffense
ART.151
RESISTANCEANDDISOBEDIENCE
TOAPERSONINAUTHORITY
ORANAGENTOFAPERSONINAUTHORITY
1. Aperson in authority/agent of a person inauthorityisengagedintheperformanceof
officialdutyorgivesalawfulordertotheoffender
2. Theoffenderresistsorseriouslydisobeyssuchpersoninauthority/agent
3. The act of the offender is NOT included in the provisions of art.148 (direct assault), 149
(indirectassault),orart.150(disobediencetosummons)
Q:Giveanexample
Q:Supposeyouarearrestedforjaywalking.Insteadofobeyingthepoliceman,youlayprostratedonthe
street.Areyouliable?
Yes
Q:Differentiateart.148,art.149,art.150andart.151
INDIRECTASSAULT
ART.149
Useofforceis
directedagainstthe
personinauthority
orhisagent
Useofforceisdirected
againsttheperson
comingtotheaidofa
Personin
Authority/Agent
mustbeengagedin
theactual
performanceof
officialfunctionsor
assaultedbyreason
thereof
PersoninAuthority/Agent
isassaultedwhileinthe
performanceofofficial
dutyorbyreasonthereof
*NB:PresumesthatDirect
Assaultisalready
consummated,thatis,the
isalreadyassaultedwhile
intheperformanceof
dutyoronoccasion
thereof
DISOBEDIENCETO
SUMMONS
ART.150
DISOBEDIENCETO
APERSONIN
AUTHORITY/HIS
AGENT
ART.151
Noforceisemployed,
Noforceis
employed,the
meredisobedience/
offenderinstead
Refusaltobeswornin/
resistsorseriously
Refusaltoproducebooks,
disobeystheperson
papers,etc.;restraining
inauthority/agent
another;inducing
disobediencetoa
summonsissuedby
Congress/anyofthe
bodiesmentionedinthe
article,consummatesthe
crime
Thesummons;questions
orordersmustbeissued
in the exercise ofofficial
functions
Personin
Authority/agent
mustbeinthe
actualperformance
ofhisduties;or
musthaveissueda
lawfulordertothe
offender
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
DIRECTASSAULT
ART.148
CRIMINALLAWII 63
Knotes
UseofforceagainstMereuseofforceorNoqualificationsastothe Mereputtingupof
resistanceis
thepersoninintimidationagainstthe degreeof
authorityneednotpersoncomingtotheaid refusal/disobedience
punishable
beserious
ofapersonin
requiredtoconsummate
authority/agent
thecrime
Disobedience,
Useofforceagainstconsummatesthecrime;
however,mustbe
anagentofaperson noqualificationastothe
serious
inauthoritymustbedegreeof
serious
force/intimidation
required
ART.153
TUMULTSANDOTHER
DISTURBANCESOFPUBLICORDER
1.Bycausinganyseriousdisturbanceinapublicplace,officeorestablishment
2. Byinterruptingordisturbingapublicperformance,function,gatheringorpeacefulmeeting
iftheactisNOTincludedinart.131(prohibition,interruptionanddissolutionofpeaceful
meetings)andart.132(interruptionofreligiousworship)
3. Makinganoutcrytendingtoinciterebellionorseditioninanymeeting,associationorpublic
place
4.Displayingplacardsoremblemswhichprovokeadisturbanceofpublicorderinsuchplace
5. Buryingwithpompthebodyofapersonwhohasbeenlegallyexecuted(*NB:rendered
inapplicablebythesuspensionofthedeathpenalty)
Q:Giveanexampleofthe1st manner
Q:Giveanexampleofthe2nd manner
Q:Forinstance,thepersonwhointerruptedanddissolvedtherallyisapublicofficer,willhebeliable
underthisarticle?
No, he will be liable under art.131 (prohibition, interruption and dissolution of peaceful
meetings)
Q:Whatisart.131?132?
Q:Forexample,thepersonwhointerruptedanddissolvedtherallyisapublicofficerwhoalsohappens
tobeaparticipantofthatrally,whatishisliability?
Heisliableunderart.153becauseart.131requiresthatthepublicofficeroffendermustnotbea
participantofthemeeting
Q:Whenisameetingconsideredtobetumultuous?
Q:Whenmayanoutcrybea crimeunderIncitingto Rebellion,andwhenmayitbeconsidereda

DisturbanceofPublicOrder?
In Inciting to Rebellion, the outcry must be serious and deliberate; the offender should have
done the act with the idea of inciting his listeners/readers to commit the crime of
rebellion/sedition
*NB:Heretheincitingtorebellion/seditionisthecontrollingaimoftheoutcry
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 64
Knotes
In Disturbance of Public Order, the outcry is not serious and is a spontaneous, unconscious
outburstwhich,althoughrebellious/seditiousinnature,isnotintentionallycalculatedtoinduce
otherstocommitrebellion/sedition
*NB:Here,theincitingtorebellion/seditionisnotthecontrollingaimthereisnoaim,
tobeexact,justthattheincitingtakesplaceasaresultofaspontaneousoutcry
Q:Giveanexample
Q: AnAntiCharter Change rallyis ongoing. Suddenly, a passerby shouted Revolutionistheanswer!

Whatcrimedidhecommit?
Disturbance of Public Order, he made an outcry not intentionally aimed at inciting others to
rebellion/sedition
Q:Afteryougaveaspeech,apersonshoutedDownwiththeAquinoGovernment!Whatcrimedidhe
commit?
DisturbanceofPublicOrder
ART.154
UNLAWFULUSEOFMEANSOFPUBLICATION
1. By publishing or causing to be published, by means of printing, lithography, or any other
meansofpublication,asnewsanyfalsenewswhichmayendangerthepublicorder,orcause
damagetotheinterestorcreditoftheState
2. By encouraging disobedience to the law or to the constituted authorities or by praising,
justifying,orextollinganyactpunishedbylaw,bythesamemeansorbywords,utterances,
orspeeches
3. By maliciously publishing or causing to be published any official resolution or document
withoutproperauthorityorbeforeithasbeenpublishedofficially
4.Byprinting,publishingordistributing,orcausingthesame,books,pamphlets,periodicals,
orleafletswhichdonotbeartherealprintersnameorwhichareclassifiedasanonymous
Q:Giveanexampleofthe1st manner
Q:Maythiscrimebecommittedbyanyperson?
Yes
Q:Giveanexampleofthe2nd manner
Q: As a columnist, you wrote an article which praises and justifies the acts of Jocjoc Bolante. You
describedhimasanhonest,truthfulandtrustworthypublicofficialandthatheservesasanexampleto
befollowedbyeveryone.Willyoubeliable?
Yes
Q:Giveanexampleofthe3rd manner
Q: Suppose the Court of Appeals is set to release its resolution regarding the GSISMERALCO
controversy.Beforereleasingthesametothepublic,youwenttotheCourtofAppeals,obtainedacopy,
andgaveittoGSISandMERALCO.Willyoubeliable?
Yes
Q:Giveanexampleofthe4th manner
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q: As a scriptwriter, you portrayed Commander Datu in one of your films as a hero of the Muslim
community.However,intheeyesofthelaw,heisacriminal.Willyoubeliable?
Yes
CRIMINALLAWII 65
Knotes
Q:Arethereanyinstanceswhenawritersimplycannotincludehisnameinhisarticle?
Yes,i.e.:whentodosowouldendangerhislife
Q:Inliterature,arewritersrequiredtowritetheirrealname?
No,theycanusepennames
Q: Whatabout actors and showbizpersonalities, aretheyallowed touse namesother thantheirreal

names?
Yes,theymayusescreennames
ART.155
ALARMSANDSCANDALS
1. Bydischarginganyfirearm,rocket,firecrackerorotherexplosiveswithinanytownorpublic
placecalculatedtocausealarmordanger
2. Byinstigatingortakinganactivepartinanycharivariorotherdisorderlymeetingoffensive
toanotherorprejudicialtopublictranquillity
3. Bydisturbingthepublicpeacewhilewanderingaboutatnightorwhileengagedinanyother
nocturnalamusements
4.Bycausingdisturbanceorscandalinpublicplaceswhileintoxicatedorotherwise,provided
thatArt.153isnotapplicable
Q:Willapersonbeliableifhedischargedafirecrackerduringnewyearseve?
No,thelawexemptsthecelebrationofnewyearseveandfiestas. Bytradition,thesedaysare
consideredholidaysandthecelebrationofthemthroughthesemeanswouldnotcausealarmor
danger.
Q:Supposeitisntaholiday,andatmidnight,youlightafirecrackerinyourresidentialsubdivision.Will
youbeliable?
Yes
Q:Whatisacharivari?
Amedleyofdiscordantvoicesoramockserenadeofdiscordantnoisesmadeonkettles,tins,or
hornsdesignedtoannoyorinsult
Q:Underthe3rd manner,isitnecessarythattheoffenderbeintoxicated?
No
Q:Giveanexamplewhereapersonwillbeliablefordisturbingthepublicpeacewhileengagedin
nocturnalamusements
Q:Underthelastmanner(4th),doesthedisturbancehavetobecommittedatnighttime?
No
Q:Canyougiveanexample?
ART.156
DELIVERYOFPRISONERSFROMJAIL
1.Thereisapersonconfinedinjailorinapenalestablishment
2. Theoffenderremovestherefromsuchperson,ORhelpshisescape
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 66
Knotes
Q:Doestheprisonerhavetobeaprisonerbyfinaljudgment?
No,hemaybemerelyadetentionprisoner
Q:Whoarethepersonswhomaybeheldliableforthecommissionofthiscrime?
Anoutsider
Afellowprisoner
AnemployeeofthepenalestablishmentwhodoesNOThavecustody/chargeoftheprisoner
*NB:ifthepersonresponsibleforthecrimeisonewhohascustody/chargeofthe
prisoner,thecrimecommittedisInfidelityintheCustodyofaPrisoner(Art.223),not
Art.156
Aguard
Q:Whatqualifiesthecrime?
Theoffendersactofemployingbriberyasameanstoremoveapersonfromjail
*NB:NOTtheoffendersactofreceivingoragreeingtoreceiveabribeinconsideration
for the commission of the offense because that is merely a generic aggravating
circumstance
Q:Doesemploymentofdeceitinthecommissionofthecrimeaffectcriminalliability?
No,theemploymentofdeceitisnotanelementoftheoffense
Q:Ifthecrimecommittedbytheescapeehappenstobetreason,murderorparricide,whatisthelegal
effectontheliabilityofthepersonwhohelpshisescape?
Thepersonwhohelpsthecriminalsescapemaybeheldliableasanaccessoryforassistinginthe
escapeofaprincipal(see:Art.19,par.3)
Q: What is the liability of the escapee if he is not a prisoner by final judgment and yet manages to
escape?
Hehasnocriminalliability
*NB:EvasionoftheServiceofSentencerequirespriorconvictionbyfinaljudgment
Q:Whatistheescapeesliabilityifmanagestoescapewhilehiscaseispendingappeal?
Theoffenderhasnoliability,thecasehasnotyetbeendecided, Hehasnotyetbeenconvicted
byfinaljudgment
CHAPTERSIX
EVASIONOFSERVICEOFSENTENCE
*NB:IthelpstoreviewthemechanicsofPardoninrelationtothisChapter
Art.157
1. Theoffenderisaconvictbyfinaljudgment
2. Heisservinghissentencewhichconsistsofdeprivationofliberty
3. Heevadestheserviceofsentencebyescapingduringthetermofhissentence
Q:Iftheprisonerismerelyadetentionprisonerandnotonebyfinaljudgment,mayhebeheldliablefor
thiscrime?
No
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 67
Knotes
Q:Whatifthepersondoeshappentobeconvictedbyfinaljudgmentbutisaminor?
Heisnotliable
*NB: Recall the provisions of RA 9344 (Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act) minors are NOT
consideredconvictsbyfinaljudgmentbecausetheirsentenceissuspended
Q:Andiftheaccusedescapedwhilehisconvictionisonappeal?
Heisnotliable,either.Judgmentinthiscaseisnotyetfinal.
Q:Doesthatholdtrueeveniftheappealwasdismissedbecauseheescaped?
Yes
Q:IsArt.157applicabletothepenaltyofDestierro?
Yes,destierroisadeprivationofliberty,albeitpartial.
*NB: the Spanish text is controlling: sufriendo privacion de libertad. Destierrowas meant to
depriveoneofhisliberty
Q:Whatcircumstancesqualifytheoffense?
Iftheevasionofescapetakesplace
1. Bymeansofunlawfulentry(i.e.:byscalingawall)
2. Bybreakingdoors,windows,gates,walls,roofsorfloors
3. Byusingpicklocks,falsekeys,disguise,deceit,violence,intimidation
4.Throughconnivancewithotherconvictsofemployeesofthepenalinstitution
ART.158
EVASIONOFSERVICEOFSENTENCEONTHEOCCASION
OFDISORDERS,CONFLAGRATIONS,EARTHQUAKES
OROTHERCALAMITIES
1. Theoffenderisaconvictbyfinaljudgment,whoisconfinedinapenalinstitution
2. Thereisdisorderresultingfromconflagration,earthquakes,explosions,similar
catastrophesoramutinyinwhichhehasNOTparticipated
3. Heevadestheserviceofsentencebyleavingthepenalinstitution whereheisconfinedon
theoccasionofsuchdisorderorduringamutiny
4.Hefailstogivehimselfuptotheauthoritieswithin48hrsfollowingtheissuanceofa
proclamationbytheChiefExecutiveannouncingthepassingawayofsuchcalamity
*NB: Becausethis provisioncarries withita sort ofloyalty award,a special incentivefor the
conscientiousprisoner
Q:Whatisthelegaleffectontheaccusedsliabilityifhefailstogivehimselfupafterthespecifiedtime?
Anadditional1/5oftheunexpiredjailtimeforhisoriginaloffensewillbeaddedtohissentence
*NB:Theaddedjailtimeisnottoexceed6months,ofcourse
Q:Andiftheaccuseddoesturnhimselfin,whatisthelegaleffectonhisliability?
1/5ofhisoriginalsentencewillbedeductedfromhisremainingjailtime
Q:Whichislongerthedeductionortheaddedtime?
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q: Whatisbeingpunished by this provision: theleavingofthe penal institution orthefailuretogive

oneselfupwithin48hrs?
Thefailuretogiveoneselfuptotheauthoritieswithin48hrsaftertheproclamationannouncing
theendofthecalamity
CRIMINALLAWII 68
Knotes
The deduction (1/5 of the original sentence, vs. the additional penalty of 1/5 of the unexpired
sentence.Asalways,penallawsshouldbeconstruedliberallyinfavouroftheaccused)
Q:Whatisamutiny?
Anorganized,unlawfulresistancetoasuperiorofficer;arevolt
Q:Isthereamutinyascontemplatedbythelawiftheaccuseddisarmedtheguardsandescapedand
theguardsdonothappentobehissuperiorofficers?
Noneinthisevent,neitherwilltherebeareductionofsentenceuponsurrender
ART.159
OTHERCASESOFEVASIONOFSERVICEOFSENTENCE
1. Theoffenderwasaconvictbyfinaljudgment
2. HewasgrantedaconditionalpardonbytheChiefExecutive
3. Heviolatedanyoftheconditionsofsuchpardon
Q:Giveanexampleofaconditionappendedtoapardon
i.e.:theaccusedshallnotviolateanyofthepenallawsofthePhilippines(theusualcondition
fixedtoapardongrantedbythePresident)
Q:Whatkindofpardoniscontemplatedbythisprovision?
ConditionalPardon
Q:AndwhatisthenatureofaConditionalPardon?
ItisinthenatureofacontractbetweentheaccusedandtheChiefExecutive
Q:Maythecourtrequiretheconvicttoservetheunexpiredtermofhisoriginalsentenceifthatsentence
doesNOTexceed6years?
No,itmaynot
Q:Doestheconditionextendtospeciallaws?
Yes
Q:Intheeventthattheconvictviolatesanyconditionappendedtothepardon,mayhebearrestedand
incarceratedwithouttrial?
Yes
Q:Maythetimethe convict spent out of prison bededucted fromtheunexecuted portionof his

sentence,intheeventthatheisrearrested?
No
Q:Whatisthetimeframeforthedurationoftheconditionsofthepardon?
Theconditionsofthepardonarelimitedonlytotheremainingperiodofthesentence
Q:Differentiatethelegaleffectsofaviolationofconditionalpardonandevasionofserviceofsentence
byescaping
VIOLATIONOFACONDITIONALPARDON
Doesnotcauseanyinjurytotherightof
anotherpersonnordoesitdisturbthepublic
order
Merelyaninfringementofthetermsstipulatedin
acontractbetweenthePresidentandthecriminal
EVASIONOFSERVICEOFSENTENCEBYESCAPING
Itisanattempt,atleast,toevadethepenalty
inflictedbythecourtsuponcriminalsandthus
defeatthepurposeofthelawofeitherreforming
orpunishingthecriminalsforhavingdisturbedthe
publicorder
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 69
Knotes
CHAPTERSEVEN
COMMISSIONOFANOTHERCRIMEDURINGTHESERVICEOFPENALTY
IMPOSEDFORANOTHERPREVIOUSOFFENSE
ART.160
COMMISSIONOFANOTHERCRIMEDURING
SERVICEOFPENALTYIMPOSEDFORANOTHER
PREVIOUSOFFENSE
1. Theoffenderwasalreadyconvictedbyfinaljudgmentofoneoffense
2. HecommittedanewFELONYbeforebeginningtoservesuchsentenceORwhileservingthe
same(*NB:newfelony keepinmindthereservedmeaningforthetermfelony actsor
omissionspunishablebytheRevisedPenalCode)
Q:Doesthesecondcrimehavetobeafelony?
Yes
Q:Whataboutthefirstcrime?
Itdoesnothavetobeafelony
Q:Isthisthesameasrecidivism?
No,Art.160referstoQuasiRecidivism
Q:Differentiatethetwo
RECIDIVISM
BOTHthefirstandsecondoffensesmustbe
embracedundertheSAMETITLEoftheRevised
PenalCode
QUASIRECIDIVISM
Doesnotrequirethatthe2offensesareembraced
underthesametitleoftheCode
(see:Art.160)
(see:Art.14,par.9)
Q:DifferentiateQuasiRecidivismfromReiteracion
QUASIRECIDIVISM
Maybecommittedwhilesentenceisbeingserved
forthefirstoffense,orbeforeservingit
REITERACION
Requiresthattheoffendershallhaveservedout
thesentencefortheprioroffenses(plural)
Contemplatesmorethanoneprioroffense
Q:WhatisthenatureofQuasiRecidivism?
Itisa SPECIALAGGRAVATINGCIRCUMSTANCEwhereaperson,AFTERhavingbeenconvictedby
final judgment of one offense, shall commit a NEW FELONY before beginning to serve the
sentenceforthe1st offenseORwhileservingthesame.
Q:Isitacrime?
No
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 70
Knotes
Q:Whatarethelegaleffectsofit?
1. Theoffendershallbepunishedbythemaximumperiodofthepenaltyprescribedbythelaw
forthenewfelony
2. Itcannotbeoffsetbyanordinarymitigatingcircumstance
Q:IsthereatimeframewhenaQuasiRecidivistmaybepardoned?
Yes,when he turns70yrs.oldandhas alreadyserved outhis sentenceafterreachingthesaid
age
Q:Andifhehappenstobeahabitualcriminal?
Hemaynotbepardoned
CHAPTERONE
FORGERIES
SECTIONONEFORGINGTHESEALOFGOVERNMENTOFTHEPHILIPPINEISLANDS,
THESIGNATUREORSTAMPOFTHECHIEFEXECUTIVE
ART.161
COUNTERFEITINGTHEGREATSEALOFTHEGOVERNMENTOF
THEPHILIPPINEISLANDS,FORGINGTHESIGNATURE
ORSTAMPOFTHECHIEFEXECUTIVE
Q:Whatarethepunishableactsunderthisprovision?
1. ForgingtheGreatSealoftheGovernmentofthePhilippineIslands
2. ForgingtheSignatureofthePresidentofthePhilippines
3. ForgingtheStampofthePresidentofthePhilippines
Q:WhohascustodyoftheGreatSeal?
TheChiefExecutive
Q:IsthisthesameasFalsificationofPublicDocuments?
No,itisanentirelydistinctandseparatecrime
Q:IftheaccusedsimplywrotedowntheinitialsBAIIItostandforBenignoAquinoIII,willhebeliable?
No,thesignaturemustbefullyformed
ART.162
USINGFORGEDSIGNATUREOR
COUNTERFEITSEALORSTAMP
1. The Great Seal of the Republic was counterfeited or the signature or stamp of the Chief
Executive was forged by another person (*NB: the offender must not be the person who
committedtheforgery)
2. Theoffenderknewofthecounterfeitingorforgery
3. Heusedthecounterfeitseal/signature/stamp
Q:Iftheoffendercommittedtheforgeryhimself,whatishisliability?
Heisaprincipalunderart.161
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 71
Knotes
Q:Doesnottheactofusinganitemforgedbysomebodyelseconstituteliabilityasanaccessory?
Generally,itdoes
Q:Whatisthedifferenceinthiscase?
The act committed under art.162 is that ofan accessory, but the law imposes a penalty thatis
only ONE DEGREE LOWER, although an accessory is generally punished with a penalty two
degreeslowerthanthatofaprincipal
Q:Isthisanexceptiontothegeneralruleontheparticepscriminis?
Yes
SECTIONTWOCOUNTERFEITINGCOINS
Art.163
MAKINGANDIMPORTINGANDUTTERING
FALSECOINS
1.Therearefalse/counterfeitedcoins
2. Theoffendereithermade,importedorutteredsuchcoins
3. Incaseofutteringsuchfalsecoins,theoffenderconnivedwiththecounterfeitersor
importers
Q:Whenisacoinconsideredtobefalse?
WhenitisforgedorisnotauthorizedbytheGovernmentaslegaltender
Q:Whatifthecoinhappenedtocontain24karatsofgold?
Theintrinsicvalueofthecoinisimmaterial
Q:Whatismeantbyutteringfalsecoins?
Thecirculationordeliveryortheactofgivingthecoinsaway
Q:Whenisacoinconsideredtobeuttered?
When it is paid, or when the offender is caught committing any preparatory act prior to its
delivery,eventhoughhemaynothaveobtainedhisintendedgain
Q:Iftheoffenderwascaughtmerelycountingthecoinsbeforepayingthem,isheliable?
Yes,thecountingisapreparatoryactandisconsideredtofallwithintheconceptofuttering
falsecoins
Q:Maycoinsthatareno longerincirculationbeconsideredfalsecoinsiftheoffenderchoseto
counterfeitthem?
Yes
*NB: Even former coins withdrawnfromcirculation may be counterfeited. Theprovisiondoes

notqualifythewordcoinwiththeadjectivecurrent(ps:GodIhatedstatconsomuch)
Q:Whatarethekindsofcounterfeitedcoinsunderthisprovision?
1. SilvercoinofthePH/coinoftheCentralBankofthePhilippines(ohalright,BangkoSentralif
youinsistonthenationalisticterm)
2. Coinofminorcoinage(i.e.:1centavo,5centavosetc)
3. CoinofthecurrencyofaForeignCountry
Q:Whenforeigncoinsarecounterfeited,musttheybeincirculation?
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 72
Knotes
Yes,thelawsayscurrencyofaforeigncountry
*NB: more statcon. Demonetized coins are no longer considered currency root word is
obvious, the coins must be in circulation. I.e.: if you counterfeited a Franc, you are not liable
becausethelegaltender/currencyofFranceisnowtheEuro
Art.164
MUTILATIONOFCOINSIMPORTATION
ANDUTTERANCEOFMUTILATEDCOINS
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
1. Mutilatingcoinsofthelegalcurrency,withthefurtherrequirementthattherebeintentto
damageordefraudanother
2. ImportingorUtteringsuch mutilated coins, withthefurther requirementthattheremust
beconnivancewiththemutilatororimporterinthecaseofutterance
Q:Whatismeantbymutilation?
Todiminishbyingeniousmeansthemetalinthecoin
*NB:thisispunishablebecausethecoindiminishesinintrinsicvalue,onewhouttersitreceives
itslegalvalueinreturnforalesserintrinsicvalue
Q:Doesthemutilatedcoinhavetobeoflegaltender?
Yes,thelawusesthewordslegalcurrency
Q:Ismutilationofforeigncoinspunishable?
No,merelythecounterfeiting(see:art.163)offoreigncoinsispunishableundertheRPC
Art.165
SELLINGOFFALSEORMUTILATEDCOIN
WITHOUTCONNIVANCE
*Trustme,Imasboredasyouareatthispoint,Ihavetroubleimaginingacourtdocketactuallylisting
hearingsforcasesofviolationsundertheseprovisions
1. Possession ofcoin, counterfeitedormutilated byanother person,withintenttoutterthe
same,knowingthatitisfalseormutilated
**ELEMENTS:
a.Possesion
b.IntenttoUtter
c. KnowledgeofFalsity
2. Actuallyutteringsuchfalseofmutilatedcoin,knowingthesametobefalseormutilated
**ELEMENTS
a.ActualUtterance
b.KnowledgeofFalsity
NOTES:
*Possessionof,orutteringfalsecoinsdoesNOTrequirethatthecounterfeitedcoinislegaltender
*BUTifthecoinbeingpossessedisaccompaniedbyanintenttoutterthesame,oritisbeinguttered,or
itisamutilatedcoin,itmustbeoflegaltender
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 73
Knotes
*Possessionhereincludesconstructivepossession
*Possessionoffalse/mutilatedcoinsbythecounterfeitersofmutilatorsthemselvesdoesNOTconstitute
aseparateoffense
*Actuallyutteringfalse/mutilatedcoins, knowingthem tobeso, is acrime underart.165 EVEN IFthere

isntconnivance(see:elementsofthe2nd punishableact,notetheabsenceofconnivanceasanessential
elementofthecrime)
SECTIONTHREEFORGINGTREASURYORBANKNOTES,
OBLIGATIONSANDSECURITIES;IMPORTINGANDUTTERINGFALSEOR
FORGEDNOTES,OBLIGATIONSANDSECURITIES
Art.166
FORGINGTREASURYORBANKNOTESOR
OTHERDOCUMENTSPAYABLETOBEARER;
IMPORTINGSUCHFALSE/FORGEDNOTES
ANDDOCUMENTS
1. ForgingorFalsifyingTreasuryofBankNotesorotherdocumentspayabletobearer
2. Importationofsuchfalse/forgedobligationsornotes
3. Utteringsuchfalse/forgedobligationsornotesinconnivancewiththeforgersorimporters
Q:DifferentiateForgeryfromFalsification
FORGERY
Givingtheappearanceofatrueorgenuine
document
FALSIFICATION
Erasing,Substituting,CounterfeitingorAlteringby
anymeans,thefigures,letters,wordsorsigns
Tomakeafalseinstrumentintendedtobepassed
foragenuineone
Q:Whatismeantbypayabletobearable?
Ownershipistransferredtothebearerbymeredelivery
1. Whenitisexpressedtobesopayable
2. Whenitispayabletoapersonnamedthereinortobearer
3. Whenitispayabletotheorderofafictitiousornonexistingperson,andsuchfactwas
knowntothepersonmakingitsopayable
4.Whenthenameofthepayeedoesnotpurporttobethenameofanyperson
5. Whentheonlyorlastindorsementisanindorsementinblank
(See:Sec.9,TheNegotiableInstrumentsLaw)
Q:Giveexamplesofobligationsandsecurities
bonds
certificatesofindebtedness
coupons
treasurynotes
fractionalnotes
certificatesofdeposit
bills
checks
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 74
Knotes
draftsformoney
otherrepresentativesofvalueissuedunderanyactofCongress
*NB:PhilippineNationalBank(PNB)checksarecommercialdocumentsnotcoveredbyart.166
NOTES:
*Penaltiesdependonthekindofforgedtreasury/banknotesorotherdocuments
*Thepenaltyforforgingorfalsifyingnotesandobligationsismoreseverethanthatforcounterfeiting
coins
Art.167
COUNTERFEITING,IMPORTINGANDUTTERING
INSTRUMENTSNOTPAYABLETOBEARER
1.ThereisaninstrumentpayabletoorderorotherdocumentofcreditNOTpayabletobearer
2. Theoffendereitherforged,importedorutteredsuchinstrument
3. Incaseofuttering,heconnivedwiththeforgerorimporter
Q:Whatismeantbypayabletoorder?
Drawnpayabletotheorderofaspecifiedpersonortohimorhisorder
Negotiatedbyindorsementordelivery
(See:Sec.8,TheNegotiableInstrumentsLaw)
Q:Doesthearticlecoverinstrumentsorotherdocumentsissuedbyaforeigngovernmentorbank?
Yes,art.167hasnospecificationofthecountryorgovernmentissuingtheinstrumentsor
documents
Q:Whatisthereasonbehindthislaw?
Tomaintaintheintegrityofthecurrencyandinsurethecreditstandingofthegovernment;to
preventtheimpositiononthepublicandthegovernmentofworthlessnotesorobligations;to
protectthebankingsystemandtheeconomy
Art.168
ILLEGALPOSSESSIONANDUSEOFFALSETREASURY
ORBANKNOTESOROTHERINSTRUMENTS
OFCREDIT
1. Anytreasuryorbanknoteorcertificateorotherobligationandsecuritypayabletobearer,
oranyinstrumentpayabletoorderorotherdocumentofcreditnotpayabletobeareris
forgedorfalsifiedbyanyperson
2. Theoffenderknowsthatanyofthoseinstrumentsisforgedorfalsified
3. He
a.Usesanyofsuchforged/falsifiedinstruments
b.Isinpossessionwithintenttouseanyofsuchforged/falsifiedinstruments
Q:Isintenttopossesspunishableunderthisarticle?
No,intenttopossessisnotsynonymouswithintenttouseandisthereforenotanoffense
punishablebyart.168
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 75
Knotes
Q:Whatisthepresumptionofthelawwithregardtothepersoninpossessionofafalsifieddocument?
Apersoninpossessionofafalsifieddocumentandwhomakesuseofitispresumedtobethe
materialauthorofthefalsification
NOTES:
*IntenttouseissufficienttoconsummatethecrimewhentheoffenderisINPOSSESSIONof
false/falsifiedobligationsornotes
*BUTmerepossessionWITHOUTintenttouseittothedamageofanotherisnotacrime
Art.169
HOWFORGERYISCOMMITTED
Q:Howisforgerycommitted?
1. Bygivingtoatreasury/banknoteoranyinstrumentpayabletobearerortoorder
mentionedtherein,theappearanceofatrueandgenuinedocument
2. Byerasing,substituting,counterfeitingoralteringbyanymeansthefigures,letters,words
orsignscontainedtherein
Q:Doesforgeryincludefalsificationandcounterfeiting?
Yes
Q:WhataretheactspunishedunderPresidentialDecree(PD)247?
Defacing,mutilating,tearing,burningordestroying,inanymannerwhatsoever,currencynotes
andcoinsissuedbytheCentralBankofthePhilippines
SECTIONFOURFALSIFICATIONOFLEGISLATIVE,PUBLIC,COMMERCIAL
ANDPRIVATEDOCUMENTSANDWIRELESS,
TELEGRAPHANDTELEPHONEMESSAGES
Art.170
FALSIFICATIONOFLEGISLATIVEDOCUMENTS
Q:Whomaycommitthiscrime?
Anypersonwhoaltersadocumentwithouttheproperauthoritytherefor
Q:Whattypeofdocumentiscontemplatedunderthisarticle?
Legislativedocuments
Q:MaythiscrimebecommittedbyapublicofficerwhodoesNOTtakeadvantageofhisofficialposition?
Yes
Q:SupposetheCityCouncilpassedanOrdinanceandwhenitwastransmittedtotheMayorforhis
approval,theMayorchangedoneoftheWHEREASclauses.Isheliable?
Yes,theMayorhasnoauthoritytounilaterallychangeanyofthepartsofanordinance
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
1. Thereisabill,resolutionorordinanceenactedorapprovedorpendingapprovalbyeither
HouseoftheLegislatureoranyprovincialboardormunicipalcouncil
2. Theoffenderaltersthesame
3. Hehasnoproperauthoritytherefor
4.Thealterationhaschangedthemeaningofthedocument
CRIMINALLAWII 76
Knotes
Q:DidtheMayorintheforegoingexampletakeadvantageofhisofficialposition?How?
Yeshedid,hetookadvantageofthefactthattheordinancemustfirstbesignedbyhimand
changedoneoftheWHEREASclauses
Q:SupposingtheMayordidnottakeadvantageofhispositionandactedinaprivatecapacity,willhe
stillbeliable?
Yes
Art.171
FALSIFICATIONBYPUBLICOFFICER,EMPLOYEE,
ORNOTARYORECCLESIASTICALMINISTER
1. Theoffenderisapublicofficer,employeeornotarypublic
2. Hetakesadvantageofhisofficialposition
3. Hefalsifiesadocumentbycommittinganyofthefollowingacts:
a.CounterfeitingorImitatinganyhandwriting,signatureorrubric;
b.Causingittoappearthatpersonshaveparticipatedinanyactorproceedingwhenthey
didNOTinfactsoparticipate;
c. AttributingtopersonwhohaveparticipatedinanyactorproceedingstatementsOTHER
thanthoseinfactmadebythem;
d.Makinguntruthfulstatementsinanarrationoffacts;
e.Alteringtruedates;
f. Makinganyalterationorintercalationinagenuinedocumentwhichchangesits
meaning;
g.Issuinginauthenticatedformadocumentpurportingtobeacopyofanoriginal
documentwhennosuchoriginalexists,orincludinginsuchcopyastatementcontrary
to,ordifferentfrom,thatofthegenuineoriginal;
h.Intercalatinganyinstrumentornoterelativetotheissuancethereofinaprotocol,
registry,orofficialbook
4.Incasetheoffenderisanecclesiasticalminister,theactoffalsificationiscommittedwith
respecttoanyrecordordocumentofsuchcharacterthatitsfalsificationmayaffectthecivil
statusofpersons
Q:Differentiateart.170fromart.171
RE:TypeofDocument
LegislativeDocuments
RE:PersonsLiable
Anyunauthorizedperson
FALSIFICATIONBYPUBLIC
OFFICER,EMPLOYEE,NOTARY
ORECCLESIASTICALMINISTER
(ART.171)
Public/Official/Allother
documentsNOTlegislativein
nature
PublicOfficer,Employeeor
NotaryPublic
EcclesiasticalMinister,with
respecttofalsificationofrecords
ordocumentswhichaffectthe
statusofpersons
Offenderneednottake
advantageofhisofficialposition
Offendermusttakeadvantage
ofhispublicposition
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
FALSIFICATIONOFLEGISLATIVE
DOCUMENT
(ART.170)
CRIMINALLAWII 77
Knotes
Q:Whenmayapublicofficerbesaidtotakeadvantageofhisposition?
1. Whenhehasthedutytomakeortoprepareorotherwisetointerveneinthepreparationof
thedocument
2. Whenhehasofficialcustodyofthedocumentwhichhefalsifies
Q:Whatisadocument?
Anywrittenstatementbywhicharightisestablishedoranobligation,extinguished
Awritingorinstrumentbywhichafactmaybeprovenandaffirmed
Q:WhatarethepunishableactswhichrequiretheuseofaGENUINEdocument?
1. Makinganalteration/Intercalation
2. Includinginacopyadifferentstatement
3. Intercalatinganyinstrumentornoterelativetotheissuancethereofinanyprotocol,
registryorofficialbook
*NB:OtheractsoffalsificationmaybecommittedbySIMULATINGorFABRICATINGadocument
andhencedonotrequirethepresenceofagenuineone
Q:Isthesimulationofpublic,officialormercantiledocumentsalsocontemplatedbythearticle?
Yestheprovisionsaysshallfalsifyadocument(typeofdocumentisnotspecified)
Q:Underthefirstmode(counterfeitingorimitatinganyhandwritingetc),whatarethetwowaysof
committingthecrime?
1. CounterfeitingorImitatinganyhandwriting,signatureofrubric
2. FeigningorSimulatinganysignature,handwritingorrubricwhichdoesNOTinfactexist
Q:Whataretherequisitesofcounterfeiting?
1. IntentorAttempttoImitate
2. Theremustbeatleast2signatures/handwritings/rubricsthegenuineoneandtheforged
one;andtheymustbeararesemblancetoeachother
Q:Andifthe2donotappearthesame?
TheoffendermaybeliableunderArt.171,par.2(causingittoappearthatperson/shave
participatedinanacttheydidnotinfactsoparticipatein)
Q:Underthesecondmodeofcommission(causingittoappearthatpersonshaveparticipatedetc),
whataretherequisites?
1. Theoffendercausedittoappearinadocumentthatapersonornumberofpersons
participatedinanactorproceeding
2. Suchperson/sdidNOTinfactsoparticipate
Q:Maythe2nd mannerbecommittedbyaprivateperson?
Yes,buttheactifcommittedbyaprivateindividualispunishableunderart.172,notart.171
Q:Underthe3rd modeofcommission(attributingfalsestatementstopersonswhohaveparticipatedin
anactorproceeding),whataretherequisites?
1. Apersonorgroupofpersonsparticipatedinanactorproceeding
2. He/they madestatementsinsuchact/proceeding
3. Theoffender,inmakingthedocument,attributedtohim/themstatementsotherthan
thoseactuallymadebythem
Q:Underthe4th modeofcommission,(makinguntruthfulstatements),whataretherequisites?
1. Theoffendermakesinadocumentstatementsinanarrationoffacts
2. Hehasthelegalobligationtodisclosethetruthofthefactsnarratedbyhim
3. Thefactsnarratedbyhimareabsolutelyfalse
4.Theperversionoftruthinthenarrationoffactswasmadewiththewrongfulintentof
injuringathirdperson
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 78
Knotes
Q:Whatismeantbylegalobligationunderthisarticle?
Thereisalawrequiringthedisclosureofthetruthofthefactsnarrated
Q:Doesthepersonmakingthenarrationhavetobeawareofthefalsityofthefactsnarratedbyhim?
Yes
Q:SupposeaMayoralcandidatewroteeligibleonthecertificateofcandidacybecausehebelievedhe
wasofsufficientagewhenhefilleduptheform,althoughheactuallywasnot.Isheliable?
No
Q:Whynot?
BecausethefalsenarrationmustbeoneofFACTSnotofaCONCLUSIONOFLAW
*NB:Thisisanactualcase(see:Peoplev.Yanza,GR.No.12089,29April1960)Awomanwrote
eligible because she believed that turning 23 yrs old upon assuming the councillorship was
tantamount to being eligible for running for that position. Notice that she had no intent to
make an untruthful narration of facts and she did not actually write a false fact, she made a
conclusion of law regarding her eligibility. Had she written I was born on <insert false date>,
shewouldhavebeenliable.
Q:Mustthenarrationoffactbecompletelyfalse?
Yes,becauseifthereissomecolourabletruthinthestatements,thecrimeoffalsificationisnot
deemedtohavebeencommitted
Q:Iswrongfulintentnecessarywhenthedocumentfalsifiedisapublicone?
No
Q:Mayfalsificationbecommittedbyomission?
Yes
Q:Underthe5th mannerofcommission,(alteringtruedates),whatisthecontrollingrequisite?
Thedate/salteredmustbematerialtothedocument
Q:Underthe6th mannerofcommission(makinganalteration/intercalationinagenuinedocumentetc),
whataretherequisites?
1.Thereisanalteration(achange)orintercalation(aninsertion)
2. Itwasmadeonagenuinedocument
3. Thealteration/intercalationhaschangedthemeaningofthedocumentand
4.Thechangemadethedocumentspeaksomethingelse
Q: Suppose a document was made on 27 April 2012. The document actually bore 25 April 2012. The
Secretarynoticedthisandchangedthedatetothe27th.Issheliable?
No,alterationwhichspeaksthetruthisnotfalsification.Whatshedidwasnotafalsification,it
wasacorrection
*NB:tobeliable,thealterationmustaffecttheintegrityorchangetheeffectsofthedocument.
Ifitwasmadetosafeguardtheintegrityofthesame,thereisnocriminalresponsibilityforthe
act
Q:Underthe7th mannerofcommission,(issuinginauthenticatedformadocumentpurportingtobea
copyofanactuallynonexistentoriginal),musttheoffenderactinhisofficialcapacity?
Yes, the crime cannot be committed without taking advantage of official positions since these
acts can be made only by the custodian/the one who prepared and retained a copy of the
originaldocument
NOTES:
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 79
Knotes
*It is the OFFICIAL CHARACTER of the offender which is mainly taken into consideration by art.171
whichiswhyintenttocausedamageorintenttogainisNOTnecessarytoconsummatetheoffense
*Bethatasit may, a PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL who cooperates witha publicofficer inthe falsification ofa
public document is guilty of falsification by public officer (art.171) and incurs the same liability and
penaltyasthepublicofficer(recall:particiepscriminisprincipalbyindispensiblecooperation)
*Ifafalseofficialorpublicdocumentwas usedinaCRIMINALPROCEEDINGtoadverselyaffectthetrial
ortheadmissibilityofevidence(i.e.:topreventorprohibittheinvestigationinacriminalcase),theactis
punishedunderPresidentialDecree1829asanactconstitutingobstructionofjustice.Notethatthisonly
appliesifthefalsificationofthedocumentisdoneinrelationtoacriminalproceeding
Art.172
FALSIFICATIONBYPRIVATEINDIVIDUALSAND
USEOFFALSIFIEDDOCUMENTS
1. Falsificationofpublic,officialorcommercialdocumentbyaprivateindividual
2. Falsificationofprivatedocumentsbyanyperson
3. Useoffalsifieddocuments
a.Introducingfalsifieddocumentsinajudicialproceeding
**ELEMENTS:
i.Theoffenderknewthatadocumentwasfalsifiedbyanotherperson
ii.Thefalsedocumentisembracedinart.171orinanysubdivisions,nos.1or2ofart.172
iii.Heintroducedsaiddocumentinevidenceinanyjudicialproceeding
b.Useoffalsifieddocumentsinanyothertransaction
**ELEMENTS:
i.Theoffenderknewthatadocumentwasfalsifiedbyanotherperson
ii.Thefalsedocumentisembracedinart.171/subdivisionsnos.1and2orart.172
iii.Heusedsuchdocumentintransactions,butNOTinjudicialproceedings
iv.Theuseofthefalsifieddocumentscauseddamagetoanotheroratleastitwasused
withintenttocausesuchdamage
Q:Whatarethe4kindsofdocumentsthatmaybethesubjectoffalsification?
1. PublicDocuments(i.e.:healthsanitationforms,etc)
2. OfficialDocuments(i.e.:letterstogovernmentdepartmentheads)
*NB:heresthedifference:PublicDocumentsaregeneralincharacterandhavefortheir
Scopethepublicsafety.Officialdocumentsarethoseissuedinofficialcapacityorbyvirtue
oftheduties orfunctions ofoffice,theydonotnecessarytargetthepublicingeneral.DO
NOT confuse public orofficial documents withlegislativedocuments they have
differentnaturesandtheirrespectivefalsificationsarepunisheddistinctlyandseparately.
3. CommercialDocuments(i.e.:receiptsandvouchers)
4.PrivateDocuments(youdontneedanexampleforthis)
Q:Whomaycommitthiscrime?
PrivateIndividuals
PublicofficialswhodoNOTtakeadvantageoftheirpositions
Q:Differentiatethisfromart.171
FALSIFICATIONBYPUBLIC
OFFICER,EMPLOYEE,NOTARY
ORECCLESIASTICALMINISTER
(ART.171)
FALSIFICATIONBYPRIVATE
INDIVIDUALSANDUSEOF
FALSIFIEDDOCUMENTS
(ART.172)
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
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RE:TypeofDocument
public
official
commercial
public
official
commercial
private
RE:PersonsLiable
PublicOfficer,Employeeor
NotaryPublic
PrivateIndividuals
PublicOfficerswhodonottake
EcclesiasticalMinister,with
advantageoftheirpublic
respecttofalsificationofrecords positions
ordocumentswhichaffectthe
statusofpersons
Offendermusttakeadvantage
ofhispublicposition
Offendermustactinaprivate
capacity
RE:DamageorInjuryCaused
Damageisnotanecessary
elementforconsummation;
Prejudicetoa3rd partyis
immaterial
Prejudicetoathirdpartyis
primarilytakenintoaccount
*nb: damage need not be

material, damagetoones
honourisincluded
*nb:damageisNOTnecessary
whenthecrimeinvolves
introducingfalsifieddocuments
injudicialproceedings
Q:SupposeyoupreparedasolicitationletterandsignedAtty.Amuraosname.Whatcrimedidyou
commit?
Falsificationofaprivatedocument
Q:Andifyoufolloweditupwitharealsolicitationandappropriatedtheamounttoyourself?
Estafa
Q:ThroughafalsifiedPawnshopticketyouwereabletoredeemcertainpiecesofjewelry.Whatcrime
didyoucommit?
Theftthroughfalsificationofacommercialdocument
Q:Supposeapublicofficerfalsifiedadocument,buthedidnottakeadvantageofhispublicposition.
Whatcrimedidhecommit?
Falsificationunderart.172
Q:Definethefourkindsofdocuments
PUBLIC
Created,executedor
issuedbyapublic
officialinresponseto
theexigenciesofpublic
serviceoronewherein
theexecutionofwhich,
apublicofficial
intervened
Anyinstrument
authorizedbyanotary
OFFICIAL
Issuedbyapublic
officialintheexercise
ofthefunctionsofhis
office
Whileitmaybe
consideredatypeof
publicdocument,the
scopeisnotasgeneral
Requiredbyabureauto
PRIVATE
Deedsorinstruments
executedbyaprivate
personwithoutthe
interventionofanotary
publicorotherperson
legallyauthorized,by
whichdocumentsome
dispositionor
agreementisproved,or
evidencesetforth
COMMERCIAL
Anydocumentdefined
orregulatedbythe
CodeofCommerceor
anyothercommercial
law
Usedbymerchantsor
businessmento
promoteorfacilitate
trade
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
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publicoracompetent
publicofficial,withthe
solemnitiesrequiredby
law
befilledbyitsofficers
forpurposesofits
recordandinformation,
forexample
Q:Mayprivatedocumentsbeconsideredpublic?
Yes,i.e.:deedsacknowledgedbeforeanotarypublic,eveniffalsificationwascommittedbefore
itwaspresentedtothenotary;orwhentheybecomepartsofanofficialrecordandarecertified
byapublicofficerdulyauthorizedtodosobylaw
Q:MayEstafabecommittedthroughFalsificationofPrivateDocuments?
Notheeffectorconsequenceofestafa(i.e.:damagetothirdpersons)isthesameasthatof
falsifyingaprivatedocument
Q:Howdoyouthendeterminewhichcrimemustbeallegedinthecomplaint?
By the order of commission If estafa was committed first, then the crime is estafa. If the
falsification came first, then the crime is falsification of a private document (*NB: find out
whichcrimewascommittedfirstAtty.A)
Q:Isdamagetothepublicnecessaryunderthiscrime?
No
Q:Whataboutdamagetoathirdparty?
Yes, there must be damage causedtoa 3rd party oratleast thattheactwascommitted with
intenttocausesuchdamage
Q:SupposeyoucommittedthecrimeoffalsificationinMakati.YoubroughtthedocumenttoManilaand
werearrestedhere.Whichcourthasjurisdiction?
ThecourtinMakati
Q:Wheremayuseofafalsifieddocumentbedone?
1.Injudicialproceedings
2. Inothertransactions
Q:Supposeyoufalsifiedadocumentinanadministrativecase.Willyoubeliable?
Yes,othertransactions
Q:Whenistheuserofthefalsifieddocumentdeemedtobetheauthorofthefalsification?
1.Iftheusewassocloselyconnectedintimewiththefalsification,AND
2. Theuserhadthecapacityforfalsifyingthedocument
Art.173
FALSIFICATIONOFWIRELESS,CABLE,TELEGRAPHAND
TELEPHONEMESSAGES;ANDUSEOFFALSIFIEDMESSAGES
*<rollseyes>wireless,cableandtelegraphmessages,yeah?xD
1.Utteringfictitious,wireless,telegraphortelephonemessages
**ELEMENTS:
a.Theoffenderisanofficerofemployeeofaprivatecorporationengagedintheserviceof
sendingorreceivingwireless,cable,telegraphortelephonemessages
b.Hecommitsanyofthefollowingacts:
i.Utteringfictitious,wireless,cableortelegraph/phonemessages
ii.Falsifyingthesaidmessages
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
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2. Falsifyingwireless,telegraphortelephonemessages
**see:ELEMENTSof#1
3. Usingfalsifiedmessages
**ELEMENTS:
a.Theaccusedknewthatthewireless,cable,telegraph/phonemessagewasfalsified
b.Heusedsuchfalsifieddispatch
c. The use resulted in prejudice to a 3rdparty or was made with intent to cause such
prejudice
Q:Giveanexampleof1)falsifyingthesemessages;2)Utteringthem;and3)usingthem
Art.174
FALSIFICATIONOFMEDICALCERTIFICATES,
CERTIFICATESOFMERITORSERVICEANDTHELIKE
Q:Bywhomisthiscommitted,andhow?
1. Anyphysicianorsurgeonwho,inconnectionwiththepracticeofhisprofession,shallissuea
falsecertificate
2. Any public officer who shall issue a false certificate of merit or service, good conduct or
similarcircumstances
3. Anyprivatepersonwhoshallfalsifyacertificatefallingwithintheclassesmentionedinthe2
precedingsubdivisions
Q:Whatisacertificate?
Anywritingbywhichtestimonyisgiventhatafacthasorhasnottakenplace
Q:Giveanexampleofa1)falsecertificateofmerit;2)falsecertificateofservice
Q: Suppose you asked your father, a doctor, to give you a medical certificate so that you would be
excusedfromyourcriminallawclasstoday.Whomaybeliableunderart.174?
Myfather
Q:Andifitwasyourclassmatewhoforgedyourfatherssignature?
Myclassmateisliable
Q:Whatwillbeyourliabilityifyoupresentedit?
Useoffalsifiedcertificatesunderart.175
Art.175
USINGFALSECERTIFICATES
1. A physician or surgeon had issued a false medicalcertificate or a falsecertificate of
merit/service/good conduct or similar circumstances, OR a private person had falsified any
ofthesaidcertificates
2. Theoffenderknewthatthecertificatewasfalse
3. Heusedthesame
Q:Giveanexample
SECTIONSIXMANUFACTURING,IMPORTINGANDPOSSESSIONOF
INSTRUMENTSORIMPLEMENTSINTENDEDFOR
THECOMMISSIONOFFALSIFICATION
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Art.176
MANUFACTURINGANDPOSSESSIONOFINSTRUMENTS
ANDIMPLEMENTSOFFALSIFICATION
1. By making or introducing into the PH any stamps, dies, marks, or other instruments or
implementsforcounterfeitingorfalsification
2. Bypossessingwithintenttousetheinstrumentsorimplementsforcounterfeitingor
falsificationmadein,orintroducedintothePHbyanotherperson
Q:Supposetherewasaraidonyourhouseandthepoliceofficerssawequipmentusedforfalsification
ormakingPhilippinemoney.Mayyoubeliable?
No,merepossessiondoesnotmakemeliablethepossessionmustbeaccompaniedbyintent
tousetheequipment
Q:Supposeyourgrandmothergaveyouinstrumentsorimplementsforfalsification.Youhiditinyour
jewelryboxasamementoofher.Willyoubeliable?
No
Q:Supposeyouhadtheintenttouseitwhentheneedarises.Willyoubeliable?
Yes
CHAPTERTWO
OTHERFALSITIES
SECTIONONEUSURPATIONOFAUTHORITY,RANK,TITLE
ANDIMPROPERUNIFORMSANDINSIGNIA
Art.177
USURPATIONOFAUTHORITY
ANDOFFICIALFUNCTIONS
1. By knowingly and falsely representing oneself to be an officer, agent or representative or
anydepartmentoragencyofthePhilippineGovernmentoranyforeigngovernment
2. By performing anyact pertaining toany person in authority or public officer of the
PhilippineGovernmentorofaforeigngovernmentoranyagencytherefore,underpretence
ofofficialposition,andwithoutbeinglawfullyentitledtodoso
Q:Giveanexample
Q: You were at a party. A guest likes you, and in his effort to impress you, he introduced himself as
MayorAmurao,wheninfactheisnot.Isheliable?
Yes
Q:WhatifheintroducedhimselfastheVicePresidentofGlobeTelecommunications?
Hewillnotbeliablethepositionhefalselyrepresentsisnotcontemplatedbythelaw
Q:Whatisthedifferencebetweenusurpationofauthorityandusurpationofofficialfunctions?
USURPATIONOFAUTHORITY
USURPATIONOFOFFICIAL
FUNCTIONS
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
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RE:Consummation
Meremisrepresentation
Performance
RE:OvertActs
Positive,ExpressandExplicit
Representation
Actualperformanceofanyact
pertainingto
1)TheGovernmentitself
2)Apersoninauthority
3)Apublicofficerofgovernment
Q:Youviolatedatrafficregulation.TheMetroManilaDevelopmentAuthority(MMDA)confiscatedyour
driverslicense.TheMMDAofficerwaspreviouslydismissedfromservice.Istheofficerliable?
Yes,Hewasnotlawfullyentitledtoconfiscatealicense
Q: A person introduced himself to Chinese merchants as a Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) agent. He
examinedbooks, records, accounts, etc.The merchants called the BIRand were told thattheBIRdoes
nothaveanemployeebysuchaname.Whatcrimedidthepersoncommit?
Usurpationofofficialfunctions
Q:Arethereanyotherpunishableactsunderthisarticle?
Yes, art.177 also punishes the usurpation of authority of diplomatic or consular or any other
officialofaforeigngovernmentorthoseofthePhilippinegovernment
Art.178
USINGFICTITIOUSNAMEAND
CONCEALINGTRUENAME
1. Useofafictitiousname
**ELEMENTS:
a.Theoffenderusesanameotherthanhisrealname
b.Heusesthatfictitiousnamepublicly
c. Hispurposeis
Toconcealacrime;or
Toevadetheexecutionofajudgment;or
Tocausedamagetopublicinterest
2. Concealingtruename
**ELEMENTS:
a.Theoffenderconceals
Histruename;and
Allotherpersonalcircumstances
b.Hispurposeistoconcealhistrueidentity
Q:Whatisafictitiousname?
Anynamewhichapersonusespublicly,whichheappliestohimselfwithoutauthorityoflaw
Q:Whatismeantbyauthorityoflawinthiscase?
1. That a persons name is appears in the records of the Civil Registry, forcitizens of the
Philippines
2. ThatanaliensnameisappearsontherecordsoftheBureauofImmigration
Q:Willtheuseofafictitiousnamemakeoneliableinallcases?
No,thereareexceptions
Q:Giveexamplesoftheuseoffictitiousnameswhichdoesnotcarrywithitanycriminalliability
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
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Q:Ifdamageiscausedbyconcealingonestruenametoaprivateindividual,andnotthepublic,what
crimeiscommitted?
Estafa
Art.179
ILLEGALUSEOFUNIFORMSORINSIGNIA
1. Theoffendermakesuseofinsignia,uniformordress
2. Theinsignia,uniformordresspertainstoanofficeNOTheldbytheoffenderORtoaclassof
personsof whichheisnotamember
3. Thesaidinsignia,uniformordressisusedpubliclyandimproperly
Q:Giveanexample
Q:SupposeaPNPofficerisdismissedfromtheservicebuthestillworehisuniformwhenheattendeda
publicfunction.Isheliable?
Yes,hewasalreadydismissedfromofficeandtheuniformnowpertainstoanofficewhichhe
doesnothold
Q:Andifalaypersonworetheecclesiasticalrobesofapriest?
That person is liable, the clothing he wore pertains to a class of persons which he is not a
memberof
Q:AgroupofprostitutesworetheuniformsofAssumptionCollege,CollegeoftheHolySpiritandCentro
EscolarUniversity.Aretheyliable?
Yes,thedresstheyworepertainstoaclassofwhichtheyarenotmembers
Q:Doestheuniform/insignia/dresshavetobeanexactreplicationoftheoriginalone?
No,acolourableresemblancecalculatedtodeceivethecommonrunofpeopleissufficient
Q:IsthewearingorabadgeoremblemofrankoftheArmedForcesofthePhilippinespunishableunder
thisarticle?
No,itispunishableunderRepublicAct439
Q:Whataboutthemanufactureorsaleofthesemilitaryuniformswithoutproperauthority?
Themanufactureorsaleisnotpunishableunderart.179,butunderExecutiveOrderNo.297
SECTIONTWOFALSETESTIMONY
Art.180
FALSETESTIMONYAGAINSTADEFENDANT
1. Thereisacriminalproceeding
2. Theoffendertestifiesfalselyunderoathagainstthedefendanttherein
3. Heknowsthatthetestimonyhegivesisfalse
4.ThedefendantagainstwhomthefalsetestimonyisgiveniseitheracquittedORconvictedby
finaljudgment
Q: Suppose you testified falsely against a battalion of solders in a court martial proceeding. Are you
liable?
Nocourtmartialproceedingsareexecutiveinnatureandarenotcriminalproceedings
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
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Q:Supposethatinahomicidecase,theoffendertestifiedfalselybutthetestimonywasnotbelievedby
thecourt.Isheliable?
Yes
Q:Whyisthat?
Credencelentbythecourttothetestimonyisimmaterial.Whatispunishableistheactofgiving
afalsetestimonyperse
Q:Youtestifiedfalselyinacivilcase.Areyouliable?
No,notunderart.180
Q:Andifyoutestifiedfalselyinapetitionforadoption?InanelectoralcasebeforetheHRET?
Iamnotliable,theforegoingarespecialproceedings,notcriminalproceedings
Q:Bytheway,whatisacivilaction?
Anactionbroughtfor
1. Theprotectionorenforcementofaright
2. Thepreventionorredressofawrong
Q:Youtestifiedinacriminalcaseagainstyourneighbour.Yourtestimonywasafalseone,onebeyond
therealmofnormalhumanexperience,andthecourtfoundittobeso.Areyouliable?
Yes
Q:Supposeyoutestifiedfalselyinyourownfavour.Mayyoubeprosecutedforfalsetestimony?
YestherighttotestifyononesbehalfdoesNOTcarrywithittherighttotestifyfalsely
Q:Howistheoffenderpunishedasfarasfalsetestimonygoes?
Thepenaltydependsuponthesentenceofthedefendant(i.e.:acquittalorconviction)
Art.181
FALSETESTIMONYFAVORABLETOTHEDEFENDANT
Q:Whyisfinalityanecessaryelementhere,aswellasinart.180?
Because the penalty for both crimes depends upon the punishment to which the accused is
finallysentenced
Q: What if the false testimony did not directly influence the decision of acquittal, or did not directly
benefittheaccused?
Itisstillpunishable,Intenttofavourtheaccusedissufficientforcriminalliabilitytoattach
Q:Supposeyouhappentobethedefendant.Youvoluntarilytakethewitnessstandandtestifyfalsely,
albeitfavourablyinyourbehalf.Areyouliable?
Yes
Q:Andifyouwereaskedaquestionandyoumerelydeniedthecommissionofthecrime,areyouliable?
No
Art.182
FALSETESTIMONYINCIVILCASES
1. Thetestimonymustbegiveninacivilcase
2. Itmustrelatetotheissuespresentedinsaidcase
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
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3. Itmustbefalse
4.Itmustbegivenbythedefendantknowingittobefalse
5. Itmustbemaliciousandgivenwithintenttoaffecttheissuespresentedinthecase
Q:Supposeapersondiedintestate.Theheirscannotagreeextrajudiciallysotheybroughtthecasefor
judicialsettlement.Inthecourseofthesettlementhearings,oneheirtestifiedfalsely.Isheliable?
NoJudicialsettlementisNOTacivilcase,itisaspecialproceeding
Hemaybeliableforperjury
Q:Supposeinaguardianshipproceedingthatwaspendingincourt,youtestifiedfalselyinyourfavour.
Areyouliable?Whatcrimedidyoucommit?
No,Iamnotliableunderart.181Guardianshipproceedingsarespecialinnature
Icommittedperjury
Q:Inanelectionprotest,thedefeatedcandidatetestifiedfalsely.Isheliable?
No,anelectoralcaseisspecialinnature
Q:Whatisthecharacterofthepenaltyinthiscase?
Thepenaltyinart.182dependsontheamountofthecontroversy
Art.183
FALSETESTIMONYINOTHERCASESAND
PERJURYINSOLEMNAFFIRMATION
Q:Whatarethewaysofcommittingperjury?
1.Byfalselytestifyingunderoath;or
2. Bymakingafalseaffidavit
*NB: Falsely testifying under oath should NOTbedone in a judicial proceeding, else
arts.180/181/182apply
Q:Howisperjurycommitted?
1.Theaccusedmadeastatementunderoathorexecutedanaffidavituponamaterialmatter
2. Thestatementoraffidavitwasmadebeforeacompetentofficer,authorizedtoreceiveand
administeroaths
3. In that statement/affidavit, the accused made a wilful and deliberate assertion of a
falsehood
4.Theswornstatementoraffidavitcontainingthefalsityisrequiredbylaw
*NB: think: for people who believe in the existence of God. If you dont, you undertake an
affirmation
Q:Howisitdifferentfromanaffirmation?
AnaffirmationdoesnotinvolvetheideaofbeliefinGodandinHisvengeance
Q:Whyisanoath/affirmationnecessary,tobeginwith?
Anoathoraffirmationexposesthewitness/affianttotheperilofperjuryshouldafalsehoodbe
committed
*NB:Thisiswhyyourerequiredtotakeanoathonthingslikefillinginformsgivingtestimony,
etc.,shouldyouchosetolienotwithstandingyouroath/affirmation,criminalliabilityforperjury
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Whatisanoath?
Anyformofattestationbywhichapersonsignifiesthatheisboundinconsciencetoperforman
actfaithfullyandtruthfully.ItinvolvestheideaofcallinguponGodtowitnesswhatisaverredas
truth,anditissupposedtobeaccompaniedbyaninvocationofHisvengeanceorarenunciation
ofhisfavourintheeventofafalsehood
CRIMINALLAWII 88
Knotes
attaches. Thatswhy unverified complaints areproneto dismissal legally speaking; nobodyis

willing to believe a statement of facts unless the person making the statement puts his own
neckon the choppingblock by swearing under pain ofcriminal liability thatheis speaking
thetruth
Q:Anemployeeinalabourcasetestifiedfalsely.Whatcrimedidhecommit?
Perjury,labourcasesarequasijudicialinnature
Q:Supposingyouandyourfiancareapplyingforamarriagelicense.Yourfiancwrotehiscivilstatusto
besinglewheninfacthispreviousmarriageisstillvalid.Whatcrimedidhecommit?
PerjuryCivilstatusisamaterialmatterinanapplicationformarriagelicense
Q:SupposehewroteChineseashiscitizenship,insteadofFilipinoasshouldbe thecase.Whatcrime
didhecommit?
HedidnotcommitanycrimeCitizenshipisNOT amaterialmatterinanapplicationfor
marriagelicense
*NB:notehowtheconceptofmaterialityisarelativeone,dependingonthecircumstancesand
facts
Q:Supposeyourfiancisawidowerandhewrotesingleashiscivilstatus?
Hedidnotcommitanycrime,thelossofhispreviouswifeextinguishedthemarriage,thelicense
willstillbeissuedandheisinfactsingle
*NB:ah,persons.Ithelpstoreasonwithotherbranchesoflawaslongasyouresureofwhat
youresaying
Q:Supposeyouwrote23yearsoldasyourageinthatsameapplicationforamarriagelicense.Youare
infact16.Whatcrimedidyoucommit?
PerjuryAgeisamaterialmatterinanapplicationformarriagelicense.Onlypersonswhohave
attainedlegalageareallowedtoapplyforone
Q:Defineamaterialmatter
Amaterialmatteris
1. Themainfactwhichisthesubjectoftheinquiryoranycircumstancewhichtendstoprove
thatfact;or
2. Anyfactorcircumstancewhich tendstocorroborateorstrengthenthetestimonyrelative
tothesubjectofinquiry;or
3. Onewhichlegitimatelyaffectsthecredibilityofanywitnesswhotestifies
*NB:thetestofmaterialityiswhetherafalsestatementcaninfluencethetribunal,notwhether
itactuallydoesorcouldprobablyinfluencetheresultoftrial
(Peoplev.Banzil,CAGRNo.22964R,56OG4929)
Q: Supposeyouwanttorunas Congressman. In theCertificate ofCandidacy,youwrote40yearsold
wheninfactyouareonly20.Whatcrimedidyoucommit?
PerjuryAgeisamaterialmatter,sec.6,art.VIofthe1987Constitutionfixestheminimumage
foraCongressmanat25years
Q:SupposeyouwantedtobeMayorofyourtown.Youwroteyourageas35yearsold,whenyouare
only20.Whatcrimedidyoucommit?
Perjury
Q:YouwantedtorunforSenator.Youwroteyourageas45yearsoldwhenyoureallyare50.Areyou
liable?
No,Eitherway,Iamstillqualifiedtorun
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
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Q: Supposing you finished Law here at San Beda and applied to take the Bar Examinations. You were
previously convicted of a crime, but you declared in your application that you do not have a criminal
record.Areyouliable?
Yes,previousconvictionisamaterialmatterinanapplicationfortakingthebarexams
Q:Ifyougaveafalsetestimonyrelatingtoanactofterrorism,whatcrimedidyoucommit?
AviolationofRepublicAct9372theHumanSecurityActandTerrorismLaw
*NB: Under the said law, any false testimony given in relation to the crime of Terrorism, as
definedunderthestatute,arepunishablethereby
Q:Mayperjurybecommittedthroughnegligenceorimprudence?
No,oneoftherequisitesofperjuryiswilfulanddeliberateassertionoffalsehood
*Heres a trick: when the elements of a crime require criminal intent, think: wilful and
deliberate/intentional/Ireallymeantodothisandscrewtheconsequences kind of assertion of
will, good faith is a defence. Obviously, if you DIDNT mean to do it, or you did it without any
malice, youve negated the element of criminal intent in which case, you knock out one
essential requisite of the crime charged (Kimiko, paraphrasing Atty.A yeah, Im bad at
soundingserious)
Q:Isgoodfaithadefence?
Yes,becausethefalseassertionmustbeintentional
Q: Supposeyouexecuted afalse AffidavitofLoss.Youstatedthatyourdriverslicensewaslostwhen

yourwalletwassnatched,wheninfactthelicensehadbeenconfiscated.Whatcrimedidyoucommit?
Perjury
Q: Samefacts, except that you had the affidavit notarized bysomeonewhoselicenseforthejob was
alreadyexpired.Mayyoubeliableforperjury?
No,theelementofcompetentauthorityislacking
Imay,however,beliableforFalsificationofPrivateDocuments
Q:Whoisacompetentperson,inthecontemplationofthisarticle?
Someoneauthorizedto administeroaths A person who hastherightto inquireinto the
questionspresentedtohimuponmattersunderhisjurisdiction
Q:Isitnecessarythattherebeaspecificprovisionoflawrequiringtheaffidavit/swornstatementtobe
made?
Notreally.HOWEVER,the4th elementmaybereadtosaythattheswornstatementcontaining
thefalsityisauthorizedbylaw(i.e.:aslongasitwasmadeforalegalpurpose)
(Peoplev.Angangco,unpublishedGRNo.L47693,October12,1943)
Q:Supposingyouandyourfiancexecutedanapplicationfor marriagelicense.Youhaditnotarizedby
someonewho,byallappearances,wasanotarypublic.Heturnedouttobeacigarettevendor.Willyou
beliable?
No,thereisalackofacompetentperson
Q:SupposeyouareplacedunderoathbeforetheSecretaryoftheCivilRegistryofyourmunicipality.Will
youbeliableforperjuryifyouassertafalsehood?
No,thesecretaryisnotacompetentpersonwithinthecontemplationoftheprovision
Q: Suppose the Senate invited Jocjoc Bolante to one of the Senate hearings regarding the Fertilizer
Scam.Bolantemadeawilfulassertionoffalsehood.Whatcrimedidhecommit?
Perjury
Q:Supposeyouareajournalist.InyourcolumnyouglorifiedBolanteasapersonofgenuinehonestyand
integrity,onetobeemulatedbyallFilipinos.Whatcrimedidyoucommit?
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UnlawfulUseofMeansofPublication(art.154,2nd mannerofcommission)
*NB: By encouraging disobedience to the law or to the constituted authorities or by praising,

justifying,orextollinganyactpunishedbylaw,bythesamemeansorbywords,utterances,or
speeches(art.154,par.2)
Q: Supposing in a homicide case, you testified as a witness and stated that you were actually present
duringthecrimewheninfact,youweresleepinginyourownresidence.Theaccusedwasfoundguiltyas
charged.Whatcrimedidyoucommit?
FalseTestimonyagainstaDefendant(art.180);(see:elementsofart.180)
Q:Supposinginanapplicationformarriagelicense,youplacedsingleasyourcivilstatus.Afamilycourt
previously promulgated a Decree of Legal Separation with regards to your marriage. Willyou be liable
forperjury?
Yes,aDecreeofLegalSeparationdoesnotextinguishthematrimonialties.Itdoesnotgrantthe
righttoremarry,becauseitismerelyseparationamensaetthoro(inbedandboard).Mycivil
statusdoesnotrevertbacktosinglebyvirtueofthedecree
Q:SupposeyouareapplyingfortheCivilServiceExamination.Intheapplication,youdeclaredthatyou
believeyouareapersonofgoodmoralcharacter.Youwerepreviouslyconvictedofrape,homicideand
physicalinjuries.Areyouliable?
No
Q:Whynot?
Mydeclarationwasoneinthenatureofanopinion,notastatementoffact
Q:SupposeMissPhilippinessubmittedanaffidavitstatingthatsheisbeautiful.Thestatementisfalse.Is
sheliable?
No,shemadeastatementofopinion
*NB:noticeherethattheresakeydifferencebetweenmakingafalsestatementofFACTanda
false OPINION. Perjury pertains to false statements of facts. Youre not allowed to lie under
oath,youarehoweverentitledtofalseopinions,think:delusionsofgrandeur:D
Q:Isperjuryacrimeotherthanfalsetestimonyincriminal/civilcases?
Yes,Itpertainstoperversionsoftruthinnonjudicialproceedings
Q:WhatifyoumadefalsestatementstothePublicProsecutorduringthepreliminaryinvestigation;or
tothePresidingJudgeduringpretrial?
Imaystillbeliableforperjury
Q:Why?
BecauseFalseTestimonyinjudicialproceedingscontemplatesanactualtrialwhereajudgment
ofconvictionoracquittalisrendered
Q:Are2contradictoryswornstatementssufficienttoconvictsomeoneofperjury?
No,theprosecutionmustprovewhichofthe2is false andshowbyOTHEREVIDENCE(notthe
contradictorystatements)thatitisindeedfalseandwasmadeknowingly
NOTES
*UndertheRevisedPenalCode,thereisnolongeraseparatecrimeofSUBORNATIONOFPERJURY.This
crimeusedtobepenalizedbytheOld Codebutwasdeleteduponrevision. Forpurposesofdefinition,
subornationofperjuryiscommittedbyapersonwhoknowinglyandwilfullyprocuresanothertoswear
falsely; and the witness suborned actually does testify under circumstances rendering him guilty of
perjury.
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 91
Knotes
*The direct induction of aperson by another to commit perjury may be punished under art.183 in
relation to art.17 (hello, particeps criminis) The person who commits subornation of perjury is a
principalbyinducementinplainperjury,andthepersonsubornedisaprincipalbydirectparticipation,
bothbeingliableforplainperjury.
Art.184
OFFERINGFALSETESTIMONYINEVIDENCE
1.Theoffenderofferedinevidenceafalsewitnessorfalsetestimony
2. Heknewthewitnessortestimonytobefalse
3. TheofferwasmadeinajudicialORofficialproceeding
Q:Doesthefalsewitnesshavetotestify?
Yes
*NB: Under the Rules for the Offer of Evidence (Sec.35, Rule 132, Rules of Court), as far as
testimonialevidenceisconcerned,theofferbeginsthemomentawitnessiscalledtothestand
andinterrogatedbycounsel.Obviously,thewitnesshastotestify.
NOTES:
*Evenif thereisaconspiracytoofferfalsewitness (betweenthewitnesshimself andtheperson
offering him), if the witness desisted before testifying, the latter is not liable. The party not having
desistedisliable
*Art.184 applies when the offender does NOT inducea witness totestify falsely, butmerely offers the
falsewitnessinevidence.Iftheformerhappens,i.e.:ifthereisinduction,art.180/181/182/183inrelation
toart.7,par.2applies
*If perjury was committed in connection with the AntiTerrorism Law (RA 9372), the act is punishable
underRA9372
CHAPTERTHREE
FRAUDS
SECTIONONEMACHINATIONS,MONOPOLIESANDCOMBINATIONS
Art.185
MACHINATIONSINPUBLICAUCTIONS
1. By soliciting any gift or promise as a consideration for refraining from taking part in any
publicauction
**ELEMENTS:
a.Thereisapublicauction
b.Theaccusedsolicitedanygift/promisefromanyofthebidders
c. Suchgift/promisewastheconsiderationforhisrefrainingfromtakingpartinthatpublic
auction
d.Theaccusedhadtheintenttocausethereductionofthepriceofthethingauctioned
2. Byattemptingtocausebidderstostayawayfromanauctionbythreats,gifts,promises,or
anyotherartifice
**ELEMENTS:
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 92
Knotes
a.Thereisapublicauction
b.Theaccusedattemptedtocausethebidderstostayawayfromthatpublicauction
c. Itwasdonebythreats,gifts,promises,oranyotherartifice
d.Theaccusedhadtheintenttocausethereductionofthepriceofthethingauctioned
Q:Whatisthereasonbehindthelaw?
Toensurefreeaccessto,aswellastheintegrityofpublicauctions
Q:Whatisthepurposeofanauction?
Togetthehighestbidforthethingauctioned
Meresolicitation,inthefirstmanner
Mereattempttocausebidderstostayawaythroughtheuseofthreats,gifts,promises,orany
otherartifice,inthesecondmanner
Q:Supposeyouofferedagiftinordertogetabiddertostayawayfromtheauction.Yourofferwasnot
accepted.Areyouliable?
Yes,themereattemptconsummatesthecrime
Q:Giveanexample
Art.186
MONOPOLIESANDCOMBINATIONSINRESTRAINTOFTRADE
1. Combinationtopreventfreecompetitioninthemarket
Byenteringintoanycontract/agreementortakingpartinany conspiracyor
combinationintheformofatrustorotherwise,inrestraintoftradeorcommerceorto
preventbyartificialmeansfreecompetitioninthemarket
2. Monopolytorestrainfreecompetitioninthemarket
Bymonopolizinganymerchandiseorobjectoftradeorcommerce,orbycombiningwith
anyotherperson/stomonopolizesaidmerchandiseorobjectinordertoaltertheprices
thereof by spreading falserumours or makinguse of any other artifice torestrain free
competitioninthemarket
Q:Maythisbecommittedbyasingleperson?
No
Q:Willyouconsiderthisasconspiracy?
Yes
Q:Giveanexampleofthis
SECTIONTWOFRAUDSINCOMMERCEANDINDUSTRY
Art.187
IMPORTATIONANDDISPOSITIONOFFALSELYMARKED
ARTICLESORMERCHANDISEMADEOFGOLD,SILVER,
OROTHERPRECIOUSMETALSORTHEIRALLOYS
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 93
Knotes
1. Theoffenderimports,sells,ordisposesofanyofthosearticlesormerchandise(gold,silver,
otherpreciousmetalsandtheiralloys)
2. The stamps, brands or marks of those articles of merchandise fail to indicate the actual
finenessorqualityofthosemetals/alloys
3. Theoffenderknowsthatthestamps,brands,ormarksfailtoindicateactualfineness
Q:Whatarethemerchandiseinvolved?
1. Gold
2. Silver
3. Preciousmetals
4.Gold/silver/preciousmetalalloys
Q:Whatarethestandardsusedforpunishingthefailuretoindicateactualfineness?
Whenactualfinenessis
lessthanonehalfkaratforgold
lessthanfouronethousandthsforsilver
lessthanthreeonethousandthsforotherarticlessuchaswatches
*NB:ARTS.188189:NOLONGERAPPLICABLE
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
oOoENDOFMIDTERMCOVERAGEoOo
CRIMINALLAWII 94
Knotes
MIDTERMREMINDERS:THESYLLOGISMSTYLEOFREASONING
*NB:ThisishowAtty.Amuraowishesstudentstoanswerhisquestions.Hegavethisreminderduring
thelastmeetingbeforetheexams
Threecomponents(inTHISparticularorder):
I.MajorPremise
II.MinorPremise
III.Conclusion
ThemajorpremiseistheANSWERtotheproblem.ItmaybeaPROVISIONOFLAW,aSUPREMECOURT
DECISIONoranESTABLISHEDLEGALPRINCIPLE
TheminorpremiseiscomposedofthePERTINENTANDRELEVANTFACTSoftheproblem
TheconclusionistheAPPLICATIONoftheminorpremisetothemajorpremise.ItshouldSUPPORTthe
ANSWER.Ifitdoesnt,theressomethingwrongwithyouranalysis.
SAMPLE:
Apoliceofficerenteredyourhousebyopeningthedoorwhichatthetimewasclosed.Whatcrimedid
hecommit?
I.MAJORPREMISE:
ViolationofDomicile
II.MINORPREMISEORFACTS:
Violation of Domicile is committed by xxx Any public officer gaining entry into anothers dwelling
without the homeownerspermission. Adwellingis defined as aplacewhich satisfies the domesticlife
of a person. The homeowners house, in this case, amply qualifies under the definition of dwelling.
Moreover, the fact that thedoor to thedwelling wasclosed constitutes a form of implied prohibition.
While it may not have been locked or there may not have been a sign which says Do Not Enter or a
prohibition of that nature, it is clear nonetheless that by closing the door, the owner did not wish
strangerstoenterwithouthisleave.Itistruethattheprovisionadmitsofcertainexceptions,i.e.:that
ofentrybyvirtueofavalidlyobtainedsearchwarrant,butthefactsdonotstatethattheofficerdidin
factpossesssuchawarrant.
III.CONCLUSION:
The acts of the officer put him squarely within the contemplation of the law insofar as this crime is
concerned. Therefore, by opening the closed door without first having secured the permission of the
owner,theofficercommittedthecrimeofViolationofDomicile.
Of course, you dont have to actually bullet your answers and label them as major/minor premise,
conclusionthiswasmerelyanillustration.
WeaskedtheProfessorifitwasnecessarytospecificallymentionthepertinentarticleandthisiswhat
hesaid:Thereisnoneedto,unlessyouareabsolutelysureofthenumbersandheadingsyouareciting.
DoNOTcitethemunlessyouarecertaintheyaretherightones,elseyouwillbegivendeductions.Tobe
safe,youmayusethegeneralphraseunderthelawDonotcourtdisaster.Atty.A
Wellthereyouhaveit.Basicrulesapply:keepmarginsneatandstraight,donotwriteonthebackpage
(doNOT,becausehecertainlygivesdeductionsforthese infractions),doNOTtearorfoldpagesofthe
booklet,doNOTusecorrection fluids(thatsmarking, afterall), andrefrainfromusingparenthesesor
completely shading out wrong words/phrases. One clean line a STRIKETHROUGH SUCH AS THIS
suffices. Begin on a new page for every item.Indications as toanswers are allowed, i.e.: use ofphrases
suchaspleaseseeanswerinnumeralIIetc.
GoodLuck.Fighton,fightwell~Kimiko;)
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
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Knotes
TITLESIX
CRIMESAGAINSTPUBLICMORALS
CHAPTERONEGAMBLING
ANDBETTING
PRESIDENTIALDECREE1602
PRESCRIBINGSTIFFERPENALTIESINILLEGALGAMBLING
*NB:PD1602REPEALEDtheprovisionsofarts.195199oftheRevisedPenalCode,RepublicAct3063,and
PresidentialDecrees483,449,510and1306
SUMMARYOFIMPORTANTDEFINITIONSANDPUNISHABLEACTS
Gambling:Anygameorscheme,whetheruponchanceorskill,whereinwagersconsistingofmoney,
articles or value consisting of money, articles or value; or representatives of value are at stake or
made
PunishableGames:
1. Cockfighting,jueteng,jaialaiorhorseracing,includingbookieoperationsandgamefixing,
numbers,bingoandotherformsoflotteries
2. Caraycruz,pompiangorthelike
3. 711andanygameusingdice
4.Blackjack,luckynine,pokeranditsderivatives,monte,baccarat,cuajo,panguigue,and
othercardgames
5. Pakque,highandlow,mahjong,dominoandothergamesusingplastictilesandthelike
6.Slotmachines,roulette,pinball,andothermechanicalcontraptionsanddevices
7. Dogracing,boatracing,carracingandotherformsofraces
8.Basketball,boxing,volleyball,bowling,PingPong,andotherformsofindividualorteam
contestswhichincludegamefixing,pointshavingandothermachinations
9.Bankingorpercentagegames,oranyothergameorscheme,whetheruponchanceorskill,
whereinwagersconsistingofmoney,articlesofvalueorrepresentativesofvalueareat
stakeormade
IllegalNumbersGames:Anyformofillegalgamblingactivitywhichusesnumbersorcombinations
thereofasfactorsingivingoutjackpots,prizesorreturns
Lottery:Aschemefordistributionofprizesbychanceamongpersonswhohavepaid,oragreedto
pay,avaluableconsiderationforthechancetoobtainaprize
ELEMENTSofLOTTERY:
1. Consideration
2. Chance
3. Prizeorsomeadvantageorinequalityinamountorvaluewhichisinthenatureofaprize
ELEMENTSofKNKOWINGLYPERMITTINGGAMBLINGTOBECARRIEDONINAPLACEOWNEROR
CONTROLLEDBYTHEOFFENDER
1. Agamblinggamewascarriedoninaninhabitedoruninhabitedplaceorinanybuilding,
vesselorothermeansoftransportation
2. Theplace,building,vesselormeansoftransportationisownedorcontrolledbythe
offender
3. Theoffenderpermittedthecarryingonofsuchgame,knowingthatitisagamblinggame
Maintainer:Thepersonwhosetsupandfurnishesthemeanswithwhichtocarryonthegambling
gameorschemes
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 96
Knotes
Conductor:Thepersonwhomanagesorcarriesonthegamblinggameorscheme
Betting:Bettingmoneyoranyobjectorarticleofvalueorrepresentativeofvalueupontheresultof
anygame,raceorothersportscontests
GameFixing:Anyarrangement,combination,schemeoragreementbywhichtheresultofany
game,raceorsportcontestshallbepredictedand/orknownotherthanonthebasisofthehonest
playingskillorabilityoftheplayerorparticipants
PointShaving:Anyarrangement,combination,schemeoragreementbywhichtheskillorabilityof
anyplayerorparticipantinagame,raceorsportcontesttomakepointsorscoresshallbelimited
deliberatelyinordertoinfluencetheresultthereofinfavouroroneortheotherteam,playeror
participanttherein
GameMachination:Anyotherfraudulent,deceitful,unfairordishonestmeans,method,manneror
practiceemployedforthepurposeofinfluencingtheresultofanygame,raceorsportcontest
Bettakerorpromoter:[Incockfighting]Apersonwhocallsandtakescareofbetsfromownersof
bothgamecocksandthoseofotherbettorsbeforeheorderscommencementtothecockfightand
thereafterdistributeswonbetstothewinnersafterdeductingacertaincommission
Bettor:[Incockfighting]Anypersonwhoparticipatesincockfightswiththeuseofmoneyorother
thingsofvalue;betswithotherbettorsorthroughthebettakerorpromoterandwinsorloseshis
betdependingupontheresultofthecockfightasannouncedbytherefereeorSentenciador.He
mayalsobetheownerofafightingcock.
Totalizer:[Inhorseracing]Amachineforregisteringandindicatingthenumberandnatureorbets
madeonhorseraces
Q:Whatisgambling?
Q:Mayaspectatorbecriminallyliable?
No
Q:Giveexamplesofgamespunishedunderourgamblinglaws
(see:tableabove,enumeratedgames)
Q: In the case of games such as basketball, volleyball, etc., does the mere playing of them carry any
liability?
No, not if they were merely played. They become punishable games when they involve point
shaving,gamefixing,etc.
Q:Whoisagambler?
Q:Whoisamaintainer?
Q:Supposeyouaretheownerofaboat,andthereisgamblinggoingoninit.Areyouliable?
Itdepends:
IfIcanprovethatIhaveNOknowledgeofthegambling,Iamnotliable
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q: In the case of punishable games specified by the law, is it necessary that thereshould be actual
bettinginvolved?
No,eveniftherewerenoactualbetsplaced,solongasthegamesareplayed andthegames
areamongthoseenumeratedbythelaw criminalliabilityalreadyattachestothosewhoplay
them
CRIMINALLAWII 97
Knotes
Ifthegamblingtakesplacewithmyknowledge,Iamliable
Q:Whatisalottery?
Q:Islotteryaformofgambling?
Yes
Q:Doestheconsiderationmadebythegamblerhavetobeinrelationtotheprizeobtained,inorderto
beliable?
Yes
Q:Supposethatinacertainmall,customersweretoldthatforeverypurchaseworthPhp100.00,they
willbeentitledtoaraffleticket.TheprizeforthefinaldrawisaMazuratti(acaraveryexpensivecar;)
kimi).Isthislottery?
Yes
Q:Ifyouparticipated,doyougetthefullvalueforyourmoney?
Yes
Q:Istheprize,theMazuratti,merelyincidental?
Yes
Q:Whatisthefullvalueofyourmoney?
ThepurchaseworthPhp100.00
Q:Isthisapunishableformoflottery?
No
Q:Whynot?
BecauseIgetthefullvalueformymoneythisfacttakesthegameoutofthecontemplationof
thelawspenalizinglottery.
*NB:Noticeherethatthemechanicsofthegamedonotinvolvebettinginordertowinaprize,
and I didnotbuy theticket for the sole consideration ofwinningtheMazuratti. IboughtPhp
100.00 worth of other items and was given a raffle ticket. This is not a punishable form of
lottery.
Q:Youmeantosaythatnotallformsoflotteryarepunishable?
Yes,notallformsarepunishable
Q:Whatispointshaving?
Q:Whatisgamefixing?
Q:Giveanexample
Q:Whatisbetting?
CHAPTERTWO
OFFENSESAGAINSTDECENCYANDGOODCUSTOMS
Art.200
GRAVESCANDAL
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Giveanexample
CRIMINALLAWII 98
Knotes
1.Theoffenderperformsanactoracts
2. Suchactsarehighlyscandalousasoffendingagainstdecencyorgoodcustoms
3. ThehighlyscandalousconductisnotexpresslyfallingwithinanyotherarticleoftheRevised
PenalCode
4.Theactcomplainedofiscommittedinapublicplaceorwithinpublicknowledgeorview
Q:Whatdoyoumeanbydecency?
Proprietyofconduct,modesty,orgoodtaste
Q:Whatarecustoms?
Establishedusage,socialconventionscarriedonbytraditionandenforcedbysocialdisapproval
ofanyviolationthereof
Q:Whatisagravescandal?
Ascandalthatconsistsofactswhichareoffensivetodecencyand goodcustomswhich,having
been committed publicly, have given rise to public scandal to persons who have accidentally
witnessedthesame
Q:Supposethescandalwascommittedintheprivacyofonesroom,isitagraveone?
No,theelementofpublicityismissing
Q:Giveanexample
Art.201
IMMORALDOCTRINES,OBSCENEPUBLICATIONSAND
EXHIBITIONSANDINDECENTSHOWS
Q:Howisthiscommittedandbywhom?
1.Thosewhoshallpubliclyexpoundorproclaimdoctrinesopenlycontrarytopublicmorals
2. Theauthorsofobsceneliteratures,publishedwiththeirknowledgeinanyform,theeditors
published withtheirknowledgeinanyform,theeditorspublishingsuchliterature;andthe
ownersoroperatorsoftheestablishmentsellingthesame
3. Thosewho,intheatres,fairs,cinematographsoranyotherplace,exhibitindecentor
immoralplays,scenes,actsorshows,whetherliveoronfilm,whichareproscribedbyvirtue
hereof,shallincludethosewhich
a.Glorifycriminalsorcondonecrimes;
b.Servenootherpurposebuttosatisfythemarketforviolence;
c. Offendanyraceorreligion;
d.Tendtoabettrafficin,anduseof,prohibiteddrugs;and
e.Arecontrarytolaw,publicorder,morals,goodcustoms,establishedpolicies,lawful
orders,decreesandedicts;and
4.Thosewhoshallsell,giveaway,orexhibitfilms,prints,engravings,sculptures,orliterature
whichareoffensivetomorals
Q:Whatarethetestsofobscenity?
Whetherthetendencyoftheofthematterchargedasobsceneistodepraveorcorruptthose
whosemindsareopentosuchimmoralinfluence,andintowhosehandssuchapublicationmay
fall
Whetherornotsuchpublicationshockstheordinarysenseofmenasanindecency
Q:Giveexamplesofobsceneliterature
Q:Whatisthetestofobscenityfornudepictures?
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 99
Knotes
Whetherthemotiveofthepictures,asindicatedbythem,ispureandimpure;orwhetheritis
naturallycalculatedtoexcitedimpureimaginations
Q:Whenmayauthorsoreditorsofobsceneliteraturebeheldliable?
Whentheliteraturesarepublishedwiththeirknowledge
Q:Giveanexampleoftheuseofnudepicturesthatdonotexposetheusertoanycriminalliability
i.e.:Apaintingmadeforartssake
*NB:nudepictures,eveniftheypossessonlyaslightdegreeofobscenity,ifusedforcommercial
purposes,comeunderthepurviewart.201
Q:Ismerepossessionofnudepicturespunishable?
No
Art.202
VAGRANTSANDPROSTITUTES
Q:Whoarevagrants?
1. Any person havingnoapparent means of subsistence who has the physical ability towork
andwhoneglectstoapplyhim/herselftosomelawfulcalling
2. Any person found loitering about public or semipublic building or places, or tramping or
wanderingaboutthecountryorthestreetswithoutvisiblemeansofsupport
3. Any idle or dissolute person who lodges in houses of illfame; ruffians or pimps and those
whohabituallyassociatewithprostitutes
4.Anypersonwho,notbeingincludedintheprovisionsofotherarticlesofthiscode,shallbe
found loitering in any inhabited or uninhabited place belonging to anotherwithout any
lawfulorjustifiablepurpose
5. Prostitutes
*For the purposes of this article, women who formoney or profit habitually engage in
sexualintercourseORlasciviousconduct,aredeemedtobeprostitutes
Q: Suppose X is an ablebodied man, almost alwaysseen in public places. His means of support is his
motherwhoislaundrywoman.Isheavagrant?
Yes
Q:SupposethemotherisemployedinaFortune500companyandcanprovideforthesupportofher
son.Ishestillconsideredavagrant?
Yeshepossessesallthecharacteristics enumeratedbyart.202:heisablebodied,hasno
apparentmeansofsubsistenceanddoesnotapplyhimselftosomelawfulcalling
Q: Mayawoman whohas beenin the prostitution business for thelast20 yearsstill remainavirgin?
(*trollingmomentxD)
Yes
Q:Whoisaprostitute?
Awomanwho,formoneyorprofithabituallyengagesin
1. Sexualintercourse;OR
2. Lasciviousconduct
Q:Fromthelegalpointofview,canamanbeaprostitute?
No
Q:Awomanhadsexualintercoursefor2weeksbutshedidnotaskhercustomersformoney.Isshea
prostitute?
No
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 100
Knotes
Q:Supposeshediditonlyoncethisyear,andaskedformoneyascompensationforherservices.Isshea
prostitute?
No,theelementofhabitualfrequencyislacking
Q:Supposeshedoesitregularlywithoneman,charginghimphp50.00persession.Issheaprostitute?
Yes
Q: Suppose she had sex with a man for 6 months. During those months, the man did not pay her
althoughhedidkeeppromisingtogiveherthemoney.Issheaprostitute?
Yes.Thepromiseofpaymentisprofitasfarassheisconcerned
Q:Isitnecessarythatsheactuallyreceivesthemoney?
No
Q:Supposesheasksforjewelryforeverysexualact.Issheaprostitute?
Yes,jewelryisprofitasfarassheisconcerned
*NB:profitisthecontrollingmotiveinprostitution,andthatprofitdoesnotnecessarilyhave
tobeinmonetaryform
Q:ThepoliceconductedaraidonahouseinBinondoknowntobeawhorehouse.Theyopenedacubicle
andsurprisedawomanandhercustomerinthesexualact.Issheliable?
No,theelementofhabitualityislacking
Q:Supposetherewasproofthatthewomanhadbeenwithothermenthatday?
Sheisliable
Q:Willthemanbeliable?
Yes,asaprincipalbydirectparticipation(*onawholenewlevel,yeah?lol)
Q:Whoisapimp?
Onewhoprovidesgratificationforthelustofothers
Q:Whoisaruffian?
Abrutal,violent,lawlesspersons
Q:Whenisoneconsideredtobedissolute?
Whenheislaxandunrestrained,aswellasimmoral
Q:IftheprostitutecaughtinBinondohappenedtobe15yearsold,whatisherliability?
Shehasnone.Minorsareexemptfromcriminalliability,byvirtueofRA9344
TITLESEVEN
CRIMESCOMMITTEDBYPUBLICOFFICERS
CHAPTERONE
PRELIMINARYPROVISIONS
*Contrarytothepracticeofsomecriminallawprofessors(i.e.:theyskipthisTitle,becausetotheirmind
thisTitlerepresentseverythingwrongwiththecriminaljusticesystem, think:neverreallycatchingthe
perpetrators), Atty. A spends a considerable amountof time for recits on this coverage. ToHIS mind,
this Title is made all the more important because of the nature of the offenders and the fact that a
separate court altogether the Sandiganbayan has jurisdiction over offenses committed under this
Title.Isupposehisthinkinghasinfluencedmeabit,andattheriskofsoundingimpertinent,Iwouldlike
tospellitout:Notwithstandinggeneralpessimism,thisTitleisimportant.Kimiko
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 101
Knotes
Art.203
WHOAREPUBLICOFFICERS
Q:Whoareconsideredpublicofficers?
1. ThosewhoaretakingpartintheperformanceofpublicfunctionsORwhoareperformingin
thegovernmentorinanyofitsbranchespublicdutiesasanemployee,agentorsubordinate
officialofanyrankandclass;
2. Thosewhoseauthoritytotakepartorperformpublicfunctionsmustbe
a.Bydirectprovisionoflaw;
b.Bypopularelection;or
c. Byappointmentbycompetentauthority
Q: AreemployeesofGovernmentOwnedandControlledCorporations(GOCCs)consideredpublic
officers?
Yes
Q:SupposetheCityofManilaenteredintoacontract withXYZcorporationtomaintainthecleanliness
oftheCity Hall.Thecontractprovidedthatthecorporationwouldassign itsmentocleanthehall.Are
thesepeopleconsideredpublicofficers?
No
Q:Istheirworkapublicfunction?
Yes
Q:AretheyappointedbytheCityGovernmentitself?
No,theywereassignedorappointedbyXYZcorporationaprivatecorporation
CHAPTERTWO
MALFEASANCEANDMISFEASANCEINOFFICE
Misfeasance:Improperperformanceofsomeactwhichmightbelawfullydone
Malfeasance:Performanceofsomeactwhichoughtnottobedone
Nonfeasance:Omissionofsomeactwhichoughttobeperformed
SECTIONONEDERELICTIONOFDUTY
Art.204
KNOWINGLYRENDERINGUNJUSTJUDGMENT
1. Theoffenderisajudge
2. Herendersajudgmentinacasesubmittedtohimfordecision
3. Thejudgmentisunjust
4.Heknowsthatthejudgmentisunjust
Q:Whatisajudgment?
The final considerationanddetermination ofa courtcompetent jurisdictionuponthematters
submittedtoit,inanactionorproceeding
Q:Whendoesajudgmentbecomeunjust?
Whenitis
1. Contrarytolaw
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 102
Knotes
2. Notsupportedbyevidence;or
3. Both
Q:Whatmaybethesourcesofanunjustjudgment?
1. Error
2. IllwillorRevenge
3. Bribery
Q:Whatisthegroundforliabilityhere?
Badfaith
Q:SupposeanappellantwasunhappywithadecisionhandeddownbytheCourtofAppeals.Mayhefile
forKnowinglyRenderingUnjustJudgment?
No
Q:Whynot?
Art.204doesnotapplytomembersofacollegiatecourt
Q:Giveexamplesofcollegiatecourtsinourjusticesystem
TheSupremeCourt
TheCourtofAppeals
TheSandiganbayan
Art.205
JUDGMENTRENDEREDTHROUGHNEGLIGENCE
1. TheoffenderisaJudge
2. Herendersajudgmentinacasesubmittedtohimfordecision
3. Thejudgmentismanifestlyunjust
4.Thejudgmentisduetohisinexcusablenegligenceorignorance
Q:Whatisthestandardformeasuringadecisionthatismanifestlyunjust?
Whenthedecisionissopatentlycontraryto law thatevenapersonpossessing ameager
knowledgeofthelawcannotdoubttheinjustice
Q:Isthissynonymouswithabuseofdiscretionorerrorofjudgment?
No,abuseofdiscretionanderrorofjudgmentarenotpunishable
Q:Isgoodfaithadefencehere?
No
Q:WillanydegreeofnegligencemaketheJudgeliable?
No,thenegligencemustbeinexcusable
Art.206
UNJUSTINTERLOCUTORYORDER
2. Heperformsanyofthefollowingacts:
a.Knowinglyrenderinganunjustinterlocutoryorderordecree;or
b.Renderinga manifestly unjust interlocutory orderordecree throughnegligence or
ignorance
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 103
Knotes
Q:Whatisaninterlocutoryorder?
Oneissuedbythecourtbetweenthecommencementandtheendofasuitoractionandwhich
decidessomepointormatter.ItisNOT,however,afinaldecisionofthematterinissue
*NB:Testfordeterminingwhetheranissuancebythecourtisinterlocutoryornot:Does
itleavesomethingtobedoneinthetrialcourtwithrespecttothemeritsofthecase?If
itdoes,itisinterlocutory.Ifnot,itisafinaldecision.
Q:Mustaninterlocutoryorderberelatedtothemainissueofthecase?
No
Q:Giveexamplesofinterlocutoryorders
i.e.:Ordersgrantingpreliminaryinjunction;orappointerareceiver;TemporaryRestraining
Orders
Art.207
MALICIOUSDELAYINTHEADMINISTRATION
OFJUSTICE
2. Thereisaproceedinginhiscourt
3. Hedelaystheadministrationofjustice
4.Thedelayismalicious/causedbytheJudgewithdeliberateintenttoinflictdamageoneither
partyinthecase
Q:Ismeredelaypunishable?
No
Art.208
PROSECUTIONOFOFFENSES;
NEGLIGENCEANDTOLERANCE
1. Maliciouslyrefrainingfrominstitutingprosecutionagainstviolatorsofthelaw (Dereliction
ofdutyintheprosecutionofoffenses)
**ELEMENTS:
a.The offender is a public officer or officer of the law who has the duty to cause the
prosecutionof,ortoprosecuteoffenses
b.Thereisderelictionofthedutiesofhisoffice,i.e.:Havingknowledgeofthecommission
ofacrime,hedoesnotcauseitsprosecution
c. Heactswithmaliceanddeliberateintenttofavourtheviolatorofthelaw
2. Maliciouslytoleratingthecommissionofoffenses
Q:Supposeasmuggler,knowingthatanillegalshipmentwillbeunloaded,talkedtoapoliceofficerand
toldhimnottoassignanymenintheareawheretheshipmentwastobeunloadedandalongtheroute
tobeusedforitstransportation.Thepoliceofficeragreed.Isheliable?
Yes
Q:MayhealsobeheldliableforviolatingRA3019(AntiGraftandCorruptPracticesAct)?
Yes
Q: Suppose a public prosecutor caused the dismissal of a complaint for estafa because it was filed
againsthismotherinlaw.Isheliable?
Yes
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 104
Knotes
Q:MaytheprosecutorbeheldliableforaviolationofPD1829?
Yes
Q:Simultaneously?
No,hemayeitherbeheldliableandprosecutedforart.208ORPD1829 whichevermetesout
thehigherpenalty
*NB:thisisaninterestingtwisttothedoctrinallineofpenallawsshouldbeconstruedinfavour
oftheaccused.Here,ifanactispunishablebothundertheRPCandunderPD1829,theaccused
willbeprosecutedforthecrimebearingtheheavierpenalty.Isupposeitwouldhelptothinkof
itinthelightofanotherdoctrinalphrasethatpublicofficeisapublictrust.Amongthemany
tablesofcrimesthroughoutBookTwooftheRPC,youllnoticethatiftheoffenderhappensto
be a public official, the penalty is higher under art.14 (aggravating circumstances) as well,
takingadvantageofpublicpositionisanaggravatingcircumstance.
Q:DoestheoffenderinDerelictionofDutyhavetoactwithmalice?
Yes
Q:Areyousayingthatderelictionofdutycausedbypoorjudgmentoranhonestmistakeisnot
punishable?
Yes,itisnotpunishable
Art.209
BETRAYALOFTRUSTBYANATTORNEY
ORSOLICITORREVELATIONOFSECRETS
1.Causingdamagetoaclienteitherby
a.Anymaliciousbreachofprofessionalduty
b.Byinexcusablenegligenceorignorance
*NB: When the attorney acts with malicious abuse of his employment or inexcusable
negligence/ignorance,theremustbedamagecausedtotheclientforliabilitytoattach
2. Revealinganyofthesecretsoftheclientlearnedintheoffendersprofessionalcapacity
*NB:Damagehereisnotnecessary
3. Undertaking the defence of the opposing party in the same case without the first clients
consent, and after having undertakenthe 1st clientsdefence or after having receivedfrom
himconfidentialinformation
*NB: Iftheclientconsentstotheattorneysundertakingof theoppositepartys
defence,thereisnocrimecommitted
Q:Giveanexampleforeachpunishableact
Q:Inthe2nd punishableact,wouldthelawyerbeliableiftheclientconsented?
No
Q:Mayaparalegalbeheldliableforviolatingthisprovision?
No,nonmembersofthePhilippinearenotliableforart.209
Q:Mayanybodyelsebesidestheclientwaivetherighttoprivilegedcommunication?
No,onlytheclientmaydoso
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 105
Knotes
Q:Whyisthat?
Becausethewholeconceptofprivilegedcommunicationwasintendedforthebenefitand
protectionoftheclient
Q:Supposethecourtaskedyourclientwhetherornotheadmittedthecommissionofacrime.Mayyou
raiseanobjection?
Yes
Q:Mayyouwaiveyourrighttoraisethatobjection?
No
Q:Whatkindofmattersaresoughttobeprotectedbythisarticle?
Thoselearnedinconfidencebyalawyerfromhisclient
Q:SupposeyouarealawyerandyougaveadvicetoCbecauseCapproachedyouandsaidhewanted to
killB.Despiteyouradvice,Blaterturnedoutdead.YouwereaskedtotestifyagainstC.Mayyouinvoke
privilegedcommunicationandrefusetodoso?
No,theadviceIofferedCwasnotgivenwithaviewtoprofessionalemployment.Noattorney
clientrelationshipexistsbetweenmeandhim.
NOTES:
RULESOFEVIDENCE
RULE130
RULESOFADMISSIBILITY
A. OBJECT(REAL)EVIDENCE
xxx
B. DOCUMENTARYEVIDENCE
xxx
C.TESTIMONIALEVIDENCE
Sec.24.DISQUALIFICATIONBYREASONOFPRIVILEGEDCOMMUNICATION
Thefollowingpersonscannottestifyastomatterslearnedinconfidenceinthefollowingcases:
a) Thehusbandorthewife
xxx
SECTIONTWOBRIBERY
Art.210
DIRECTBRIBERY
1. Theoffenderisapublicofficerwithinthescopeofart.203
*NB:personliable=apublicofficeroranyotherpersonsperformingpublicduties
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
b) Anattorneycannot,withoutthe consentofhisclient,beexaminedastoany
communicationmadebytheclienttohim,orhisadvicegiventhereoninthecourseorwith
aviewto,professionalemployment,norcanattorneyssecretary,stenographer,orclerkbe
examined, without the consent of the client and his employer, concerning any fact the
knowledgeofwhichhasbeenacquiredinsuchcapacity
CRIMINALLAWII 106
Knotes
2. Heacceptsanofferorpromiseorreceivesagiftorpresentbyhimselforthroughanother
*NB: The gift is either (a) voluntarily offered by a private person, or (b) solicited by the
publicofficer.Incasethereisonlyanofferofagiftorapromisetogivesomething,theoffer
or promise must be accepted by the public officer; else, only the offeror is liable for
AttemptedCorruptionofPublicOfficer(art.212)
3. Suchofferorpromiseisaccepted;orgiftorpresentreceivedbythepublicofficer
a.Withaviewtocommittingsomecrime
b.Inconsideration oftheexecutionofanactwhichdoesnotconstitutea crime,butthe
actmustbeunjust;or
c. Torefrainfromdoingsomethingwhichitishisofficialdutytodo
*NB:inanutshell,thesearethe3waysofcommittingdirectbribery(think:punishableacts)
4.The act which the offender agrees to person or which he executes is connected with the
performanceofhisofficialduties
1. Agreeingtoperform,performing,inconsiderationofanyoffer,promise,giftorpresentan
actconstitutingacrime,inconnectionwiththeperformanceofhisofficialduties
2. Accepting a gift in consideration of the execution of an act which does not constitute a
crime,inconnectionwiththeperformanceofhisofficialduty
3. Agreeingtorefrain,orbyrefrainingfromdoingsomethingwhichitishisofficialdutytodo,
inconsiderationofagiftorpromise
Q: Under the 1st punishable act (agreeing to perform a crime in exchange for any officer, promise or
gift),whatconsummatesthecrime?
Mereagreementtoperformanactwhichconstitutesacrime
Q:Isitnecessarythattheactconstitutingacrimeisactuallycommitted?
No
Q:Doestheofficerhavetoactuallyreceivethegifts?
No
Q: Suppose the bribegiver promised the officer a gift, but after hed gotten what he needed, he no
longerdeliveredthegift.Isheliable?
Yes
Q: Suppose there was an extensive crossexamination during a trial. The opposing counsel did his job
well, and the crossexamination damaged the theory of the prosecution. The counsel for the
prosecution askedthestenographerto changecertainportionsofthetranscriptinreturnforPhp
50,000. The stenographeragreedandpromised thatthealtered transcriptwouldbeready in aweek.
Before he could even work on his promise, however, the lawyer was arrested by the NBI. Is the
stenographerliable?
Yes,hismereagreementalreadyconsummatedthecrime.Whetherornothewasabletodeliver
thetranscripttothelawyerisimmaterialinsofarashisliabilityisconcerned
Q:Supposethestenographeractuallychangedthetranscriptandhandedittothelawyerbutthelatter
did not have enough cash and said that he would be back to pay the balance. What crime/s may the
stenographerbeheldliablefor?
1. DirectBribery(art.210)
2. FalsificationofPublicDocument(art.171)
3. ViolationoftheAntiGraftandCorruptPracticesAct(RA3019)
*separatecrimes
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 107
Knotes
Q:Wasdirectbriberyanecessarymeansforthestenographertocommitfalsification?
Yes
Q:Mayitbecomplexedwithfalsification,then?
Yes,itMAY(*NB:payattentiontothefactthatthewordmayisonlyusedtoconvey
possibility,notactuality)becomplexedunderart.48
Q:Whatdoyoumeanbysayingitmaybecomplexed?
Direct Bribery may be complexed following the formula in art.48 HOWEVER, it contains the
phrase in addition to the penalty which means, in actuality, it CANNOT be complexed with
any other crime, because the law itself makes the liability for it stand independently of other
crimes
Q:Ifthatisthecase,thenwhatcrimesmaytheofficerbeheldliablefor,withregardstodirectbribery
andyoursocalledindependentliabilities?
Theofficerwhocommitsdirectbriberyunderthismannerisliablefor
1.DirectBribery
2. Thecrimeagreedupon;and
3. AviolationofRA3019
*NB: Very notable, the threetiered liability for public officers. Always, as the good professor
drilledintous,apublicofficerhas3liabilitiesunderdirectbribery
Q:Supposethelawyernolongerreturned,isthestenographerstillliable?
Yes
Q:SupposeyouapproachedaJudgeandtoldhimthatifhecouldrenderafavourabledecisionforyou,
you would give him a sexbomb dancer of his choice for 2 nights absolutely free. The decision was
renderedinyourfavourbutyouwerenotabletoproducethedancer.IstheJudgeliable?
Itdepends:
IftherewassufficientevidencetoprovemyinnocenceinthecasewhichtheJudgedecided,he
willnotbeliable
Iftheevidencewasenoughtoprovemyguilt,however,andthedecisionrenderedbytheJudge
wasinmyfavour,thentheJudgeisliable
Q: Under the 2nd punishable act or manner of commission (accepting a gift in consideration of an act
whichdoesnotconstituteacrime),whatconsummatesthecrime?
Actualacceptanceofabribe
Q:Whataboutapromisetoacceptthebribe?(*trollingmoment:apromisetoacceptisnotthesameas
acceptance,mindyou)
No,theacceptancemustactuallybemade,notsimplypromised
Q:Illustratethismannerofcommission
Q:SupposeaLandTransportationOfficeracceptedtheamountyouofferedhimbutallthesamedidnot
allowyoutogetaheadofothersinyourapplicationforalicense.Isheliable?
Yes,healreadyacceptedthebribe
Q: Suppose the license was already handed to you but you had no money to pay him for his special
effort.Theofficertoldyouhewouldreturntocollectthesumbutfailedtodoso.Isheliable?
No
Q: Under the 3rd manner (agreeing to refrain from performing official duty), what consummates the
crime?
Mereagreementtoshirkperformanceofofficialdutiesforabribe
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 108
Knotes
Q:Supposeyouapplyforadriverslicenseandinsteadoftakingthewrittenexam,youplacedmoneyin
theexaminersdeskdrawer.Hesaidhewouldtaketheexamforyou.Isheliable?
Yes
Q:Supposeyoupassedthewrittenexambuthadtowaitfortheresultsbeforeundergoingthepractical
exams.YouplacedanotherPhp1,000intheexaminersdrawerandheimmediatelytoldyoutoreportto
himthenextdayforthepracticalexams.Isheliable?
Yes
Q:Whomaybeliablefordirectbribery?
Privatepersonswhoconspirewithpublicofficerstocommitthecrime
AccessoriesandAccomplices
Principalsbyindispensablecooperation
*NB: Regarding principals by inducement, they cannot be held liable under this crime because
thereisaseparatecrimealtogetherwhichpenalizestheactofinducingorattemptingtoinduce
apublicofficertocommitacrime:art.212(corruptionofpublicofficial)
Q:Isdirectbriberyacrimeinvolvingmoralturpitude?
Yes
Q:Explain
MoralTurpitudeindirectbriberycanbeinferredfromthe3rdelement:Acceptingapromiseor
giftanddeliberatelycommittinganunjustact/crime/refrainingfromperforminganofficialduty
inexchangeforfavours.Thereismaliciousintenttorenegeonthedutiesthepublicofficerowes
to societyandhealso takesadvantageofhisoffice/positionto do betraythepublic trust
(Magnov.COMELECet.al.GRNo.147904;October4,2002)
Art.211
INDIRECTBRIBERY
1.Theoffenderisapublicofficer
2. Heacceptsgifts
3. Thegiftsareofferedtohimbyreasonofhisoffice
Q:Distinguishthisfromdirectbribery
DIRECTBRIBERY
INDIRECTBRIBERY
ART.210
ART.211
*inBOTHcases,thepublicofficerreceivesagift
Thereisanagreementbetweenthepublicofficer
andthegiver
Thereisusuallynoagreementbetweentheparties
concerned
Theoffenderagreestoperform,oractually
performsanactorrefrainsfromdoingsomething
becauseofthegiftorpromise
Itisnotnecessarythatthepublicofficershoulddo
anyparticularactorevenpromisetodoanact;it
issufficientthatheacceptsthegiftsbyreasonof
hisoffice.
Mereacceptanceoftheofferedgifts
Q:Giveanexample
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 109
Knotes
Q:Whatisthepurposeofabribeofferedunderart.211?
Thebribeisofferedinanticipationofafuturefavourfromthepublicofficialconcerned
Q:SupposeyouaretheownerofataxicabcompanyandyougaveacartotheLandTransportation
FranchisingandRegulatoryBoard(LTFRB).Areyouliable?
Yes
Q: Whenapublicofficer isprosecuted either for director indirectbribery, mayhelikewisebe

prosecutedforaviolationofRA3019?
Yes RA 3019 contains the phrase in addition to xxx. The accused suffers penalties for
separatecrimes
Q: Supposethe officer accepteda promise concerningthe offer ofa cartohimbyvirtueofhispublic

office.Isheliable?
Noart.211usesthewordsgifts,itreferstopresentsactualandmaterial
Art.211A
QUALIFIEDBRIBERY
1. Theoffenderisapublicofficerentrustedwithlawenforcement
2. He refrains from arresting or prosecuting an offender who has committed a crime
punishablebyreclusionperpetuaand/ordeath
3. Herefrainsfromarrestingorprosecutingtheoffenderinconsiderationofanypromise,gift
orpresent
Thepositionoftheoffender(hebeingentrustedwithlawenforcement)andthenatureofthe
crimehefailstoprosecute(crimespunishablebyafflictivepenalties)
Art.212
CORRUPTIONOFPUBLICOFFICIALS
1. Theoffendermakesoffersorpromisesorgivesgiftsorpresentstoapublicofficer
2. The offers or promises are made or the gifts or presents given to a public officer under
circumstancesthatwillmakethepublicofficerliablefordirectorindirectbribery
Q:Giveanexample
Q:Isthepersonmakingtheofferofgiftsorpromisesstillliableifhedidsobecausethepublicofficial
concerneddemandedtheoffer?
Yes
Q:Supposeyoumadesuchanoffertoapublicofficial.Herefusedyouroffer.Areyoustillliable?
Yes
Q:Whataboutthepublicofficer,isheliabledespitehisdenial?
No,heisnotliableifherefusedmyoffer
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Whoistheoffenderwithinthecontemplationofthisarticle?
Thepersonofferingpromisesofgiftstoapublicofficialundercircumstancesthatwould
implicatetheofficialfordirect/indirectbribery
CRIMINALLAWII 110
Knotes
RE:IMMUNITYFORWITNESSES
PRESIDENTIALDECREENO.749
GRANTINGIMMUNITYFROMPROSECUTIONTOGIVERSOFBRIBESAND
OTHERGIFTSANDTOTHEIRACCOMPLICESINBRIBERYANDOTHER
GRAFTCASESAGAINSTPUBLIFOFFICERS
Outlineofsalientprovisionsandimportantdefinitions
Sec.1
*Theimmunityinthissectionisforanypersonwhovoluntarilygivesinformationaboutanyviolationof
Arts.210, 211, 212 ofthe RPC; RA 3019; Sec.345 ofthe Internal Revenue Code; Sec.3604 ofthe Tariffand
CustomsCodeandotherprovisionspenalizingabuseordishonestyonthepartofapublicofficial.
*Thepersonapplyingforimmunitymustwillinglytestifyagainstthepublicofficialoremployee.
*Exemption fromprosecution or punishment for the offense with reference towhich his information
andtestimonyweregiven
*Immunity may be enjoyed even in cases where the information and testimony are given against a
personwhoisntapublicofficialbutwhoisaprincipal/accompliceoraccessory
*Immunitymaybeenjoyednotwithstandingthatthepersonofferedorgavethebribeorgiftorheisan
accompliceforsuchbribeorgiftgiving
**Thefollowingconditionsmustconcur:
1. Theinformation must refer to consummated violationsofanyof theabovementioned
provisions;
2. Theinformationandtestimonyarenecessaryfortheconvictionoftheaccusedpublicofficial;
3. SuchinformationandtestimonyarenotyetinthepossessionoftheState;
4.Suchinformationandtestimonycanbecorroboratedonitsmaterialpoints;and
5.Theinformantorwitnesshasnotbeenpreviouslyconvictedofacrimeinvolvingmoral
turpitude
Sec.2
*Noimmunityiftheinformation/testimonyturnsoutfalseormaliciousormadeonlyforthepurposeof
harassing,molestingorinanywayprejudicingthepublicofficialconcerned.
Q:Whataretherequirementsforapplyingforimmunity?
Q:WhatarethecrimescoveredbyPD749?
DirectBribery(art.210)
IndirectBribery(art.211)
CorruptionofPublicOfficial(art.212)
ViolationsoftheAntiGraftandCorruptPracticesAct(RA3019)
ViolationofSec.345oftheInternalRevenueCode
ViolationofSec.3604oftheTariffandCustomsCode
Otherprovisionspenalizingabuseordishonestyonthepartofapublicofficial
Q:Supposeawitnesstestifiedagainstapublicofficial,availedofimmunityandafterdoingso,refused
totakethestand.Whatisthelegaleffectofhisrefusal?
Theimmunitywillnolongercoverhim
Q:Mayhenowbeincludedintheinformationandprosecuted?
Yes
Q: Suppose he testified but the testimony was incredible and tended to favour the official. Is he still
immunefromprosecution?
No,thetestimonymustbenecessaryfortheconvictionoftheofficial
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 111
Knotes
Q:Supposehetestifiedbuthistestimonywasalreadypartoftheevidencefortheprosecutionbeforehe
did.Ishestillimmune?
No,histestimonymustnotbeinthepossessionoftheStatepriortoitsoffering
REPUBLICACT3019
ANTIGRAFTANDCORRUPTPRACTICESACT
*Braceyourself;thisisalongandtaxingspeciallaw absolutelytedioustonotedown,thekindofslit
yourwrist kind ofmemory work that the Legal Socratic method of learning is famous for (Animo San
Beda,ahaha).Checkoutthecodalforthefullextentofpublicofficialdomsmadness.
REPUBLICACT3019
(AsAmended)
ANTIGRAFTANDCORRUPTPRACTICESACT
*SummaryofSalientProvisionsandImportantDefinitions
Sec.2
Public Officer:includes elective and appointive officials and employees, permanent or temporary,
whetherintheclassifiedorunclassifiedorexemptionservicereceivingcompensation,evennominal,
fromthegovernment
Receivinganygift:includestheactofacceptingdirectlyorindirectlyagiftfromapersonotherthan
a member of the public officers immediate family, in behalf of himself or of any member of his
familyorrelativewithinthefourthcivildegree,eitherbyconsanguinityofaffinityevenonoccasion
ofafamilycelebrationor national festivitylikeChristmas, ifthevalueofthegiftis, under
circumstances,manifestlyexcessive
Sec.3(CorruptPracticesofPublicOfficers)
a) Persuading,inducing,orinfluencinganotherpublicofficertoperformanactconstitutingaviolation
ofrulesandregulationsdulypromulgatedbycompetentauthorityoranoffenseinconnectionwith
theofficialdutiesofthelatter,orallowing himself to bepersuaded,inducedorinfluencedto
commitsuchviolationoroffense;
b) Directly or indirectly requesting or receiving any gift, present, share, percentage, or benefit, for
himself or for any other person, in connection with any contract or transaction between the
governmentandanyotherparty,whereinthepublicofficer inhis officialcapacityhastointervene
underthelaw;
d) Acceptingorhavinganymemberofhis(thepublicofficers)familyacceptemploymentinaprivate
enterprisewhichhaspendingofficialbusinesswithhimduringthependencythereofandwithinone
yearafterhistermination;
e) Causing any undue injury to any party, including the government, or giving any private party any
unwarranted benefits, advantage or preference in the discharge of his official, administrative or
judicial functions through manifest partiality, evident bad faith, or gross inexcusable negligence.
Thisprovisionshall apply toofficersandemployeesofofficesorgovernmentcorporationscharged
withthegrantoflicensesorpermitsorotherconcessions;
f) Neglectingorrefusing,afterduedemandorrequest,withoutsufficientjustification,toactwithina
reasonabletimeonanymatterpendingbeforehimforthepurposeofobtainingdirectlyor
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
c)Directlyorindirectly requesting orreceiving anygift orpresent orother pecuniary ormaterial

benefit,forhimselforforanother,fromanyperson,forwhomthepublicofficer,inanymanneror
capacity, has secured or obtained or will secure/obtain any government permit or license in
considerationforthehelpgivenortobegiven,withoutprejudicetoSec.13ofthisAct;
CRIMINALLAWII 112
Knotes
indirectly from any person interested in the matter some pecuniary or material benefit or
advantage,orforthepurposeoffavouringhisowninterestorgivingundueadvantageinfavourof
ordiscriminatingagainstanyotherinterestedparty;
g) Entering,on behalf of thegovernment into anycontractortransactionmanifestlyandgrossly

disadvantageoustothesame,whetherornotthepublicofficerprofitedorwillprofitthereby;
h) Directlyorindirectlyhavingfinancialorpecuniaryinterestinanybusiness,contractortransactionin
connectionwithwhichheintervenesortakespartinhisofficialcapacity,orinwhichheisprohibited
bytheConstitutionorbyanylawfromhavinganyinterest;
i) Directlyorindirectlybecoming interested,for personalgain,orhaving materialinterestinany

transaction or act requiringthe approval ofaboard,panel orgroup ofwhichheisamember,and
which exercises discretion in such approval, even if he votes against the same or does not
participateintheactionoftheboard,committee,panelorgroup
Interestforpersonalgainshallbepresumedagainstthosepublicofficersresponsibleforthe
approvalofmanifestlyunlawful,inequitable,orirregulartransactionsoractsbytheboard,panelor
grouptowhichtheybelong;
j) Knowinglyapprovingorgrantinganylicense,permit,privilegeorbenefitinfavourofanypersonnot
qualified for or not legally entitled to such license, permit, privilege or advantage, or of a mere
representativeordummyofonewhoisnotsoqualifiedofentitled;
k) Divulgingvaluableinformationifaconfidentialcharacter,acquiredbyhisofficeorbyhimon
accountofhisofficialpositiontoauthorizepersons,orreleasingsuchinformationinadvanceofits
authorizedreleasedate
Sec.4(ProhibitiononPrivateIndividuals)
*Taking advantage of family or close personal relation with a public official who has to intervene in
some business, transaction or application or request or contract of the government with any other
person
*KnowinglyinducingorcausinganypublicofficialtocommitanyoftheactsinSec.3
Sec.5(ProhibitiononCertainRelatives)
*Appliesto: spouse/anyrelativewithinthe3rdcivildegree,whetherbyconsanguinityoraffinityofthe
President,VicePresident,SenatePresident,SpeakeroftheHouseofRepresentatives
*Prohibitionfrominterveninginanybusiness,transaction,etc.withthegovernment
*Exceptions:
1. Preexistingbusinesswiththegovernmentbeforetheofficialsassumptionofoffice;
2. Anyapplication,theapprovalofwhichisnotdiscretionaryonthepartofthepublicofficerbut
rather,dependsoncompliancewithrequisitesrequiredbythelaw;
3. Anyactlawfullyperformedinanofficialcapacityorintheexerciseofaprofession
Sec.6(ProhibitiononMembersofCongress)
*Appliesduringincumbency
*Prohibition against acquiring or receiving any personal pecuniary interest in any business enterprise
which will be directly or indirectly favoured by any law or resolution authored by him previously
approvedoradoptedduringthesameterm
Sec.7(StatementofAssets,LiabilitiesandNetWorth)
*Tobesubmittedwithin30daysafterassumingofficeandthereafteronorbeforeApril15followingthe
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 113
Knotes
closeofeverycalendaryear,aswellasuponexpirationoftermofresignationorseparationfromoffice
*Contents:Assets,Liabilities,NetWorth,aswellassourcesofincometaxespaidforthenextpreceding
calendaryear
*Thefollowingmaybeconsideredasfarasimplicatingapublicofficergoes:
Property inthename of spouse or dependents whenacquisitionthroughlegitimatemeans
cannotbeshown
Bankdepositsormanifestlyexcessiveexpenditures
Activityinanycluborassociation
Frequenttravelsabroadofanonofficialcharacter
Sec.9(Penalties)
xxx
*ViolationsofthisAct,ifproveninanadministrativeproceeding,shallbesufficientcauseforremovalor
dismissal,evenifnocriminalprosecutionisinstitutedagainsttheoffender
Sec.10(CompetentCourt)
*Courtwithoriginal jurisdiction over offensesunder thisAct: The Sandiganbayan(otherwise knownas

the Graft Court, a special collegiate court with 15 Justices in 5 divisions, each one composed of 3
members)
Sec.11(PrescriptionofOffenses)
*Allpunishableactshereinenumerateprescribeafter15years
Sec.12(TerminationofOffice)
*It is NOT allowedfora public officialto resignorretirepending investigationorprosecutionfor

offensespunishablebythisAct
Sec.13(Suspension,LossofBenefits)
*Ratherselfexplanatory,this.Oh,allright.Fortheheckofit:Anypublicofficialagainstwhom charges
arefiledmaybepreventivelysuspended.Notethatthesuspensionhereispreventiveinnature,itisNOT
thepenalty.Althoughthepreventivesuspensionismandatory,itISNTautomatic.Ithastoberaisedvia
motionbytheprosecutionandisorderedafterahearingonthevalidityoftheinformationhasbeenhad
*IfthepublicofficerisACQUITTED(notdismissed),thepublicofficershallbeentitledtoreinstatement
and to the salaries and benefits which he failed toreceive during suspension, unless in the meantime,
administrativeproceedingshavebeenfiledagainsthim.
*Unsolicitedgiftsorpresentsofsmallorinsignificantvalueofferedorgivenasamereordinarytokenof
gratitudeoroffriendshipaccordingtolocalcustomsorusagearenotpunishable
*Thepracticeofanyprofession,lawfultradeoroccupationduringincumbency,whenallowedbylaw
NOTES:
*Okay.Youokay?Didthespeciallawfreakyouout?:DReadon!Fight!:D
*RA3019isacatchallpieceoflegislationintendedtocoverallloopholes.Noticethatsome,ifnotall,the
punishableactsarefaintlyreminiscentofsomeactspunishedundertheRevisedPenalCode.Thereason
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Sec.14(Exception)thepinkcarebearprovisionkimi
CRIMINALLAWII 114
Knotes
foritsenactmentisobvious:tocutoffanypossibleescapingofliability.CertainactionswhichtheRPC
merelyhintsat,orvaguelyalludesto,aremadefullblown,blackandwhite,andclearoffensesunderRA
3019.ThisisalsowhyactionspunishableunderthelawstandindependentoftheircousinsintheRPC.
CHAPTERTHREE
FRAUDSANDILLEGALEXACTIONSANDTRANSACTIONS
Art.213
FRAUDSAGAINSTTHEPUBLICTREASURY
ANDSIMILAROFFENSES
1. Entering into an agreement with any interested party or speculator or making use of any
other scheme to defraud the government in dealing with any person with regard to
furnishing supplies, the making of contracts, or the adjustment or settlement of accounts
relatingtopublicpropertyorfunds
2. Demanding, directlyor indirectly,thepaymentofsumsdifferentfromorlargerthanthose
authorizedbylaw,inthecollectionoftaxes,licenses,feesandotherimposts
3. Failingvoluntarilytoissueareceipt,asprovidedbylaw,foranysumofmoneycollectedby
himofficially,inthecollectionoftaxes,licenses,feesandotherimposts
4.Collecting or receiving, directly or indirectly, by way of payment or otherwise, things or
objectsofanaturedifferentfromthatprovidedbylaw,inthecollection oftaxes,licenses,
feesandotherimposts
*NB:Number1abovereferstotheoffenseofFraudagainstpublictreasury,and
numbers2through4areactsofIllegalExaction
Q:WhataretheelementsofFraudagainstPublicTreasury?
1. Theoffenderisapublicofficer
2. He should have taken advantage of his office (i.e.: he intervened in the transaction in his
officialcapacity)
3. He entered intoan agreementwithany interested party or speculator or made use ofany
otherschemewithregardto
a.Furnishingsupplies;or
b.Makingcontracts;or
c. Adjustmentorsettlementofaccountsrelatingtopublicpropertyorfunds
4.Theaccusedhadtheintenttodefraudthegovernment
Q:HowisIllegalExactioncommitted?
1. The offender is a public officer entrusted with the collection of taxes, licenses,fees and
otherimposts
2. Heisguiltyof
a.Demanding,directly/indirectlythepaymentofsumsdifferentfromORlargerthanthose
authorizedbylaw;or
b.Failingvoluntarilytoissueareceipt,asprovidedbylaw,foranysumofmoneycollected
byhimofficially;or
c. Collecting or receiving, directly/indirectly, by way of payment or otherwise, things or
objectsoranaturedifferentfromthatprovidedbylaw
Q:SupposetheDepartmentofHealthappropriatedPhp100 Millionformedicinesset tobedistributed

tothepoor.InsteadofthemedicinesspecifiedintheOrderList,themanufacturer,actinginconnivance
withDOHofficials,distributedmedicinesofinferiorquality.AretheDOHofficialsliable?
Yes
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
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Q: Suppose there is a contract between the Department of Public Works and Highways and a private
contractor. DPWH purchases 100 truckloads of gravel, 200 truckloads of sand and 500 bags cement.
DPWHpaidthecontractorforthatmuch,butthecontractor,inconnivancewithDPWHofficials
delivered only 10 truckloads of gravel, 10 truckloads of sand and 50 bags of cement. Are the officials
liable?
Yes
Q:Whatcrimesaretheyliablefor?
1. Fraudsagainstthepublictreasury(art.213)
2. ViolationofRA3019
*separatecrimes
Q:Anofficialaskeda Chinese businessmantopayforPhp700,000fordelinquencytaxeswheninfact

thebusinessmanisonlyliableforPhp500,000.Istheofficialliable?
Yes
Q:Whatcrime?
IllegalExactionforcollectingtaxeslargerthanthoseauthorizedbythelaw
Q:WhatiftheofficialonlyaskedforPhp200,000?
Heisstillliableforcollectingasumdifferentthanthatauthorizedbythelaw
Q:Supposeyouwerethebusinessmaninthepreviousexample,andyouwerenotinthepositiontopay
thePhp700,000demandedbytheofficial.HeagreedtoacceptonlyPhp500,000whichwasreallyall
youwereliablefor.Istheofficialstillliable?
Yes,themeredemandofPhp700,000evenifitdidntsucceedconsummatesthecrime
Q: Supposeyouhada shadyagreementwithanofficial regardingthepaymentoftaxesbutitdidnot

materialize.Isheliable?
No,thesummusteitherbedemandedorreceived.Hedidnotdemandit,nordidhereceiveit.
Art.214
OTHERFRAUDS
2. Hetakesadvantageofhisofficialposition
3. Hecommitsanyofthefraudsordeceitsenumeratedinart.315art.318(estafa,otherforms
ofswindling,swindlingaminor,otherdeceits)
1. Theoffenderisanappointivepublicofficer
2. Hebecomesinterested,directlyorindirectly,inanytransactionofexchangeorspeculation
3. Thetransactiontakesplacewithintheterritorysubjecttohisjurisdiction
4.Hebecomesinterestedinthetransactionduringhisincumbency
Q:Giveanexample
Q: SupposeaRegional TrialCourt judge purchases millionsofstocksfroma companyinOrtigas. Ishe

liable?
Yes,OrtigasisPartoftheNationalCapitalRegionandthejudgesjurisdictionspanstheNCR
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Art.215
PROHIBITEDTRANSACTIONS
CRIMINALLAWII 116
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Q:SupposeanRTCjudgeinLagunapurchasedstocksinMakati.Isheliable?
No,Makatiisnotwithinhisjurisdiction
Q:SupposeaSenatorpurchasedmillionsworthofStocksinMakati.Isheliableunderart.215?
No,aSenatorisnotanappointiveofficial
Art.216
POSSESSIONOFPROHIBITEDINTEREST
BYAPUBLICOFFICIAL
Q:Whoareliable?
1. Public officers who directly or indirectly became interested in any contract or business in
whichitwastheirofficialdutytointervene
2. Experts,arbitratorsandprivate accountantswho,inlikemanner,tookpartinanycontract
or transaction connected with the estate or property in the appraisal, distribution or
adjudicationofwhichtheyhaveacted
3. Guardians andexecutorswith respect to thepropertybelonging to theirwardsorthe
estate
Q: Supposeaguardianhad tosell some ofhis wards propertyduetothe wardshospitalization. The

courtallowedhimtodoso.Isheliable?
No,thecourtallowedit
Q:Supposehehappenedtosellthepropertytoacompanywhere hehappenstobeoneofthemajor
stockholders.Isheliable?
Yes
Q:Whatsortofinterestisprohibitedbythisarticle?
Pecuniaryinterest
Q:Isactualfraudnecessaryfortheliabilitytoattach?
No,whatispunishableisthepossibilityofplacingpersonalinterestoverthegovernments
CHAPTERFOUR
MALVERSATIONOFPUBLICFUNDSORPROPERTY
Art.217
MALVERSATIONOFPUBLICFUNDSORPROPERTY
PRESUMPTIONOFMALVERSATION
Q:Whoareliable?
Publicofficerswhoareaccountableforpublicfundsorproperty
Q:Whoisanaccountablepublicofficer?
Onevestedbylawwithcustodyandchargeorcontrolofpublicfundsbyreasonofthedutiesof
hisoffice
Q:Whatarethewaysofcommittingmalversation?
1. Byappropriatingpublicfundsorproperty
2. Bytakingormisappropriatingthesame
3. Byconsenting,orthroughabandonmentornegligence,permittinganyotherpersontotake
suchfundsorproperty
4.Bybeingotherwiseguiltyofthemisappropriationormalversationofsuchfundsorproperty
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
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Q:Whatarethecommonelementstoallactsofmalversation?
2. Hehascustodyorcontroloffundsorpropertybyreasonofthedutiesofhisoffice
3. Thosefundsorpropertyarepublicfundsorpublicpropertyforwhichheisaccountable
4.He appropriated,took,misappropriated or consented;or through abandonment or
negligence,permittedanotherpersontotakethem
Q: The Directorofthe Manila Zoohas a caretaker whoworks for him. The caretaker soldtheanimals
duringtheDirectorsabsence.Isthelatterliable?
No,heonlyhadaqualifiedchargeovertheanimalsandwasnotanaccountablepublicofficer
Q:Whowouldbeliablethen?
TheDirectoroftheZoo
Q:Whatwouldbetheliabilityofthepersonwhohasaqualifiedchargeoverthemissingproperty?
TheftorQualifiedTheft,ifitwasdonewithabuseofconfidence
*NB:Iftheofficerhadnoauthoritytoreceiveortopartywiththefundsorproperty,orhadonly
aqualifiedchargeoverthem,thecrimeistheft,notmalversation
Q: Suppose a Mercedes Benz was ordered confiscated for having been used in the commission of a
certaincrime.Thecustodiansoldthecar.Isheliableformalversation?
Yes, the car became public property the moment it was seized by public authority and the
custodianwasanaccountableofficerasfarasitwasconcerned
Q:Supposethecarwasusedtotransportshabupriortoitsconfiscation.APhilippineDrugEnforcement
Agency(PDEA)officersoldit.Whatcrimeistheagentliablefor?
ViolationoftheComprehensiveDangerousDrugsAct(CCDA)
Q:SupposeakiloofheroinewasconfiscatedandPDEAofficerssoldit.Whatcrimewascommitted?
ViolationoftheCDDA
Q: a SWAT member was given a modern assault rifle to be used in relation to his job. He committed
irregularities in office and was dismissed from theservice. He wasordered tosurrender the rifletohis
superiorsbutherefusedandsolditinstead.Whatcrimedidhecommit?
Malversationofpublicfundsorproperty
Q:Buthewasalreadydismissedfromservice
Evenso,heisstillanaccountableofficerwithinthecontemplationofthelaw
Q: Suppose a property custodian of the DPWH left certain construction equipment by the side of the
road that was being constructed. The residents noticed the equipment and sold it. What crime is the
custodianliablefor?
Malversationthroughnegligenceorabandonment
Q:TheCommissionofAudit(COA)conductedasurpriseauditinacertainmunicipality.TheCOAofficers
found thatthere was a shortage ofPhp 100,000 fromfunds that were in thecustody ofthemunicipal
treasurer. The treasurer was informed of the shortage and he immediately borrowed money from his
friendtofillintheshortage.Isheliable?
Nobecausethepresumptionofmisappropriationdoesnotapply
Q:Supposetherewasademandfromcompetentauthorityforthetreasurertoaccountforthemissing
sumofmoneywithin10daysandthetreasurerfailedtocomply.Isheliable?
Yes,thepresumptionthenattaches
Q:Whatisthepresumption?
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
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Failure of an accountable publicofficer to have duly forthcomingany publicfunds or property

with which he is chargeable upon demand by any duly authorized officer shall be prima facie
evidencethathehasputsuchmissingfundsorpropertytopersonaluse
Q:Supposeacriminalcasewasfiledagainstthetreasureranduponknowingofthefiling,hereturned
themissingamount.Ishestillliable?
Yes
Q:Whatisthelegaleffectofhisactofreturningthemissingfunds?
Thereturnmitigateshiscriminalliability
Q:Itdoesnotextinguishit?
Noitdoesnot.Returnofmalversedpropertyisnotoneofthemodesforextinguishingliability
underart.89oftheRPC
Q:Supposeitwasthemunicipalcashierwhotookthemoney,isheliableformalversation?
No,thecashierisnotanaccountablepublicofficer
Q:Whatcrimedidthecashiercommit?
TheftorQualifiedTheft
Q: As far as the presumption of malversation goes, what is the legal effect of a demand from aduly
authorizedofficer?
Thedemandallowsthepresumptionofmalversationtoattach
Q:Isthedemandanecessaryelementofprovingmalversation?
No
Q:Whatisthelegaleffectagainofpaymentofthemissingfunds?
Mitigation
Q:Whatkindofmitigatingcircumstanceisit?
Anordinarymitigatingcircumstanceasperart.13,par.10inrelationtoart.13par.7thereturnis
analogoustoavoluntarysurrenderorconfessionofguilt
Q:Whatistheeffectofthereturnofthemalversedfundstothecivilliabilityoftheoffender?
Thereturnhasnoeffectwhatsoeveronhiscivilliability
Q:Mayprivatepersonsbeheldliableformalversation?How?
Yes,iftheyconspiredwiththeaccountablepublicofficerincommittingmalversation
Q:Mayprivatepropertybetheobjectofmalversation?
Yes,iftheprivatepropertyinquestionwas
a.Seized
b.Attached;or
c. Depositedbypublicauthority
Q:Isactualdamagetothegovernmentnecessarytoproveliability?
No
Art.218
FAILUREOFACCOUNTABLEOFFICERTORENDERACCOUNTS
1.Theoffenderisapublicofficer,whetherintheserviceorseparatedtherefrom
2. Hemustbeanaccountableofficerforpublicfundsorproperty
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CRIMINALLAWII 119
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3. HeisrequiredbylaworregulationtorenderaccountstotheCommissiononAuditortoa
provincialauditor
4.Hefailstodosoforaperiodof2monthsaftersuchaccountsshouldberendered
Q:Isdemandforaccountingnecessary?
No,itissufficientthatthereisalaworregulationrequiringtheofficertorenderaccount
Q:Ismisappropriationnecessaryforliabilitytoattach?
No
Q:Whatistherequireddurationwithinwhichtheofficershouldrenderaccounts?
Within2monthsaftersuchaccountsshouldberendered
Art.219
FAILUREOFARESPONSIBLEPUBLICOFFICERTO
RENDERACCOUNTSBEFORELEAVINGTHECOUNTRY
2. Hemustbeanaccountableofficerforpublicfundsorproperty
3. Hemusthaveunlawfullyleft,orbeonthepointofleavingthePHwithoutsecuringfromthe
CommissiononAuditacertificateshowingthathisaccountshavebeenfinallysettled
Q:Giveanexample
Q: Suppose a municipal treasurer goes to Shinjuku,Tokyo to attend an official convention without

havingfinallysettledhisaccounts.Isheliable?
No,atleastnotyet,hewasonofficialbusiness
Q: Suppose he goes toDisneyland withhis familywiththe intention ofreturning, butheleftwithout

securingacertificatetoprovehehadfinallysettledhisaccounts.Isheliable?
Yes
Art.220
ILLEGALUSEOFPUBLICFUNDSORPROPERTY
*NB:ThisisotherwiseknownasTechnicalMalversation
2. Thereisapublicfundorpropertyunderhisadministration
3. Suchfund/propertyhasbeenappropriatedbylaworordinanceforaparticularuse
4.Heappliesthesametoapublicuseotherthanthatforwhichithasbeenappropriated
Q:Distinguishthisfrommalversationunderart.217
MALVERSATION
ART.217
Offenderappropriates,
misappropriates,takes,
consents,orthrough
abandonmentornegligence,
permitsanotherpersontotake
thefundsorpropertyunderhis
custody;orisotherwiseguiltyof
TECHNICALMALVERSATION
ART.220
Offenderreappropriatesthe
fundorpropertyunderhis
custodyforapurposeotherthan
thatwhichthefund/property
wasoriginallyintendedfor
*NB:onlyonemannerof
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 120
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malversation
commission
*NB:4modesofcommission
RE:CharacterofFundsor
Property
Publicorifprivate,hasbeen
seized,attachedordepositedby
publicauthority
Public,withtheadditional
qualificationthatsuchfundor
propertywasappropriatedby
laworordinanceforaparticular
use
RE:PersonalGainorBenefit
Offenderincertaincasesprofits
fromtheproceedsofthecrime
Offenderdoesnotderiveany
personalgainorprofit
RE:ApplicationofMalversed
Funds
Malversed funds are applied to

personaluseandtothebenefit
oftheoffenderora3rd person
Malversed funds/property are

applied to another public use
differentfromthatwhichwas
intended
RE:Presumptionoflawasto
liability
Failuretohavefundsforthwith
andcomingleadstothe
presumptionthattheoffender
hasputthefundstopersonal
use
Nopresumptionastoliability
Q:Again.Whatconstitutesthecrimeoftechnicalmalversation?
Theapplicationof public fundsorpropertybyan accountablepublic officerto adifferent
(public) use other than that for which the fund/property has been appropriated by law or
ordinance
Art.221
FAILURETOMAKEDELIVERYOF
PUBLICFUNDSORPROPERTY
Q:Giveexamplesofeachpunishableact
Art.222
OFFICERSUNCLUDEDINTHEPRECEDINGPROVISIONS
Q:WhoarethepersonsliableunderArts.217221?
1. Privateindividualswho,inanycapacitywhatsoever,havechargeofanynational,provincial,
ormunicipalfunds,revenuesorproperty
2. Administratorsordepositoriesoffundsorpropertyattached,seized,ordepositedbypublic
authorityevenifsuchpropertybelongstoprivateindividuals
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
1. Failingtomakepayment,donebyapublicofficerwhoisunderobligationtomakepayment
fromgovernmentfundsinhispossession
**ELEMENTS:
a. Thepublicofficerhasgovernmentfundsinhispossession
b.Heisunderobligationtomakepaymentfromsuchfunds
c. Hemaliciouslyfailstomakethepayment
2. Refusing to make delivery, done by a public officer who has been ordered by competent
authoritytodeliveranypropertyinhiscustodyorunderhisadministration
CRIMINALLAWII 121
Knotes
RE:OBSTRUCTIONOFJUSTICE
PRESIDENTIALDECREENO.1829
DECREEPENALIZINGOBSTRUCTIONORAPPREHENSION
OFPROSECUTIONOFCRIMINALOFFENDERS
*OutlineofPunishableActs
ACTSPUNISHED:
1. Preventing witnesses from testifying in any criminalproceeding or from reporting the

commission of any offense or the identity of any offender/s by means of bribery,
misrepresentation,deceit,intimidation,forceorthreats
2. Altering, destroying, suppressing or concealing any paper, record, document or object, with
intenttoimpairitsverity, authenticity,legibility,availability,oradmissibilityasevidenceinany
investigationof,orofficialproceedingsincriminalcases,ortobeusedintheinvestigationof,or
officialproceedingsincriminalcases
3. Harbouringorconcealing, orfacilitatingtheescapeof,anypersonheknows,orhasreasonable
ground to believe or suspect has committed any offense under existing penal laws in order to
preventhisarrest,prosecutionandconviction
4.Publicly using a fictitious name for the purpose of concealing a crime, evading prosecution or
theexecutionofjudgmentorconcealingonestruenameandotherpersonalcircumstancesfor
thesamepurpose/s
5. Delayingtheprosecutionofcriminalcasesbyobstructingtheserviceorprocess ofcourtorders
ordisturbingproceedingsinthefiscalsoffices,intheTanodbayan,orinthecourts.
6.Making, presenting, or using any record, document, paper, or object with knowledge of its
falsity and with intent to affect the course or outcome of the investigation of, or official
proceedingsincriminalcases
7. Soliciting, accepting or agreeing to accept any benefit in consideration of abstaining from, or

discontinuing,theimpendingprosecutionofacriminaloffender
8. Threatening, directly or indirectly another with the infliction of any wrong upon his person,
honour or property or that of any immediate member/s of his family in order to prevent such
person from appearing in the investigation of, or official proceedings in criminal cases; or
imposingacondition,whetherlawfulorunlawful,inordertopreventapersonfromappearing
intheinvestigationof,orofficialproceedingsincriminalcases
9.Giving of false or fabricated information to mislead or prevent the law enforcement agencies
from apprehending the offender or from protecting the life or property of the victim; or
fabricating information from the data gathered in confidence by investigating authorities for
purposes of background information and not for publication, and publishing or disseminating
thesametomisleadtheinvestigatororthecourt
**Ifanyoftheactsmentionedhereinispenalizedbyanyotherlawwithahigherpenalty,the
higherpenaltyshallbeimposed
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
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REPUBLICACT7080ASAMENDED
THEANTIPLUNDERACT
REPUBLICACT7080
ASAMENDED
ANACTDEFININGANDPENALIZINGTHECRIMEOFPLUNDER
*SummaryandOutlineofSalientProvisionsandPunishableActs
Sec.1
xxx
(d) Illgotten wealth:Any asset, property or businessenterprise or material possession of any person
withinthepurviewofSec.2 hereof,acquiredbyhimdirectlyorindirectly,throughdummies,nominees,
agents,subordinates,and/orbusinessassociatesbyanycombinationorseriesofthefollowingmeansor
similarschemes:
1. Through misappropriation, conversion, misuse or malversation of public funds or raids on the
publictreasury
2. By receiving, directly or indirectly, any commission, gift, share, percentage, kickbacks, or any
other form of pecuniary benefit from any person and/or entity in connection with any
government contract or project or by reason of the office or position of the public officer
concerned
3. Bytheillegalorfraudulentconveyanceordispositionofassetsbelongingtothenational
government or any of its subdivisions, agencies or instrumentalities, orGovernment Owned or
ControlledCorporationsandtheirsubsidiaries
4.Byobtaining,receivingoracceptingdirectlyorindirectlyanysharesofstock,equityoranyother
form of interest of participation including the promise of future employment in any business
enterpriseorundertaking
5. Byestablishingagricultural, industrial or commercial monopoliesorother combinationsand/or
implementation of decrees and orders intended to benefit particular persons or special
interests;or
6.Bytakingundueadvantageofofficialposition,authority,relationship,connectionorinfluence
to unjustly enrich oneself at the expense and to the damage of the Filipino people and the
RepublicofthePhilippines
Sec.2Definitionofthecrimeofplunder,penalties
*Anypublicofficerwho,byhimselforinconnivancewithmembersofhisfamily,relativesbyaffinityor
consanguinity,businessassociates,subordinatesorotherpersons, amasses,accumulatesoracquiresill
gotten wealth through a combination or series of overt or criminal acts as described in section 1(d)
hereof,intheaggregateamountortotalvalueofatleastPhp50,000,000shallbeguiltyofthecrimeof
plunder
*Anypersonwhoparticipatedwiththesaidpublicofficerinthecommissionofanoffensecontributing
tothecrimeofplundershalllikewisebepunishedforsuchoffense
*The courtshall declare any and all illgotten wealthand their interests and other incomes and assets
includingthepropertiesandsharesofstocks derivedfromthedepositorinvestmentthereof forfeited
infavouroftheState
Sec.3CompetentCourt
*TheSandiganbayan
Sec.4RuleofEvidence
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*Itshallnotbenecessarytoproveeachandeverycriminalactdonebytheaccusedinfurtheranceofthe
schemeorconspiracytoamass,accumulate, oracquireillgottenwealth,itbeingsufficienttoestablish
beyondreasonable doubtapatternof overt orcriminal acts indicative of theoverallunlawful scheme
orconspiracy
Sec.6Prescriptionofcrimes
*prescription: after20years; however, therightoftheStatetorecoverpropertiesunlawfullyacquired

bypublicofficersfromthemortheirnomineesortransfereesshallnotbebarredbyprescription,laches,
orestoppel.
RA9160,ASAMENDED
THEANTIMONEYLAUNDERINGACTOF2001
REPUBLICACT9160
ASAMENDEDBYREPUBLICACT9194
ANACTDEFININGTHECRIMEOFMONEYLAUNDERING,
PROVIDINGPENALTIESTHEREFORANDFOROTHERPURPOSES
*SummaryofImportantDefinitionsandPunishableActs
Sec.3Definitions
a.CoveredInstitutions:
1. Banks,nonbanks,quasibanks,trustentitiesandallotherinstitutionsandtheirsubsidiaries
andaffiliatessupervisedorregulatedbytheBangkoSentralngPilipinas(BSP)
2. Insurance companies and all other institutions supervised or regulated by the Insurance
Commission
3.
A. Securities,dealers,brokers,salesmen,investmenthousesandothersimilarentities
managingsecuritiesorrenderingservicesasinvestmentagent,adviser,orconsultant
B.Mutualfunds,closeendinvestmentcompanies,commontrustfunds,preneed
companiesandothersimilarentities;
C.Foreignexchangecorporations,moneychangers,moneypayment,remittance,and
transfercompaniesandothersimilarentities
D. Otherentitiesadministeringorotherwisedealingincurrency,commoditiesorfinancial
derivativesbasedthereon, valuableobjects,cashsubstitutes,andothersimilar
monetary instruments or property supervised by the Securities and Exchange
Commission(SEC)
b. CoveredTransactions:
Transactions incaseorotherequivalent monetaryinstrumentsinvolving atotalamount in
excessofPhp500,000withinonebankingday
b1.SuspiciousTransactions:
Transactions with covered institutions, regardless of the amounts involved, where any of the
followingcircumstancesexist:
1. Thereisnounderlyinglegalortradeobligation,purposeoreconomicjustification
2. Theclientisnotproperlyidentified
3. The amount involved is not commensurate with the business or financial capacity of the
client
4.Taking into account all known circumstances, it may be perceived that the clients
transaction isstructuredin orderto avoidbeing thesubjectof reporting requirements
underthisAct
5. Anycircumstancesrelatingtothetransactionwhichisobservedtodeviatefromtheprofile
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
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oftheclientand/ortheclientspasttransactionswiththecoveredinstitution
6.ThetransactionisinanywayrelatedtoanunlawfulactivityoroffenseunderthisActthatis
abouttobe,orisbeing,orhasbeencommitted
7. Anytransactionthatissimilaroranalogoustoanyoftheforegoing
Sec.4MoneyLaunderingOffense
*Money Laundering isa crimewherebythe proceedsof anunlawful activityas herein definedare

transacted,therebymakingthemappeartohaveoriginatedfromlegitimatesources
*PersonsLiable:
1. Anypersonknowingthatanymonetaryinstrument,property,represents,involves,orrelatesto
the proceeds of any unlawful activity, transacts or attempts to transact said monetary
instrumentorproperty
2. Any person knowing that any monetary instrument or property involves the proceeds of any
unlawful activity, performs or fails to perform any act as a result of which he facilitates the
offenseofmoneylaundering
3. AnypersonknowingthatanymonetaryinstrumentorpropertyisrequiredunderthisActtobe
disclosedandfiledwiththeAntiMoneyLaunderingCouncil(AMLC)
Sec.5JurisdictionofMoneyLaunderingCases
*RegionalTrialCourts
*Sandiganbayan,iftheoffenderisapublicofficer
Sec.6ProsecutionofMoneyLaundering
a. Any person may be charged with and convicted of both the offense of money laundering and
theunlawfulactivityashereindefined
b.Anyproceedingrelatingtotheunlawfulactivityshallbegivenprecedenceovertheprosecution
ofanyoffenseorviolationunderthisAct,withoutprejudicetothefreezingofassetsandother
remediesprovided
Sec.10FreezingofMonetaryInstrumentorProperty
*The Court of Appeals, upon application ex parte by the AMLC and after determination that probable
cause exists, may issue a freeze order which shall be effective immediately. The order shall be for 20
daysunlessextendedbytheCourt
Sec.11AuthoritytoInquireintoBankDeposits
*The AMLC may inquire into or examine any particular deposit or investment with any financial
institution upon order of any competent court in cases of violation of this Act, when it has been
establishedthatthedepositsorinvestmentsarerelatedtoanunlawfulactivity
Sec.16Prohibitionagainstpoliticalharassment
*ThisActshallnotbeusedtoforpoliticalpersecutionandtohampercompetitionintradeorcommerce
*Nocaseformoneylaunderingmaybefiledagainst,andnoassetsshallbefrozen,attachedorforfeited
totheprejudiceofacandidateforanelectoralofficeduringelectionperiod
CHAPTERFIVE
INFIDELITYOFPUBLICOFFICERS
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SECTIONONEINFIDELITYINTHECUSTODYOFPRISONERS
Art.223
CONNIVINGWITH,ORCONSENTINGTOEVASION
2. Hehad in hiscustodyorcharge aprisoner, either a detentionprisonerorone byfinal
judgment
3. Theprisonerescapedfromtheofficerscustody
4.Theofficerwasinconnivancewiththeprisonerinthelattersescape
Q:Giveanexample
Q:Supposethereisaprisonerwhorequestedapasstogohomesincehishouseisnearthejailanyway.
Theofficerconsentedandgrantedhimthepass.Istheofficerliable?
Yes
Q:Supposetheprisonerrequestedthatheservehissentencebyactingastheservantofthejailguard.Is
theguardliable?
Yes
Q:Policeofficersallowedthedetainedprisonertogohomeandtakeabath.Aretheyliable?
Yes
Q:Doestheoffenderhavetoagreetoallowtheprisonertoleave?
Yes,agreementisanindispensableelement ofthecrimebecausetheofficerhastobein
connivancewiththeprisoner
Q:Whoisadetentionprisoner?
Onewhoisinlegalcustody,arrestedfor,andchargedwithsomecrimeorpublicoffense
Q:Howishedifferentfromtheothertypeofprisonermentionedinthearticle?
Adetentionprisonerhasmerelybeenarrestedandchargedwithacrime;whereasaprisonerby
finaljudgmenthasbeenfoundguiltyaschargedbyacompetentcourtandconveyedtoprison
byorderofthesamecourtinordertoserveouthissentence
Q:Whatisthelegaleffectofreleasingaprisonerinrelationtotheexpirationoftheperiodsspecifiedin
Art.125(Delayinthedeliveryofdetainedpersonstotheproperjudicialauthorities)?
Theofficerwhoreleasedtheprisonerwillnotbecriminallyliable
*NB: recall, art.125 specifiesparticulartime periods forthe delivery ofa persontotheproper
judicialauthorities,i.e.:
12hrs,forcrimes/offensespunishablebylightpenaltiesortheirequivalent
18hrs,forcrimes/offensespunishablebycorrectionalpenalties/theirequivalent
36hrs, for crimes/offenses punishable by capital punishment or afflictive penalties, or
theirequivalent
Failuretodelivertheprisonerwithintheseperiodsmeansthatthearrestingofficermustrelease
theprisoner(see:Art.125forfurtherreference)
Art.224
EVASIONTHROUGHNEGLIGENCE
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 126
Knotes
2. Heischargedwiththeconveyanceorcustodyofaprisoner,eitheraprisonerbydetention
oronebyfinaljudgment
3. Theprisonerescapesthroughhisnegligence
Q:Differentiatethisfromart.157
ART.157
Theoffenderhereistheescapeeortheprisoner
whoescaped
INFIDELITYTHROUGHNEGLIGENCE
ART.224
Theoffenderhereisthepublicofficerwhowas
givencustodyorchargeoftheprisonerthat
escaped
Theescapeeisaconvictbyfinaljudgment
Theescapeemayeitherbeaprisonerbyfinal
judgmentormerelyadetentionprisoner
Q:Supposeaprisonerescapedthroughanofficersnegligence.Theofficerhuntedhimdownand
capturedhim.Istheofficerstillliable?
Yes
Q:Whatisthelegaleffectofhisefforttorecapturetheescapedprisoner?
Itmaymitigatehisliabilitybutitdoesnotaffordhimcompleteexculpation
Q:Whatistheliabilityoftheescapee,ifhehappenstobeaprisonerbyfinaljudgment?
Heisliableforaviolationofart.157(evasionofserviceofsentence)
Q:Andiftheescapeeisadetentionprisoner,whatishisliability?
Heincursnocriminalliabilityforescaping
Art.225
ESCAPEOFPRISONERUNDERTHECUSTODY
OFAPERSONNOTAPUBLICOFFICER
1. Theoffenderisaprivateperson
2. Theconveyanceorcustodyofaprisonerorpersonunderarrestisconfidedtohim
3. Theprisonerorpersonunderarrestescapes
4.The offender consents to the escape of the prisoner/person under arrest, or the escape
takesplacethroughhisnegligence
Q:Whatisthecharacteroftheoffenderinthisarticle?
The offender is a private person to whom the custody of aprisoner/person under arrest is
confided
SECTIONTWOINFIDELITYINTHECUSTODYOFDOCUMENTS
Art.226
REMOVAL,CONCEALMENTOR
DESTRUCTIONOFDOCUMENTS
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 127
Knotes
2. Heabstracts,destroysorconcealsdocumentsorpapers
3. Thesaiddocumentsorpapersshouldhavebeenentrustedtohimbyreasonofhisoffice
4.Damage,whetherseriousornot,wascausedtoa3rd partyortothepublicinterest
1. Removing;
2. Destroying;or
3. Concealingdocumentsorpapersofficiallyentrustedtotheoffendingpublicofficer
Q:Giveanexample
Q:Wouldanymannerofremovalmakethepublicofficerliable?
No,theremovalhastobemadeforanillicitpurpose,anddamagemustresultfromtheactof
removal
Q:SupposethebuildingwhereanRTCwassituatedbeganleakingduringastormandthestenographer
removed several documents from the filing cabinets in order to save them. Will the stenographer be
liable?
No,theremovalwasnotdonewithanillicitpurposeinmind
Q:Asfarasremovalgoes,isillicitpurposenecessary?
Yes
Q:Whataboutconcealmentordestruction,isillicitpurposenecessaryaswell?
No, in concealment and destruction, the mere acts are punishable; an illicit purpose is not
necessary
*NB:thinkaboutit.Removingadocumentcouldstillbedoneforalegalandlawfulpurpose,but
what legal orlawful purposedoes concealingordestroying the document serve?I supposethe
inherent nature ofthe acts hiding the documents (concealment) and destroyingthem speak
ofa perversity behind the act that is in itselfreprehensible and doesnt have tobe coupled by
actualillwillkimi
Q:Supposeaclerkofcourtsawanewspaperlyingonthedesk.Sheburnedit.Issheliable?
No,thenewspaperisnotadocumentwithinthecontemplationofthelaw
Q:Supposeitwasanunsigneddocumentwhichsheburned.Issheliable?
No,thedocumentwasnotcompletenordulyaccomplished
*NB:thedocumentheremustbecompleteandonebywhicharightcouldbeestablishedoran
obligation could be extinguished, i.e.: it must carry with it a binding legal effect, if it doesnt,
thentheoffenderisntliable
Q:Inremoval,isitrequiredthattheoffenderactuallyachieveshisillicitpurpose?
No,itissufficientthathehasremovedthedocumentsforanunlawfulpurpose;whetherornot
thatpurposewasactuallyachievedisimmaterial
Q:Supposeanofficerdeliveredadocumenttosomeonewhoisnottheproperrecipientforit,andhe
didsowithanillicitpurposeinmind.Isheliable?
Yes
Q:Isdamageanecessaryelementforallthepunishableacts?
Yes
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Whenisremovalconsummated?
Uponthesecretingawayofthedocumentfromitsusualplace
CRIMINALLAWII 128
Knotes
Art.227
OFFICERBREAKINGSEAL
2. Heischargedwiththecustodyofpapersorproperty
3. Thesepapersorpropertyaresealedbyproperauthority
4.Hebreaksthesealsorpermitsthemtobebroken
Q:Musttherebedamageforliabilitytoattach?
No,damageisnotanecessaryelementoftheoffense
Art.228
OPENINGOFCLOSEDDOCUMENTS
2. Closedpapers,documentsorobjectsareentrustedtohiscustody
3. Heopensorpermitstobeopenedthesaidpapers,documentsorobjects
4.Hedoesnothavetheproperauthoritytodoso
Q:Musttherebedamage?
No
SECTIONTHREEREVELATIONOFSECRETSBYANOFFICER
Art.229
REVELATIONOFSECRETS
1. Revealinganysecretsknownbytheoffendingpublicofficerbyreasonofhisofficialcapacity
**ELEMENTS:
a.Theoffenderisapublicofficer
b.Heknowsofasecretbyreasonofhisofficialcapacity
c. Herevealssuchsecretwithoutauthorityorjustifiablemeans
d.Damage,greatorsmall,iscausedtothepublicinterest
2. Wrongfully deliveringpapers orcopiesofpapersofwhich hemay have chargeand which
shouldnotbepublished
**ELEMENTS:
a.Theoffenderisapublicofficer
b.Hehaschargeofpapers
c. Thepapersshouldnotbepublished
d.Hedeliversthepapersofcopiesthereoftoa3rd person
e.Thedeliveryiswrongful
f. Damageiscausedtopublicinterest
NOTES:
*Ifthepaperscontain secrets andshouldntbepublished,and they areremovedanddeliveredtothe

wrongperson,art.229applies
*Iftherearentanysecrets,thecrimeisinfidelityinthecustodyofdocumentsorpapers
*Damageisanecessaryelement,butitmustbetothepublicinterest
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 129
Knotes
Art.230
PUBLICOFFICERSREVEALINGTHESECRETS
OFPRIVATEINDIVIDUALS
2. Heknowsofthesecretsofaprivateindividualbymeansofhispublicoffice
3. Herevealssuchsecretswithoutauthorityorjustifiablereason
Q:Doestherevelationhavetobepublic?
No
Q:Supposetheoffenderisanattorney;isheliableunderthisarticle?
No,hewouldbeliableunderart.209(betrayaloftrustbyanattorney)
Q:Isdamagetoprivateindividualsnecessary?
No,thedamagerequiredistothepeoplesfaithandtrustinpublicservice
Q:SupposeanemployeeoftheBIRdisclosedyourincometohiscoemployee.Isheliable?
Yes,apersonsincomeishisownsecret
CHAPTERSIX
OTHEROFFENSESORIRREGULARITIESBYPUBLICOFFICERS
SECTIONONEDISOBEDIENCE,REFUSALORASSISTANCEAND
MALTREATMENTOFPRISONERS
Art.231
OPENDISOBEDIENCE
1. Theoffenderisajudicialorexecutiveofficer
2. Thereisajudgment,decisionororderfromsuperiorauthority
3. Thejudgmentordecisionororderwasmadewithinthescopeofthesuperiorauthoritys
jurisdictionandissuedwiththelegalformalities
4.Theoffenderopenlyrefusestoexecutethejudgment/decision/orderwhichheisdutybound
toobey,withoutanylegaljustification
Art.232
DISOBEDIENCETOORDEROFSUPERIOROFFICER,
WHENSAIDORDERWASSUSPENDEDBYINFERIOROFFICER
2. Anorderwasissuedbyhissuperiorforexecution
3. Hehassuspendedtheexecutionofsuchorder
4.Hissuperiordisapprovesofthesuspension
5. Theoffenderdisobeyshissuperiordespitethedisapprovalofthesuspension
Q:Giveanexample
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 130
Knotes
Q:Whatisthelegaleffectontheinferiorofficersliabilityifhedisobeyedanunlawfulorderissuedbyhis
superior?
None,heisnotdutyboundtoobeyanunlawfulorder
Art.233
REFUSALOFASSISTANCE
2. Acompetentauthoritydemandsthathelendhiscooperationtowardstheadministrationof
justiceorotherpublicservice
3. Hemaliciouslyfailstodoso
Q:Supposetherewasnodemand;maytheofficerfromwhomassistancewasexpectedbeheldliable?
No, demand is a necessaryelement. Therecanbenorefusal iftherewasnodemandtobegin
with
Art.234
REFUSALTODISCHARGEELECTIVEOFFICE
1. Theoffenderiselectedbypopularelectiontoapublicoffice
2. Herefusestobesworninortodischargethedutiesofsaidoffice
3. Thereisnolegalmotiveforhisrefusaltobesworninortodischargehisofficialduties
Q:Supposeyourefusedtodischargethedutiesofabarangaysecretary,mayyoubeheldliable?
No,art.234doesnotcoverappointiveofficials
Art.235
MALTREATMENTOFPRISONERS
1. Theoffenderisapublicofficeroremployee
2. Hehasunderhischargeaprisonerordetentionprisoner
3. Hemaltreatstheprisonerineitherofthefollowingmanners:
a.By overdoinghimselfin thecorrection or handlingofa prisoner ordetentionprisoner
underhischarge,either
i.Bytheimpositionofpunishmentnotauthorizedbyregulations;or
ii.Byinflictingauthorizedpunishmentsinacruelorhumiliatingmanner;or
b.Bymaltreatingtheprisonertoextortaconfessionorobtainsomeinformationfromthe
prisoner
Q:Whoaretheprisonerscontemplated?
Thosebyfinaljudgment,anddetentionprisoners
Q:Supposeadetentionprisonerwasbeingsuspectedofhavingbeeninvolvedinkidnapping.Oneofthe
arrestingofficersinflictedwoundsontheprisoner,whichwouldhavecausedthedetaineesdeath,had
itnotbeenfortimelymedicalintervention.Whatcrime/sdidtheofficercommit?
1. Maltreatmentofprisoners
2. Frustratedhomicide
*separatecrimes
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 131
Knotes
Q:Isitacomplexcrime;doesoneabsorbtheother,oraretheyseparatecrimes?
Theyareseparatecrimes
Q:Whatisyourlegalbasisforsayingthat?
Thearticlespecificallymakesanyotherinjuriesinflictedduringthecourseofthemaltreatment
asseparateoffensesbyemployingthephraseinadditiontoanyotherliabilityforthephysical
injuriesordamagecausedxxx
Q:Supposea detentionprisonerwas underthecustodyof ajailguard,andtheguardordersthe

detaineetowashhisclothesandwhenthedetaineerefused,theguardpunchedhimintheface.What
crime/sdidtheguardcommit?
1.Maltreatmentofprisoners
2. PhysicalInjuries
*separatecrimes
Q: Under the second manner of commission (extortion of confession), what is the legal effect of the
extortion?
Theactofmaltreatingtheprisonertoextortaconfessionorobtaininformationaggravatesthe
offendersliabilityandincreasesthepenaltyfortheoffense
Q:Giveexamplesofcrimesthat,bydirectprovisionoflaw,cannotbecomplexedwithanyothercrimes
1.Rebellion
2. Estafa(cannotbecomplexedwithFalsificationofprivatedocument)
3. DirectBribery
4.SearchWarrantsmaliciouslyobtained
5. MaltreatmentofPrisoners(cannotbecomplexedwithPhysicalInjuries)
REPUBLICACT9745
ANTITORTUREACTOF2009
REPUBLICACT9745
ANACTPENALIZINGTORTUREANDOTHERCRUEL,INHUMANANDDEGRADING
TREATMENTOFPUNISHMENTANDPRESCRIBINGPENALTIESTHEREFOR
*SummaryofImportantDefinitionsandSalientProvisions
Sec.3Definitions
Torture:
*An act by which severe pain or suffering whether physical or mental is intentionally inflicted on a
person for such purposes as obtaining from him or her or a 3rd person information or a confession;
punishing him or her for an act he or she or a 3rd person has committed or is suspected of having
committed; or intimidating or coercing him or her or a 3rd person; or for any reason based on
discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with
consentor acquiescence ofa person in authority or agent ofa person in authority. It does notinclude
painorsufferingarisingonlyfrom,inherentin,orincidentaltolawfulsanctions
Othercruel,inhumananddegradingtreatmentorpunishment:
*DeliberateandaggravatedtreatmentorpunishmentnotenumeratedunderSec.4,inflictedbya
personinauthority or agent ofa person inauthority againstapersonunder hisor her custody, which
attainsalevelofseveritycausingsuffering,grosshumiliationordebasementtothelatter
Sec.4ActsofTorture
a.PhysicalTorture
Causes severe pain, exhaustion, disability or dysfunction of one or more parts of the body, i.e.:
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 132
Knotes
systematic beating, food deprivation, electric shock, burning, rape or sexual abuse,use of
psychoactivedrugsxxx
b. MentalorPsychologicalTorture
Calculated to affect or confuse the mind and/or undermine a persons dignity or morale, i.e.:
blindfolding, threatening relatives, confinement in solitary cells, prolonged interrogation, denial of
sleeporrest,inflictionofshamexxx
Sec.5Othercruel,inhumananddegradingtreatmentorpunishment
*DeliberateandaggravatedtreatmentnotenumeratedinSec.4whichattainsalevelofseverity
sufficienttocausesuffering,grosshumiliation,ordebasement
Sec.6Freedomfromtortureandothercruel,inhuman anddegradingtreatmentorpunishment,an
absoluteright
*Torture,etc.ascriminalactsshallapplytoallcircumstances.Astateorthreatofwarorpublic
emergency,ororderofbattleshallnotandcanneverbeinvokedasajustificationfortorture
Sec.7Prohibiteddetention
*Secret detentionplaces,solitary confinement,incommunicado orotherformsof detentionwhere

torturemaybecarriedout
Sec.8ApplicabilityofExclusionaryRule
*Anyconfession,admission,orstatementobtainedasaresultoftortureshallbeinadmissiblein
evidence in any proceeding, except if the same is used as evidence against the person/s accused of
committingtorture
Sec.13Whoarecriminallyliable
1.Principals:
*Any person who actually participated or induced another in the commission of torture or who
cooperated in the execution of the act of torture by previous or simultaneous acts shall be liable as
principal
*Any superior military, police or law enforcement officer or senior government official who issued an
ordertoanylowerrankingpersonneltocommittortureforwhateverpurposeshallbeliableas
principals
*TheimmediatecommandingofficeroftheunitconcernedoftheArmedForcesofthePhilippinesorthe
immediate senior public official of the Philippine National Police and other law enforcement agencies
shallbeheldliableasprincipalstothecrimeoftortureforanyactoromissionornegligencecommitted
byhimthatshallhaveled,assisted,abetted,orallowedwhetherdirectlyorindirectly,thecommission
thereofby his subordinate. Ifhe has knowledge of, or owingto the circumstances atthe time, should
haveknownthatactsoftortureshallbecommitted,isbeingcommittedorhasbeencommittedbyhis
subordinates or by others within his area of responsibility and despite such knowledge, did not take
preventiveorcorrectiveactioneither before, during orimmediatelyafteritscommission, whenhehas
theauthoritytopreventorinvestigateallegationsoftorturebutfailedtoprevent orinvestigatethem,
whetherdeliberatelyorduetonegligence,heshallalsobeliableasprincipal
2.Accessories:
*Public officers or employees who have knowledge that torture is being committed, and without
participatingthereineitherasprincipaloraccomplice,whotakepartinanyofthefollowingmanners:
a.Bythemselvesprofitingfromorassistingtheoffendertoprofitfromtheeffectsoftheact
oftorture
b.By concealingtheactoftortureand/or destroyingthe effects or instruments inorder to
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 133
Knotes
preventitsdiscovery
c. Byharbouring,concealingorassistingintheescapeoftheprincipal/s,providedthat
accessoryactsaredonewithabuseoftheofficialspublicfunctions
Sec.15Tortureasaseparateandindependentcrime
*Tortureasacrimeshallnotabsorborshallnotbeabsorbedbyanyothercrimeorfelonycommittedas
a consequence, or as a means in the conduct or commission thereof. In which case, torture shall be
treated as a separate and independent criminal act whose penalties shall be imposable without
prejudicetoanyothercriminalliabilityprovidedforbydomesticandinternationallaws
Sec.16Exclusionfromthecoverageofspecialamnestylaw
*Persons who have committed any act of torture shall not benefit from any special amnesty law or
similar measures that will have the effect of exempting them from any criminal proceedings and
sanctions
Sec.22ApplicabilityoftheRevisedPenalCode
*TheprovisionsoftheRPCinsofarastheyareapplicableshallbesuppletorytothisAct
*Ifthe commission of any crime punishable under Title 8 (Crimes AgainstPersons)and Title 9 (Crimes
AgainstPersonalLibertyandSecurity)oftheRPCisattendedbyanyoftheactsconstitutingtorture,the
penaltytobeimposedshallbeinitsmaximumperiod
NOTES:
*In case you didnt read through all of that, or speedread it, heresan even shorter summaryof the
legaleffectofthecommissionoftortureonapublicofficersliability:
1. Torture may not be complexed with any other crime or felony, it remains an independent
liability
2. IfanyfelonyunderTitle8or9ofthe RPC(CrimesagainstPersons;Crimesagainstpersonal
liberty and security) is committed alongside torture, the penalty for the felony remains
distinct BUT will be imposed in its maximum because the law on torture (See: sec.22, RA
9745)providesforaspecialaggravatingcircumstance
3. Theoffendercannotinvokethestateorthreatofwar,oranorderofbattleasjustification
fortorture
4.Theoffenderisexcludedby directprovisionoflawfromthescope ofanyspecialamnesty
laworsimilarmeasurewhichwouldexempthimfromcriminalliabilityfortorture
inshort,ifyouhappentobetheoffender,youra**istoast.
SECTIONTWOANTICIPATION,PROLONGATIONANDABANDONMENT
OFTHEDUTIESANDPOWERSOFPUBLICOFFICE
Art.236
ANTICIPATIONOFTHEDUTIESOFAPUBLICOFFICER
1. Theoffenderisentitledtoholdapublicofficeoremploymenteitherbyelectionor
appointment
2. Thelawrequiresthatheshouldfirstbesworninand/orgiveabond
3. Heassumestheperformanceofthedutiesandpowersofsuchoffice
4.Hehasnottakenhisoathofofficeand/orgiventhebondrequiredbylaw
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 134
Knotes
Q:Whatkindsofpublicofficesrequirebonds?
Thoseinvolvingtrustandconfidence
Q:Whatisthepurposeofthebond?
Toassurethegovernmentofindemnityincaseofanyirregularities
Q:Whatformmaythebondtake?
Itmayeitherbeincashorintheformofasecuritybond
Q:Whathappenstothebondaftertheendofanofficialsterm?
Thebondisreturnedattheendofservice
Art.237
PROLONGINGPERFORMANCEOFDUTIESANDPOWERS
1. Theoffenderisholdingapublicoffice
2. Theperiodprovidedbylaw,regulationsorspecialprovisionsforholdingsuchofficehas
alreadyexpired
3. Hecontinuestoexercisethedutiesandpowersofsuchoffice
Q:Supposeanofficerisabouttoretire,buthistermisextended.Asaresultthereof,hecontinuesto
dischargethedutiesofhisoffice.Isheliable?
No,histermwasextended
Art.238
ABANDONMENTOFOFFICEORPOSITION
2. Heformallyresignsfromhisposition
3. Hisresignationhasnotyetbeenaccepted
4.Heabandonshisofficetothedetrimentofthepublicservice
Q:Whatqualifiestheoffence?
Whentheabandonmenthasforitspurposetoevadethedischargeofthedutiesofpreventing,
prosecutingorpunishinganyofthecrimesunderTitle1,Chapter1orTitle3,Book3oftheRPC
Q:HowisthisdifferentfromDerelictionofDutyunderart.208?
InAbandonmentofOffice,thereisrealandactualabandonment
InDerelictionofDuty,thepublicofficerdoesnotabandonhisofficebutratherfailsto
prosecuteaviolationoflaw
SECTIONTHREEUSURPATIONOFPOWERSANDUNLAWFULAPPOINTMENTS
*NB: Think: Separation of Powers, Checks and Balances, CoEqual Branches of Government Basically,
thisistheportionofcriminallawthatprotectstheindependenceofthethreebranchesofgovernment
andpunishesanyunwarrantedinterferenceamongthoserespectivesphereskimi
Art.239
USURPATIONOFLEGISLATIVEPOWERS
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 135
Knotes
1. Theoffenderisanexecutiveorjudicialofficer
2. He
a.Makesgeneralrulesorregulationsbeyondthescopeofhisauthority
b.Heattemptstorepealalaw;or
c. Suspendstheexecutionthereof
Q:Giveanexample
Q:Whatisthepurposecontemplatedbythelaw?
Art.240
USURPATIONOFEXECUTIVEFUNCTIONS
2. He
a.Assumesapowerpertainingtotheexecutiveauthorities;or
b.Obstructstheexecutiveauthoritiesintheexerciseoftheirpowers
Q:Giveanexample
Q:Whatisthepurposeofthisprovision?
Art.241
USURPATIONOFJUDICIALFUNCTIONS
1. Theoffenderisanofficeroftheexecutivebranchofthegovernment
2. He
a.Assumesjudicialpowers
b.Obstructs theexecutionof anyorderordecision renderedbyanyJudgewithinhis
jurisdiction
Q:Giveanexample
Q:Whatisthepurposeofthisprovision?
2. Aproceedingispendingbeforehim
3. Thereisaquestionbroughtbeforetheproperauthorityregardinghisjurisdiction,whichis
notyetdecided
4.Hehasbeenlawfullyrequiredtorefrainfromcontinuingtheproceeding
5. Hestillcontinueswiththeproceeding
Q:Supposethejurisdictionalissueisresolvedintheofficersfavour.Ishestillliable?
Yes
Q:Whyso?
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Art.242
DISOBEYINGREQUESTFORDISQUALIFICATION
CRIMINALLAWII 136
Knotes
Because the offence has already been consummated when the issue was not yet decided;
whetherornotthedecisionwouldbeintheofficersfavourisnotmaterialtohisliabilityunder
art.242
Q:Whatisthepurposeofthelaw?
Art.243
ORDERSORREQUESTSBYEXECUTIVEOFFICERS
TOANYJUDICIALAUTHORITY
1.Theoffenderisanexecutiveofficer
2. Headdressesanyorderorsuggestiontoanyjudicialauthority
3. Theorder or suggestionrelatestoanycaseorbusinesscomingwithintheexclusive
jurisdictionofthecourtsofjustice
Q:Whatisthepurposeofthisarticle?
To prevent executive officers from influencing judicial authorities in the disposition of legal
matterspendingbeforethecourts
Q:SupposetheDeputyExecutiveSecretarypreparedaletteraddressedtoaJudgewhichstatesthatthe
judgeshouldbelenientintheappreciation ofevidence,andthatanylegalassistancegiventoa strong
political leader whose case was pending before the judge would be highly appreciated. Is the Deputy
liable?
Yes
Q:Why?
TheDeputyExecutiveSecretaryhasnoprerogativewhatsoevertosuggestleniencyonthepart
ofthejudgeandtoimplythatafavourabledecisionwouldbehighlyappreciated;hissuggestion
howevermildcouldhavetheeffectofinfluencingthedispositionofthecase
Q: Suppose the case was decided favourably anyway, despite lack of leniency in the appreciation of
evidence.IstheDeputystillliable?
Yes, what is punishable is the act of trying to interfere in matters within the exclusive
jurisdiction of the courts; the deputy was liable the moment he sent the letter even if the
appreciationofevidencedideventuallyexculpatethepoliticalleader
Art.244
UNLAWFULAPPOINTMENTS
1.Theoffenderisapublicofficer
2. Henominatesorappointsapersontoapublicoffice
3. Thenominee/appointeelacksthelegalqualificationstherefor
4.The offender knows that his nominee/appointee lacks those qualifications at the time he
madethenomination/appointment
Q: Suppose you were aware that a friend of yours had just finished serving sentence for the crime of
rape.Youknowinglyrecommendedhimforapublicpositionwhichspecificallyrequiresthatanyperson
who might hold that office should not have been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude. Are
youliable?
No,themereactofrecommendinganunqualifiedpersonevenifdonesoknowinglyisnot
punishable
Q:Musttherebealawlistingdowntherequiredqualifications?
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 137
Knotes
Yes,otherwisetherewouldbenolegalqualificationstospeakof
SECTIONFOURABUSESAGAINSTCHASTITY
*NB:thisisnottobeconfusedwithCrimesagainstChastity.Iknow,Iknow,yourenotstupid.Imjust
saying.Thelawherespecificallysetsapartpunishmentsforabusesagainstchastitycommittedbypublic
officersinconnectionwiththeirdutieskimi
Art.245
ABUSESAGAINSTCHASTITYPENALTIES
Q:Whatarethemodesofcommission?
1. By soliciting or making immoral or indecent advances to a woman interested in matters
pendingbeforetheoffendingofficerfordecision,orwithrespecttowhichheisrequiredto
submitareporttoorconsultwithasuperiorofficer
2. By soliciting or making immoral or indecent advances to a woman under the offenders
custody
3. Bysoliciting ormaking immoralorindecentadvancestowardsthewife,daughter,sister or
relative within the same degree by affinity of any person in the custody of the offendeing
wardenorofficer
2. Hesolicitsormakesimmoral/indecentadvancestowardsawoman
3. Thewomaniseither
a.Interestedinmatterspendingbeforetheoffenderfordecision,orwithrespectto
which,heisrequiredtosubmitareporttoorconsultwithasuperiorofficer;or
b.Under the custody of the offender who is a warden or another public officer directly
chargedwiththecareandcustodyofprisonersorpersonsunderarrest(detainees)
c. Thewife,daughter,sisterorrelativewithinthesamedegreebyaffinityofthepersonin
thecustodyoftheoffender(*NB:ascendantsoftheprisonerarenotincluded)
*NB:recall,persons:
wife:1degreeofaffinity
daughter:1degreeofconsanguinity;descendant
sister:2degreesofconsanguinity
Andno,mothersandgrandmothersarenotcontemplatedbythisprovisioncurious,
that (or perhaps not so, considering the offence is one against chastity go figure)
kimi
Themereproposalofanimmoral/indecentact
Q:SupposeajudgewhohappenedtobemarriedleftawomananotewhichsaidIloveyou.Isheliable?
No(*trollingmoment:dontmakethemistakeofsayingyesoryoullhearthis:Youmeanto
sayLOVEisthemonopolyofthosewhoaresingle??Atty.A:D)
REPUBLICACT9372
RE:TERRORISM
*Braceyourselfagain.ThisisevenlongerthantheAntiGraftandCorruptPracticesActkimi
REPUBLICACT9372
THEHUMANSECURITYACTOF2007
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 138
Knotes
Sec.3Terrorism
*AnypersonwhocommitsanactpunishableunderanyofthefollowingprovisionsoftheRevisedPenal
Code:
A. Art.122(piracyingeneral)
B.Art.134(rebellion/insurrection)
C.Art.134A(coupdtat),includingactscommittedbyprivatepersons
D. Art.248(murder)
E.Art.267(kidnappingandseriousillegaldetention)
F. Art.324(crimesinvolvingdestruction)
*orunder:
1. PD1613(thelawonarson)
2. RA6969(toxicsubstancesandhazardousandnuclearwastecontrolactof1990)
3. RA5207(atomicenergyregulatoryandliabilityactof1968)
4.RA6235(antihijackinglaw)
5. PD532(antipiracyandantihighwayrobberylawof1974);and
6.PD1866,asamended(codifyingthelawsonillegalandunlawfulpossession,manufacture,
dealingin,acquisition,ordispositionoffirearmsammunitionsorexplosives)
*thereby sowing and creating a condition of widespread and extraordinary fear and panicamong
thepopulace, in orderto coercethegovernment to givein to an unlawful demandshall beguilty of
terrorism
*penalty:40yearsofimprisonmentwithoutparole,asprovidedforunderAct4103(theindeterminate
sentencelaw)
**think: any of the aforementioned violations + a condition of widespread andextraordinarypanic +

tryingtocoercegovernmenttoagreetoanunlawfuldemand=terrorism
kimi
Sec.4Conspiracytocommitterrorism
*Thereisconspiracywhen2ormorepersonscometoanagreementconcerningthecommissionofthe
crimeofterrorismanddecidetocommitthesame
Sec.5Accomplice
*Any person who, not being a principal under art.17 of the RPC, or a conspirator under sec.4 hereof,
cooperates in the execution of either the crime of terrorism or conspiracy to commit terrorism by
previousorsimultaneousacts
Sec.6Accessory
*Any person who, having knowledge of the commission of the crime of terrorism or conspiracyto
commit terrorism, and without having participated therein, either as principal or accomplice under
arts.17and18,RPC,takespartsubsequenttoitscommissioninanyofthefollowingmanners:
a.Byprofitinghimselforassistingtheoffendertoprofitbytheeffectsofthecrime;
b.Byconcealingordestroyingthebodyofthecrime,ortheeffectsorinstrumentsthereofinorder
topreventitsdiscovery
c. Byharbouring,concealingorassistingintheescapeoftheprincipalorconspiratorofthecrime
Sec.7SurveillanceofSuspectsandInterceptionandRecordingofCommunications
*Exception to RA 4200 (antiwiretapping law): police or members of a law enforcement team may
conduct surveillance or listen to, or intercept communications upon written order of the Court of
Appeals; provided thatsurveillance of communication between lawyers and clients, doctors and
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 139
Knotes
patients,journalistsandtheirsources,andconfidentialbusinesscorrespondenceshallnotbeauthorized
Sec.11CustodyofInterceptedandRecordedCommunications
*custodylieswiththeauthorizingdivisionoftheCA;thematerialsareconsideredclassifiedandshallbe
sealedanddepositedtherein
*itshallbeunlawfulforanypersontocopythosematerialsinwhateverform
Sec.13DispositionofDepositedMaterials
*classified sealed materials shall not be opened or revealed or divulged unless authorized via written
order by the CA uponapplication ofthe Department ofJustice andonly uponashowingthatthe DOJ
hasbeendulyauthorizedinwritingbytheAntiTerrorismCouncil
*properwrittennoticeshallbeservedtothepersonwhohasbeenthesubjectofthesurveillance
Sec.15EvidentiaryValueofDepositedMaterials
*AnythingobtainedinviolationofthepertinentprovisionsofthisActshallbeabsolutelyinadmissibleas
evidence
Sec.16Penaltyforunauthorizedormaliciousinterceptionsand/orrecordings
*xxxprovidedthatnotwithstandingsec.15,thepartyaggrievedshallbeallowedaccesstothesealed
material as evidence for the prosecution of any police or law enforcement personnel who maliciously
procuredsaidauthorization
Sec.17Proscriptionofterroristorganizations,associationsorgroupofpersons
*the following shall be declared as a terrorist and outlawed organization by the Regional Trial Court
uponapplicationoftheDOJwithduenoticeandopportunitytobeheardgiventheorganization:
*anyorganization,association,orgroupofpersonsorganizedforthepurposeofengaginginterrorism,
orwhich,althoughnotorganizedforthatpurpose,actuallyusestheactstoterrorizementionedinthis
Actortosoworcreateaconditionofwidespreadandextraordinaryfearandpanicamongthepopulace
tocoercethegovernmenttogivetoanunlawfuldemand
Sec.18Periodofdetentionwithoutjudicialwarrantofarrest
*Art.125, RPC, notwithstanding, 3days (counted from the time of arrest). No criminal liability for the
arrestingpoliceofficer
Sec.21Rightsofapersonunderdetention
*think:MirandaRights,waiverinwritingandinthepresenceofcounsel
Sec.22Penaltyforviolationofdetaineesrights
*xxx unless the police or law enforcement personnel who violated the detainees rights is duly
identified, the same penalty shall be imposed on the police officer or head or leader of the law
enforcementunithavingcustodyofthedetaineeatthetimeoftheviolation
Sec.26RestrictiononTravel
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
*providedthatthearrestmustresultfromthesurveillanceundersec.7andexaminationofbank
depositsundersec.27
CRIMINALLAWII 140
Knotes
*whereevidenceofguiltisnotstrongandaccusedisgrantedbail,thecourtshalllimittherighttotravel
withinthemunicipalityorcitywheretheoffenderresidesorwherethecaseispending
*traveloutsidethecountryshallbeaviolationoftheconditionsofbail
*alternative: house arrest without use of telephones/cell phones/email/computers/internet or other

meansofcommunication
Sec.27JudicialAuthorizationrequiredtoexaminebankdeposits,accountsandrecords
*RA 1405 notwithstanding, upon application, the CA may issue authorization after finding probable
cause thata person charged with or suspected ofterrorism or beinga member ofan outlawed group
ownstheaccounts
*sameprocedureforobtainingauthorization,custodyofdata,evidentiaryvalue,penaltiesforviolations
Sec.37Penaltyforbankofficialsandemployeesdefyingacourtauthorization
*Thosewhorefusegetpunished,too.
Sec.39SeizureandSequestration
*Deposits andtheiroutstanding balances,placements,trust accounts,assetsandrecordsshallbe

seized,sequesteredandfrozenin orderto prevent theiruse,transferorconveyanceforpurposes
inimicaltothesafetyandsecurityofthepeople,orinjurioustotheState
*However,areasonablewithdrawalofsumsforfamilyneedsortheservicesofcounselshallbeallowed
uponpermissionofthecourt
Sec.40Natureofseized,sequesteredandfrozendeposits,etc.
*the seized and sequestered property shall be deemed as property held in trust by the bank for such
person and the government during the pendency of the investigation; use or disposition ofthem shall
besubjecttotheapprovalofthecourt
Sec.44Infidelityinthecustodyofdetainedpersons
*Any public officer who has direct custody of a detained person under the provisions of this Act and
who, by deliberate act, misconduct or inexcusable negligence causes or allows the escape of such
detainedpersonshallbeguiltyofanoffense
Sec.45Immunityandprotectionofgovernmentwitnesses
*notwithstanding the provisions of RA 6981 (witness protection, security and benefits act), the
immunityofgovernmentwitnessestestifyingunderthisactshallbegovernedbysecs.17and18ofRule
119,RulesofCourt
*providedthatsaidwitnessesshallbeentitledtothebenefitsgrantedunderRA6981
Sec.48Continuoustrial
*incasesofterrorismorconspiracytocommitterrorism,thejudgeshallsetthecaseforcontinuoustrial
onadailybasisfromMondaytoFridayorothershorttermtrialcalendartoensurespeedytrial
Sec.49ProsecutionunderthisActshallbeabartoanotherprosecutionundertheRPCoranyother
specialpenallaws
*WhenapersonhasbeenprosecutedunderaprovisionofthisAct,andaftertheaccusedhadpleaded
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 141
Knotes
to thecharge,theacquittalof theaccusedorthedismissalof thecaseshallbeabarto another

prosecutionforanyoffenseorfelonywhichisnecessarilyincludedintheoffensechargedunderthisAct
Sec.50Damagesforunprovenchargeofterrorism
*Upon acquittal, Php 500,000 for every day the offender has been detained without a warrant as a
resultofsuchaccusationtobechargedautomaticallyagainsttheappropriationsofthepoliceagency
orAntiTerrorismCouncilthatbroughtorsanctionedthefilingofthechargesandtobereleased15days
fromdateofacquittal
*Award of damages shall be without prejudice to the right of the acquitted person to file criminal or
administrativechargesagainstthoseresponsibleforcharginghimwithterrorism
Sec.52ApplicabilityoftheRPC
*TheprovisionsofBookI,RPCshallbeapplicable
Sec.57BanonExtraordinaryRendition
*no person suspected or convicted of terrorism shall be subjected to any country unless his or her
testimony is needed for terroristrelated police investigations or judicial trials in the said country and
unless his or her human rights, including the right against torture and right to counsel, are officially
assured by the requesting country and transmitted accordingly and approved by the Department of
Justice
Sec.58ExtraTerritorialapplicationofthisAct
*subject to the provisions of an existing treaty of which the Republic of the Philippines is a signatory
and to any contrary provision of any law of preferential application, the provisions of this Act shall
apply:
1. ToindividualpersonswhocommitanyofthecrimesdefinedandpunishedinthisActwithinthe
terrestrialdomain,interiorwaters,maritimezone,andairspaceofthePhilippines
2. To individual persons who, although physically outside the territorial limits of the Philippines,
commit,conspireorplottocommitanyofthecrimesdefinedandpunishedinthisActinsidethe
territoriallimitsofthePhilippines
3. Toindividual persons who, althoughphysically outside theterritorial limits ofthe PH, commit
anyofthesaidcrimesonboardaPhilippineshiporairship
4. To individual persons who commit any of the said crimes within any embassy, consulate, or
diplomaticpremisesbelongingtooroccupiedbythePhilippinegovernmentinanofficial
capacity
5. To individual persons who, although physically outside the territorial limits of the PH, commit
said crimes against Philippine Citizens or persons of Philippine descent, where their citizenship
orethnicitywasafactorinthecommissionofthecrime;and
6.Toindividual personswho, although physicallyoutsidethe territorial limitsofthePH, commit
saidcrimesdirectlyagainstthePhilippinegovernment
TITLEEIGHT
CRIMESAGAINSTPERSONS
CHAPTERONE
DESTRUCTIONOFLIFE
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 142
Knotes
SECTIONONEPARRICIDE,MURDER,HOMICIDE
Art.246
PARRICIDE
*NB:IthelpstorecallPersonswithrespecttothedefinitionofthevictimsofparricidequiteobviously
becauserelationshipisakeyelementinthiscrime
1. Apersoniskilled
2. Heiskilledbytheaccused
3. The deceased is the father, mother, or child legitimate or illegitimate or a legitimate
otherdescendant,orthelegitimatespouseoftheaccused
Q:Whoisthevictim?
Thevictimiseither
a.Theparents(father/mother);or
b.Thechild(legitimateorillegitimate);or
c. AlegitimateOTHERdescendant;or
d.Thelegitimatespouseoftheaccused
Q:Supposeyoukilledyourbrother.Whatcrimedidyoucommit?
MurderorHomicide,dependingonthecircumstancesattendingthekilling
Q:Whyisthat?
Abrother(orsister)isnotincludedintheenumerationofthelawwithrespecttothe
relationshipofthevictimtotheaccusedinthecrimeofparricide
Q:Anillegitimategrandsonkilledhisillegitimategrandfather.Whatcrimedidhecommit?
Homicideormurder
Q:Ahusbandandwifeweremarried.Atthetimeofmarriage,thewifewasaminorwhoseconsentwas
obtainedthroughforce.After3years,thehusbandkilledher.Whatcrimedidhecommit?
Parricide
Q:Whyisthat?
Semper Presumitur Matrimonio always presume marriage. The law attaches a presumption
ofvaliditytothemarriage.Ifhowever,themarriagewasproventoindeedbevoidabinitio,the
crimeismurderorhomicide
Q:A husbandandwife weremarried in HongKongwithout amarriagelicense.Whenthey visited the
Philippines,thehusbandkilledthewife.Whatcrimewascommitted?
Parricide
*NB:thelawdoesnotrequirethatthemarriageshouldbesolemnizedinthePhilippines, itonly
requiresthatthevictimmustbethelegitimatespouseoftheaccusedaslongasthemarriage
isvalid(anditispresumedtobeso),thecrimeisparricide.Forallweknow,amarriagelicenseis
not a requirement in HK, and even if it were well,thats another issue. For purposes of this
question,thepresumptionofvaliditywithrespecttothemarriagestillattaches
Q: Suppose the couple were Filipino Citizens and a Decree of Legal Separation was previously issued
beforethehusbandkilledthewife.Whatcrimewascommitted?
Parricide
Q:Why?
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 143
Knotes
BecauseaDecreeofLegalSeparationdoesnotseverthemaritalbond,thecouplearestillvalidly
marriedunderthelaw,andthevictimwasthereforethelegitimatespouseoftheaccused
Q:SupposeanAnnulmentcasewaspendingwhenthehusbandkilledthewife.Whatcrimewas
committed?
Parricide,thependingcasehasnotyetbeenfinallydecidedandthemarriagewasstillvalidasof
thetimeofthekilling
Q:Supposethatonthedayofthekilling,ajudgmentofAnnulmenthadjustbecomefinal.Whatcrime
wascommitted?
MurderorHomicide,thevictimwasnolongerthelegitimatespouseoftheaccusedbyvirtueof
thefinalityofthejudgment
Q:Aprostitutekilledherillegitimateyearoldson.Whatcrimedidshecommit?
Parricide
Q:IsnotthekillingofachildoftenderyearsautomaticallyattendedbyTreachery?
Yesitis
Q:Doesnottreacheryqualifyhomicidetomurder?
Itdoes
Q:Whythendoyousaythatthecrimeisparricide.Shoulditnotbemurder?
The crime is still parricide; notwithstanding the presence of the qualifying aggravating
circumstanceof treacherybecausethe lawspecificallysetsapartthe requirementsofparricide
andthose requirements aremet by the facts:a person(child of1 year)waskilled, theaccused
(prostitute)killedhim,andhewasher(illegitimate)son
NOTES:
*Noticethat asfaras the other descendantis concerned, thatdescendant hasto belegitimately

related to the accused, if he isnt, the crime is murder or homicide, not parricide which means that
onlyrelativesbybloodinthedirectascending/descendinglineareconsideredexcept,ofcourse,where
alegitimatespousehappenstobethevictim
*Ifthereisnoclearevidenceofmarriage, the presumption cannot attach, andthecrimetherefore, is

murder/homicide
*parricidemaybecommittedthroughrecklessimprudence
*thecrimeisSTILLparricide,eveniftheaccusedwasnotawareofhis/herrelationshiptothevictim;the
lawdoesnotrequireknowledgeofrelationship
*theliabilityofaSTRANGERcooperatinginthecommissionofparricideistheliabilityfor
murder/homicide
Art.247
DEATHORPHYSICALINJURIESINFLICTED
UNDEREXCEPTIONALCIRCUMSTANCES
1. Alegallymarriedpersonorparentsurpriseshis(orher)spouseordaughter,thelatterbeing
under18andlivingwithhim(orher),intheactofsexualintercoursewithanotherperson
2. He/she kills any or both of them or inflicts any serious physical injuries during the act or
immediatelythereafter
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 144
Knotes
3. Hehasnotpromotedorfacilitatedtheprostitutionofhiswifeordaughter;orheorshehas
notconsentedtotheinfidelityoftheotherspouse
Q:Whomayavailofthebenefitsofart.247?
1.Alegallymarriedspouse
2. Theparentofadaughterunder18andwhoislivingwithhim/her
Q:Whatbenefitsaregrantedbythelaw?
1. Theaccusedincursnocriminalliability(orisexemptedfromtheliability)forlessseriousor
slightphysicalinjuries
2. ThepunishmentforthekillingorinflictionofphysicalinjuriesisDestierro
Q:WhatisDestierro?
Itisapenaltyconsistingofdeprivationoflibertywherebyanaccusedisorderedbythecourtto
staywithinthelimitsprovidedbythecourtandtonotcomewithina25 250kilometreradius
oftheareawherethevictimorvictimsfamilyresides
Q:Ahusbandsurprisedhiswifeinthesexualactwithanotherman.Hefiredhisgunatthetwo.Thewife
washitbutaccording tothe doctor, her injurious were only ofa less serious character. Ishe liable for
herinjuries?
No
Q:Whenshouldthekillingorinflictionofinjuriestakeplace?
Duringtheactitselforimmediatelythereafter
Q:Whatdoyoumeanbyimmediatelythereafter?
The discovery, the escape and the pursuitofthe victim by the accused should all form partof
onesingleact;thereshouldbenounreasonableintervaloftimeinbetween
Q:Supposethatwhenthehusbandcamehomeonenight,hesawamaninhissmallclothesjumpoutof
thebedroomwindow.Hefollowedtheman,overtookhim,andkilledhim.Mayheavailofthebenefits
ofart.247?
No
Q:Whynot?
Theprovisionpresupposesthat theaccusedactuallywitnessedtheactandcommittedthe
killing or infliction of injuries during the act or immediately thereafter; neither of these
conditionswerepresent
*NB:thetimeelementisessentialtotheoffence.2thingshavetobepresent:(1)observationof
theact(i.e.:actuallyseeingithappen)and(2)actingwithinthattimeframe(i.e.:rightthenand
there or just after). This is because the killing must be the direct byproduct of the accuseds
uncontrollable rage; it should have been motivated by blind impulse and must not have been
influenced by external factors (i.e.: the accused should not have had time to seriously think
about what he was doing). In essence, its vital that the accused did not have time for cold
calculations, else that can only mean he purposefully considered the act of killing, and the full
liabilityforparricide(ifthevictimisthespouseordaughter)ormurder/homicide(ifthevictimis
astranger)attacheskimi
Q:Supposethehusbandsawhiswifeandherparamourbothnakedintheirbedroom.Heshotthemand
theydied.Mayheavailofart.247?
No,hedidnotsurprisethemintheact
Q: Suppose thehusband sawthe wife naked withherparamour.They werecommittinglascivious acts

preliminarytothesexualact.Heshotthem.Mayheavailofart.247?
No
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 145
Knotes
Q:Ahusbandhadsuspicionsofhiswifesinfidelity.Hetoldherthathewouldgohometotheprovince.
Hedidnotproceedtherebutsimplywaitedforanhour,afterwhichhereturnedhomeandcaughtthe
wife and her paramour in the act of intercourse. He went down to the kitchen, but couldnt find a
suitableknife.Herememberedthathehadlenttheneighbourhisrevolveradaybefore.Hewenttothe
neighbour, recovered his gun and returned to his house. He found the paramour playing billiards and
thewifeinthekitchen.Heshotandkilledtheparamour.Mayheavailofart.247?
No,everythingthehusbanddidwaspremeditated.Theliabilityformurderattaches.
Q:Samefacts,exceptthatthehusbandhadnosuspicionsanddidnotsayhewouldgoto theprovince
or waitfor an hour. He simply walkedin, sawthem,and commenced the earlier narrated actions. May
heavailofart.247?
Yes, all his actions in this case formed one fluid and spontaneous actand the killinghappened
immediatelyafter his observation ofthe sexualact; the killingwasstill theproximate causeof
hisobfuscation
Q:Whatisthepenaltyforart.247?
Destierro
Q:Whatisthepurposeofdestierro?
Theprotectionoftheaccusedfromretributoryactswhichcouldbecommittedbythevictimor
thevictimsfamily
Q:Supposethehusbandsurprisedhiswifeintheactwithherparamour.Heshottheparamourandthe
bullet also hit the houseboy, who happened to be standing behind the bedroom wall. Is the husband
liableforthedeathorinjuriesofthehouseboy?
Yes
Q:Supposeonenight,thehusbandarrivedhomeearlyandfoundhiswifeandherparamoursleepingin
thesamebed.Hetookhisgunfromthenightstandandshottheparamour.Isheliable?
Yes(*trollingmoment:doNOTinterpretsleepinginthesamebedasthesexualact)
Q:Supposehearrivedhome,heardastrangersvoicefrominsideandbeforeopeningthedoor,peaked
throughacrackinthedoor.Hesawhiswifeandher paramourrisingfromthebed,theparamourwas
buttoninguphisdrawers.Heopenedthedoorandfiredatbothofthem.Isheliable?
Yes,hedidnotseethesexualact
Q: A husband saw his wife and a stranger in the sexual act. The wife was screaming for help. He ran
downtothekitchen,grabbedaknifeandstabbedthestranger.Mayheinvokeart.247?
No,buthemayinvokeart.11,par.2(defenceofrelative)
Q:Supposethehusbandandhiswifeagreedthatoncertaindays,theycouldbothhavesexwithother
partners. One night, a night scheduled to be the husbands turn, he caught the wife with another
partnerinthesexualact.Hestabbedthepartnertodeath.Willthehusbandbeliable?
Yes,heconsentedtohiswifesinfidelity
NOTES:
*Whatever thebooksays, this article ISa felony. It defines the manner ofcommission ofa criminal act
andattachesapenaltyforitAtty.A
*Obviously,thesexualactcontemplatedbythearticlemustbevoluntary
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Ahusbandsawthesexualactbetweenhiswifeandherparamour.Theactappearedtobevoluntary.
Hewentdowntothekitchentoget aknife butwhen hereturned,theparamourwasnolongerthere.
The next day, the husband saw the paramour by a convenience store and shot the latter. Will he be
liableformurder?
Yes
CRIMINALLAWII 146
Knotes
Art.248
MURDER
*NB:Reviewingart.14andthekindsofAggravatingCircumstancesisamustwhenstudyingthiscrime
Q:Howismurdercommitted?
1. Apersonwaskilled
2. Theaccusedkilledhim
3. Thekillingwasattendedbyanyofthe(6)qualifyingcircumstancesunderart.248
4.ThekillingwasNOTparricideorinfanticide
Q:Whatarethesixclassesofqualifyingaggravatingcircumstances?
1. Treachery;takingadvantageofsuperiorstrength,withtheaidofarmedmen,oremploying
meanstoweakenthedefenceorofmeansorpersontoinsureoraffordimpunity
2. Inconsiderationofaprice,rewardorpromise
3. Bymeansofinundation,fire,poison,explosion,shipwreck,strandingofavessel,derailment
orassaultuponarailroad,fallofanairship,bymeansofmotorvehicles,orwiththeuseof
anyothermeansinvolvinggreatwasteorruin
4. On occasion of any of the calamities enumerated in the preceding paragraph, or of an
earthquake,eruptionofavolcano,destructivecyclone,epidemicorotherpubliccalamity
5. Evidentpremeditation
6.Cruelty;deliberatelyandinhumanlyaugmentingthevictimssuffering;oroutragingor
scoffingatthepersonorcorpse
*NB: Thats pretty hairy memory work, so heres my own aidemmoire. Ive found that it
becomeseasiertoassociatewholeclasseswithafewkeywordssothatwhenyourecallthe
word,thewholeclasscomestomind:kimi
a.Treachery
b.Incentives
c.Flood,Fire,PoisonandVehicles
d.PublicCalamities
e.Premeditation
f.Cruelty
Q:DistinguishMurderfromHomicide
MURDER
ART.248
HOMICIDE
ART.249
*letsmakethiseasierkimi
Somebodywaskilled,thekillingwasattendedby
qualifyingaggravatingcircumstances
Somebodywaskilledandwhiletheremighthave
beenotherkindsofaggravatingcircumstances,
therewerenoqualifyingaggravating
circumstances
Q: So if you killed a person without any of the 6 Qualifying Aggravating Circumstances, what is the
crime?
Homicide
Q:Supposetherewasagenericaggravatingcircumstance,howwouldyouclassifythekilling?
Homicide
Q:Whatarethekindsofaggravatingcircumstances?
1. Generic
2. Inherent
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 147
Knotes
3. Specific
4.Qualifying
5. Special*
GENERIC
Attendthe
commissionofany
crime
INHERENT
Areessentialto
thecommissionof
certaincrimes
Maybeoffsetby
ordinary
mitigating
circumstances
Maybeoffsetby
ordinary
mitigating
circumstances
i.e.:dwelling,
nighttime
i.e.:trespassto
dwellinginthe
crimeofrobbery
SPECIFIC
QUALIFYING
Specificallyattend Changethenature
thecommissionof ofacrime
particularcrimes
Maynotbeoffset
Maybeoffsetby
byanordinary
ordinary
mitigating
mitigating
circumstance
circumstances
Requiresa
privileged
i.e.:ignominyin
thecrimeofrape
mitigating
circumstancein
ordertobeoffset
i.e.:treachery,
evident
premeditation,
cruelty
SPECIAL*
Specifically
providedbylaw
Attendonlythe
commissionof
certaincrimes,the
application
theretodictated
bydirect
provision,usually
notappliedin
analogytoother
similarcrimes
unlessprovidedso
bythelaw
i.e.:whenmurder
isattendedbythe
commissionofany
oftheactsof
torture,the
penaltyfor
murdershallbe
imposedinits
maximum(see:
Sec.22,Anti
TortureLaw)
Q: Suppose that in a trial, a qualifying aggravating circumstance is not alleged but the prosecution
introduced a witness and presented evidence proving the existence of such a qualified aggravating
circumstance. The defence did not object, and the qualified aggravating circumstance was actually
proven.WhatistheeffectofthepresenceofthatQAC?
ThecrimeishomicidetheQACwillonlyservetoincreasethepenalty
Q: Suppose a person was killed and the accused was under the influence of alcohol. What crime was
committed?
Homicide
*NB:IntoxicationisnotaQualifiedAggravatingCircumstance.Asperarticle15,RPC,intoxication
is an alternative circumstance which, depending on the conditions attending the crime, may
eitherbeaggravatingormitigating
Q:Supposetheaccusedwasundertheinfluenceofdrugs?
Thecrimeismurder
*NB:Influenceofdrugsisconsideredaqualifyingaggravatingcircumstance,aspersec.25ofthe
ComprehensiveDangerousDrugsAct
Q:Supposetheaccusedusedanunlicensedfirearmtokillthedeceased?
Thecrimeismurder,duetotheuseofanunlicensedfirearm
Q:Willtheaccusedbesimultaneouslyliableforillegalpossessionoffirearm?
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 148
Knotes
No
NOTES:
*Becauseofthenatureofmurder,theobviousconsummationofthecrimeiswhenthevictimisactually
killed.Else,thecrimeisfrustrated/attemptedmurderonly
*Whentherearemorethanonequalifyingaggravatingcircumstancesattendingthekilling,onlyonewill
serve to qualify the offense to murder. The other qualifying circumstances will operate as generic
aggravating circumstances (apparently this means, you cant browbeat the accused by stacking the
qualifyingcircumstances)
*The qualifying circumstance(s) should be alleged in the information. Else, the crime will not become
murderandthosecircumstanceswillbeconsideredgenericaggravatingcircumstances
*There must be INTENT TO KILL if the crime was committed by means of the methods enumerated
under par.3, art.248 (i.e.: inundation, fire, poison etc), but killinga person withTREACHERY is murder,
eveniftherewasnointenttokill,becauseofthevoluntarynatureoftreachery
RULESFORTHEAPPLICATIONOFQUALIFIEDAGGRAVATINGCIRCUMSTANCES
TOTHECRIMEOFMURDER
1. Whenmorethanonecircumstancearepresent,theothersmustbeconsideredasgeneric
aggravatingcircumstances
2. When the other circumstances are absorbed in one qualifying circumstance, they cannot be
consideredasseparategenericaggravatingcircumstances
3. Anyofthequalifyingcircumstancesmustbeallegedintheinformation
*Toconstitutetreachery,themeans,methods,orformsofattackmustbeconsciouslyadopted
*Thekillingachildoftenderyearsconstitutestreachery
*Thecrimeismurderifsuperiorstrengthwastakenadvantageof
*Re:armedmen,themenmusttakepartinthecommissionofthecrime,directlyorindirectly,andthe
accusedmustavailhimselfoftheiraidorrelyuponthem
*TREACHERYand PREMEDITATION are inherent in murder by poison and CANNOT be considered as

aggravatingcircumstancesforthepurposeoffurtherincreasingthepenalty
*ProvingPremeditation:
1.Provetimewhenthedeterminationtokillwasmade
2.Overtactmanifestlyindicatingthattheoffenderclungtohisdetermination
3.Sufficientlapseoftimebetweenthedeterminationandtheexecutionofthekilling
*Atty.Adoesnotspendmuchtimeondiscussingthe 6qualifyingaggravatingcircumstances inmurder

becauseheholdspeopleresponsibleforreviewingtheircriminallaw1notesregardingthe
circumstancesaffectingcriminalliability
ART.249
HOMICIDE
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 149
Knotes
1. Apersonwaskilled
2. Theaccusedkillshimwithoutanyjustifyingcircumstances
3. Theaccusedhadtheintentiontokill,whichispresumed
4.ThekillingwasNOTattendedbyanyofthequalifyingaggravatingcircumstancesofMurder,
orbythoseofParricide/Infanticide
NOTES:
*Intenttokillisconclusivelypresumedwhendeathresulted,becausewithrespecttocrimesofpersonal
violence,thepenallawlooksparticularlytothematerialresultsfollowingtheunlawfulactandholdsthe
aggressorresponsibleforalltheconsequencesthereof
*Evidenceofintenttokillisimportantonlyinattempted/frustratedhomicideinthesecases,ifthereis
nointenttokill,thecrimeisphysicalinjuries
*DeathofthevictimduetohisownrefusaltoseekmedicalattentionisNOTadefence,thathewould
havelivedhadhereceivedpropermedicalaidisimmaterial
*ThereisNOcrimeasfrustratedhomicidethroughimprudence
*Whenthewoundsthatcauseddeathwereinflictedby2differentpersonsactingindependently,evenif
theywerenotinconspiracywitheachother,eachoneisguiltyofhomicide(becauseeitherwoundcould
havecauseddeath)thisruleisapplicablewhenthereisnoconspiracy,otherwise,theactofoneisthe
actofall
*Useofunlicensedfirearmisaggravatinginhomicide.Insuchacase,thecircumstanceisnotconsidered
aseparatecrimebutwillbeappreciatedasamereaggravatingcircumstance
*Inallcrimesagainstpersonsofwhichdeathisanelement,theremustbesatisfactoryevidenceof
1.Thefactofdeath
2. The identity of the victim (ergo, if the victim was unknown, the body unfound, the fact of
deathwasnotsufficientlyestablishedBUTifthevictimwasknownandcouldnothave
survived (i.e.: his hands were tied before being thrown into the water), even if the body was
neverfound,thecorpusdelictiisestablished)
ART.250
PENALTYFORFRUSTRATEDPARRICIDE,
MURDERORHOMICIDE
Q:Howmaythecourtsapplypenaltiesforthe3crimesmentioned?
1. Thepenaltylowerby1degreethanthatwhichshouldbeimposedundertheprovisionsof
art.50maybeimposedontheaccused,inviewofthefacts
2. Consideringthefacts,thecourtsmaylikewisereduceby1degreethepenaltywhichunder
art.51shouldbeimposedforanattempttocommitparricide/murder/homicide
Q:Aretheserulesmandatory?
No,theyarepermissivethecourtsaregivenlatitudetodecidereasonably,andtoimposethe
penaltieswhichalignwiththefacts
NOTES:
*Think:2degreeslowerthanthepenaltyimposedbythelawforfrustratedparricide/murder/homicide;
3degreeslowerforattemptedparricide/murder/homicide/
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 150
Knotes
ART.251
DEATHCAUSEDINATUMULTUOUSAFFRAY
*NB:Think,deathinthecourseofafreeforalllol
1.Thereareseveralpersons
2. They didNOTcomposegroupsorganized forthecommonpurposeofassaultingand
attackingeachotherreciprocally
3. Theyquarrelledandassaultedoneanotherinaconfusedandtumultuousmanner
4.Someonewaskilledinthecourseoftheaffray
5. Itcannotbeascertainedwhoactuallykilledhim
6.Theperson/swhoinflictedphysicalinjuriesorwhousedviolencecanbeidentified
Q:Giveanexample
*NB:Thisiseasy,justremembertheadjectivesconfusedandtumultuous.Thereoughttobe
a melee out there, with no two groups fighting in an organized manner. Something like a
spontaneous altercation like in a bar. Conjure up a picture of someone drunk, who heard
somethinghedidntlikeandallhellbreakslooselol(what?barfightsamuseme:P)kimi
Q:Willthisprovisionapplyifthepersonwhokilledthedeceasedcanbeidentified?
No,ifhecanbeidentifiedhisliabilityistheoneformurder/homicide
Q:Whoareliable?
1.Thepersons/swhoinflictedtheseriousphysicalinjuries
2. Ifsuchpersonsareunknown,allpersonswhousedviolenceuponthedeceased(withlesser
penalties)
Q:Howmanypersonsshouldtherebeinorderforittobeatumultuousaffray?
Atleastfour
Q: Suppose 2 rival gangs met in alley and assaulted each other. One person died in the courseof the
fight.Doesthisprovisionapply?
Nothegroupsmustnotbe(a)identifiedand/or(b)organized
ART.252
PHYSICALINJURIESINFLICTEDINA
TUMULTUOUSAFFRAY
1.Thereisatumultuousaffrayasreferredtoinart.251
2. Aparticipant/some participants thereof suffered serious physicalinjuries/less serious
physicalinjuries
3. Thepersonresponsiblefortheinjuriescannotbeidentified
4.All those who appear to have used violence upon the person of the offended party are
known
Q:Ifthepersonresponsiblefortheinjuriescanbeidentified,whatishisliability?
PhysicalInjuries
Q:Isitrequiredthattheinjuredpartymustbeaparticipantintheaffray?
Yes
Q:Whatiftheoffendercanbeidentified,buttheinjurieswereonlyofaslightnature?
Thisprovisiondoesnotapply
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 151
Knotes
ART.253
GIVINGASSISTANCETOSUICIDE
1. Assistinganothertocommitsuicide,whetherconsummatedornot(i.e.:furnishinghimwith
themeanstocommitsuicide)
2. Lendingassistancetoanothertocommitsuicidetotheextentofdoingthekillinghimself
Q:Giveanexample
Q:Whatdoyoumeanbysuicide?
Selfdestruction,thewilfultakingofonesonelife
Q:Isthesuicidalpersonliable,supposingtheattempttotakehislifefails?
Noheisnot
Q:Supposeanabortionresultsfromthesuicidalactofapregnantwoman.Isthewomanliableforthe
abortion?
No
Q:Whynot?
Suicideisnotacrimeunderourpenallaws.Sincethewomanisnotliableforattemptingsuicide,
sheisalsonotliablefortheresultofthatattempt
Q:Supposeyoufeelthatyouwillfailcriminallaw2.Youaskedyourclassmatetopushyouofftheledge
whileyoustandatthetopofthisbuilding.Insteadofdying,youwereabletorecover.Mayyoubeliable?
No,thepartycommittingsuicideisnotliable
*NB: curious, thisPerhaps because suicidal people are not truly balanced? I found myself
involuntarily staring off into spacecontemplating thereasonfor the lack of liabilityof the
suicidalparty.Atanyrate,thelawisntconcernedwithhis/hermotives.Itisenoughthatthelaw
doesnotmakethatpersonliablekimi
Q:Whataboutyourclassmate?
He/sheisliableunderart.253
Q: Suppose you saw your grandmother suffering from a disease, she asked for your help, and you
decidedtoperformactsthatconstituteeuthanasia(mercykilling).Willyoubeliable?
Yes(see:2nd punishableact,assistancetotheextentofdoingthekillingyourself)
Q:Soyouresayingthatthelawconsidersthiskindofeuthanasiasynonymoustoassistingsuicide?
Yes,itdoes
*NB: for purposes of this question note that the suicidal person (grandma) requested your
helpinendingherlife.Evenifsherequestedit,thelawmakesyouliable.Consentofthevictim,
therefore,isneithermitigatingnorjustifying.Iwhollydisagreewiththispartofthelaw,Ithink
sufferingvictims should be given the righttochoose their manner ofdeath butmy opinions
carry no weight as far as this provision goes. The law is clear: help anybody die even for
humanitarian reasons as defined under existent theories for euthanasia and you are liable.
(Needlesstosay,Ipersonallymakeaquietdistinction betweenhelpingdementedpersonsdie
which I believe is wrong because they are not aware of the consequences of their action and
could very well be obfuscated and helping terminally ill, medicallydiagnosed, physically
sufferingpatientsdie;thatlastgroup,Ithink,iftheycanbeproventohavereachedalucidand
wilfuldecisiontoendthepain,shouldbegivenachoice.)kimi
Q:Issuicidelawful?
Yes
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 152
Knotes
*NB:bylawful,wedontmeanrightormoralorgood.Whatismeantbylawfulisthatthe
act is not considered a crime, much less punished as such, by the law. Saying something is
lawfulisineffectstatingthatthereisanabsenceof alawpunishingtheact,itisNOTsaying
thattheactismorallyorproperlygood
ART.254
DISCHARGEOFFIREARM
1. Theoffenderdischargesafirearmatanotherperson
2. Hehasnointentiontokillthatperson
Q:Howisthisdifferentfromalarmsandscandals?
Here,thepersonactuallyaimsagunandfiresatanotherhumanbeing
Q:Distinguishthisfromattemptedmurder
Underart.254,thereisnointenttokillwhetheractualorpresumedbylaw
Q:Whatisthepurposeoftheoffenderinart.254?
Tointimidateorfrightentheoffendedparty
Q:Howwouldyouknowifthecrimeisillegaldischargeoffirearmorgravethreats?
Gravethreatsinvolveacondition;IllegalDischargeoffirearm(whileitiscommittedina
threateningmanner)doesnotinvolveacondition
Q:Agunwasaimedatthehouseofyourneighbour.Isthispunishableunderart.254?
No,thecrimeisalarmsandscandals
Q:AgunwasaimedatA,butwhenitwasdischarged,theshootershiftedandasaresult,thebulletwas
firedafewinchestoAsright.Whatcrimedidtheshootercommit?
IllegalDischargeofFirearm
NOTES
*Actualdischargeoftheguniscontrolling,andthegunmustbeaimedatsomebodynotsomething
*Apersoncanbeheldliablefordischargeevenifthegunwasnotpointedattheoffendedpartywhenit
fired,aslongasitwasinitiallyaimedattheoffendedparty
*Theremustbenointentiontokill
*Intent to kill is negated by the distance between the offender and the victim (I honestly think this is
ridiculous,consideringthatacracksnipersay,amemberoftheUSMarineSniperCompanycantake
you out with a headshot from a kilometre away thats 1,000 metres, worrrd. And yes, I know more
about guns and shooting than most girls do, I like stuff that have to do with the military not the
Philippinemilitary,ofcoursebecausewevenosuchthingtospeakoflol)kimi
*Thisprovisionsisalreadyirrelevant,consideringthenatureofgunswehavenow.Isnotthenatureof
theweaponindicationenoughofintenttokill?YouFIREDAGUNatsomebodyAtty.A
SECTIONTWOINFANTICIDEANDABORTION
*suggestedreading:forinformationssake,Roev.Wadekimi
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 153
Knotes
ART.255
INFANTICIDE
1.Achildwaskilled
2. Itwaslessthan3days(72hours)old
3. Theaccusedkilledthatchild
Q:Distinguishthisfromabortion
Inabortion,thevictimisafoetus.Ininfanticide,thevictimisachildlessthan3daysold
Q:Supposeastrangerkilleda48houroldbabywiththeuseofpoison.Whatcrimedidhecommit?
Infanticide
*NOT murder, notwithstanding the use of poison, which would have resulted in murder if the
victim had not been a 2day old child. The age of the victim is controlling, with respect to
infanticide
Q:Supposethemotherkilledher29houroldbaby.Whatcrimedidshecommit?
Infanticide
Q:Maythepenaltyforinfanticidebemitigated?
Itdepends
Q:Onwhat?
Onwhocommitted the crime,andfor whatreason Ifthe personwhokilled the childwasits
own mother or maternal grandparents, and the killing was done to conceal dishonour, the
penaltymaybemitigated
*NB: I extremely disagree with this part of the law. The original notes forthisstated that
providedtheyareofgoodcharacter.Inanyevent,howisgoodcharactersupposedtosquare
with killing a baby less than 3 days old? I think that only complete insanity should excuse a
mother for killing her child, and no circumstance should excuse that mothers parents the
childsmaternalgrandparentsfromkillingit,honourornohonourkimi
Q:Supposethechildwasborndead,oralthoughbornalive,couldnotsustainanindependentlifeofits
own.Isthereinfanticide?
No,thechildcouldnotsustainalifeofitsown
NOTES
*WhentheoffenderistheFATHER,MOTHERorLEGITIMATEASCENDANTofthechild,theoffendershall
suffer the penalty prescribed for parricide. If the offender is another person, the penalty is that for
murder
*Only the mother and the maternal grandparents of the child are entitled to the mitigating
circumstanceofconcealingdishonour(thisisdeplorablekimi)
*WhatismaterialhereistheAGEofthechild,notthequalifyingcircumstancesortherelationshipof
theoffendertothevictimAtty.A
*Astrangerwhocooperatedinthekillingisalsoguiltyofinfanticide,butthepenaltyisthatformurder
*Thereisnoinfanticideifthechildisborndeadoralthoughbornalive,couldnotsustainanindependent
lifeofitsown
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 154
Knotes
ART.256
INTENTIONALABORTION
1. Thereisapregnantwoman
2. Violenceisexertedonher;ordrugsorbeveragesadministeredto her;ortheaccused
otherwiseactsuponthepregnantwoman
3. Asaresultoftheuseofviolence/drugs/beverages/anyotheractoftheaccused,thefoetus
dies,eitherinthewomborfromhavingbeenexpelledtherefrom
4.Theabortionwasintended
Q:Whatarethewaysofcommittingintentionalabortion?
1. Byusinganyviolenceuponthepersonofthepregnantwoman
2. Byacting,butwithoutusingviolence,withouttheconsentofthewoman
3. Byactingwiththeconsentofthepregnantwoman
Q:Whoareliable?
1. Thepregnantwoman,ifsheconsentedtotheabortion
2. Anypersonwhocausedtheabortionwithorwithoutthewomansconsent
Q:Isitnecessarythatthevictimofabortionmustbeunabletoliveonitsown?
Yes
Q:Whatifthefoetuswaskilledafterhavingbeenseparatedfromthewomb?
Ifitcouldsustainalifeofitsown,thecrimeisinfanticide
ART.257
UNINTENTIONALABORTION
1. Thereisapregnantwoman
2. Violenceisusedonherwithoutintendinganabortion
3. Theviolenceisintentionallyexerted
4.Asa result of theviolence,thefoetus dieseitherinthewomborafterhaving been
expelledtherefrom
Q:Maytherebeacrimeofunintentionalabortionthroughrecklessimprudence?
No,theviolencemustbeintentionallyexertediftheviolenceresultedfromimprudence,there
isnoconformitytotheelementsofart.257andtherefore,nocrimeofthatnature
Q: Supposeajeepneydriver whowasdrivingrecklessly hit apregnantwoman. She wasthrownafew
metresaway,asaresultofwhich,shesufferedanabortion.Whatcrimedidthedrivercommit?
PhysicalInjuriestheviolencewasnotintended
Q:Supposeapregnantwomanhadanargumentwithherhusband.Heslappedher,whichcausedherto
fallandlosethebaby.Isheliableunderart.257?
Yes
Q:Supposehedidnotslapherbuttheargumentcausedthewifetobleedandlosethebaby.Isheliable?
No,therewasnoviolenceexerted
ART.258
ABORTIONPRACTICEDBYTHEWOMANHERSELF
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 155
Knotes
ORBYHERPARENTS
1.Thereisapregnantwomanwhohassufferedanabortion
2. Theabortionwasintended
3. Itwascausedby
a.Thepregnantwomanherself
b.Anyotherpersonwithherconsent
c. Anyofherparentswithherconsent
Q:Doesconcealingdishonouroperateasamitigatingcircumstancehere,asfarasthewomanis
concerned?
Yes
Q:Whoisentitledtoinvokeit?
ThewomanONLY
Q:Whataboutherparents?
TheymayNOTinvokeit
*NB: while it is true that under infanticide, the maternal grandparents may also invoke the
mitigatingcircumstanceofconcealingdishonour,thisisnotthecasewithart.258(Ihonestlydo
notknow why, consideringthat in infanticide, a living, breathing, child is killed, as opposed to
the termination of a nameless, not yet fully formed foetus not to say that one crime is less
reprehensiblethantheother,butthedistinctioniscertainlyodd,isntit?kimi)
NOTES
*Instanceswhenthewomanisliable:(1)whensheperformstheabortionherself;(2)whensheconsents
thatanyotherpersonorherparentsperformtheabortion
*personsliable:(1)thewoman(underpar.1);(2)theotherperson;(3)thewomansparents
ART.259
ABORTIONPRACTICEDBYAPHYSICIAN
ORMIDWIFEANDDISPENSINGOFABORTIVES
1.Thereisapregnantwomanwhohassufferedanabortion
2. Theabortionisintended
3. Theoffender,whomustbeaphysician/midwife,causestheabortionorassistsincausingit
4.Thephysician/midwifetakesadvantageofhis/herscientificknowledgeorskill
**NB:elementsoftheoffense,asfaraspharmacistsareconcerned:
a.Theoffenderisapharmacist
b.Thereisnoproperprescriptionfromaphysician
c. Hedispensesanyabortive
Q:Maythisbecommittedthroughrecklessimprudence?
No,theoffendermustknowinglytakeadvantageofhis/herscientificknowledgeorskill
SECTIONTHREEDUEL
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 156
Knotes
ART.260
RESPONSIBILITYOFPARTICIPANTS
INADUEL
1.Killingonesadversary
2. Inflictingphysicalinjuriesonanadversary
3. Participatingincombat,althoughnophysicalinjurieshavebeeninflicted
Q:Whatisaduel?
Aformalorregularcombatpreviouslyconcertedbetween2partiesinthepresenceof2ormore
Seconds of lawful age on each side, who make the selection of arms and fix all the other
conditionsofthefight
*NB:Think:HeathLedgerinthemovieAKnightsTale;orJimCavieselinTheCountofMonte
Cristoyes,thisissoarchaic(nottomention,itsoundsridiculous.Somedieval.Sodarkages)
kimi
Q:Whomaybeliable?
1.Thepersonwhokilledhisopponent,orwhoinflictedinjuries
2. TheSecondsareliableasaccomplices
Q:Supposenoonewasinjuredorharmedintheduel.Canthecombatantsstillbeheldliable?
Yes
Q:Oneofthecombatantswasseriouslyinjuredbuthesurvived.Mayhestillbeliableforparticipatingin
aduel?
Yes
ART.261
CHALLENGINGTOADUEL
1. Challenginganothertoaduel
2. Incitinganothertogiveoracceptachallengetoaduel
3. Scoffingatordecryinganotherpubliclyforhavingrefusedtoacceptachallengetofighta
duel
Q:Whoareliable?
1. Thechallenger
2. Theinstigators
CHAPTERTWO
PHYSICALINJURIES
ART.262
MUTILATION
Q:Whatismutilation?
Thelopingoff,orclippingoff,ofsomepartofthebody
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:WhoaretheSeconds?
CRIMINALLAWII 157
Knotes
*NB:puttingoutaneyeisnotmutilation
Q:Whatarethe2kindsofmutilation?
1. Intentionally mutilating another by depriving him, either totally or partially of some
essentialorganforreproduction
2. Intentionally making other mutilations lopping off, or clipping off, any part of the body
other than the essential organs for reproduction, to deprive someone of that part of his
body
Q:Distinguishmutilationfromphysicalinjuries
InMutilation,theoffenderactswiththedeliberateintenttodeprivesomeoneoftheuseofa
partofthebody;
InPhysicalInjuries,theoffenderspurposeismerelytoinflictbodilyinjury
Q: How would you know if the injuries inflicted constitute the crime of mutilation or
attempted/frustratedhomicide?
Byascertainingthepresenceorabsenceofintenttokill
ART.263
SERIOUSPHYSICALINJURIES
By
1. Wounding
2. Beating
3. Assaulting;or
4.Administeringinjurioussubstances
Q:Whataretheinjuriescontemplated?
1. Insanity,imbecility,impotencyorcompleteblindness
2. Loss of the senses (i.e: speech, hearing, smell), loss of limbs (i.e.: hand, foot, arm or leg),
partialblindness(lossofonlyoneeye);permanentincapacityforwork
3. Deformity orthelossofanotherpartofthebody; LossoftheUSEofanyotherpartofthe
body;incapacityforlabourformorethan90days
4.Illnessorincapacityfromlabourformorethan30days
Q:How wouldyouknowif thecrimewas seriousphysicalinjuriesormurder/ homicide/ parricide/

infanticide?
Presence/absenceofintenttokill
REPUBLICACT8049
THEANTIHAZINGLAW
REPUBLICACT8049
ANTIHAZINGLAW
SummaryofImportantDefinitionsandSalientProvisions
Sec.1
Hazing:
Any initiation rite or practice as aprerequisite for admission into membership in afraternity,
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Supposethatduringtherecruitmentofaneophyte,andhisinitiationintoafraternity,theneophyte
sufferedinjurieswhichlastedformorethan30days.Whataretheliabilitiesofthefraternitymembers?
ViolationsoftheAntiHazingLaw
CRIMINALLAWII 158
Knotes
sorority or organization by placing the recruit, neophyte or applicant in some embarrassingor

humiliatingsituationssuchasforcinghimtodomenial,silly,foolishandsimilartasksor
activitiesorotherwisesubjectinghimtophysicalorpsychologicalsufferingorinjury
Organization:
Includes any club of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, the Philippine National Police, the
Philippine Military Academy, or Cadet Corps of the Citizens Military Training or Citizens Army
Training
Sec.2
*Priorwrittennotice to the school authorities/head ofthe organization 7 daysbeforethe conduct of

suchinitiationwhichshallnotexceed3days
*Noticeshallincludethenamesofthosetobesubjectedtosuchactivities,andanundertakingthatno
physicalviolenceshallbeemployedbyanybodyduringsuchrites
Sec.3
*Atleast2representativesoftheschool ororganization mustbepresenttoseetoitthatnophysical

harmofanykindshallbeinflicted
Sec.4
*Ifthepersonsubjecttohazingorotherformsofinitiation ritessuffersanyphysicalinjuryordiesas a
result thereof, the officers and members of the fraternity, sorority, or organization who actually
participatedintheinflictionofphysicalharmshallbeliableasprincipals
*The responsible officials of the school or ofthe police, militaryor citizens army trainingorganization
may impose the appropriate administrative sanctions on the person/s charged under these provisions
evenbeforetheirconviction
*Themaximumpenaltyhereinprovidedshallbeimposedinanyofthefollowinginstances:
a) When the recruitment is accompanied by force, violence, threat, intimidation or deceit on the
personoftherecruitwhorefusestojoin;
b) Whentherecruit,neophyte,orapplicantinitiallyconsentstojoinbutuponlearningthathazing
willbecommittedonhisperson,ispreventedfromquitting;
c)Whentherecruit,neophyteorapplicanthavingundergonehazingispreventedfromreporting
the unlawful act to his parents/guardians, to the proper school authorities, or to the police
authorities,throughforce,violence,threatorintimidation;
d) Whenthehazingiscommittedoutsideoftheschoolorinstitution;or
e) Whenthevictimisbelow12atthetimeofthehazing
*Theowneroftheplacewherehazingisconductedshallbeliableasanaccomplice,whenhehasactual
knowledge of the hazing conducted therein but failed to take any action to prevent the same from
occurring
*If the hazing is held in the home of one of the officers/members of the fraternity, group or
organization, the parents shall be held liable as principals when they have actual knowledge of the
hazingconductedthereinbutfailedtotakeanyactiontopreventthesamefromoccurring
*The school authorities including the faculty members who consent to the hazing or who have actual
knowledge thereof, butfailed totake action to prevent the same from occurringshall bepunished as
accomplicesfortheactsofhazingcommittedbytheperpetrators
*The officers, former officers, or alumni of the organization, group, fraternity or sorority whoactually
plannedthehazingalthoughnotpresentwhentheactsconstitutingthehazingwerecommittedshallbe
liableasprincipals
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 159
Knotes
*The presence of any person during the hazing is prima facie evidence of participation therein as a
principalunlesshepreventedthecommissionoftheactspunishableherein
*Anypersonchargedunderthisprovisionshallnotbeentitledtothemitigatingcircumstancethatthere
wasnointentiontocommitsograveawrong
AuthorsNote:
~Kimiko
Q:Whatishazing?
Q:howisitcommitted?
*NB:seesec.1
Q:Whataretheorganizationscoveredandthosethatarenot?
*NB:seesec.1
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
February19,2012,Sunday,sawthisparticular pieceoflegislationcomealiveinawaythisblock
couldneverhaveanticipated.Oneofourown,MarvinP.Reglos,wassettojointheLambdaRho
Beta Fraternity and would be initiated that day. He died as a result of the injuries inflicted on
him during the initiation. His death shocked all levels of the academe and was aired over a
period ofweeks on national news channels. We all watched the story piece itselftogether. He
wastakentoapoolsideresortinAntipolo,RizallateonFebruary18(Saturday).Thenextday,at
around3pm orthereabout, a red Honda Civic stopped bythe emergencyroomof Unciano
Medical Centre, and Marvin was left to the care of the attending doctors. He was pronounced
dead after doctors tried in vain to revive him for 20 minutes. Later that afternoon, 2
unidentified men showed up at the medical centre, claiming to be friends of Marvin, and
wanting to know how he wasdoing. They claimed that they had receivedmessages,informing
themthatMarvinwasatthecentre(ablatantlie whichthedoctorspromptlyrefuted.Nobody
in that centre alerted them to Marvins condition he died alone). The police who were then
investigatingthedeathtookthemintocustody.Murderchargeswerefiledagainstthose2men
lateridentifiedasformerBedanlawstudentsandafewothers,includingtheGrandRhoanof
theFraternity. AsI write this (May27, 2012), trial isstill ongoing. Thereare nowords at all to
describe the horror of what we went through as we travelled to Antipolo and saw him for
ourselves,theagonyofwatchingafatherweepoverhissoninamorgue(thatfathersscreams
echoforeverinthedarkestcornersofmydreams),andofamotherarrivinghomefrom South
Korea tobe at hersons wakeand the funeral thatwould follow.Wemade the 15hour trip to
Marvins hometown of Burgos, Isabela where we were met with the anger of an entire
community people who hated what was done to him, the brutality he was subjected to
People who did not know that it was our loss too. Im writing this because Marvin was my
friend. And because his story deserves to be told. Unequivocally, I would like to state that I
denounce the useof violenceas arequisite for membership in anyorganization. Noamount of
justificationcansupplythelackingprinciplenotloyalty,orbrotherhood,orstrengthor
courage;notevenconsent.Marvinmadethemistakeofthinkingthatbeinginafraternitywasa
way to help boost survival within the law school, and an avenue for acceptance. Those same
people he looked to for support took his life even as he trusted them with it. The extreme
cruelty with which they had treated my friend was evident from the injuries he bore
everywhereskinshowed,therewerebruises.Hediedofkidneyfailure,theautopsyreportsaid;
kidney failure from the sheer loss of blood.So ended the dreams of our kind, funny Marvin
eldest among 3 siblings born to a farmer and an OFW. So much for the vaunted ideals of
brotherhood which those particularfraternity membersclearlynegated when they arrogated
tothemselvestherighttotakealife.Theydeservenoneofthissocietyssympathy.
CRIMINALLAWII 160
Knotes
Q:Whoareliable?
1. PRINCIPALS:
a. The members or officers of the organization who participated in the infliction of
harm,ifthepersonsubjectedtohazingsuffersanyphysicalinjuryordiesasaresult
thereof
b.Parents ofamember ofthe organization, when thehazinghas beencarried outin
that members homeandthe parents had actualknowledgeof the hazing,and
failedtopreventit
c. Officers, former officers, alumniof the organization who planned the hazing,
althoughtheywerenotactuallypresentduringtheevent
d.Persons actually present during the initiation who fail to prove that they acted to
preventthesame
2. ACCOMPLICES:
a.Theowneroftheplacewherehazingtookplace,ifhehadactualknowledgeofthe
hazingandfailedtopreventit
b.School authorities and faculty members who had actual knowledge of the hazing
andfailedtopreventit
Q:Whatarethelegalrequirementsregardingtheconductofinitiationrites?
Prior written notice to the school authorities/organization head containing the names of the
memberswhowillbeparticipating,andsubmitted7daysbeforetheevent.
Thenoticemustalsocontainanundertakingthatnophysicalviolenceshallbeemployedbyany
personduringtherites
2school/organizationauthorities must be presentduringtheinitiation ritesto insurethatno

physicalharmshallbeinflicted
Q:Whatisthelegaleffectonthemitigationofliability,asfarasbeingchargedwithaviolationofthis
speciallawisconcerned?
Theaccusedisnotentitledtothemitigatingcircumstancethattherewasnointentionto
commitsograveawrong
Q:Whatisthepresumptionofthelaw,withregardstopersonsactuallypresentduringthehazing?
Personswhoarepresentduringthehazingarepresumedtohaveparticipatedthereinas
principalsunlesstheycanprovethattheypreventedthecommissionofthehazing
NOTES:
*Seriousphysicalinjuriesmaybecommittedthroughrecklessimprudenceorsimpleimprudence
*Impotencyandsterilityarenotsynonymous
*Blindnessrequireslossofvisioninbotheyesorone,itdoesnotincludemereweaknessofvision
*Re:physicalinjuries,atoothisconsideredamemberofthebody
*Deformity involves physical ugliness, permanent and definite abnormality. It includes scarsor bodily
impairments that are (a) not curable by natural means or by nature; as well as (b) conspicuous and
visible(i.e.:ifitscoveredbyclothing,evenifitdoeshappentobeahorriblescar,itisntdeformity,as
farasthelawisconcerned)
*Lossofhearingmustbeinbothears;elsetheinjuryismerelyconsideredalossoftheuseofonepartof
thebody,notdeafnessasinlossofthepowertohear
*Labourincludeswork,studiesorpreparationforaprofession
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 161
Knotes
*When the category of the offense of serious physical injuries depends on the period of the
illness/incapacityforlabour,theremustbeevidenceofthelengthofthatperiod,elsetheoffensewillbe
consideredmerelyasslightphysicalinjuries
*Thereisnoincapacityforlabouriftheinjuredpartycouldstillengageinhisworkalbeitlesseffectively
thanbefore
*Serious physicalinjuries is qualified when the crime is committedagainst the same persons
enumerated under parricide; or when it is attended by any of the circumstances definingthe crime of
murder HOWEVER, serious physical injuries resulting from excessive chastisement by parents is not
qualified(thisisanotherthingIdisapproveofexcessivechastisementbyparentsshouldbequalified
no parent should be able to escape a higher penalty for seriously hurting a child just because he/she
happenstobethatchildsparentkimi)
ART.264
ADMINISTERINGINJURIOUSSUBSTANCES
ORBEVERAGES
1.Theoffenderinflictedanyseriousphysicalinjuriesonanother
2. Itwasdonebyknowinglyadministeringanysubstancesorbeveragesortakingadvantageof
thevictimsweaknessofmindorcredulity
3. Theoffenderhadnointenttokill
Q:Whatarethepenaltiesforthiscrime?
Thoseestablishedbythearticleonseriousphysicalinjuries
Q:Supposetheresultinginjurywasnotofaseriousnature
Art.264isnotapplicable
Q:Whatcrimewascommittediftheoffenderpossessedintenttokill?
FrustratedMurder
ART.265
LESSSERIOUSPHYSICALINJURIES
Q:Distinguishthisfromattemptedorfrustratedmurder/homicide
Thereisnointenttokillinlessseriousphysicalinjuries
Q:Maythisbecommittedthroughnegligence?
Yes
1. Manifestintenttoinsultoroffendtheinjuredperson
2. Presenceofcircumstancesaddingignominytotheoffense
3. Relationship
a.Ifthevictimiseithertheoffendersparent,ascendant,guardian,curatororteacher
b.Ifthevictimisapersonofrankorapersoninauthority,providedthatthecrimedoes
notfallunderDirectAssault
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Whatarelessseriousphysicalinjuries?
Physicalinjuriesnotdescribedbylawasserious(see:arts.263,264)butwhichshallincapacitate
theoffendedpartyforlabourfor10daysormore(but notmorethan30days),orshallrequire
medicalattendanceforthesameperiod
CRIMINALLAWII 162
Knotes
ART.266
SLIGHTPHYSICALINJURIES
ANDMALTREATMENT
Q:Whenareinjuriesconsideredtobeofaslightnature?
1. When the offended partywasincapacitated forlabourfrom 19 days, orshall requiremedical
attendanceduringthesameperiod
2. Whentheoffendedpartyhassustainedinjurieswhichdonotpreventhimfromengaginginhis
habitualworknorrequiremedicalattendance
3. Whentheoffenderilltreatsanotherbydeedwithoutcausinganyinjury
CHAPTERTHREE
RAPE
(AsamendedbyRepublicAct8353)
*NB:Forobviousreasons,thischaptercomposesoneconsolidateddiscussion
ART.266A
RAPE,WHENANDHOWCOMMITTED
ART.266B
PENALTIES
ART.266C
EFFECTOFPARDON
ART.266D
PRESUMPTIONS
Q:Howisrapeclassified?
Rapeisclassifiedasapubliccrime,acrimeagainstpersons
Q:Beforebeingincludedundercrimesagainstpersons,whatTitlewasRapeunder?
Rapeusedtobeacrimeagainstchastity,andassuch,aprivatecrime
Q:Whatisapubliccrime?
Anycrimewhichmaybeprosecutedexofficio(bythepublicprosecutor)
Q:WhatisthelegaleffectofthereclassificationandredefinitionofRapeunderRA8353?
1. MaritalRapehasbecomeapunishableoffense
2. Rape has become a public crime (whereas before, only the offended party may institute the
charges)
3. Rapewasmadeanonbailableoffense
4.Rapecannowbecommittednotonlythroughsexualintercoursebutalsothroughsexual
assault
Q:Howisrapecommitted?
1. By a man who shall have carnal knowledge of a woman under any of the following
circumstances:
a.Throughforce,threatorintimidation
b.Whentheoffendedpartyisdeprivedofreasonorisotherwiseunconscious
c. Bymeansoffraudulentmachinationorgraveabuseofauthority
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 163
Knotes
d.When the offended party is under 12 or isdemented, even though none of the
circumstancesmentionedaboveispresent
2. Byanypersonwho,underanyofthecircumstancesmentionedinpar.1ofart.266A,shall
commit any act of sexual assault by inserting his penis into another persons mouth or anal
orifice,oranyinstrumentorobject,intothegenitaloranalorificeofanotherperson
*NB:heresatabletohelpyouout,Ifoundthebookratherdisorganizedwhenitcametothis
Kimi
ELEMENTSOFRAPEUNDERPAR.1
(rapethroughsexualintercourse)
1. Theoffenderisaman
2. Hehadcarnalknowledgeofawoman
3. Suchanactisaccomplishedunderthe
followingcircumstances:
a.Byusingforce/intimidation
b.Whenthewomanisdeprivedof
reasonorisunconscious
c. Bymeansoffraudulentmachination
orgraveabuseofauthority
d.Thewomanisunder12orisdemented
ELEMENTSOFRAPEUNDERPAR.2
(rapethroughsexualassault)
1. Theoffendercommitsanactofsexual
assault
2. Theactiscommittedbyanyofthe
followingmeans:
a.Byinsertinghispenisintoanother
personsmouthoranalorifice;or
b.Byinsertinganyinstrument/object
intothegenital/analorificeofanother
person
3. Theactisaccomplishedunderanyofthe
followingcircumstances:
a.Byusingforce/intimidation
b.Whenthewomanisdeprivedof
reasonorisunconscious
c. Bymeansoffraudulentmachination
orgraveabuseofauthority
d.Thewomanisunder12orisdemented
Q:Whatarethequalifyingaggravatingcircumstancesinrape?
1. When the victim is under 18 and the offender is a parent, ascendant, stepparent, guardian,
relativebyconsanguinityoraffinitywithinthe3rd civildegree,orthecommonlawspouseofthe
victimsparent
2. When the victim is under the custody of the police or military authorities or any law
enforcementorpenalinstitution
3. When the rape is committed in full view of the spouse, parent, any of the children or other
relativeswithinthe3rd civildegreeofconsanguinity
4.When the victim is a religious engaged in legitimate religious vocation or calling and is
personally known to be such by the offender before or at the time of the commission of the
crime
5. Whenthevictimisachildbelow7yearsold
6.When the offender knows that he is afflicted with HIV/AIDS or any other sexually transmitted
diseasesandthevirus/diseaseistransmittedtothevictim
7. WhencommittedbyanymemberoftheAFPorparamilitaryunitsthereoforthePNPoranylaw
enforcement agency or penal institution, when the offender took advantage of his position to
facilitatethecommissionofthecrime
8. When by reason or on the occasion of the rape, the victim has suffered permanent physical
mutilationordisability
9.Whentheoffenderknewofthepregnancyoftheoffendedpartyatthetimeofthecommission
ofthecrime
10. When the offender knew of thementaldisability,emotional disorder and/orphysical handicap
oftheoffendedpartyatthetimeofthecommissionoftheoffense
*NB: As always, I found it simpler to memorize this by taking key words and associating the key
wordswiththeentirecircumstance,heresmylist:
1.Ageandrelationship
2.Officialcustody
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 164
Knotes
3.Ignominy(think:fullviewofrelatives)
4.PriestsandNuns(nodisrespectmeant)
5.Below7
6.Venerealdiseases(HIV/AIDS/STDs)
7.LawEnforcement/Prison
8.Mutilation/Disability
9.Pregnancy
10.MentalDeficiency
Q:Mayawomancommitrape?
Yes
Q:Mayawomanbecriminallyliableforrapeunderthe1 st manner(sexualintercourse)asaprincipalby
inducement?
Yes
Q:Byindispensiblecooperation?
Yes
Q:Howaboutasaprincipalbydirectparticipation?
Yes,butONLYifthereisaconspiracy
Q:Asanaccompliceoraccessory?
Yes
Q:Underthe1st mannerofcommittingrape,musttherebesexualintercourse?
Yes, elseonly acts oflewdness arebeing performed andthe crime is therefore acts of
lasciviousness,notrape
Q:Whatismeantbycarnalknowledge?(anybodywhocantanswerthisshouldntbeinlawschool:P
kimi)
Q:Intheeventthatforceisused,whatdegreeofresistancemustbeputupbytheoffendedparty?
Thesamedegreeshewouldemployhadshebeenfightingforherlife
*NB: Remember though, that in cases where the force is overwhelming and resistance would
have been futile (think: sorry for the graphic illustration, but picture a scenario of gang rape
withgunsthrowninforgoodmeasure),thelawdoesnotrequirethatthe womanshouldhave
resisted,muchlessresistedstronglyitisnotnecessarythatsheshouldhaveresisteduptothe
pointofdeath
Q:Inrapethroughforceandintimidation,isitnecessarythattherebefullpenetration?
No,partialpenetrationissufficient
Q:Supposethewomandidnotresist,butwasmerelyreluctant.Isthemanliable?
No
Q:Supposesomeformofdrugwasplacedinanunwillingwomansdrink,andasaresultofdrinkingit,
hersexualappetiteswerearoused.Theactwasconsummated.Isthemanliable?
Yes,themanemployedfraudulentmachination
Q:Supposeamanhadsexwithadeafmutewoman.Mayitbeconsideredrape?
Notintheabsenceofanyproofthatthewomanwasanimbecile
Q: Suppose a man raped a feebleminded woman who was not completely deprived of reason. Is he
liable?
Yes,deprivationofreasondoesnothavetobecompletementaldeficiencyissufficient
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 165
Knotes
Q:Supposeanunconsciousgirlwokeuptofindamanontopofherandshedidnotofferanyresistance.
Isthemanliable?
Itdepends
If there was already partial penetration, resistance is unnecessary, the crime has been
consummated,andthemanisliable
Iftherewasnopenetrationyet,andshedidnotresist,themanisnotliable
Q: When rape is committed by means of fraudulent machination orgrave abuse of authority, isit
necessarythattherebeforce,threatorintimidation
No
Q:Sothewomanmayactuallyconsenttothecrime?
Yes,butherconsentwouldhavebeenobtainedfraudulentlyanddoesnotservetomitigateor
justifythecrime
Q:Supposeamanbeatawomanunconsciousbeforehavingcarnalknowledgeofher,isheliable?Under
whatmannerofcommission?
Yes,heisliableunderthe2nd manner
Q:Supposeheadministerednarcoticstothewoman
Heisliableunderthe2nd manner
Q:Supposeyourboyfriendpickedyouupfordinner,butinsteadofdrivingtotherestaurant,hedrove
toasecludedplaceandcommittedtheactagainstyou.Isheliable?How?
Yes,heisliablebyemployingfraudulentmachination
Q:Supposethatbyvirtueofapromisemadebyyourboyfriend,youagreedtohavesexualintercourse.
Whenyoufoundoutyouwerepregnant,hedisappeared.Isheliable?Whatcrimedidhecommit?
Yes,heisliableforrapethroughfraudulentmachination
*NB:Rememberpersons?Yeah,theGasheemShokatBakshcasebreachofpromisetomarryis
notactionableundercivillaw,exceptwithrespecttomaterialcostsincurred,butundercriminal
law, a promise to marry which resulted in a womans consent to sexual intercourse may be
actionableifitcanbeproventhatthepromisewasfraudulentlymadeandwastheactualreason
forthewomansconsentkimi,thinkingaloudwhileparaphrasingtheGreatA
Q:Supposethattheoffendedpartywas 11years,11months,and29daysoldatthetimeofthe
commissionoftheoffense,andtheaccusedpaidforherwillingservices.Isthisrape?
Yes
*NB:This,myfriends,isstatutoryrape.Consentandtheinvolvementofprofitareimmaterial.
Thelawseekstoprotectthevictim,andassumesthatatthisage,anydecisionmadebythechild
evenifitwasmadewillinglytoengageinthesexualactdoesnotexoneratetheoffenderone
bitkimi
Q:Howissexualassaultcommitted?
*NB:seetableabove
Q:Mayawifeberapedbyherhusband?
Yesthefactthattheyweremarriedatthetimeofthecommissionoftheactdoesnotmitigate
themansliability
*NB: the old doctrine replaced now by RA 8353wasthatahusband andawifeshared one

and the same personality, sothat it was notpossible for a husband to, in effect, rape himself.
Still olderdoctrines contended thatthewomansactofmarryingtheman wasconsent for all
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 166
Knotes
future sexual intercourse encounters. Kudos to the acumen of the new rape law and the
expandedsphereofprotectionnowgrantedtomarriedwomen:)kimi
Q: Suppose thataftera forcedsexual encounter, thehusband and wife again had intercourse, butthis
time, there was willing consent on the part of thewoman. What is thelegal effect, if any, to the
previousactofrape,oreventothecriminalcasefiledagainstthehusband?
The subsequent act shall be deemed as forgiveness, and it shall extinguish the criminal action
againstthehusband,providedthatthemarriageisnotvoidabinitio
Q:Whatistheeffectofthemarriageoftheoffendedpartytotheoffenderinrapecases?
Thecriminalactionshallbeextinguished,orthepenaltyimposed,assumingthattheactionhas
alreadybeendecidedagainsttheoffender;PROVIDEDthatthemarriageisVALID.
*NB: this is important! According to the book, marriage extinguishes the criminal action but
only with respect to the principal and not the accomplices and accessories; apparently, this
means that only the offender who marries the victim is benefited by the marriage. Atty. A
however, draws attention to the words shall extinguish the criminal action which logically
meansthatALLthoseimpleadedintheactionshallalsobebenefited partialextinctionofthe
action with respect totheimpleadedparties is notstated in the law (amazed, arentya?Iwas
too,theprofessorslogicisimpeccablekimi)
NOTES:
PAR.1
RAPETHROUGHSEXUALINTERCOURSE
Absenceofspermdoesnotnegaterape (whatis
controllingispenetrationwhetherpartialorfull
notemission)
PAR.2
RAPETHROUGHSEXUALASSAULT
Contemplates aviolationof thebodys orifices
(whichincludespenetrationbyafinger)
Consummation: touchingofthelabiasbythe
penis,notmerelyepidermalcontact
*Rapedoesnothaveafrustratedstagepartialpenetrationalreadyconsummatesthecrime
*RapewithHomicideisaSpecialComplexCrime
*Asfarasmultiplerapegoes,thenumberoftimestheactwascommittedisthesameasthenumberof
countsofrapeforwhichtheaccusedis/areliable
*When homicide is committed NOT by reason or on the occasion of the rape, there are 2 separate
crimes,notthespecialcomplexcrimeofrapewithhomicide
*Admissibleevidenceinrape:
1.Anyovertphysicalactmanifestingresistanceinanydegree
2.Situationsrenderingtheoffendedpartyincapableofgivingconsent
3.Theuncorroboratedtestimonyofthevictim,butthesamemustbeconclusive,logicalandprobable
1. Forceorintimidation
RE:CIRCUMSTANCESPRESENTDURINGRAPE
Averbalrefusalaloneisnotsufficient,theremustbe
physicalstruggle
Theforceexertedonthevictimneednotbe
irresistible,solongasitbringsaboutthedesiredresult
oftheoffender
TheTESTiswhetherthethreatorintimidation
producesareasonablefearinthevictimsmindthat
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 167
Knotes
resistanceorfailuretoyieldtothedesiresofthe
accusedwouldresultinthethreatbeingcarriedout
Whereresistancewouldbefutile,offeringnoneatall
doesnotamounttoconsent
Thelawdoesnotimposeduponarapevictimthe
burdenofprovingresistance
Inintimidation,themoralascendancyofinfluenceof
theoffendermaysubstitutefortheelementof
physicalforce(i.e.:fathersagainsttheirdaughters);
andwhentheoffenderhasascendancy,itisnt
necessarythatthevictimputsupresistance
2. DeprivationofReason
Thevictimhasnowill,orhasanimpairedwill
Thedeprivationdoesnthavetobecomplete
3. FraudulentMachinationorGraveAbuse
ofAuthority
Fraudulentmachinationmaytaketheformofinsidious
wordsusedinordertoconsummatethecrime
4.StatutoryRape
Whenthegirlisdementedorisunder12yearsofage,
althoughshemayhaveconsentedtotheact
Thisapplies,eventhoughthevictimmayhavebeena
prostitute
Thelawdoesnotconsiderthiskindofconsent
voluntary
Thecharacteroftheoffendedwomanisimmaterialin
rape
*theimportantthingtonoteaboutthisisthatthelaw
placesfullliabilityupontheaccusedandspecifically
deniestohimparticulardefences(i.e.:consent,
assailingthecharacteroftheoffendedparty)
CHAPTERONECRIMES
AGAINSTLIBERTY
SECTIONONEILLEGALDETENTION
ART.267
KIDNAPPINGANDSERIOUSILLEGAL
DETENTION
1. Theoffenderisaprivateindividual
2. Hekidnaps/detainsanotherperson,orinanyothermannerdeprivesthelatterofhisliberty
3. Theactofdetention/kidnappingmustbeillegal
4.Inthecommissionoftheoffense,anyofthefollowingcircumstancesispresent:
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 168
Knotes
a.Thekidnapping/detentionlastsmorethan3days
b.Itiscommittedsimulatingpublicauthority
c. Any serious physical injuries are inflicted upon the person kidnapped or detained; or
threatstokillhimaremade
d.Thepersonkidnapped/detainedisaminor,afemaleorapublicofficer
Q:Whenisapersondetained?
Whenheisillegallydeprivedofhisliberty
Q:Isitnecessarythattherebephysicaldeprivationofliberty?
No
*NB: liberty as contemplated by this provision is not restricted tophysical locomotion; moral
compulsionmayalsobeconsideredaformofdeprivationofliberty(think:threateninga
person)
Q:Supposethevictimcouldgetoutbuthechosetostaywithinthedetentionareaforsecurityreasons.
Isthisillegaldetention?
No
Q:Whatarethecircumstancesthatmustattendthedetention,forittobeconsideredillegal?
*see:element#4
Q:Supposethedetentionlastedforonly24hrsbutthedetaineewasaminor.Istheaccusedliable?
YesThecircumstancesneednotconcur(see:wording,anyofthefollowinginstancesxxx)
Q:Thepersondetainedwasa25yearoldwoman,andshewasdetainedforonly2days.Istheaccused
liable?
Yes
Q: Same facts as the previous question, except thatthe victim was a barangay tanod. Is the accused
liable?
Yes
Q:Giveanexampleofillegaldetentioncommittedbysimulatingpublicauthority
Q:Supposethattheinflictionofphysicalinjurieswasmerelyincidental,istheaccusedliable?
Yesthelawmakesnodistinctionastothemannerofinflictionoftheinjuries
Q:Whatdoesransommean?
Money or price or consideration paid or demanded for redemption of acaptured person/s;
paymentmadetowardtheviewofreleasingapersonfromcaptivity
Q:Supposeyouwerecourtingawomanbutsheneglectedyourproposal.Youkidnappedhersister,and
informedherthathersisterwouldonlybereleasedifsheacceptedyourcourtship.Isthisacrime?
Yes,theactsconstitutekidnapping,andwerecommittedforaconsideration
*NB:apparentlythen,considerationisnotlimitedtopecuniaryormaterialbenefit
Q:SupposeAowesXPhp50,000.Acouldnotpayhisdebt,sohekidnappedhisownmotherinsteadand
said that he would only release her if she would give him the money to pay off his debt to X. Is this
kidnappingforransom?
Yes,notwithstandingthatthemoneywaslegallyduetoX
Q:AborrowedacarbutrefusedtoreturnittoX.XkidnappedAsbrotherwiththeconditionthatthe
brother would onlybereleasedifthe car was returned. Acomplied, and Xreleased thebrother. What
crimewascommitted?
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 169
Knotes
Kidnappingforransom(withthecarastheconsideration)
Q:SupposeA,BandCkidnappedXandbroughthimtothenexttown.Thatsamenight,theykilledhim.
MurdertherewasnoindicationofA,BandCsintentiontodetainX;Kidnappingwasmerely
incidentaltomurder
Q: Suppose X was kidnapped, brought to the neighbouring town and a ransom for his release was
demanded.TheransomwasnotofferedsoXwaskilled.Whatcrimewascommitted?
ThespecialcomplexcrimeofKidnappingwithHomicide
Q: How do you know whether the crime was kidnapping or murder or the special complex crime of
kidnappingwithhomicide/murder?
Byascertainingspecificintent
Q:Whatcircumstancequalifiestheoffense?
Demandforransom
*NB:notethattheprovisionimposesreclusionperpetua(formerlydeath)wherethe
kidnapping/detentionwascommittedforthepurposeofextortingransom;evenifnoneofthe
4circumstancesenumeratedinpar.1werepresentduringthecommissionoftheoffense
Q:Isthereanyspecialaggravatingcircumstance?Whatisit?
Yeswhenthevictimiskilledordiesasaconsequenceofthedetention;orisrapedorsubjected
totortureordehumanizingacts
NOTES:
*Iftheoffenderisapublicofficer,thecrimeisarbitrarydetention;providedthattheofficerhadaduty
todetainaperson
*Aslongasthecrimewascommittedforthepurposeofextortingransom,actualdemandforransomis
notnecessary
*Theaccusedisnotliablewhenthereisalackofmotivetoresorttokidnapping
*Twothingsmakeupdeprivationofliberty:(a)actualorphysicalconfinement;or(b)restrictions(not
necessarilyphysical)placeuponthedetainee
*Therestraintneednotbepermanentinorderforcriminalliabilitytoattach
*PurposeormotiveisNOTmaterialwhenanyofthecircumstancesinpar.1ispresent
*Seelastparagraphofart.267forthedefinitionofthespecialcomplexcrimeofkidnappingwithmurder
*Wherethevictimistakenfromoneplacetoanotherforthepurposeofkillinghim,thecrimeismurder
*Specificintentisdeterminativeofthecrime(think:tokidnaportokill?)
*Thepenaltyforthecrimeisnotreducedbythecircumstanceofvoluntaryreleasebythecaptorsasa
resultofnonattainmentoftheirpurposes
*Conspiracytoextortransommakesalltheconspiratorsliableunderpar.2,art.267,includingthosewho
didnottakeanypartofthemoney
*There is NO complex crime of illegal detention with rape what the law provides for is the special
complex crime of serious illegal detention/kidnapping with rape theres a difference between the
two, because the law (art.48) does not allow for rape with illegal detention there is no single act
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 170
Knotes
resultingin2ormoregrave/lessgravefelonies;norisillegaldetentionanecessarymeansforcommitting
rape
RE:PurposeofCommission
ILLEGALDETENTION
Todepriveapersonofhisliberty
whetherphysicallyor
otherwise
ARBITRARYDETENTION
Todetainapersonwithoutany
legalground
Re:CharacterofOffender
Theoffenderisaprivate
Theoffenderisapublicofficer
individual(orapublicofficernot withadutytodetainpersons
vestedwithauthoritytodetaina
person)
Re:ClassificationoftheCrime
Crimeagainstpersonalliberty
Crimeagainstthefundamental
lawoftheState
ART.268
SLIGHTILLEGALDETENTION
1.Theoffenderisaprivateindividual
2. Hekidnapsordetainsanotherorinanymannerdepriveshimofhisliberty
3. Theactofkidnapping/detentionisillegal
4.Thecrimeiscommittedwithoutanyofthecircumstancesunderart.267
Q:Howisthisdifferentfromseriousillegaldetention?
1. Slightillegaldetentioniscommittedwithoutthe circumstancesinvolvedinseriousillegal
detention
2. SlightillegaldetentionmaybeMITIGATEDby
a.Voluntaryreleasewithin3daysfromthecommencementofdetention;withouthaving
attainedthecaptorsintendedpurpose;AND
b.Beforetheinstitutionofcriminalproceedings
*NB: When this privileged mitigating circumstance is present, the liability of the captors is
mitigated, andthepenalty is lowered by1 degree; BUTin order for thistooperate, itmustbe
shown that the offender was in the position to prolong the detention and ALL the requisites
mustconcur,FURTHERMORE,thiscircumstanceisNOTmitigatingifthevictimisawoman
ART.269
UNLAWFULARREST
1. Theoffenderarrestsordetainsanotherperson
2. Theoffenderspurposeistodeliverhimtotheproperauthorities
3. ThearrestordetentionisNOTauthorizedbylaw;orthereisnoreasonablegroundtherefor
Q:Distinguishthisfromarbitrarydetention;andfromseriousorslightillegaldetention
RE:Mannerof
Commission
SERIOUSILLEGAL
DETENTION
Kidnappingor
Detentionwithoutlegal
groundsunderanyof
thefollowing
circumstances:
SLIGHTILLEGAL
DETENTION
Committedwithoutthe
4circumstancesin
seriousillegaldetention
UNLAWFULARREST
Involvesthe
arrest/detentionof
anotherperson
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 171
Knotes
a.Thekidnapping/
detentionlasts
morethan3days
b.Itiscommitted
simulatingpublic
authority
c. Anyseriousphysical
injuriesareinflicted
upontheperson
kidnappedor
detained;orthreats
tokillhimaremade
d.Theperson
kidnapped/detaine
disaminor,a
femaleorapublic
officer
RE:Purpose
DeprivationofLiberty;
coupledwithademand
forransominthecase
ofkidnappingfor
ransom(whichqualifies
theoffense)
Deprivationofliberty
Deliveryofthedetained
persontoproper
authorities(without
legalauthoritytodoso;
orwithoutreasonable
ground)
RE:Characterof
Offender
Offenderisaprivate
individualorapublic
officernotvestedwith
authoritytodetaina
person
Offenderisaprivate
individual
Offendermaybeany
personprivateor
public(inwhichcase,
thepublicoffenderhad
noauthorityto
arrest/detainanddid
notactinofficial
capacity)
RE:VoluntaryRelease
NotMitigating
ofdetainedpersonby
theoffender(asa
resultofnon
attainmentofpurpose)
Mitigating;except
whentheoffended
partyisawoman
Notmitigating
**notes
Thesamepenalty
Noperiod ofdetention
(reclusiontemporal)for isfixedbythelaw,but
theprincipaloffender
motiveiscontrolling
shallbeincurredby
anyonewhoshall
furnishtheplaceforthe
perpetrationofthe
crime
Whenthe
circumstancesinpar.1
ofart.267arepresent
(see:mannerof
commission,(a),(b),(c)
and(d)infirstcolumn
above),motiveor
purposeisimmaterial
SECTIONTWOKIDNAPPINGOFMINORS
*NB:Inconnectionwiththeconceptsofcustodyandparentsandminors,itwouldbevery
prudenttogiveyourPersonsnotesonparentalauthorityaonceover
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 172
Knotes
ART.270
KIDNAPPINGANDFAILURETORETURNAMINOR
1. Theoffenderisentrustedwiththecustodyofaminor(*NB:pursuanttothenewFamilyCode,a
minorisoneunder18yearsofage;thisprovisionanditsdefinitionofminor,i.e.overorunder7
butlessthan21hasthereforebeenamended)
2. Hedeliberatelyfailstorestorethesaidminortohisparents/guardians
Q:Maytheparentsbecriminallyliableforthiscrime?
Yesifoneisgrantedcustodyofthechild,andtheoffenderfailedtoreturnthatchildtothe
legallyrecognizedparent
Q:Supposeahusbandandwifewerelegallyseparated.Custodyoftheirchildwasawardedtothemona
scheduledbasisThewifewasgrantedcustodyduringweekdays(MondaysthroughFridays),withthe
husbandhavingbeengivencustodyovertheweekends.Duringonesuchweekend,thehusbandbrought
thechildtothecountryside,wheretheystayedfor5days.Isthehusbandliable?
Yes
Q:Supposethatinajudicialproceeding,themotherwasdeprivedofcustodyoverherchildrenandthe
familycourtawardedcustodytotheDSWD.Themotherpaidthemavisit,buttookthemwithherwhen
sheleft.Issheliable?
Yes
NOTES:
*Whatispunishableisthedeliberatefailuretorestoretheminortohisparent/guardian
*Thequalifyingandessentialelementtothiscrimeistherequirementthattheoffendermusthavebeen
entrustedwiththecustodyofthechild
*Itisntnecessarythatthe purposeis to permanently separate theminor fromhis parent/guardian

temporaryseparation,solongastheelementsconcurispunishable
ART.271
INDUCINGAMINORTOABANDON
HISHOME
1. Aminorislivinginthehomeofhisparents/guardiansortheperson(*NB:thisincludesjuridical
personsliketheDSWD)entrustedwithhiscustody
2. Theoffenderinducessaidminortoabandonthathome
Q:Giveanexample
Q:Supposetheaccusedassembledsomeminors in theprovinceandregaledthemwith storiesof

Manila.Theminorswereimmenselyamusedandwhentheaccusedwasabouttoleavethatevening,3of
them approached him and requested to tag along. The accused agreed and brought the minors to
Manila.Isheliable?
No
*NB:Theinducementshouldbedonewithmaliciousintent/adeliberatepurposetocauseharm.
Iftheminorinquestionchosetoabandonhishomeofhisownfreewill,nocrimeiscommitted
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 173
Knotes
Q:Samefacts,exceptthattheaccusedpersuadedtheminorstoleavetheirhomesandtraveltoManila
becausetherewouldbelucrativejobswaitingforthemthere.Theminorsagreed,andweretakentothe
city.Istheaccusedliable?
Yes
NOTES:
*Theinducementmustbeactual,withcriminalintent,anddeterminedbyawilltocausedamage
*Toinduce=toinfluence,toprevailon;tomovebypersuasion,ortoincitebymotives
*Whatconstitutesthecrimeistheactofinducingaminortoabandonhishome,itisntnecessarythat
theminoractuallydoesabandonit
*Theminorshouldntleavehishomeofhisownfreewill
SECTIONTHREESLAVERYANDSERVITUDE
ART.272
SLAVERY
1. Theoffenderpurchases,sells,kidnapsordetainsahumanbeing
2. Thepurposeoftheoffenderistoenslavesuchahumanbeing
Q:Whatqualifiestheoffense?
Iftheoffenderspurposeistoassignthevictimtosomeimmoraltraffic(i.e.:prostitution)
ART.273
EXPLOITATIONOFCHILDLABOUR
1. Theoffenderretainsaminorinhisservice
2. Theretentionisagainstthewilloftheminor
3. Itisdoneunderthepretextofreimbursinghimselfofadebtincurredbyanascendant,
guardian,orpersonentrustedwiththecustodyofsuchminor
NOTES:
*In line with the constitutional principle that no person shall be imprisoned by virtue of debt, this
provisionmakesitclearthatevenundercriminallaw,perhapsmostespeciallyunderit,indebtednessis
notagroundfordetainingaperson
ART.274
SERVICESRENDEREDUNDERCOMPULSION
INPAYMENTOFDEBT
1. Theoffendercompelsadebtortoworkforhim,eitherasahouseholdservantorfarmlabourer
2. Itisagainstthedebtorswill
3. Thepurposeistorequireorenforcethepaymentofdebt
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 174
Knotes
CHAPTERTWOCRIMES
AGAINSTSECURITY
SECTIONONEABANDONMENTOFHELPLESSPERSONSANDEXPLOITATIONOFMINORS
Art.275
ABANDONMENTOFPERSONSINDANGER
ANDABONDONMENTOFONESOWNVICTIM
1. Failing to render assistance to any person whom the offender finds in an uninhabited place
woundedorindangerofdyingwhenhecan rendersuchassistancewithoutdetrimentto
himself,unlesssuchomissionshallconstituteamoreseriousoffense
**ELEMENTS:
a.TheplaceisNOTinhabited
b.Theaccusedfoundthereawoundedpersonoroneindangerofdying
c. Theaccusedcanrenderassistancewithoutdangertohimself
d.Theaccusedfailstorenderthatassistance
2. Failing to help or render assistance to another whom the offender accidentally wounded or
injured
3. Failingtodeliverachildunder7yearsofagewhomtheoffenderhasfoundabandoned,tothe
authoritiesortohisfamily;orfailingtotakehimtoasafeplace
Q: Suppose the person the accused found did not have a wound but simply fainted and lost
consciousness.Theaccusedlefthimthere.Isheliable?
Yes
Q:Supposethepersonwasunconsciousduetostarvation.Theaccusedfailedtohelp.Isheliable?
Yes
Q:Isitnecessarythattheminorcontemplatedbythisprovisionbewounded?
No, it is sufficient that the minor was found in a dangerous or unsafe place and the accused
failedtoreturnhimtohisparentsorbringhimtosafety
Q:Supposetheaccusedlefttheminortherebecausehebelievedthatbythelooksoftheminor,hewas
oldenoughtofendforhimself?
Theaccusedisliableitisimmaterialthattheoffenderdidnotknowtheactualageofthechild
1. Theoffenderhascustodyofachild
2. Thechildisunder7yearsold
3. Heabandonssuchachild
4.Hehasnointenttokillthechildwhenheabandonedthatchild
Q:Supposetheabandonedchildlaterdied.Maytheaccusedbeheldliableforhomicide/murder?
No intent tokill is NOTpresumed from the childsdeath this ruleappliestocrimesagainst
persons; the provision provides for a particular and specific penalty (prision correccional in its
mediumtomaximumperiods)shouldthechilddieasaresultoftheabandonment
Q:Whatcircumstancesqualifythecrime?
1. Deathofthechild;or
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
ART.276
ABANDONINGAMINOR
CRIMINALLAWII 175
Knotes
2. Dangertotheminorslife
NOTES
*If the offender happens to be a parent of the child, civil law imposes the penalty of deprivation of
parentalauthority
ART.277
ABANDONMENTOFMINORBYPERSON
ENTRUSTEDWITHHISCUSTODY;
INDIFFERENCEOFPARENTS
1. Deliveringaminortoapublicinstitutionortootherpersonswithouttheconsentoftheperson
whoentrustedtheminortotheoffenderscare;orwithouttheconsentofproperauthorities
**ELEMENTS:
a.Theoffenderhaschargeoftherearingoreducationofaminor
b.Hedeliverssaidminortoapublicinstitutionorotherpersons
c. Theonewhoentrustedthechildtotheoffenderhasnot consentedtosuchanact;orthe
properauthoritieshavenotconsentedtoit
2. Neglectbytheoffenderofhisownchildrenbynotgivingthemtheeducationwhichtheirstation
inliferequiresandfinancialconditionpermits
**ELEMENTS:
a.Theoffenderisaparent
b.Heneglectshisownchildrenbynotgivingthemeducation
c. Hisstationinliferequiressucheducation;andhisfinancialconditionpermitsit
*NB: Failure to provide education must be due to a deliberate desire by the parent to evade
suchanobligation
ART.278
EXPLOITATIONOFMINORS
1. Causinganyboy/girlunder16toperformanydangerousfeatofbalancing,physicalstrengthot
contortion,theoffenderbeinganyperson
2. Employingchildrenunder16whoarenotthechildren/descendantsoftheoffenderinexhibitions
ofacrobatics,gymnastics,ropewalking,diving,wildanimaltaming;theoffenderbeingan
acrobat,etcorcircusmanager,orpersonengagedinasimilarcalling
3. Employinganydescendantunder12indangerousexhibitionsenumeratedinthenextpreceding
paragraph,theoffenderbeingengagedinanyofthesaidcallings
4.Deliveringachildunder16gratuitouslytoanypersonfollowinganyofthecallingsenumerated
inpar.2,orto anyhabitualvagrant orbeggar;the offenderbeing anascendant,guardian,
teacherorpersonentrustedinanycapacitywiththecareofsuchchild
5. Inducing any child under 16 to abandon the home of his ascendants, guardians, curators, or
teacherstofollowanypersonengagedinanyofthecallingsmentionedinpar.2ortoaccompany
anyhabitualvagrant/beggar;theoffenderbeinganyperson
*NB:aidemmoire
1.Anypersoninducingachildbelow16toperformdangerousgymnastics
2.Apersoninvolvedinthecircus(think:gymnast,acrobat,animaltamer,manageretc)employing
achildbelow16forthesamecalling
3.Anyascendantemployingadescendantinthecircus(rofl)
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 176
Knotes
4.Personwithparentalauthority(parents,teachersetc)deliveringthechildtoavagrant/beggar
5.Anypersoninducingachildbelow16torunawaywithavagrant/beggar
Deliveryofthechildforanyofthosepurposes,inconsiderationofanyprice,compensationor
promise
ART.279
ADDITIONALPENALTIESFOROTHEROFFENSES
*The imposition of the penalties described in the preceding articles shall not prevent the imposition
uponthesamepersonofthepenaltyprovidedforanyotherfeloniesdefinedandpunishedbytheCode
SECTIONTWOTRESPASSTODWELLING
Art.280
QUALIFIEDTRESPASSTODWELLING
1. Theoffenderisaprivateperson
2. Heentersthedwellingofanother
3. Suchentranceisagainsttheownerswill
Q:Supposetheoffenderwasapublicofficer,whatcrimewascommitted?
ViolationofDomicile
Q:Distinguishthisfromviolationofdomicile
Thereisonlyonemannerofcommittingqualifiedtrespasstodwelling
Thecharacteroftheoffenderinqualifiedtrespasstodwellingisprivate
Q: Suppose the accused entered through the back door, which wasopen at thattime. The owner saw
himafewmomentslaterashewaswalkingthroughtheinteriorofthehouse,andaskedhimtoleave.Is
heliable?
No,hisentrywasnotagainstthewilloftheownerthebackdoorwasopen
Q:Whatarethepossibledefencesinqualifiedtrespasstodwelling?
1. Preventionofseriousharmtohimself,totheoccupantsofthedwelling,ortoa3rd person
2. Entryforthepurposeofrenderingsomeservicetohumanity
3. Entryintocafes,taverns,innsandotherpublichouseswhilethesamearestillopen(*NB:Isee
nosenseinthis,thesearenotdwellingsAtty.A)
Theuseofviolenceorintimidationtogainentry
NOTES:
*Thedefinitionofdwellingdependsupontheusethebuildingisputto;itincludesaroom whenitis
occupiedbyanotherperson
*Lackofpermissiondoesnotamounttoprohibition
*Allmembersofahouseholdaregenerallypresumedtohaveauthoritytoextendaninvitationtoenter
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 177
Knotes
*Forreferenceandcomparison,seenotesunderViolationofDomicile
*Prohibitionmustbeinexistencepriorto,oratthetimeofentry
*Violenceofintimidationasqualifyingcircumstancesmaytakeplaceimmediatelyafterentry
*Prohibitionisnotnecessarywhenviolenceorintimidationisemployed
*Trespass may be committed by the owner of the dwelling against the actual occupant (think: nosy
landlordsandlandladies:Pkimi)
ART.281
OTHERFORMSOFTRESPASS
1. Theoffenderenterstheclosedpremisesorfencedestateofanother
2. Entranceismadewhiletheareaisuninhabited
3. Theprohibitiontoenterismanifest
4.Thetrespasserhasnotsecuredtheownerorcaretakerspermission
SECTIONTHREETHREATSANDCOERCION
ART.282
GRAVETHREATS
1. Threateninganotherwiththeinflictionuponhisperson,honourorpropertyorthatofhisfamily
of any wrong amounting to a crime and demanding money or imposing any other condition,
eventhough(thecondition)isnotunlawfulandtheoffendersucceededinattaininghispurpose
2. Makingsuchathreatwithouttheoffenderattaininghispurpose
3. Threateninganotherwiththeinflictionuponhisperson,honourorpropertyofthatofhisfamily
ofanywrongamountingtoacrime,thethreatnotbeingsubjecttoacondition
*NB:Tableforya:)
ELEMENTSOFGRAVETHREATSTHATARENOT
ELEMENTSOFGRAVETHREATSWHERETHE
SUBJECTTOACONDITION
OFFENDERATTAINEDHISPURPOSE
1. Theoffenderthreatensanotherperson
1. Theoffenderthreatensanotherwiththe
ofanywrong
inflictionuponthelattersperson,honour,
orproperty(orthoseofhisfamily)ofany
2. Suchwrongamountstoacrime
wrong
3. Thethreatisnotsubjecttoanycondition
2. Suchwrongamountstoacrime
3. Thereisademandformoneyora
conditionisimposed,eventhoughthe
conditionmaynotbeunlawful
4.MissionAccomplishedOffenderattains
hispurpose
Q: Supposethethreat wasmade andrelayed only tothe person3hrs afteritsmaking. Istheaccused

liable?
Yes
Q:Supposeathreatisusedasameansforcommittinganothercrime.Whatisthelegaleffectofthat
othercrime?
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 178
Knotes
Theothercrimeabsorbsthethreat
Q:Whenisthereagravethreat?
When there is intimidation or the promise of some future harm or injury, with or without a
conditionordemandformoney
NOTES:
*Theoffenderingravethreatsdoesnotdemanddeliveryofmoneyonthespot,elsethecrimeisrobbery
withintimidation
*Ifthethreatisnotsubjecttoacondition,thepenaltydoesnotdepend onthecrimethreatenedtobe
committed,butisfixedbylaw(arrestomayorandafineofPhp500)
*Gravethreatisconsummatedassoonasthethreatscometotheknowledgeofthepersonthreatened;
itisnotnecessarythattheoffendedpartyispresentatthetimethethreatsweremade
*Threatsmadeinconnectionwiththecommissionofothercrimesareabsorbedbythelatter
ART.283
LIGHTTHREATS
1. Theoffendermakesathreattocommitawrong
2. Thethreatdoesnotconstituteacrime
3. Thereisademandformoneyorthatotherconditionsareimposed,eventhoughtheconditions
maynotbeunlawful
4.Theoffenderhaseitherattainedhispurposeornot
Q:Distinguishthisfromgravethreats
Lightthreatsiscommittedinthesamemannerasgravethreats,exceptthattheactthreatened
shouldnotbeacrime
Q:Giveanexample
Q:Ifyoudonotlendmemybook,Iwillbeforcedtocheat.Whatcrimewascommittedhere?
Lightthreats
Q:Ifyoudonotallowmetouseyourbookforcheating,Iwillsellthebook.Whatcrime?
Gravethreatsthesellingofthebookhereamountstoestafa
Q:Ifyoudonotallowmetoborrowyourbook,Iwillnotpayyoumydebt.Whatcrime?
Lightthreats
Q:Isthereawronginvolved?
Yes,butitdoesnotamounttoacrime
ART.284
BONDFORGOODBEHAVIOR
*In Articles 282 and 283, the person making the threats shall be required to secure a bond for good
behaviourinordernottomolestthethreatenedperson
*Failuretofurnishabondforgoodbehaviourshallbepunishedwithdestierro
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 179
Knotes
Q:DifferentiatethisfromBondtoKeepthePeace
BONDFORGOODBEHAVIOR
Appliesonlytolight/grave
threats
BONDTOKEEPTHEPEACE
GeneralApplication
Re:EFFECTOFFAILURETO
FURNISHTHEBOND
Destierro
Detentionfornotmorethan6
monthsforgraveoffenses;not
morethan30daysforlight
offenses
Re:PURPOSE
LocalizedTopreventfurther
molestationoftheoffended
party
GeneralToprevent
disturbancesofpublic
tranquillity
Re:APPLICATIONTOCRIMES
ART.285
OTHERLIGHTTHREATS
Q:Whataretheotherlightthreats?
1. Threatening another with a weapon or by drawing such weapon in a quarrel, unless it be in
lawfulselfdefence(see:art.11fortherequisitesoflawfulselfdefence)
2. Orally threateninganother inthe heatofanger with some harmconstitutingacrimewithout
persistingontheideainvolvedinthethreat
3. Orallythreateningtodoanotheranyharmnotconstitutingafelony
NOTES
*Threats which ordinarily are grave threats, if made in the heat of anger, may be considered light
threats
ART.286
GRAVECOERCIONS
1. Preventing another by means of violence, threats, or intimidation, from doing something not
prohibitedbylaw
2. Compellinganother by means ofviolence, threats orintimidationtodosomethingagainsthis
will,whetherit(theforcedact)berightorwrong
Q:Howisgravecoercioncommitted?
1. A personprevented another fromdoingsomethingnotprohibitedbylaw; or compelled
someonetodosomethingagainsthiswill,beitrightorwrong
2. Theprevention/compulsioniseffectthroughviolence,threatsorintimidation
3. Thepersonthatrestrainedthewillandlibertyofanotherdidnothavetheauthorityoflawor
therighttodoso
Q:Howisthisdifferentfromgravethreats?
In grave threats, there is mere employment of fear; and the act was not intended to commit
the2modesofcoercion(i.e.:forcingapersontodosomethinghedoesntwanttodo;
preventinghimfromdoingsomethinglawful);theviolencehereisnotactual,merelyfuturistic
Ingravecoercion,theintimidationemployedgoeshandinhandwithcompulsionorprevention
ofanindividualswill;theviolencehereisactuallyemployed
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 180
Knotes
Q:Iftheessenceofgravethreatsisintimidation,whatistheessenceofgravecoercion?
Violentcompulsion(i.e.:usingforcetocompelsomeonetodo/notdosomething)
Q:Apoliceman,throughviolence,preventedXfromjoiningtheNPA.Isheliable?
No,hewasjustified
Q:Severalarmedmensurroundedthefarminacertainarea.Thefarmersdidnotleavetheirhousesfor
fearofdanger.Whatcrimedidthearmedmencommit?
Gravethreats
Q:You rodeataxi,but insteadof taking you toyourdesireddestination,thedriverbroughtyou

somewhereelsedespiteyoureffortstostophim.Whatcrimedidhecommit?
Hedidnotcommitanycrime
Q:Whatcircumstancesqualifytheoffense?
1. Ifthecoercioniscommittedinviolationoftheexerciseoftherightofsuffrage
2. Ifthecoercioniscommittedtocompelanothertoperformanyreligiousact
3. Ifthecoercioniscommittedtopreventanotherfromperforminganyreligiousact
NOTES:
*The actofpreventinganother by force should be made at the time the offended party wasdoingor
wasabouttodotheacttobeprevented;iftheactwasalreadydonewhentheviolencewasexerted,the
crimeisunjustvexation
*Compelling another to do something includes the offenders act of doing it himself while subjecting
anothertohiswill
*When the complainant is in actual possession of a thing, even if he has no right to that possession,
compellinghimbymeansofviolencetogiveitup evenifdonebytheownerofthethinghimselfis
gravecoercion
*theforceorviolencemustbeimmediate,actualorimminent
*Eveniftheoffendedpartydidnotaccedetothepurposeofthecoercion,theoffenderisstillliable
ART.287
LIGHTCOERCION
1. Theoffendermustbeacreditor
2. Heseizesanythingbelongingtohisdebtor
3. The seizure of the thing is to be accomplished by means of violence, or a display of material
forceproducingintimidation
4.Thepurposeoftheoffenderistoapplythesametothepaymentofthedebt
Q:Supposethepurposeoftheseizurewastosellthepropertiesseizedandnottoapplyittothedebt?
Thenthecrimeisrobbery(think:intenttogain,possessionthroughforce)
Q:Distinguishthisfromservicesrenderedundercompulsioninpaymentofdebt
LIGHTCOERCION
SERVICESRENDEREDUNDER
COMPULSIONINPAYMENTOF
DEBT
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 181
Knotes
Theoffenderseizesanything
belongingtohisdebtorthrough
violenceordisplayofmaterial
forceproducingintimidation
Theoffendercompelsadebtor
to work for him, either as a
household servant or farm
labourer
RE:Purpose
Applicationoftheseized
possessionstothedebt
Torequireorforcethepayment
ofdebt
Q:SupposeXisindebtedtoAbuthecannotpay;AaskedXtoworkasajanitorinhisofficeaspayment
forthedebt.IsAliable?
No thisis neither light coercionnor services rendered under compulsioninpaymentofdebt
(see:tableabovethefactsdonotmeettherequisites)
Q:Distinguishthisfromexploitationofchildlabour
LIGHTCOERCION
Art.287
Offender:Creditor
EXPLOITATIONOFCHILD
LABOUR
Art.273
Offender:Anyperson
Offendedparty:Debtor
Offendedparty:Minor
Seizureofanyofthedebtors
possessionsthrough
violence/materialforce
Retainingaminorinones
serviceagainsttheminorswill
RE:Purpose
Applicationofseizedpossessions (Pretextof)reimbursingoneself
todebt
ofadebtincurredbyan
ascendant/guardian/person
entrustedwiththeminors
custody
RE:Partiesconcerned
Q:Supposetheactwascommittedbytakingpossessionthrough deceitandmisrepresentationforthe
samepurpose,whatcrimewascommitted?
Unjustvexation
*NB: unjust vexation includes any human conduct which although not productive of some
physicalormaterialharmwouldhoweverunjustlyannoyorvexaninnocentperson;noviolence
orintimidationisemployedhere
Q:Doesactualphysicalviolencehavetobeemployed?
No
ART.288
OTHERSIMILARCOERCIONS
COMPULSORYPURCHASEOFMERCHANDISE
ANDPAYMENTOFWAGESBYMEANSOFTOKENS
ART.289
FORMATION,MAINTENANCEANDPROHIBITION
OFCOMBINATIONOFCAPITALORLABOUR
THROUGHVIOLENCEANDTHREATS
NOTES
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 182
Knotes
*Arts.288289arenowcoveredbytheLabourCode
*TheLabourCoderequirespaymentincurrency
*Salaryreferstothefruitsofoneslabour,apersonhasarighttoitandnobodycaninterferewithhow
thatsalaryistobedisposedof
*RE:Art.289TheLabourCodegrantstherighttounionize;theessenceofaunionbeingthatthereis
strength in numbers (as opposed to a single employee vs. his employer); management of the
prerogatives of the union is vested solely in the employees themselves; the employer is considered an
interloper and may be held liable for unfair labour practice. Mere inquiry into membership may be
consideredaformofinterferenceAtty.A
CHAPTERTHREE
DISCOVERYANDREVELATIONOFSECRETS
ART.290
DISCOVERINGSECRETSTHROUGH
SEIZUREOFCORRESPONDENCE
1. The offender is a private individual or even a public officer not in the exercise of his official
functions
2. Heseizesthepapersorlettersofanother
3. Thepurposeistodiscoverthesecretsofanotherperson
4.Theoffenderisinformedofthecontentsofthepapersorlettersseized
Revelationofthecontentsofthosepapers/letterstoa3rd person
Q:Whoareexcludedfromthecontemplationofart.290?
parents
guardians
personsentrustedwiththecustodyofminorswithrespecttopapersorletters
spouses
ART.291
REVEALINGSECRETSWITHABUSEOFOFFICE
1. Theoffenderisamanager,employeeorservant
2. Helearnsthesecretsofhisprincipalormasterinsuchcapacity
3. Herevealssuchsecrets
Q:Isdamagetothemanageroremployernecessary?
No
ART.292
REVELATIONOFINDIVIDUALSECRETS
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 183
Knotes
1. The offender is a person in charge, employee or workman of a manufacturing orindustrial

establishment
2. Themanufacturing/industrialestablishmenthasasecretoftheindustrywhichtheoffenderhas
learned
3. Theoffenderrevealssuchsecrets
4.Prejudiceiscausedtotheowner
TITLETEN
CRIMESAGAINSTPROPERTY
CHAPTERONE
ROBBERYINGENERAL
ART.293
WHOAREGUILTYOFROBBERY
Q:Whatisrobbery?
Thetakingofpersonalpropertybelongingtoanother,withintenttogain,bymeansofviolence
against,orintimidationofanypersonorusingforceuponanything
Q:Whataretheclassificationsofrobbery?
1. Robberywithviolenceagainst,orintimidationofpersons
2. Robberybytheuseofforceuponthings
Q:Howisrobberyingeneralcommitted?
Thereis
1. Personalpropertybelongingtoanother
2. Unlawfultakingofthatproperty
3. Thetakingiswithintenttogain
4.ViolenceorIntimidationofanyperson;orforceuponanything
Q:SupposeyousawXhideakiloofshabu;heplacedthearticleinhisclosetandlockedthesame.You
thoughtthattheshabuwouldfetchalucrativepriceonthestreetssoyoubrokethelatchonhiscloset
andtookit.DidyoucommitRobbery?
Yesprohibitedarticlesmayalsothesubjectmatterofrobbery
Q:Whatkindofrobberydidyoucommit?
Robberywithforceuponthings
Q:Whenmusttheviolence/force/intimidationbepresentforthecrimetoberobbery?
Theviolence/force/intimidationmustbepresentfromthestartoftheactuptotheasportation
or taking; the violence or intimidation must be present before the taking of the personal
propertyiscomplete
*NB:theapplicationofrobberydependsonwhatpointtheviolence/forcewasexerted,noteby
reasonoforontheoccasionthereofxxx
Q:Whenisthecrimeofrobberyconsummated?
ROBBERYWITHVIOLENCEAGAINST/
INTIMIDATIONOFPERSONS
Fromthemomenttheoffendergainspossession
ofthething,eveniftheculprithashadno
opportunitytodisposeofthesame
ROBBERYWITHFORCEUPONTHINGS
Thethingmustbetakenoutofthebuildingto
consummatethecrime
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 184
Knotes
Q:Whatismeantbytaking?
Deprivingtheoffendedpartyofownershipofthethingtakenwiththecharacterofpermanency
Q:Isintenttogainpresumed?
Yes
Q:Supposeintenttogainisdisproved;whatcrimewascommitted?
Gravecoercion,providedthatviolencewasemployed
Q:Doestheintimidationhavetorefertothethreatofbodilyharm?
No,itmaytakeotherforms
Q:Giveanexample
SECTIONONEROBBERYWITHVIOLENCEAGAINST
ORINTIMIDATIONOFPERSONS
ART.294
ROBBERYWITHVIOLENCEAGAINSTOR
INTIMIDATIONOFPERSONSPENALTIES
Q:Arethecrimeshereconsideredcomplexcrimesunderart.48?
No,theyarespecialcomplexcrimesspecificallyprovidedforbyart.294
*NB:thesearespecialcomplexcrimesbecausethecommoncrimesheremustbecommittedin
thecourse,orbecauseoftherobbery;theyarentnormalcomplexcrimesunderart.48
Q:Underart.294,whenisrobberycomplexed;andwhatcrimesmayitbecomplexedwith?
Whentheviolenceresultsin
1. Homicide
2. Rape
3. Intentionalmutilation;or
4.Anyoftheseriousphysicalinjuriesinparagraphs1and2ofart.263
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Whenisrobberywithviolenceagainstorintimidationofpersonscommitted?
1. When,byreasonoronoccasionoftherobbery,thecrimeofHomicideiscommitted
2. Whentherobberyisaccompaniedbyrapeorintentionalmutilationorarson
3. When byreason or on occasion ofsuchrobbery,anyofthe physical injuries resultingin sanity,
imbecility,impotencyorblindnessisinflicted
4.Whenbyreasonoronoccasionofrobbery,anyofthephysicalinjuriesresultinginthelossofthe
useofspeechorthepowertohear/smell;orthelossofaneye,hand,foot,armorleg;ortheuse
ofanysuchmember;orincapacityforworkinwhichtheinjuredpersonistheretoforehabitually
engagedisinflicted
5. If the violence/intimidation employed in the commission of the robbery is carried to a degree
clearlyunnecessaryforthecommissionoftheoffense
6. When in the course of its execution, the offense shall have inflicted upon any person not
responsible for the commission of the robbery any of the physical injuries in consequence of
whichtheinjuredpersonbecomesdeformedorlosesanyothermemberofhisbody;orlosesthe
usethereof;orbecomesill/incapacitatedforworkfor morethan90daysortheinjuredperson
becomesill/incapacitatedforlabourformorethan30days
7. If the violence employed by the offender does not cause any of the serious physical injuries
definedinart.263;oriftheoffenderemploysintimidationonly
CRIMINALLAWII 185
Knotes
*The taking of personal property is robbery complexed with any of these crimes, even if the
takingwasalreadycompletewhentheviolencewasemployedbytheoffender
*Heresthetrick:whentheoriginalplanwasrobbery,andthesecrimesarecommittedbecause
of,orduringthatrobberyitsaspecialcomplexcrime
Q:A,B,andCdecidedtorobXshouse;theysayXinfrontofanearbystore.A,B,andCshothimthere,
afterwhich,theyproceededtoXshousetocommitrobbery;whatcrimedidtheycommit?
RobberywithHomicide(homicidebyreasonoftherobberycomplexed)
Q: Suppose arobbery hadalready been committed.It was reportedtothepolice; andwhile thepolice

wereinpursuitoftherobbers,ashootouttookplaceinthenearbyprovince.2policemenand3robbers
werekilled.Whatcrimewascommitted?
RobberywithHomicide
Q:Inthecourseoftherobbery,oneoffendersteppedona48hourchild.Whatcrimedidhecommit?
RobberywithHomicide
*NB:Homicidehereisusedinitsgeneralsense
Q:Withregardstotheliabilityofpersonswhenthereisaconspiracy;supposeA,B,andCconspiredto
robXshouse.CtookXswifeoutsideofthehouseandrapedher.Whataretheindividualliabilitiesof
theoffenders?
AandBareliableforsimplerobbery
Cisliableforthespecialcomplexcrimeofrobberywithrape(becauseAandBwerenotpresent
whenherapedthewoman,andwerenotinapositiontopreventhimfromdoingsoheacted
independentlyoftheirconspiracyforrobbery
NOTES
*Tableforya:)
ROBBERYWITHVIOLENCEAGAINST,ORINTIMIDATIONOFPERSONS
ART.294
TableofSpecialComplexCrimes
Homicidehereincludesparricideandmurder
Par.1
ROBBERYWITHHOMICIDE
HomicideisNOTlimitedtoasingulardeath,
multipledeathsaremergedinthecomposite
offenseofrobberywithhomicidesolongasallthe
killingswereperpetratedbyreasonoronoccasion
oftherobbery
Whencommittedin adwelling,robberywith
homicidedoesNOTrequirethatrobberywith
forceuponthingsisfirstcommitted
Thisneednotbecommittedinabuilding,either
Intenttotakepersonalpropertybelongingto
anotherwithintenttogainmustprecedethe
killing
Killingapersontoescapeafterthecommissionof
robberyisrobberywithhomicide
Thecrimeisstillrobberywithhomicide,evenifthe
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 186
Knotes
personkilledwasNOTthepersonwhowasrobbed
Allwhoparticipatedintherobberyasprincipals
areprincipalsinrobberywithhomicide,unlessit
clearlyappearsthattheyendeavouredtoprevent
thesame
Par.2
ROBBERYWITHRAPE
Intenttogainmustprecederape
Whenthetakingofpersonalpropertyofawoman
isanindependentactfollowingdefendantsfailure
toconsummatetherape,thereare2distinct
crimes
Additionalrapescommittedonthesameoccasion
ofrobberywillNOTincreasethepenalty
Whenthetakingofthepropertyaftertherapeis
NOTwithintenttogain(i.e.:mementosor
tokens),thereisneithertheftnorrobbery,just
plainrapeandunjustvexation
Whenrapeandhomicidecoexistwithrobberyin
thecommissionofthecrime,theliabilityofthe
accusedisforthespecialcomplexcrimeof
robberywithhomicide,rapebeingmerely
aggravating
Par.3
ROBBERYWITHSERIOUSPHYSICALINJURIES
UNDERART.263,PAR.2
Applieswhentheseriousphysicalinjuriesare
committeduponanypersonnotresponsiblefor
itscommission(peoplewhoarentthemselvesthe
robbers)
Iftheseriousphysicalinjurieswereinflictedona
fellowrobber,thereare2distinctoffenses:
robberyandseriousphysicalinjuries
Par.4
ROBBERYWITHUNNECESSARYVIOLENCEAND
INTIMIDATION
Theviolencehereneednotresultinserious
physicalinjuries
Violenceemployedmustbeunnecessarytothe
commissionofrobbery
1. Anyofthephysicalinjuriesdefinedin
paragraphs3and4,art.263wasinflictedin
thecourseoftherobbery
2. Anyofthemwasinflicteduponanyperson
notresponsibleforthecommissionofthe
robbery
Par.5
ROBBERYWITHTHEUSEOFVIOLENCEAGAINST/
INTIMIDATIONOFANYPERSON
*thisisnotaspecialcomplexcrime,thisissimple
Simplerobberytheuseofviolenceagainstany
persondoesNOTresultinhomicide,rape,
intentionalmutilationoranyoftheserious
physicalinjurieswhichmaygiverisetoaspecial
complexcrime;whenitdoesresultinthose
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
*REQUISITESOFROBBERYUNDERTHE2ND CASEOF
PAR.4,ART.294
CRIMINALLAWII 187
Knotes
robbery
crimes,aspecialcomplexcrimeiscommitted
TheviolenceorintimidationneedNOTbepresent
beforeorattheexactmomentwhentheobjectis
taken,itmayenteranytimebeforetheowneris
finallydeprivedofhispersonalproperty
Intimidationexistswhentheactsexecuted/words
utteredbytheoffenderarecapableofproducing
fearinthepersonthreatened
ART.295
ROBBERYWITHPHYSICALINJURIES,
COMMITTEDINANUNINHABITEDPLACEAND
BYABAND,ORWITHTHEUSEOFFIREARM,
ONASTREET,ROADORALLEY
Q:Whenisrobberywithviolenceagainstorintimidationofpersonsqualified?
Whenrobberyiscommitted
1. Inanuninhabitedplace
2. Byaband
3. Byattackingamovingtrain,streetcar,motorvehicle,orairship
4.Byenteringthepassengerscompartmentsinatrain,orinanymannertakingthepassengersby
surpriseintherespectiveconveyance
5. Onastreet,road,highway,oralley,andtheintimidationismadewiththeuseoffirearms
Q:Maythesecircumstancesbeoffsetbyordinarymitigatingcircumstances?
No
Q:Whatisthelegaleffectofthepresenceofmorethanoneofthesecircumstances?
Onlyonewillqualifytheoffense,therestwillservetoaggravatethepenalty
Q:Dotheyapplytohomicide/rapeorseriousphysicalinjuriescommittedwithrobbery?
No
ART.296
DEFINITIONOFABANDAND
PENALTYINCURREDBYMEMBERSTHEREOF
Q:Whenisthereaband?
Whenmorethan3armedmalefactorstakepartinthecommissionofarobbery
Q: SupposeA, B, C and D committed robberywiththe use ofanunlicensed firearm. Whatisthelegal

effectofthefirearmontheirliabilities?
Thepenaltyshallbeimposedinthemaximum
*NB:wheneveranyofthearmsusedinthecommissionoftheoffenseisanunlicensedfirearm,
the penalty imposed on all malefactors shall be the maximum period of the corresponding
penaltyprovidedbylaw
Q:MayA,B,CandDalsobeprosecutedforillegalpossessionofunlicensedfirearm?
Yes
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 188
Knotes
Q:Whatisthepresumptionofthelawwithrespecttorobberycommittedbyaband?
Any member of a band who is present at the commission of robbery shall be punished as a
principalofanyoftheassaultscommittedbytheband,unlessitcanbeshownthathe
attemptedtopreventthesame
*NB:Requisitesforliabilityfortheactsofothermembersoftheband
1.Thepersonisamemberoftheband
2.Thebandcommittedrobbery
3.Othermembersofthebandcommittedanassault(orassaults,plural)
4.Hedidnotattempttopreventtheassault
NOTES
*Whentherobberywasnotcommittedbyaband,therobberwhodidnottakepartintheassaultby
anotherisntliableforthatassault
*When the robbery was not by a band and homicide was not determinedby the accused when they
plottedthecrime,thenonparticipantinthekillingisliableonlyforrobbery
*Whenthereisconspiracytocommithomicideandrobbery,alltheconspirators,evenifthereareless
than4armedmen,areliableforthespecialcomplexcrimeofrobberywithhomicide
*Art.296is notapplicableto principals byinduction who wereNOT present attherobbery,if the

agreementwastocommitrobbery(andyethomicidehappenedtobecommitted)
*Proofofconspiracyisnotnecessarywhen4ormorearmedpersonscommittedrobbery
*Membersofthebandmustbepresentatthetimeoftherobbery,althoughnotnecessarilyduringthe
assault
*RepublicAct 8249considers the useofanunlicensedfirearm in murder or homicidemerelyaspecial

aggravatingcircumstance,NOTaseparatecrime
*The special aggravating circumstance of the use of unlicensed firearm is NOT applicable to robbery
withhomicidecommittedbyaband(art.295doesnotapplytosubdivisions1and2ofart.294)
*Theuseofafirearmwhetherlicensedornotinmakingtheintimidationisaqualifyingcircumstance
when the robbery defined in any of paragraphs 3, 4 and 5 of art.294 is committed on a street, road,
highwayoralley
ART.297
ATTEMPTEDANDFRUSTRATEDROBBERY
COMMITTEDUNDERCERTAINCIRCUMSTANCES
*When by reason or on occasion of an attempted/frustrated robbery, a homicide is committed, the

personguiltyofsuchoffensesshallbepunishedbyreclusiontemporalinitsmaximumperiodto
reclusionperpetua,unlessthehomicidecommitted shall deserveahigherpenaltyundertheprovisions
ofthisCode
ART.298
EXECUTIONOFDEEDSBYMEANSOF
VIOLENCEORINTIMIDATION
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 189
Knotes
1. Theoffenderhasintenttodefraudanother
2. Hecompelsthatpersontosign,executeordeliveranypublicinstrumentordocument
3. Thecompulsionismadebymeansofviolenceorintimidation
Q:Doestheinstrumenthavetobepublic?
Yes
Q:Whataboutthedocument?
Thedocumentmaybeprivateorcommercial
Q:Supposethedocumentisvoid
Art.298doesnotapply
SECTIONTWOROBBERYBYTHEUSEOFFORCEUPONTHINGS
Q:Howisrobberybytheuseofforceuponthingscommitted?
Whentheoffender
1. Enteredahouseorbuildingbyanyofthemeansspecifiedinart.299or302;or
2. Eveniftherewasnoentrancebyanyofthosemeans,hebrokeawardrobe,chestoranyother
kind of locked/closed/sealed furniture or receptacle in the house or building; or he took the
sameawaytobebrokenorforcedopenoutsidethebuilding
Q: Suppose no entry at all was effected by the accused; and he simply used a long pole to take the
article,whatcrimewascommitted?
Theft
*Forthiskindofrobbery,entryisessentialifthereisnoentry,thereisnorobberywithforce
uponthings
Q:Mayrobberybecommittedwithouttheactualuseofforceonthings?
Yes,whentheentranceiseffectedthroughmeansnotintendedforegress;byusingafictitious
name;orpretendingtheexerciseofpublicauthority;whenthingsneednotbebrokenorforced
open
Q:A,B,andCusedafalsekeytoopenthedooroftheirneighbourshouse.Whentheydidso,theysawa
motorcycleinthelivingroom.Theytookit.Whatcrimedidtheycommit?
Carnapping
Q:Supposethecarcontainedjewelryandasafebox?
Thecrimeisstillcarnapping
Q:Supposetheaccusedbrokethewindowofthecar,andtookthevaluablesinside.Whatcrimedidhe
commit?
Theft
Q:Whatiftheaccusedpushedthecarallthewaytotheotherstreetbeforeopeningadoorandtaking
thevaluablesinside?
1.Carnapping
2. Theft
*separatecrimes
Q: Your cell phone was taken from your bag when you were walking through the street and didnt
notice.Whatcrimewascommitted?
Theft
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 190
Knotes
Q:Supposeyouturnedaroundatthemomentyou feltsomethingbeingtakenfromyourbag;andthe
accusedpointedagunatyoutostopyoufromrunningafterhim.Whatcrimesdidhecommit?
1. Theft
2. GraveThreats
*separatecrimes
Q:Afterrobberywascommitted,thebuildingwassetonfire.Whatcrimeswerecommitted?
Robberywitharson,complexed
ART.299
ROBBERYINANINHABITEDHOUSEOR
PUBLICBUILDINGOREDIFICEDEVOTED
TOWORSHIP
SUBDIVISIONB,ART.299
ELEMENTS
1. Theoffenderisinsideadwellinghouse,
publicbuildingoredificedevotedto
religiousworship,REGARDLESSofthe
circumstancesunderwhichheenteredit
2. Hetakespersonalpropertybelongingto
another;doessowithintenttogain;and
underanyofthefollowingcircumstances:
a.Bythebreakingofdoors,wardrobes,
chestsoranyotherkindoflockedor
sealedfurnitureorreceptacle;or
b.Bytakingsuchfurnitureorobjects
awaytobebrokenor forcedopen
outsidetheplaceofrobbery
SUBDIVISIONA,ART.299
ELEMENTS
1. Theoffenderentered
a.Aninhabitedplace;or
b.Apublicbuilding;or
c. Anedificedevotedtoreligious
worship
2. Theentrancewaseffectedbyanyofthe
followingmeans:
a.Throughanopeningnotintendedfor
entranceoregress
b.Bybreakinganywall,roof,orfloor;or
bybreakinganydoororwindow
c. Byusingfalsekeys,picklocksorsimilar
tools
d.Byusinganyfictitiousnameor
pretendingheexerciseofpublic
authority
3. Onceinsidethebuilding,theoffendertook
personalpropertybelongingtoanother
anddidsowithintenttogain
NOTES:
Thelawfocusesonthemannerofgainingentry
here(i.e.:breakinganywall,roofetc.);entryis
controllinghere
Thelawfocusesonthemannerofobtainingthe
article(breakinganythingINSIDEthebuilding,i.e.:
chests,wardrobes,furnitureortakingthesame
OUTSIDEtoforcethemopen)
ThedoorcontemplatedhereisanEXTERNALone
Doorscontemplatedhereareinternalones,
foundwithinthebuilding
Thecrimeistheftiftheoffenderdidnotenterthe
building
EntrybyanyofthemeansundersubdivisionAis
notrequiredforrobberyundersubdivisionB
Anyofthe4meansmustberesortedtofor
ENTRANCE,notforgettingout
Whenathingistakenoutsidetobebrokenopen,
itisntnecessarythatitisactuallyforcedopen
Thewholebodyoftheculpritmustbeinsidethe
Thecrimeisestafaortheftifthethingisnot
SubdivisionB
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
SubdivisionA
CRIMINALLAWII 191
Knotes
buildingtoconstituteentry
Thewallmustbeanoutsidewall,notapartywall
oroneinbetweenroomsinahouse/building
Theoutsidedoormustbebroken,notmerely
forcedopen(roflmao)
Falsekeysaregenuinekeysstolenfromthe
owneroranykeysotherthanthoseintendedby
theownerforuseonthelock
forcedopenINSIDEthebuildingwhereitwasbeing
kept;orwhenitistakentherefromtobebroken
outside
Thepenaltyforrobberywithforceuponthingsin
aninhabitedhouse,etc.dependsontheVALUEof
thepropertytakenandonwhetherornotthe
offendercarriesarms
ThearmscarriedbytheoffendermustNOTbe
usedtointimidate,elseart.294applies
Picklocksaretoolsspeciallyadoptedforthe
commissionofrobbery
Notetheadjectivesusedbythelaw:thefurniture
orreceptaclemustbelockedorsealed,ifitisnt
lockedorsealed,thereisnorobbery Atty.A
Merepossessionofpicklocksispunishable;even
thelocksmithwhomadethemmaybeheldliable
Re:falsekeys,thegenuinekeymustbestolen,not
takenbyforceorintimidationoftheowner
Whentheobjectistakenaway(see:2nd mannerof
commission,undersubdivisionBabove),there
mereactofremovingitconsummatesthecrime
ThefalsekeyorpicklockmustbeusedtoENTER
thebuilding,NOTtoopentrunks/chests/etc.
inside,elsethecrimeistheft
Ifthebreakingofwindowswascommittedona
car(like,thedudebrokethecarwindows),the
crimeistheft,notrobberywithforceuponthings
ART.300
ROBBERYINANUNINHABITEDPLACE
ANDBYABAND
*Therobbery mentioned in the next precedingarticle, ifcommitted inan uninhabitedplaceandbya

bandshallbepunishedbythemaximumperiodofthepenaltytherefor
Q:Whatarethe2qualifications?
Robberyunderart.299mustbecommitted
1. Byaband,AND
2. Inanuninhabitedplace
Q:Supposetherobberycommittedwasbymeansofviolenceandintimidationagainstpersons.Whatis
thelegaleffectofthepresenceofaband?
Thepresenceofabandqualifiestheoffense
*NB: Robbery with violence or intimidation of persons must be committed either in an

uninhabited place OR by a band, in order to be qualified. Band and uninhabited place do not
havetoconcur
ART.301
WHATISANINHABITEDHOUSE,PUBLICBUILDING,
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Dothese2havetoconcur?
Yes
CRIMINALLAWII 192
Knotes
BUILDINGDEDICATEDTORELIGIOUSWORSHIP
ANDTHEIRDEPENDENCIES
Q:Whatisaninhabitedhouse?
Anyshelter,ship or vessel constitutingthedwellingofone ormore persons, eventhoughthe
inhabitantsthereofshalltemporarilybeabsenttherefromwhentherobberyiscommitted
Q:Whataredependencies?
All interior courts, corrals, warehouses, granaries, barns, coachhouses, stables or other
departments or enclosed spaces contiguous tothe building or edifice, having an interior
entranceconnectedtherewithandwhichformpartofthewhole
*NB:Requisitesfordependencies
1.Mustbecontiguoustothebuilding
2.Musthaveaninteriorentranceconnectedtherewith;and
3.Mustformpartofthewhole
Q:Whatisapublicbuilding?
The term public building includes every building owned by the government or belonging to a
privateperson bit used orrented by thegovernment, although temporarilyunoccupied by the
same
Q:Supposethereisahouse.Adjacenttoitisagrocery.Thereisadoorconnectingonetotheotherand
theoffenderdestroystheexternalgrocerydoorandwentthroughtheconnectingdoorintothehouse.
Isheliable?
Yes
Q:Supposeinapublicbuilding,theaccusedenteredthroughtheexternaldoor,tooksomethingfrom
insidethebuildingandleftthroughthewindow.Whatcrimedidhecommit?
Thefthedestroyednothing,didnotforceentrance,usednofalsekeys,etc.
Q:Supposehemerelyreachedforthevaluablesnearesttotheopenwindow.Whatcrimedidhe
commit?
Theft
Q:Supposehisentirebodywentthroughthewindow
Robbery
ART.302
ROBBERYINANUNINHABITEDPLACE
ORINAPRIVATEBUILDING
1. TheoffenderenteredanuninhabitedplaceorbuildingwhichwasNOTadwellinghouseorpublic
buildingoredificedevotedtoworship
2. Anyofthefollowingcircumstanceswaspresent:
a.Entrancewaseffectedthroughanopeningnotintendedforentranceofegress
b.Awall,roof,floororoutsidedoororwindowwasbroken
c. Entrancewaseffectedthroughtheuseoffalsekeys,picklocksorothersimilartools
d.Adoor,wardrobe,chestorreceptaclewasbroken
e.Aclosedorsealedreceptaclewasremoved,evenifthesameisbrokenelsewhere
3. Theoffendertooktherefrompersonalpropertybelongingtoanother,withintenttogain
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 193
Knotes
ART.303
ROBBERYOFCEREALS,FRUITSORFIREWOOD
INANUNINHABITEDPLACEORPRIVATEBUILDING
*Inthecasesenumeratedinarts.299and302,whentherobberyconsistsinthetakingofcereals,fruits
or firewood, the culprit shall suffer the penalty next lower in degree than that prescribed in the said
articles
Q:Whatarecereals?
Seedlingswhichareimmediateproductsofthesoil
ART.304
POSSESSIONOFPICKLOCKSOR
SIMILARTOOLS
1. Theoffenderhasinhispossessionpicklocksorsimilartools
2. Suchpicklocksorsimilartoolsarespeciallyadaptedtothecommissionofrobbery
3. Theoffenderdoesnothavelawfulcauseforsuchpossession
Q:Whataboutthepersonmakingsuchtools?
Thesamepenaltyappliestothemakerofthetools
Q:Supposetheoffenderisalocksmith?
Thepenaltyishigher(prisioncorreccionalinitsmediummaximumperiods)
Q:Isactualusenecessary?
No
ART.305
FALSEKEYS
Q:Whatareincludedinthetermfalsekeys?
1. Picklocksorsimilartools
2. Genuinekeysstolenfromtheowner
3. Any keys other than those intended by the owner for use in the lock forcibly opened by the
offender
CHAPTERTWO
BRIGANDAGE
Q:Whatisbrigandage?
Brigandageisacrimecommittedbymorethan3armedpersonswhoformabandofrobbersfor
the purpose of committing robbery in the highways;or kidnapping persons for the purpose of
extortion orto obtainransomforanyotherpurposeto beattainedbymeansof forceor
violence
Q:Whatispunishablehere?
Theactofformingabandforthepurposeofrobberyorkidnappingforransom,orforanyother
purposetobeattainedthroughforceorviolence
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 194
Knotes
ART.306
WHOAREBRIGANDSPENALTY
Q:Whenistherebrigandage?
When
1. Thereareatleast4armedpersons
2. Theyformedabandofrobbers
3. Foranyofthefollowingpurposes:
a.Tocommitrobberyinthehighways
b.Tokidnappersonsforransomorextortion
c. Toattainanyotherpurposethroughforceorviolence
Q:Whatisthepresumptionofthelawastobrigandage?
All persons in the band are presumed highway robbers of brigands if any of them carries an
unlicensedfirearm
NOTES:
*Thelawdoesnotqualifythearmsnecessary,exceptwhenthepresumptionastounlicensedfirearms
isapplied
*Highwayincludescitystreets
ART.307
AIDINGANDABETTING
ABANDOFBRIGANDS
1. Thereisabandofbrigands
2. Theoffenderknowsthebandtobeofbrigands
3. Hedoesanyofthefollowingacts:
a.Heinanymanneraids,abets,orprotectssuchbandofbrigands
b.Hegivestheminformationofthemovementsofthepoliceorotherpeaceofficerofthe
government
c. Heacquiresorreceivesthepropertytakenbythebrigands
Q:Whatisthepresumptionofthelawastoknowledge?
Thepersonperformingtheactshasdonesoknowinglyunlessthecontraryisproven
*HighwayRobberyandBrigandage:
Theseizureofanypersonforransom,extortionorotherunlawfulpurposes,orthetakingaway
of the property of another by means of violence against or intimidation of persons; or force
uponthings,orotherunlawfulmeans,committedbyanypersononanyPhilippinehighway
*Philippinehighway:
Anyroad,street,passage,highwayandbridges,or otherpartsthereof,orrailway/railroad
withinthePhilippinesusedbypersonsorvehiclesorlocomotivesortrainsforthemovementor
circulationofpersonsortransportationofgoods,articles,orpropertyorboth
*Any person whoaidsor protects highway robbers, or abets thecommission of highway

robbery/brigandageshallbeconsideredasanaccomplice
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
HIGHWAYROBBERYORBRIGANDAGE
UNDERPRESIDENTIALDECREE532
CRIMINALLAWII 195
Knotes
*Thesamepresumptionappliesastoknowledge,underart.307oftheRPC
CHAPTERTHREE
THEFT
Q:Howistheftcommitted?
Theft is committed by any person who, with intent to gain, but without violence against or
intimidation ofpersonsnorforceuponthings,shalltakepersonalpropertyofanotherwithout
thelattersconsent
ART.308
WHOARELIABLEFORTHEFT
Q:Whomaybeheldliablefortheft?
1. Thosewho
a.Withintenttogain
b.Butwithoutviolenceagainstpersonsnorforceuponthings
c. Takepersonalpropertybelongingtoanother
d.Withoutthelattersconsent
2. Thosewho
a.Havingfoundlostproperty
b.Failtodeliverthesametolocalauthoritiesortoitsowner
3. Thosewho
a.Afterhavingmaliciouslydamagedthepropertyofanother
b.Removeormakeuseofthefruitsorobjectofthedamagecausedbythem
4.Thosewho
a.Enterandenclosedstateorfield
b.Where trespass is forbidden or which belongs to another without the consent of its
owner
c. Tohuntorfishuponthesameorgatherfruits,cerealsorotherforest/farmproducts
Q:Howistheftcommitted?
1. Takingofpersonalproperty
2. Thepersonalpropertybelongstoanother
3. ThetakingisdonewithintenttogainANDwithouttheconsentoftheowner
4.The taking is accomplished without the use of violence against or intimidation of persons or
forceuponthings
Q:Whatdoesthelawpresume,whenapersonisfoundinpossessionofpropertynotbelongtohim?
Thelawpresumestheft,providedthatthepropertymusthavebeenrecentlystolen
NOTES
*There is taking even If the offender received the thing from the offended party because taking is
definedwithrespecttothetransferofphysicalpossession
*Personalpropertyincludeselectricityandgas,promissorynotes,checksandinvoices
*Selling the share of a partner or joint owner is NOT theft because, before the dissolution of the
partnership,thepropertyisownedincommon,nopartofthatpropertytrulybelongstoacoowneror
partner
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 196
Knotes
*In the sale of goods, there is theft if the goods are taken after payment but BEFORE measuring or
weighingwithoutconsentofthevendor
*ActualorREALgainisnotnecessary,thelawlooksatanumolucrandi(intenttogain)
*LackofoppositionisNOTconsent,eveniftheoffendedpartyknewofthetakingbutdidnotconsent
toit,thecrimeisstilltheft
*Thereisnorobbery,(buttheftinstead)whenviolenceisemployedforareasonentirelyforeigntothe
actoftaking
*UnlesstheforceuponthingsisemployedtoENTERthebuilding,thereistheft
*Delayinthedeliveryoflostpropertytothelocalauthoritiesisimmaterialwhenthefindersurrendered
itvoluntarilytotheownerwhenthelattercametoretrieveit
*Par.1, art.308 is not only limited to the actual finder, the finder in law as well (i.e.: a policeman) to
whomtheactualfindersurrenderedthelostpropertyisalsowithinthescopeoftheprovision
*The law doesnot require knowledge ofthe owner ofthe lost property(thathis property wasindeed
missing),aslongastheaccusedknewofhadreasontoknowthatthepropertywaslost,itwashisduty
toreturnit
*Intenttogainisinferredfromdeliberatefailuretodeliverthelostpropertytotheproperperson
*TheunlawfulfishingshouldNOTbedoneinanactualfishpond,elsethecrimeisqualifiedtheft
*Theftisnotacontinuingoffense
ART.309
PENALTIES
Q:Whatarethebasesforpenaltiesintheft?
1. Thevalueofthethingstolen
2. Thevalueandnatureofthepropertytakenor
3. Thecircumstancesorcausesthatimpelledtheculprittocommitthecrime
ART.310
QUALIFIEDTHEFT
Q:Whenistheftqualified?
1. Iftheactiscommittedbyadomesticservant
2. Ifitwascommittedwithgraveabuseofconfidence
3. Ifthepropertystolenis
a.Amotorvehicle
b.Mailmatter
c. Largecattle
4.Ifthepropertystolenconsistsofcoconutstakenfromtheplantation
5. Ifthepropertystolenisfishtakenfromafishpondorfishery
6.Ifthepropertyistakenontheoccasionoffire,earthquake,typhoon,volcaniceruptionorany
othercalamity,vehicularaccidentorcivildisturbance
NOTES
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 197
Knotes
*Thepenaltyhereis2degreeshigher
*Theftbyahousemateisnotalwaysqualified
*Theftbyalabour3erisnotqualifiedtheft,onlysimpletheft
*Theftbyonewhohadaccesstotheplacewherethepropertyiskeptisqualifiedtheft
*Theconfidencegravelyabusedmustbethatexistingbetweentheoffendedpartyandtheoffender
*Theftbyanindustrialpartnerisnotqualifiedtheft
*IMPORTANT! RE: The NOVATION THEORY (of extinguishing criminal liability in theft), according to
People v. Tanjuatco, GR. No. L23924, April 29, 1968, the acceptance of payment by the complainant
converts the liability of the accused into a civil obligation or estops the complainant from proceeding
withcriminalprosecutionandthisisapplicablewhentherearecontractualrelationsbetweenthe
accusedandcomplainant.AttyAdisagrees.Doesitextinguishcriminalliability?No.Never.Thegrounds
for extinguishment of criminal liability are enumerated under Art.89, Novation is not one of them.
Criminalliabilityinurestotheactthemomentallelementsarethere,whetheryoulikeitornot;andthe
moment this happens, criminal liability may ONLY be extinguished through the modes under art.89.
Does it extinguish criminal liability before the crime is committed or before all elements set in? No.
Legallyspeaking,thereisnocrimeyet,andthereisnothingtobeextinguished.Atty.A
ANTICARNAPPINGACTOF1992
RE:THEFTOFMOTORVEHICLES
*Carnapping:
The taking with intent to gain, or a motor vehicle belonging to another without the latters
consent, or by means of violence against or intimidation of persons; or by use of force upon
things
*QualifiedCarnapping:
When in the course ofthe commission or on the occasion ofcarnapping, the owner, driver, or
occupantofthevehicleiskilledorraped
ANTICATTLERUSTLINGLAWOF1974
RE:THEFTOFLARGECATTLE
Includesthekillingoflargecattle,ortakingitsmeatorhidewithouttheconsentofthe owner
orraiser
*Presumptionofcattlerustling:
Failureto exhibitrequired documents = primafacie evidencethatthe largecattleinones
possession,controlorcustodyarethefruitsofcattlerustling
*Largecattle:
Includesthecow,carabao,horse,mule,assorotherdomesticatedmemberofthebovinefamily
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
*Cattlerustling:
Takingaway by any means,method or scheme, without the consentofthe owner or raiser, of
any of the animals classified as large cattle whether or not for profit or gain or whether
committedwithorwithoutviolenceagainstorintimidationofanypersonorforceuponthings
CRIMINALLAWII 198
Knotes
RE:QUALIFIEDTHEFT
*Qualified Theft also includes timber smuggling from, and illegal cutting of logs in, public forest and
forestreserves
ANTIFENCINGLAW
*Fencing:
The act of any person who, with intent to fain for himself or for another, shall buy, receive,
possess,keep,acquire,conceal,sellordisposeof,orshallbuyandsell,orinanymannerdealin
anyarticle,itemorobjectoranythingofvaluewhichheknows,orshouldbeknowntohim,to
havebeenderivedfromtheproceedsorrobberyortheft
*PresumptionofFencing:
Mere possession of any good, article, item, object or anything of value which has been the
subjectofrobberyorthievery=primafacieevidenceoffencing
*ELEMENTSofFencing:
1. Robberyorthefthasbeencommitted
2. The accused, who is not a principal or accomplice in the robbery/theft, buys, receives,
possessesanyarticleoranythingofvaluewhichhasbeenderivedfromtheproceedsofthe
saidcrime
3. Theaccusedknowsorshouldhaveknownthatthesaidarticle/thingofvaluehasbeendelivered
fromtheproceedsofthecrimeofrobbery/theft
4.Thereis,onthepartoftheaccused,intenttogainforhimselforanother
ART.311
THEFTOFTHEPROPERTYOFTHE
NATIONALLIBRARYANDNATIONALMUSEUM
*If the property stolen be any property of the national library/national museum, the penalty shall be
arresto mayor/fine ranging from Php 200 500, or both, unless a higher penalty should be provided
underotherprovisionsofthisCode,inwhichcase,theoffendershallbepunishedbysuchhigherpenalty
CHAPTERFOUR
USURPATION
ART.312
OCCUPATIONOFREALPROPERTYOR
USURPATIONOFREALRIGHTSINPROPERTY
1. Taking possession of any real property belonging to another by means of violence against or
intimidationofpersons
2. Usurping anyrealrightsin property belonging to anotherbymeansof violenceagainst or
intimidationofpersons
*ELEMENTS:
1. Theoffendertakespossessionofanyrealpropertyorusurpsanyrealrightsinproperty
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 199
Knotes
2. Therealproperty/realrightsbelongtoanother
3. Violenceagainstorintimidationofpersonsisusedbytheoffenderinoccupyingrealpropertyor
usurpingrealrightsinproperty
4.Thereisintenttogainonthepartoftheoffender
ART.313
ALTERINGBOUNDARIESORLANDMARKS
*ELEMENTS:
1. There areboundary marks or monumentsoftowns,provinces, orestates,oranyother marks
intendedtodesignatetheboundariesofthesame
2. Theoffenderaltersthesaidboundarymarks
CHAPTERFIVE
CULPABLEINSOLVENCY
ART.314
FRAUDULENTINSOLVENCY
*ELEMENTS:
1. Theoffenderisadebtor,andhasobligationsdueandpayable
2. Heabscondswithhisproperty
3. Thereisprejudicetohiscreditors
CHAPTERSIXSWINDLINGAND
OTHERDECEITS
ART.315
SWINDLINGESTAFA
*Thispartisimmenselytryingsoheresatableforya:)
ElementsofEstafaINGENERAL:
1. Theaccuseddefraudedanother
a.Byabuseofconfidenceor
b. Bymeansofdeceit(fraudulentacts/fraudulentmeans)
2. DamageorPrejudicecapableofpecuniaryestimationis
causedtotheoffendedpartyortoathirdperson
ESTAFA
WITHUNFAITHFULNESSOR
ABUSEOFCONFIDENCE
(Art.315,No.1)
ESTAFA
BYMEANSOFFALSEPRETENSES
ORFRAUDULENTACTS(Art.315,
No.2)
ESTAFATHROUGH
FRAUDULENTMEANS
(Art.315,No.3)
a) Byusingfictitiousname,or
falselypretendingto
possesspower,influence,
a)Byinducinganother,by
meansofdeceit,tosignany
document
a) Byalteringthesubstance,
quantityorqualityof
anythingofvalue
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
ESTAFAUNDERART.315
CRIMINALLAWII 200
Knotes
ELEMENTS:
1. Theoffenderhasanonerous
obligationtodeliver
somethingofvalue
2. Healtersitssubstance,
quantityorquality
3. Damageorprejudiceis
causedtoanother
qualifications,property,
credit,agency,businessor
imaginarytransactions;or
byothersimilardeceits
ELEMENTS:
1. Theoffenderinducedthe
offendedpartytosigna
document
2. Deceitisemployedtomake
himsignthedocument
3. Theoffendedpartysigned
thedocument
4.Prejudiceiscaused
b) Bymisappropriatingor
convertingmoney,goodsor
anyotherpersonalproperty
receivedintrust,oron
commissionorfor
administration,orunder
anyobligationinvolvingthe
dutytomakedeliveryof,or
toreturnthesame;orby
denyinghavingreceived
suchgoods/money
b)Byalteringthequality,
fineness,orweightof
anythingpertainingtohis
artorbusiness
b)Byresortingtosome
fraudulentpracticeto
insuresuccessinagambling
game
c)Bypretendingtohave
bribedanyGovernment
employee
c) Byremoving,concealing,or
destroyinganycourtrecord,
officefiles,documentorany
otherpapers
ELEMENTS:
1.Themoneygoods,orother
personalpropertymustbe
receivedbytheoffenderin
trust/oncommission/for
administration/underany
obligationinvolvingdelivery
orreturnofthesame
2.Thereismisappropriationor
conversionofsuchmoney/
propertybytheoffender;or
denialonhispartofsuch
receipt
ELEMENTS:
1. Thepaperwiththesignature
oftheoffendedpartyisin
blank
2. Theoffendedpartyshould
havedeliveredittothe
offender
3. Abovethesignatureofthe
offendedparty,adocument
iswrittenbytheoffender
withoutauthoritytodoso
4.Thedocumentsowritten
createsaliabilityof,or
causesdamageto,the
ELEMENTS:
1. Therearecourtrecords,
officefiles,documentsor
anyotherpapers
2. Theoffenderremoved,
concealedordestroyedany
ofthem
3. Theoffenderhadintentto
defraudanother
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
c)Bytakingundueadvantage
ofthesignatureofthe
offendedpartyinblank,and
bywritinganydocument
abovesuchsignaturein
blank
CRIMINALLAWII 201
Knotes
offendedpartyorany3rd
person
d) Bypostdatingacheckor
issuingacheckinpayment
ofanobligationwhenthe
offenderhadnofundsin
thebank,orhisfunds
depositedthereinwerenot
sufficienttocoverthe
amountofthecheck
ELEMENTS:
1. The offender postdated a
check,orissuedacheckin
paymentofanobligation
2. Suchpostdatingorissuinga
checkwasdonewhenthe
offenderhadnofundsinthe
bank,orhisfundsdeposited
thereinwerenotsufficient
tocovertheamountofthe
check
e) Byobtaininganyfood,
refreshment,or
accommodationatahotel,
inn,restaurant,boarding
house,lodginghouse,or
apartmenthouseandthe
likewithoutpaying
therefor;orbyobtaining
creditatthesaidplacesby
theuseoffalsepretense;or
byabandoningor
surreptitiouslyremoving
anypartofhisbaggage
fromthesamewithout
payingforhisfood,
refreshmentor
accommodation
Q:HowisDamageorPrejudiceinflicted?
1. Theoffenderwasdeprivedofhismoneyorpropertyasaresultoffraud
2. Thereisadisturbanceinpropertyrightsor
3. Temporaryprejudicetotheoffendedpartyortoa3rd person
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 202
Knotes
FORMULAEFORDETERMININGTHECOMMISSIONOFESTAFA,THEFTORCIVILLIABILITY
(TheAmuraoFormulae)
ESTAFA
JuridicalPossession+Material
Possession+Misappropriationof
theproperty
THEFT
MaterialPossessionONLY+Misappropriation
NOCRIME,ONLYCIVILLIABILITY
OWNERSHIPofthepersonalproperty+
JuridicalPossession+
MaterialPossession+
Misappropriation
**NOTES:
*UnderstandthedifferencebetweenJURIDICALandMATERIALpossession:
1. JURIDICAL POSSESSION is the kind of possession based on, or coming from a judicial act or
transaction(thisiswhatgivesyoutherighttopossess),i.e.:anagreement/acontract, express
orimplied,oralorwritten;aprovisionoflaw(likealease,commodatum,ordeposit).Thisisthe
kindofpossession thatcanbesetupevenagainst theactualowneroftheproperty,abetter
rightthantheownerbecauseitemanatesfromthelaworanagreement
2. MATERIALPOSSESSIONispossessionthatdoesNOToriginatefromajudicialact;itisan
extension of the personality of the owner (i.e.: the owner gives you instructions, commands,
ordersorrequests).Thismaynotbesetupagainsttheowneroftheproperty
*WhatiscontrollinghereistheSOURCEofpossession
*RE:ESTAFA,theobligationinvolvesthereturnoftheSAMEthing.Whentheobligationisfacultative,
therefore,thereisnoobligationtoreturnthatexactsamething
*Transferofownershipisatransferorallrightsoverthething,therefore,misappropriationofthething
carriesnocriminalliability,onlycivilliability(i.e.:coownership)
*Whentheagentactswithinthescopeandpurposeoftheagencywhenhesells/disposesofthething,
thereisnocrimecommitted.If,however,therewasanexpressprohibitionNOTtoemployasubagent,
forexample,andtheagentdid, estafaiscommitted(becausetheagentactedbeyondhisscope,acted
as if he were the owner of the property, he CONVERTED the property and disregarded the terms and
conditionsoftheagencyandthesaleandactedinviolationofwhatwasagreedupon)
*RE: COMMISSON OF FRAUD VIA POSTDATING A CHECK:if this happened simultaneously with
contracting the obligation, estafa has been committed. If, however, there was already an existing
obligationwhenthecheckwasissued,thereisnoestafa.
*RE,BATASPAMBANSA22(BP22):Thisisacatchallprovision,providingforcriminalliabilitywhetheror
notthere is a preexistingobligation. The liability under BP22 is SEPARATEfrom thatunder Art.315of
theRPC.
Q:SupposeAmuraoscriminallaw2bookwasborrowedbyastudent.Amuraoallowedthestudentto
usethebookforaweek.Canhetakebackthebooktomorrow?
No
Q:Supposethe week has passed, and you werenot able to returnthe book.Whatcrime didyou
commit?
Estafa
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 203
Knotes
Q: SupposeAtty. Amuraoaskedyou tobringhisbooktothedeans office. After2minutes,youwere

calledbackbecauseAmuraodecidedhedoesnottrustyou.Canyourefusetoreturnthebook?
No,Atty.AmuraohasabetterrighttopossessionthanIdo
Q:Supposethatinsteadofgoingtothedeansoffice,youwenttoRectoandsoldthebook.Whatcrime
didyoucommit?
TheftIonlyhadmaterialpossessionofthethingwhenImisappropriatedit
Q:Xborrowedthebook.Alreadyanticipatingthatitcouldbelost,heaskedAtty.AmuraowhatifIcant
return it?, to which Amurao answered As long as you give me the same book, latest edition. The
studentwasnotabletoreturntheoriginalbook.WhatcrimedidXcommit?
Xdidnotcommitanycrimeandisliableonlyforcivilliability,hewasnotundertheobligationto
returntheexactsamebook,andownershipoftheoriginalbookwastransferredtohim
*NB:thethingthathastobereturnedhastobetheSAMEthing.If,asinthiscase,onlyasimilar
objectisaskedintheeventthattheoriginaloneislost,ownershipwastransferred.Xpractically
ownedtheoriginalbookandcouldopttoreplaceitwiththelatestedition
Q:Atty.AmuraolentyouhisluckyPhp1,000bill.Hehaskeptthesameinhiswalletfor15yearsbecause
ithasbroughthimalotofluck.Atty.Amuraotoldyoutoreturnthesamebillandmadeareceiptforit,
onwhichhewrotedownthebillsserialnumber.Healsomadeitclearthatthebillwastobereturned
onorbeforeMonday.OnMonday,youfailedtoreturnthebill.Whatcrimewascommitted?
Estafa
Q:XaskedAmuraoifhecouldborrowtheluckybill.Amuraoagreed,andtoldXthatitwouldbeokayif
he lost the original one and replaced it with anotherPhp 1,000 bill. X failed to return the original bill.
NoneXisonlycivillyliable
Q:SupposeAmuraohasadriver.Hehandedthedriverthekeystothecarsohecouldgasup.Thedriver
didnotreturn.Whatcrimewascommitted?
Carnapping
*Whentheobjectofthemisappropriationisacaroramotorvehicle,andtheoffenderonlyhad
MATERIALpossessionofthething,thecrimeiscarnapping
Q:XborrowedAmuraoscarovertheweekendtobeusedasaprivatecarforXscousinswedding.The
carwasnotreturned.Whatcrimewascommitted?
EstafaBothmaterialandjuridicalpossessionweretransferred,thisisnotcarnapping
Q:SupposeAaskedBtopayAsbusinesstaxes,forwhichAgaveBPhp50,000.Insteadofpayingforthe
taxes,Bspentthemoneyforpersonaluses.Whatcrimewascommitted?
Estafa
Q: A guardianwasappointed by the courtover thepropertyofthe ward. Theproperty amounted to
Php500,000.TheguardianmisappropriatedPhp200,000.Whatcrimewascommitted?
Estafa
Q: A sales representative of an appliance company approached B, a prospective customer. The sales

representative explained the benefits, and when B was not convinced, he allowed a oneweek trial
period.Afterthe7days,Bfailedtoreturntheproduct.Wastheremisappropriation?
Yes
Q:CouldBbeliableforestafa?
No
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 204
Knotes
Q:AstudentdepositedPhp200,000fortheallegeddestructionoflaboratorymaterialsinschool.After
thehearing,thecourtfoundhimnotguilty.Theschoolwasaskedtoreturnthebills,butitreturnedPhp
200,000inbillswithdifferentserialnumbers.Whatcrimewascommitted?
None, the school was not under the obligation to return the exact same bills, only the same
amount
Q:SupposeAistheownerofseveralpiecesofjewelryworthPhp2,000.HegavethejewelrytoXtobe
soldonacashbasis.Within5days,Xwassupposedtoaccountfortheproceedsofthesale.Ifitwasnot
sold,hewouldreturnthejewelrytoA.Xsoldthejewelryonacreditbasisandthebuyerfailedtopayon
theagreeddate.Xthereforefailedtoaccountforthesale.Whatcrimewascommitted?
Estafabyconversion
Q:SupposethatwhenthejewelrywasgiventoX,hewasmerelytoldtosellthesamewithin30daysand
ifitwasnotsold,toreturnthesame.Xsolditoncredit.Wasthesaleoncreditwithinthescopeofthe
authoritygiventoX?
Yes
Q:MayXthereforebeheldliableforestafa?
No
Q:Supposethatinsteadofsellingthejewelry,XgaveittoasubagentwhosoldthejewelrytoY.Ycould
notpayforthesameontheagreeddate.IsXliableforestafa?
No, there wasnoexpressprohibition against employinga subagent(if therewas, X could be
liableforestafa)
Q:Mayacoownerofapropertybeliableforestafa?
No
Q:WhatisthelegaleffectofNovationoncriminalliability?
None,novationdoesnotaffectcriminalliability(see:earliernotesonthenovationtheoryvis
viscriminalliability)
Q:ABCCorporationsheadofofficeisinManila.XwasassignedtoCebutocollectABCsaccountsthere.
Allcollectorsshallhaveaperiodof30daystoremitthecollectedaccounts.Onthe10th day,Xplayedina
casinoandlosttheentireamount.Wastheremisappropriation?
Yes
Q:IsXliableforestafa?
No,hestillhas20daystoremittheamount
Q:Diditextinguishthecriminalliability?
No,becauseatthetimeitwasenteredinto,alltheelementsofestafawerenotyetpresent;AND
eveniftheywere,novationisnotoneofthemodesofextinguishingcriminalliability
Q:SupposethatonDecember18,thepresidentsaidthatthecollectorshaveonlyunderDecember24to
remit their collection; X did not want to leave Cebu since it was Christmas. He ended up spending the
money.OnDecember26, XwenttoManilaandtalked tothepresident.They had anagreement,butX
resignedthenextday.IsXliableforestafa?
Yes,thepromissorynotedidnotextinguishthecriminalliabilityandalltheelementsofestafa
werecomplete
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
Q:Supposethatonthe20thday,Xwentto Manila,talkedtothePresidentofthecompany,and
confessed. He entered into an agreement with the President and signed a promissory note where he
acknowledged his obligation to pay, and that the amount would be deducted from his salary. After 5
days,Xresigned.Wastherenovation?
YesnovationarosefromtheagreemententeredintowiththePresident
CRIMINALLAWII 205
Knotes
Q:SupposeoneSaturdayafternoon,you went toa grocerystore,purchasedgroceriesworth Php

10,000.Youdidnothaveenoughcashwithyouandyoualsodidnothaveenoughfundsinthebankbut
you decided to issue a check anyway. The owner accepted the check. On Monday, the grocery store
ownerdepositedthecheckanditbounced.Ademandtopaywasmade,andyoufailedtocomply.What
crimewascommitted?
Estafathecheckwasissuedsimultaneouslywiththeobligation
ViolationofBP22(providedyoureceivedsufficientnotice)
*separatecrimes
Q: Suppose you asked the owner if you could just pay on Monday and you would be allowed to bring
hometheitemsyousoughttobuy.Theowneragreed.OnMonday,youissuedacheckwhichbounced.A
demandforpaymentwasmadeandyoufailedtocomply.Wasestafacommitted?
No,atthetimethecheckwasissued,therewasalreadyapreexistingobligation
Q:OnaSaturdayafternoon,youpurchasedgroceriesworthPhp10.000.Youissuedacheckinfavourof
theowner,butbeforethecheckwasdepositedbythelatteronMonday,youwenttohimandtoldhim
that the check you issued will be replaced by a new one. The owner accepted the new check, but it
bounced.Isthisestafa?
No,theissuanceofthenewcheckwasalreadyforapreexistingobligation,butIcouldbeliable
foraviolationofBP22
BATASPAMBANSA22
RE:BOUNCINGCHECKS
Q:Whoareliable?
Personswho
1. Issue
2. Make;or
3. Draw
Abouncingcheck
Q:Areendorsersliable?
No
Q: Supposea checkwasissued notas payment of an accountbutasa guaranty for anobligation. The

checkbounced.Isthepersonwhoissueditliable?
Yes,mereissuanceconstitutesaviolationofBP22
1. MakingorDrawingandIssuinganycheck
toapplyonaccounttorforvalue,
knowingatthetimeofissuethatthe
(maker/drawer/issuer)doesnothave
sufficientfundsinorcreditwiththe
draweebankforthepaymentofsuch
checkinfulluponitspresentment,which
checkissubsequentlydishonouredfor
insufficiencyoffunds/credit;orwould
havebeendishonouredforthesame
reason,hadnotthepersondrawer,
withoutanyvalidreason,orderedthe
banktostoppayment
ELEMENTS:
1. Apersonmakes/drawsofissuesanycheck
2. Thecheckismade/drawn/issuedtoapply
2. Havingsufficientfundsin,orcreditwith
thedraweebankwhentheoffender
makes/drawsorissuesacheck,byfailing
tokeepsufficientfundsortomaintaina
credittocoverthefullamountofthe
checkifpresentedwithinaperiodof90
daysfromthedateappearingthereon,
forwhichreasonitisdishonouredbythe
draweebank
ELEMENTS:
1. Apersonhassufficientfunds/creditwhen
hemakes/issues/drawsacheck
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 206
Knotes
onaccountorforvalue
3. Thepersonwhomakes/draws/issuesthe
checkknowsatthetimeofissuethathe
doesnothavesufficientfunds/creditfor
thepaymentofthecheckuponits
presentment
4.Thecheckissubsequentlydishonouredfor
insufficiencyoffunds/credit;orwould
havebeendishonouredforthesame
reasonifthedrawerhadnot,withoutany
validreason,orderedthebanktostop
payment
2. Hefailstokeepsufficientfundsorto
maintainacredittocoverthefullamount
ofthecheckifpresentedwithinaperiod
of90daysfromthedateappearing
thereon
3. Thecheckisdishonouredbythedrawee
bank
NOTES:
*Themaking,drawingandissuingofacheck,paymentofwhichisrefusedbythedraweebankbecause
ofinsufficiencyoffundsinorcredit,isprimafacieevidenceofknowledgeofinsufficiencyoffunds/credit
whenthecheckispresentedwithin90daysfromthedateonthecheck
*Failuretomakegoodthepaymentwithin5bankingdaysgivesrisetoprimafacieevidenceof
knowledgeofthelackandinsufficiencyoffunds
*IfthecheckthatwasissuedwithoutfundsispresentedAFTER90days,thedrawer/maker/issuerisnot
liable
*The maker/issuer/drawer is alsonot liable when the he pays the holder ofthe checkthe amount due
thereonormakesarrangementsforpaymentinfullbythedraweeofsuchcheckwithin5bankingdays
afterreceivingnoticethatsuchcheckhasnotbeenpaidbythedraweebank
*Primafacieevidencedoesnotarisewherenoticeofnonpaymentisnotsenttothemaker/drawerof
thecheck
*Conviction of acquittal under the Revised Penal Code is NOT a bar to prosecution under BP 22 (re:
estafa)because ofthe different requisites BP 22 requires the additional fact of the drawees
knowledgeoflack/insufficiencyoffunds,theRPCdoesnot.
*Estafabyissuingabadcheckisacontinuingcrime
Q: Supposeatthe time youissueda check, you had sufficientfunds. After 2days, yousentanoticeto
thebanktostoppaymentbecausethepayeefailedtocomplywithhis obligation.Thebankrefusedto
honourthecheck.Areyouliable?
No
Q: Same facts, but this time, you did not have sufficient funds when you ordered the bank to stop
payment.Areyouliable?
Yes
ART.316
OTHERFORMSOFSWINDLING
*Theotherformsofswindlingare:
1. Conveying, selling, encumbering or mortgaging any real property, and pretending to be the
ownerofthesame
**ELEMENTS:
a.Thethingisimmovable
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 207
Knotes
b.Theoffender,whoisnottheowneroftheproperty,representsthatheistheowner
c. Heexecutesanactofownership
d.Theactismadetotheprejudiceoftheownerora3rd person(actualdamageisnecessary)
2. Disposingofrealpropertyasfreefromencumbrance,althoughsuchencumbranceisnot
recorded
**ELEMENTS:
a.Thethingdisposedofisrealproperty
b.The offender knew that the real property was encumbered, whether the encumbrance is
recordedornot
c. There is express representation by the offender that the real property is free from
encumbrance
d.Theactofdisposingoftherealpropertyismadetothedamageofanother
3. Wrongfultakingbytheownerofhispropertyfromitsrightfulpossessor
**ELEMENTS:
a.Theoffenderistheownerofpersonalproperty
b.Thepropertyisinthelawfulpossessionofanother
c. Theoffenderwrongfullytakesitfromitslawfulpossessor
d.Prejudiceistherebycausedtothepossessorortoa3rd person
4.Executinganyfictitiouscontracttotheprejudiceofanother
*NB:Iftheconveyanceisrealandnotsimulated,thecrimeisfraudulentinsolvencyunderart.314
5. Acceptinganycompensationforservicesnotrenderedorforlabournotperformed
*NB: Fraudhereisrequired,else,thearrangementissolution indebiti, and carrieswithitonly
thecivildutytoreturnunduepayment
6.Selling, mortgaging or encumbering real propertyor properties with which the offender
guaranteedthefulfillmentofhisobligationassurety
**ELEMENTS:
a.Theoffenderisasuretyinabondgiveninacriminalorcivilaction
b.Heguaranteedthefulfillmentofsuchobligationwithhisrealproperties
c. Hesells,mortgages,orinanyothermannerencumberssaidrealproperty
d.Suchsale,mortgageorencumbranceis
i. Withoutexpressauthorityfromthecourt
ii.Madebeforethecancellationofhisbond;or
iii. Madebeforebeingrelievedfromtheobligationcontractedbyhim
ART.317
SWINDLINGAMINOR
*ELEMENTS:
1. Theoffendertakesadvantageoftheinexperienceoremotions/feelingsofaminor
2. Heinducestheminorto
a.Assumeanobligation
b.Givereleaseor
c. Executetransferofanypropertyright
3. Theconsiderationissomeloanofmoneyorcreditorotherpersonalproperty
4.Thetransactionistothedetrimentoftheminor
ART.318
OTHERDECEITS
*PunishableActs:
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 208
Knotes
1. Defraudingordamaginganotherbyanyotherdeceitnotmentionedintheprecedingarticles
2. Interpretingdreams,makingforecasts,tellingfortunesortakingadvantageofthecredulityof
thepublicinanyothersimilarmannerforprofitorgain
RE:ARSON
ART.320
ARSON
**NB: Presidential Decree 1613 expressly repealed or amended Articles 320326 of the Revised Penal
Code,butPresidentialDecree1744revivedArticle320
*KindsofArson:
1.SimpleArson(Sec.1,PD1613)
2.DestructionArson(Art.320,asamendedbyRANo.7659)
3.Othercasesofarson(Sec.3,PD1613)
PD1613
AMENDINGTHELAWONARSON
Arson:
Anypersonwhoburnsorsetsfiretothepropertyofanother
Thesamepenaltyshallbeimposedwhenthepersonsetsfiretohisownpropertyundercircumstances
whichexposetodangerthelifeorpropertyofanother
Definition:themaliciousdestructionofpropertybyfire
Conspiracytocommitarsonisalsopunishable
DestructiveArson:
Whenthepropertyburnedis
1. Ammunitionsfactoriesorestablishmentswhereexplosives/combustiblematerialsarestored
2. Archive/museumwhetherpublicorprivate;anyedificedevotedtoculture,educationandsocial
services
3. Anychurch/placeofworship/buildingwherepeopleusuallyassemble
4.Train,airplane,vessel,watercraftorconveyancefortransportationofpersonsorproperty
5. Building where evidence is kept for use in any legislative, judicial or administrative or other
officialproceeding
6.Hospital,hotel,dormitory,lodginghouse,housingtenement,shoppingcentre,publicorprivate
market,theatre/moviehouse
7. Building,whetherusedasadwellingornot,situatedinapopulatedorcongestedarea
Othercasesofarson:
Burninganyofthefollowing
1. Buildingusedasofficesofthegovernmentor
2. Inhabitedhouse/dwelling
3. Industrialestablishment
4.Plantation,farm,pastureland,etc.
5. Rice/sugarorcanemill,millcentral
6.Railway/busstation,airport,wharf,warehouse
SpecialAggravatingCircumstances:
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 209
Knotes
1. Ifcommittedwithintenttogain
2. Ifcommittedforthebenefitofanother
3. The offender is motivated by spiteor hatred towardsthe owner oroccupantofthe property
burned
4.Committedbyasyndicate(plannedorcarriedoutbyagroupof3ormorepersons)
PrimaFacieEvidenceofArson
1. Thefirestartedsimultaneouslyinmorethanonepartofthebuilding
2. Asubstantialamountofflammablematerialsarestoredinthebuilding
3. Gasoline,kerosene,petroleumorotherflammableorcombustiblesubstancesormaterials
soakedtherewith,orcontainersthereof,oranyelectroniccontrivancedesignedtostartafireor
ashesortracesofanyoftheforegoingarefoundintheruins
4.Thebuildingorpropertyisinsuredforsubstantiallymorethanitsactualvalueatthetimeofthe
issuanceofthepolicy
5. Ifduringthelifetimeofthecorrespondingfireinsurancepolicy,morethan2fireshaveoccurred
inthesamepremisesownerorunderthecontroloftheoffenderand/orinsured
6.Ifshortlybeforethefire,asubstantialportionoftheeffectsinsuredandstoredinabuildingor
propertyhadbeen withdrawnfromthepremisesexceptintheordinarycourseofbusiness
7. Demand for money or other valuable consideration was made before the fire in exchange for
thedesistanceoftheoffenderorforthesafetyofthepersonorpropertyofthevictim
Q:HowisArsoncommitted,undertheRPC?
ARSONOFPROPERTY
OFSMALLVALUE
CRIMESINVOLVING
DESTRUCTION
BURNINGONES
ARSON
PROPERTYASAMEANS
TOCOMMITARSON
Elements:
Elements:
Elements:
Elements:
1. Anuninhabitedhut,
storehouse,barn,
shed,oranyother
propertyisburned
2. The value of the
property burned
does not exceed
Php25.00
3. Theburningwas
doneatatimeor
under
circumstances
whichclearly
excludealldanger
ofthefire
spreading
1.Theoffendersetfire
1. Theoffender
to, or destroyed his
causesdestruction
ownproperty
oftheproperty
2.Thepurposeofthe
2. Thedestruction
offenderindoingso
wasdonebymeans
wastocommitarson
of
a.Explosion
ortocausegreat
destruction
b.Dischargeof
electriccurrent 3.Theproperty
belongingtoanother
c. Inundation
wasburnedor
d.Sinkingor
strandingofa
destroyed
vessel
e.Damagingthe
engineofthe
vessel
f. Takinguprails
fromrailway
track
g.Destroying
telegraphwires
andpostsor
thoseofany
othersystem
h.Othersimilar
effectivemeans
ofdestruction
NOTES
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
1. Theproperty
burnedisthe
exclusiveproperty
oftheoffender
2. Thepurposeofthe
offenderinburning
itistodefraudor
causedamageto
anotheror
prejudice is actually
caused, orthething
burned is a building
inaninhabited
place
CRIMINALLAWII 210
Knotes
*ThereisnocomplexcrimeofArsonwithHomicide.Ifbyreasonoronoccasionofarson,deathresults,
thecrimeofHomicideisabsorbedinarson
*UnderRA9372(HumanSecurityActof2007),apersonwhocommitsanactpunishableunderPD1613
therebysowingandcreatingaconditionofwidespreadandextraordinaryfearandpanicamongthe
populace,inordertocoercethegovernmenttogiveintoanunlawfuldemandshallbeguiltyof
terrorism(sec.3,RA9372)
CHAPTERNINE
MALICIOUSMISCHIEF
ART.327
WHOARELIABLEFORMALICIOUS
MISCHIEF
*Anypersonwhodeliberately causesdamagetoanothers property andwhodoesnotfall withinthe

provisionsofthenextprecedingchapter(arson,othercrimesinvolvingdestruction)
*ElementsofMaliciousMischief:
1. Theoffenderdeliberatelycauseddamagetothepropertyofanother
2. Suchactdoesnotconstitutearsonorothercrimesinvolvingdestruction
3. Theactofdamaginganotherspropertyiscommittedmerelyforthesakeofdamagingit
NOTES:
*Maliciousmischiefisthewilfuldamagingofanotherspropertyforthesakeofcausingdamagedueto
hate,revengeorotherevilmotives
*Itcannotbecommittedthroughnegligence
*Ifnomalicewasinvolved,thereisonlycivilliability
*Ifafterdamagingthething,theoffenderusedit,thecrimeistheft
*Damageisnotanincidentofthecrime(ascomparedto,forexample,breakingwindowsinrobbery)
theactofcausingdamageitselfispunishable
ART.328
SPECIALCASESOFMALICIOUS
MISCHIEF
*QualifiedMaliciousMischief:
1. Causingdamagetoobstructtheperformanceofpublicfunctions
2. Usingpoisonousorcorrosivesubstances
3. Spreadinganyinfectionorcontagionamongcattle
4.CausingdamagetothepropertyoftheNationalMuseumorLibraryortoanyarchive,registry,
waterworks,road,promenade,oranyotherthingusedincommonbythepublic
ART.329
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 211
Knotes
OTHERMISCHIEFS
*MischiefsnotincludedinArt.328,punishedaccordingtothevalueofthedamagecaused
ART.330
DAMAGEANDOBSTRUCTIONTO
MEANSOFCOMMUNICATION
*Damaginganyrailway,telegraph,ortelephonelines
*Qualifiedifthedamageresultsinanyderailmentofcars,collisionorotheraccidents
ART.331
DESTROYINGORDAMAGING
STATUES,PUBLICMONUMENTS
ORPAINTINGS
*Selfexplanatory,this
CHAPTERTEN
EXEMPTIONFROMCRIMINALLIABILITYIN
CRIMESAGAINSTPROPERTY
ART.332
PERSONSEXEMPTFROM
CRIMINALLIABILITY
*Crimesinvolved:
1. Theft
2. Swindling/Estafa
3. MaliciousMischief
NOTES
*Exemptionisbasedonfamilyrelations
*Partiestothecrimewhoarenotrelatedtotheoffendedpartystillremaincriminallyliable
*Exemptedpersonsinclude:stepparents,adoptedchildren,concubine/paramour
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
*PersonsExempted:
1. Spouses,ascendantsanddescendants,relativesbyaffinityinthesameline
2. Widowed spouse whocommits any ofthe 3crimesabove withrespecttothepropertywhich
belongedtothedeceasedspousebeforethesamepassedintothepossessionofanother
3. Brothersandsisters,andbrothersinlaw,sistersinlaw,iflivingtogether
CRIMINALLAWII 212
Knotes
TITLEELEVENCRIMES
AGAINSTCHASTITY
CHAPTERONEADULTERYAND
CONCUBINAGE
ART.333
WHOAREGUILTYOFADULTERY
*PersonsLiable:
1. Marriedwomanwhohassexualrelationswithamannotherhusband
2. Themanwhohascarnalknowledgeofher,knowinghertobemarried,evenifthemarriagebe
subsequentlydeclaredvoid
*Elements:
1. Thewomanismarried
2. Shehassexualrelationswithamannotherhusband
3. Withrespecttotheman,heknewhertobemarried
NOTES
*Theacquittalofonepartydoesnotoperateasacquittalfortheother
ART.334
CONCUBINAGE
*ModesofCommission:
1. Keepingamistressintheconjugaldwelling
2. Havingsexual relations, under scandalous circumstances, witha woman whoisnotthemans
wife
3. Cohabitingwithherinanyotherplace
*Elements:
1. Themanismarried
2. Hecommittedanyofthe3punishableacts
3. Withrespecttothewoman,shemustknowhimtobemarried
CHAPTERTWO
RAPEANDACTSOFLASCIVIOUSNESS
*NB:Art.335onRapewasrepealedbyRepublicAct8353
ART.336
ACTSOFLASCIVIOUSNESS
*Elements:
1. Theoffendercommitsanyactoflasciviousnessorlewdness
2. Theactiscommittedagainstapersonofeithersex
3. Theactiscommittedunderanyofthefollowingcircumstances:
a.Usingforceorintimidation
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 213
Knotes
b.Theoffendedpartyisdeprivedofreasonorisunconscious
c. Bymeansoffraudulentmachinationorgraveabuseofauthority
d.Theoffendedpartyisunder12yearsoldordemented
CHAPTERTHREE
SEDUCTION,CORRUPTIONOFMINORS,AND
WHITESLAVETRADE
*Seduction:Enticingawomantounlawfulsexualintercoursebypromiseofmarriageorothermeansof
persuasionwithouttheuseofforce
ART.337
QUALIFIEDSEDUCTION
*2classes:
1. Seductionofavirginover12andunder18bycertainpersons(i.e.:personinauthority,etc.)
2. Seduction ofa sister by her brother,or descendantby her ascendantregardlessorherageor
reputation
*Elementsofseductionofvirgin
1. Theoffendedpartyisavirgin,whichispresumedifsheisunmarriedandofgoodreputation
2. Sheisover12,butunder18
3. Theoffenderhassexualintercoursewithher
4.Theoffenderemploysabuseofauthority,confidenceorrelationship
*PersonsLiable:
1. Thosewhoabusedtheirauthority
a. Personinpublicauthority
b.Guardian
c. Teacher
d.Personentrustedwiththeeducationorcustodyoftheseducedgirl
2. Thosewhoabusedconfidence
a.Priest
b.Houseservant
c. Domestic
3. Thosewhoabusedrelationship
a.Brotherwhoseducedhissister
b.Ascendantwhoseducedhisdescendant
ART.338
SIMPLESEDUCTION
*Elements:
1. Theoffenderpartyisover12yearsold,butunder18
2. Sheisofgoodreputation,singleorawidow
3. Theoffenderhassexualintercoursewithher
4.Theactisdonebymeansofdeceit
ART.339
ACTSOFLASCIVIOUSNESSWITH
THECONSENTOFTHEOFFENDEDPARTY
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 214
Knotes
*Elements:
1. Theoffendercommitsactsoflasciviousnessorlewdness
2. The acts are committed upon a woman who is a virgin, single or widow of good reputation,
under18butover12yearsold;orasisterordescendant
3. Theoffenderaccomplishestheactsbyabuseofauthority,confidence,relationshipordeceit
ART.340
CORRUPTIONOFMINORS
*Thepromotionorfacilitationofprostitutionorcorruptionofpersonsunderagetosatisfythelustof
another
ART.341
WHITESLAVETRADE
*PunishableActs:
1. Engaginginthebusinessofprostitution
2. Profitingbyprostitution
3. Enlistingtheservicesofwomenforthepurposeofprostitution
CHAPTERFOUR
ABDUCTION
*Abduction:Thetakingawayofawomanfromherhouseorplacewhereshemaybeforthepurposeof
carryinghertoanotherplacewithintenttomarryorcorrupther
ART.342
FORCIBLEABDUCTION
*Elements:
1. Thepersonabductedisanywoman,regardlessofage,civilstatus,orreputation
2. Theabductionisagainstherwill
3. Theabductioniscarriedoutwithlewddesigns
ART.343
CONSENTEDABDUCTION
*Elements:
1. Theoffendedpartymustbeavirgin
2. Shemustbeover12yearsold,butunder18
3. Thetakingawaymustbewithherconsent,aftersolicitationorcajoleryfromtheoffender
4.Thetakingawaymustbewithlewddesigns
ART.344
PROSECUTIONOFTHECRIMESOFADULTERY,
CONCUBINAGE,SEDUCTION,ABDUCTIONAND
ACTSOFLASCIVIOUSNESS
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 215
Knotes
*Art.344 nolonger covers the prosecution of Rape, as per RA 8353. Rape may now be prosecuted ex
officio
*Orderofpreferenceforfilingthecomplaintintheabovementionedcrimes:
1. Theoffendedparty
2. Parents
3. Grandparents
4.Guardians
*parents,grandparentsandguardiansmayfileifthepartyisaminororisincapacitated
*RE:ADULTERYANDCONCUBINAGEProsecution shallbeuponacomplaint filedbytheoffended

spouse. The offended party cannot institute criminal prosecution without including both the guilty
parties,iftheyarebothalive,orinanycase,ifheshallhaveconsentedorpardonedtheoffenders
*RE:SEDUCTIONANDABDUCTIONProsecutionshallbeuponacomplaintfiledbytheoffendedpartyor
herparents,grandparents,orguardian.Noprosecutioniftheoffenderhasbeenexpresslypardonedby
theabovenamedperson
*RE:SEDUCTION,ABDUCTION,ACTSOFLASCIVIOUSNESSThemarriageoftheoffenderwiththe
offendedpartyshallextinguishthecriminalactionorremitthepenaltyalreadyimposeduponhim
*Thecomplaintmustbe
1. Subscribedtobytheoffendedpartyand
2. Filedincourt,notwiththefiscal
*Silence or acquiescence of the offended party does not cure the defect of lack of subscription nor
operatetoconferjurisdictionofthecourt
*PardonmustcomeBEFOREtheinstitutionofcriminalactionandBOTHoffendersmustbepardoned
*Priorconsentbarstheinstitutionofcriminalproceedings,subsequentconsentbarsittoo
*CondonationisNOTsynonymouswithpardon;Condonationdoesnotbarsubsequentcomplaints
*Only the offended party may pardon, except in cases where the offended minoris dead or
incapacitated
*Marriage of the parties guilty of adultery/concubinage does not extinguish criminal liability because
bothpartiesareoffenders
ART.345
CIVILLIABILITYOFPERSONS
GUILTYOFCRIMESAGAINSTCHASTITY
1. Toindemnifytheoffendedwoman
2. Toacknowledgetheoffspring,unlessthelawshouldpreventhimfromdoingso
3. Ineverycase,tosupporttheoffspring
*Theadultererandtheconcubinecanbesentencedtoindemnifytheoffendedspousefordamages
*Thereisnocivilliabilityforactsoflasciviousness
*Inmultiplerape,alltheaccusedmustsupporttheoffspring
ART.346
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 216
Knotes
LIABILITYOFASCENDANTS,GUARDIANS,
TEACHERSOROTHERPERSONS
ENTRUSTEDWITHTHECUSTODYOFTHE
OFFENDEDPARTY
*Accomplicespunishedasprincipalsinprivatecrimes:
1. Ascendants
2. Guardians
3. Curators
4.Teachers
5. Any other person who cooperates as an accomplice with abuse of authority or confidential
relationship
TITLETWELVE
CRIMESAGAINSTTHECIVILSTATUSOFPERSONS
CHAPTERONESIMULATIONOF
BIRTHSANDUSURPATIONOF
CIVILSTATUS
ART.347
SIMULATIONOFBIRTHS,SUBSTITUTION
OFONECHILDFORANOTHERAND
CONCEALMENTORABANDONMENTOF
ALEGITIMATECHILD
*PunishableActs:
1. Simulationofbirth
2. Substitutionofonechildforanother
3. Concealing or abandoning any legitimate child with intent to cause such child to lose its civil
status
*Thefactthatthechildwillbebenefitedbythesimulationofitsbirthisnotadefence
ART.348
USURPATIONOFCIVILSTATUS
*Committed by assuming the filiation or parental or conjugal rights of anotherfor the purpose of
defraudingtheoffendedpartyofhisheirs
*Civil Status includes ones public station, profession, the rights, duties, capacities and incapacities
whichdetermineapersontoagivenclass
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
*Requisitesforconcealingorabandoningalegitimatechild:
1. Thechildmustbelegitimate
2. Theoffenderconcealsorabandonssuchchild
3. Theoffenderhastheintenttocausesuchchildtoloseitscivilstatus
CRIMINALLAWII 217
Knotes
*There must be intent to enjoy the rights arising from the civil status of another, else the crime is
assumingorusingafictitiousnameunderart.178orestafaunderart.315
*Thepurposeofdefraudingtheoffendedpartyofhisheirsqualifiesthecrime
CHAPTERTWO
ILLEGALMARRIAGES
Art.349
BIGAMY
*Elements:
1. Theoffenderhasbeenlegallymarried
2. Themarriagehasnotbeenlegallydissolvedorincaseofanabsenteespouse,thatspousecould
notyetbepresumeddeadaccordingtothecivilcode
3. Hecontractsa2nd orsubsequentmarriage
4.Thesubsequentmarriagehasalltheessentialrequisitesforvalidity
*The2nd spouseisnotnecessarilyliableforbigamy
*Bigamyisnotaprivatecrime
*Apersonconvictedofbigamymaystillbeprosecutedforconcubinage
ART.350
MARRIAGECONTRACTEDAGAINST
PROVISIONSOFLAWS
*Elements:
1. Theoffendercontractedmarriage
2. Heknewatthetimethat
a.Therequirementsofthelawwerenotcompliedwith;or
b.Themarriagewasindisregardofalegalimpediment
*Qualifying:Ifeitherofthecontractingpartiesobtainstheconsentof theotherbymeansofviolence,
intimidation,orfraud
*Theoffendermustnotbeguiltyofbigamy
ART.351
PREMATUREMARRIAGES
*PersonsLiable:
1. Any widow who married within 301 days from the death of her husband, or before having
deliveredifsheispregnantatthetimeofhisdeath
2. Awomanwho,hermarriagehavingbeenannulledordissolved,marriedbeforeherdeliveryor
beforetheexpirationoftheperiodof301daysafterthedateofthelegalseparation
*Ratio:Preventingconfusioninconnectionwithfiliationandpaternity
*Theperiodmaybedisregardedifthefirsthusbandwassterileorimpotent
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 218
Knotes
*Theperiodappliesonlytowomenwhoarenotpregnant.Iftheyare,theprohibitionisgoodonlyuntil
delivery
ART.352
PERFORMANCEOFILLEGALMARRIAGECEREMONY
*PersonsLiable:Priestsorministersofanyreligiousdenominationorsectorcivilauthoritieswhoshall
performorauthorizeanyillegalmarriageceremony
*Theoffendermustbeauthorizedtosolemnizemarriageelse,theliabilityisfor Art.177(usurpationof
authorityorofficialfunctions)
TITLETHIRTEENCRIMES
AGAINSTHONOUR
CHAPTERONE
LIBEL
SECTIONONEDEFINITION,FORMSANDPUNISHMENTOFTHECRIME
ART.353
DEFINITIONOFLIBEL
*Alibelisapublicandmaliciousimputationofa crime,orofaviceordefect,realorimaginary,orany
act,omission,condition,status,orcircumstancetendingtocausethedishonour,discreditorcontempt
ofanaturalorjuridicalperson,ortoblackenthememoryofonewhoisdead
*Defamation: includes liber and slander, means theoffense of injuring a persons character, fame, or
reputationthroughfalseandmaliciousstatements
*Libel: Defamation committed by means of writing, printing, lithography, engraving, radio,

phonograph,paintingortheatricalorcinematographicexhibitionoranysimilarmeans
*Oraldefamation=slander
*Seditiouslibelispunishedunderart.142
*ElementsofDefamation
1. Imputationof
a.Acrime
b.Aviceordefectrealorimaginary
c. Anyactoromission,statusofcircumstance
2. Theimputationismadepublicly
3. Itmustbemalicious
4.Itisdirectedatanaturalorjuridicalpersonoronewhoisdead
5. Ittendstocausethedishonour,discreditorcontemptofthepersondefamed
*The meaning of the writer is immaterial, it is the meaning CONVEYED to the minds of persons of
reasonable understanding that the law looks at, taking into consideration the surrounding
circumstances
*Evenifintendedforhumour,itcouldstillbelibellous
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 219
Knotes
*ImputationofcriminalintentisNOTlibellous
*There is no crime if the imputation is not published; publication being communication of the
defamatorymattertosome3rd persons
*MALICEINFACT:maybeshownbyproofofillwill,orpurposetoinjure;expressmalice
*MALICEINLAW:presumedfromadefamatoryimputation;proofofmaliceisnotrequiredbecauseitis
presumedtoexistbythelaw
*Where the communication is privileged, malice is not presumed from the defamatory words; the
prosecutionmustprovemalicewhenevertheimputationappearsinaprivilegedcommunication
*Even if the publication is injurious, the presumption of malice in law disappears upon proof of good
intentionandjustifiablemotive
*But where malice in fact is present, justifiable motive cannot exist and the imputations become
actionable
*Identification of the offended party is required; it isnt sufficient that the offended party recognized
himselfastheattackedordefamed;itmustbeshownthatatleasta3rd personcouldidentifyhimasthe
objectofthelibelouspublication
*Where the article is impersonal on its face and interpretation of its language does not single out
individuals,therequisiteofidentificationismissinganddefamationdoesnotexist
*BUT the publication need not refer to the offended party by name; it is sufficient that the offended
partyisthepersonmeantoralludedtotherein
*Defamatory remarks directed at a group of persons is not actionable unless the statements are all
embracingoraresufficientlyspecificforthevictimstobeidentifiable
*Liberpublishedindifferentpartsmaybetakentogethertoestablishtheidentityoftheoffendedparty
*INNUENDO:aclauseintheindictmentorotherpleadingcontaining anavermentwhich isexplanatory

ofsome precedingword or statement; defines the defamatory meaningwhich the plaintiff set on the
words,toshowhowtheycametohavethatmeaningandalsotoshowhowtheyrelatetotheplaintiff
*Inlibel,thereareasmanyoffensesastherearepersonsdefamed
*Everydefamatoryimputationispresumedtobemalicious,evenifitbetrue,ifnogoodintentionand
justifiablemotiveformakingitisshown,exceptinthefollowingcases:
1. Aprivatecommunicationmadebyany person toanotherintheperformanceof any legal,
moral,orsocialduty;and
2. A fair and true report, made in good faith, without any comments or remarks of any judicial,
legislative, or other official proceeding which are not of confidential nature, or of any
statement, report or speech delivered in said proceedings, or of any other act performed by
publicofficersintheexerciseoftheirfunctions
*ISTRUTHADEFENCEINLIBEL?
NO.Generallyspeaking,truthisNOTadefenceinlibel. AnoffendermayNOTinvoketruth
asadefenceinlibel,becauselibelisapunishableactwhereinthelawlooksattheEFFECTTOTHE
MINDSOFTHEPUBLIC(i.e.:whetherthepublicationhasstigmatizedthe offendedpartyinthe
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
ART.354
REQUIREMENTFORPUBLICITY
CRIMINALLAWII 220
Knotes
eyesofthepublic),andNOTattheintrinsicvalueofthepublication(i.e.:whetheritwastruthful
orotherwise)
NOTEhowever,thatthelawenumeratesspecificinstanceswhentruthmaybeinvokedasa
defence(SEE:ART.361)
*Maliceinlawis presumed fromeverydefamatoryimputation, EVENIFit weretrue,the presumption

stillexistsifnogoodintentionandjustifiablemotiveformakingitisshown
*RebuttingthePresumptionofMalice:
Defendantmustshowthat
1. Thedefamatoryimputationistrue,incasetheallowsproofofthetruthoftheimputation(see:
No.2,art.354re:fairandtruereport)
2. Itispublishedwithgoodintention;and
3. Thereisjustifiablemotiveformakingit
*RE:PRIVILEGEDCOMMUNICATION:
ABSOLUTEPRIVILEGEDCOMMUNICATION
CONDITIONALORQUALIFIEDPRIVILEGED
COMMUNICATION
NOTactionable,EVENIFitsauthorhasactedinbad Thosewhich,althoughcontainingdefamatory
imputations,wouldnotbeactionableUNLESS
faith
madewithmaliceorbadfaith
i.e.:statementsbymembersofCongressinthe
dischargeoftheirfunctions;answersgivenby
Thereismalicewhenthedefamerhasbeen
witnessesinreplytoquestionspropoundedto
promptedbyillwillorspiteandspeaksnotin
them;allegationsorstatementsmadebythe
responsetoduty,butmerelytoinjurethe
partiesortheircounselsintheirpleadings
reputationofthepersondefamed
Scope:narrowandpracticallylimitedtolegislative
andjudicialproceedingsandotheractsofstate,
includingcommunicationsmadeinthedischarge
ofdutyunderexpressauthorityoflaw,byorto
headsofexecutivedepartmentsandmatters
involvingmilitaryaffairs
Ifthecaseisnotcoveredbyabsoluteprivilege,it
maybetestedinthelightofthequalifiedprivilege
extendedtoaprivatecommunicationmadeby
persontoanotherintheperformanceofanylegal,
moralorsocialduty
Lostbyproofofmalice
*Communicationinpar.1,art.354neednotbeinaprivatedocument
*The privileged communication covers also complaints against individuals who are not public officers,
likepriests
*REQUISITESOFPRIVILEGEDCOMMUNICATION(Par.1,Art.354)
1. Thepersonwhomadethecommunicationhadalegal,moralorsocialdutytomakethe
communication,oratleast,hadaninteresttobeupheld
2. Thecommunicationisaddressedtoanofficerorboardorsuperiorhavingsomeinterestorduty
inthematter
3. Thestatementsinthecommunicationaremadeingoodfaithandwithoutmalice
*RE: privileged communication in the performance of a legal duty, presupposes a provision of law
conferringupontheaccusedthedutytocommunicate;ifthereisnoprovisionoflaw,thereisnodutyto
communicate,andthecommunicationisthereforenotprivileged
*RE: moral duty, the existence of a moral duty depends upon the relationship between the giver and
receiver of the communication and whether the said communication is voluntarily given or not; i.e.:
complaintsagainstprieststotheirsuperiors
*RE:socialduty,thisalsodependsupontherelationshipbetweenthesenderandrecipient
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 221
Knotes
*Unnecessarypublicitydestroysgoodfaith
*Thatthestatementisprivilegedisamatterofdefencethatmustbeestablishedbytheaccused
*Overcomingthedefenceofprivilegedcommunication:
Prosecutionmustprovethat
1. Thedefendantactedwithmaliceinfact
2. Thereisnoreasonablegroundforbelievingthechargetobetrue
*Evenwhenthestatementsarefoundtobefalse,ifthereisprobablecauseforbeliefintheir
truthfulnessandthechargeismadeingoodfaith,themantleofprivilegemaystillcovertheindividuals
mistake
*REQUISITESOFAFAIRANDTRUEREPORT(Par.2,Art.354)
1. Itisafairandtruereportofajudicial,legislativeorotherofficialproceedingwhichareNOTofa
confidential nature;orastatement/speech/reportdeliveredinsaidproceeding,or ofany other
actperformedbyapublicofficialintheexerciseofhisfunctions
2. Itismadeingoodfaith
3. Itiswithoutanycommentsorremarks
*Thecommunicationmadeinthereportmustbepertinentandmaterialtothesubjectmatterinwhich
theauthorclaimsaninteresttouphold
*TheprotectionoftheprivilegemaybelostbytheMANNERofitsexercise
*OnlymatterswhichareNOTofconfidentialnaturemaybepublished
*Defamatoryremarksandcommentsontheconductofpublicofficerswhicharerelatedtothe
discharge of their official duties will not constitute libel if the defendant proves the truth of the
imputation; this concerns matters of PUBLIC INTEREST, where the imputation is based on this, the
presumption of criminal intent does NOT arise from the mere publication of defamatory matter; in
order that a discreditable imputation to a public official may be actionable, it must either be a false
allegationoffactoracommentbasedonfalsesupposition
*Retaliationorvindictivenesscannotbeabasisofselfdefenceindefamation
*The defamatory statements made by the accused must be a fair answer to the libel made by the
supposed offended party and must be related to the imputation made the answer should be
unnecessarylibelous
ART.355
LIBELBYMEANSOFWRITING
ORSIMILARMEANS
*Libelmaybecommittedbymeansof
1. Writing
2. Printing
3. Lithography
4.Engraving
5. Radio
6.Phonograph
7. Painting
8.Theatricalexhibition
9.Cinematographicexhibition
10.Anysimilarmeans
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 222
Knotes
*Defamationmadethroughanamplifierisnotlibelbutoraldefamation
ART.356
THREATENINGTOPUBLISHAND
OFFERTOPREVENTSUCHPUBLICATION
FORACOMPENSATION
*PunishableActs:
1. Threatening another to publish a libel concerning him, or his parents, spouse, child or other
membersofhisfamily
2. Offeringtopreventthepublicationforcompensationormonetaryconsideration
*Blackmail:anyunlawfulextortionofmoneybythreatsofaccusationorexposure
*Felonieswhereblackmailispossible:
1. Lightthreats(art.288)
2. Threateningtopublish,orofferingtopreventthepublicationofalibelforcompensation
(art.356)
ART.357
PROHIBITEDPUBLICATIONOFACTS
REFERREDTOINTHECOURSEOF
OFFICIALPROCEEDINGS
*Elements:
1. Theoffenderisareporter,editor,ormanagerofanewspaperdailyormagazine
2. Hepublishesfactsconnectedwiththeprivatelifeofanother
3. Suchfactsareoffensivetothehonour,virtueandreputationofsaidperson
*Theprohibitionappliesevenifthefactsareinvolvedinofficialproceedings
*GAG LAW (art.357):newspaperreports on cases pertaining to adultery,divorce,issuesabout the

legitimacyofchildrenwillnecessarilybebarredfrompublication
*Thereporter,etc.mayNOT,however,becompelledtorevealthesourceofthenewsreportunlessthe
Court/HouseCommitteeofCongressfindsittobedemandedbythesecurityoftheState
ART.358
SLANDER
*Slander:oraldefamation;libelcommittedbyoralorspokenmeansinsteadofinwriting
*FactorsthatdeterminethegravityofOralDefamation:
1. Expressionsused
2. Personalrelationoftheaccusedandtheoffendedparty
3. Circumstancessurroundingthecase
4.Socialstandingorpositionoftheoffendedparty
*Theslanderneednotbepersonallyheardbytheoffendedparty
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 223
Knotes
ART.359
SLANDERBYDEED
*Elements:
1. Theoffenderperformsanyactnotincludedinanyothercrimeagainsthonour
2. Suchactisperformedinthepresenceofotherpersons
3. Suchactcastsdishonour,discreditorcontemptupontheoffendedparty
*SlanderbydeedreferstoslanderBYPERFORMANCE,notbytheuseofwordswrittenorspoken
SECTIONTWOGENERALPROVISIONS
ART.360
PERSONSRESPONSIBLE
*Personsliableforcrimesagainsthonour:
1. Person who publishes, exhibits or causes the publication or exhibition of any defamation in
writingorsimilarmeans
2. Authororeditorofabookorpamphlet
3. Editororbusinessmanagerofadailynewspaper,magazineorserialpublication
4.Theowneroftheprintingplantwhichpublishesalibelousarticlewithhisconsentandallother
personswhoinanywayparticipatedin,orhaveconnectionwithitspublication
*Ifthecrimeimputedisonethatcannotbeprosecutedpublicly(i.e.:adultery),offendedpartymustfile
thecomplaint;theinformationfiledbythefiscalisnotsufficienttoclothethecourtwithjurisdiction
ART.361
PROOFOFTHETRUTH
*Whenproofoftruthisadmissible:
1. Whentheactoromissionimputedconstitutesacrimeregardlessofwhethertheoffendedparty
isaprivateorpublicindividual
2. Whentheoffendedpartyisagovernmentemployee,eveniftheactoromissionimputeddoes
notconstituteacrime,provideditisrelatedtothedischargeofhisofficialduties
*RE: publicofficers, when the imputation involvesthe private life of a government employee,which is
NOTrelatedtothedischargeofhisofficialduties,theoffenderisnotallowedtoprovethetruthofitas
amatterofdefence
*ProofoftruthmustrestuponPOSITIVE,DIRECTevidence,uponwhichadefinitefindingmaybemade
bythecourt;butPROBABLECAUSEforbeliefinthetruthofthestatementissufficient
*Retractionmaymitigatethedamages
*Thatthepublicationwasmadeasanhonestmistakeonlyservestomitigatethedamagesandisnota
completedefence
ART.362
LIBELOUSREMARKS
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 224
Knotes
*Libelousremarksorcommentsconnectedwiththematterprivilegedundertheprovisionsofart.354,if
made with malice, shall not exempt the author thereof, nor the editor of a newspaper from criminal
liability
CHAPTERTWOINCRIMINATORY
MACHINATIONS
ART.363
INCRIMINATINGINNOCENTPERSON
*Elements:
1. Theoffenderperformsanact
2. Bysuchacthedirectlyincriminatesorimputestoaninnocentpersonthecommissionofacrime
3. Theactdoesnotconstituteperjury
*Art.363 is limited to plantingevidenceandthe like,whichdo notinthemselves constitutefalse

prosecutionsbuttendtodirectlycausefalseprosecutions
ART.364
INTRIGUINGAGAINSTHONOUR
*Committed by fomenting any intrigue which has for its principal purpose to blemish the honour or
reputationofaperson
*Includesinitsscopeanyschemeorplotwhichconsistsofsometrickeryfortheabovedefinedpurpose
*Gossiping, which is done by availing directly of spoken words = Defamation, NOT intriguing against
honour
*Wherethesourceoftheinformationgivencanbepinpointedanddefinitelydetermined,anditpasses
fromonetoanotherforthepurposeofcausingdishonour,thecrimeisSlander
*But where the source or the author of the derogatory information cannot be determined and the
defendantborrows thatinformation and without subscribingto the truth thereof,passes it toothers,
thecrimeisintriguingagainsthonour
TITLEFOURTEEN
QUASIOFFENSES
SOLECHAPTER
CRIMINALNEGLIGENCE
ART.365
IMPRUDENCEANDNEGLIGENCE
*Fourwaysofcommission:
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 225
Knotes
1. Bycommittingthroughrecklessimprudenceanyactwhich,haditbeenintentional,would
constituteagraveorlessgraveorlightfelony
2. By committing through simple imprudence or negligence an at which would otherwise
constituteagraveoralessseriousfelony
3. By causing damage to the property of another through reckless imprudence or simple
imprudenceornegligence
4.By causing through simple imprudence or negligence some wrong, which if done maliciously,
wouldhaveconstitutedalightfelony
*RECKLESS IMPRUDENCE: voluntarily, but WITHOUT malice, doing or failing to do an act from which
materialdamageresultsbyreasonofinexcusablelackofprecautiononthepartoftheperson
performing or failing to perform such act, taking into consideration his employment or occupation,
degreeofintelligence,physicalconditionandothercircumstancesregardingpersons,timeandplace
*SIMPLE IMPRUDENCE: consists in the lack of precaution displayed in those cases wherein the damage
impendingtobecausedisnotimmediatenorthedangerclearlymanifest
*IftheactperformedwouldNOTconstituteafelony(grave/lessgrave/light)underanyotherprovision
oftheCodewhichdefinesintentionalfelony,art.365isnotapplicable.Thereisnocrimecommitted.
*Imprudence or negligence is NOT a crime in itself, but rather a way of committing one; it merely
determinesalowerdegreeofcriminalliabilityandbecomespunishableONLYwhenitresultsinafelony
*Criminal negligence is a quasioffense, dealt with separately from wilful offenses; what is principally
penalizedisthementalattitudeorconditionbehindtheact,thedangerousrecklessness,thelackofcare
orforesight
*Imprudence:deficiencyofACTION;failureinPRECAUTION
*Negligence:deficiencyofPERCEPTION;failureinADVERTENCE
*ElementsofRecklessImprudence:
1. Theoffenderdoesorfailstodoanact
2. Thedoingof/failuretodothatactisvoluntary
3. Itiswithoutmalice
4.Materialdamageresults
5. Thereisinexcusablelackofprecautiononthepartoftheoffender,takingintoconsideration
a.Hisemploymentoroccupation;
b.Degreeofintelligence,physicalcondition;
c. Othercircumstancesregardingpersons,timeandplace
*CriminalNegligencepresupposeslackofintentiontocommitthewrongdone,butthatit cameabout
duetoimprudenceonthepartoftheoffender
*ElementsofSimpleImprudence:
1. Thereisalackofprecautiononthepartoftheoffender
2. Thedamageimpendingtobecausedisnotimmediateorthedangerisnotclearlymanifest
*Art.64 relative to mitigating and aggravating circumstances is NOT applicable to crimes committed
throughnegligence;courtsshallexercisesounddiscretionbyjudgingonacasebycasebasis
*ContributoryNegligenceisNOTacompletedefence,itmerelymitigatescriminalliability
*DoctrineofLastClearChance:Inaccordancewiththis,thecontributorynegligenceoftheinjuredparty
willnotthedefeattheactionifitisshownthattheaccusedmighthaveavoidedtheconsequencesofthe
negligenceoftheinjuredpartybytheexerciseofreasonablecareandprudence
*Emergency Rule: An accused who, by the negligence of another and not by his own negligence, is
suddenlyplacedinanemergencyandcompelledtoactinstantlytoavoidinjuryisnotguiltyof
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
CRIMINALLAWII 226
Knotes
negligence if he makes such a choice which a person of ordinary prudence placed in such a position
mightmake,eventhoughhedidnotmakethewisestchoice
*Failuretolendhelpisaqualifyingcircumstance
oOoENDOFCRIMINALLAW2COVERAGEoOo
CONGRATULATIONS!
YoumadeitthroughasemesterunderthislawschoolsmostchallengingCriminalLawProfessor!
GoodluckwiththegradeandtheQPI,andhereshopingthatthesenoteshelpedoutabit
Ifonlytolightentosometimesdepressingmood:)
AsforYou,MarvinIdliketothinkyouwouldhaveenrolledalongsideus
Forthiscomingsemester,hadyounotbeenbusyenjoyingthosewings.Flyhigh.1Kalltheway,
remember?Weloveandmissyouandyesthedreamliveson...
allthewaytotheBarexamandbeyondit.
HIRYUKIMIKOOKUBO
~Kimiko

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CRIMINALLAWII

*Treason,definition:abreach of allegianceto thegovernment, committedbya personwho owes

*Treasonisa warcrime. It cannot be committed duringtimes of peace. Itis, however, notnecessary

*Mere proposal, evenwithout acceptance, is punishabletoo. Iftheother personaccepts, thecrimeis

Q: Theaccused is prosecuted for MT, itwasalleged intheinformation that, beingaFilipinocitizen, he

Q:Onabanca fromMandaluyongtoMakati, one ofthepassengerswasaholdupper, inthemiddle of

1. Compelling a change in the course or destination of an aircraft (whether the aircraft is in

*NB: flight as farasanaircraftof PH registry is concerned is thecrucial timeelementwhich

Q: Theaccused bribedthepilottoveer theplane alittletotheleftin exchangeformoney. Isheliable

YES. Sec.2, par.(d)ofPD532 definespiracy as anyattackupon or seizure of anyvessel, or the

No. I donothave personal knowledge ofthe facts ofthecrime. Imaynotunilaterallyassume

Q:Underthe samefacts, you were inBacolodairport andsawaman wearingajacket withthename

*Theperson detainedneednot be restrained literally.Hemay evenbeable to walk around.The

Thefiling ofthepropercomplaintputstheaccusedunder theambitofjudicialprotection.The

Q: Iftheoffender is not a publicofficer, oris a publicofficer acting in a privatecapacity, whatis the

Q: Supposethewarrant described the place tobe searched as a rainbowpainted house bluedoor,

Q: Suppose theperson who committedthe punishable actsunderthis provision is a private individual,

accusedfollowingtheformula:didoneoffenseresult intwo ormoregraveorlessgraveoffenses?Was

Q: Youconducted arally at a freedom park. In thecourseofthe rally, youuttered libellousspeeches.

Sec.9 Noninterference of law enforcement authorities:Law enforcement authorities shall not

Sec.11 DispersalofPublicAssemblywithPermit: Nopublicassemblywithapermitshallbe

*Theterm Rebellion isused whentheobject is tocompletelyoverthrowthegovernmentand

Can Senator Enrile be simultaneously charged withobstruction of justice, a violation of

Q: Prof. Amuraoflunked ofthe class.Hereceived athreat tochange the gradesorelsehewouldbe

Q:ThecityengineerofMakatiissuedanorderforthe demolition oftheshantytownsinacertainarea.

Q: Whatisthe liabilityofthe participants, supposing they were notable toachievethepurposethey

*Preventing anelectionthrough legalmeans (i.e.: electoralcontests,filing civilcasespertaining to

2. Without public uprising, by attacking, employing force, seriously intimidating or seriously

Q:Thereare3 armedpersons who went to Binondo,employedforceandintimidationonChinese

Q:Betweenthe1st and2nd mannersofcommission,isthereadifferenceinthedegreeofforcenecessary

Q: A warrantofarrest wasissued against you. The police sought to implementthewarrantandyour

Q:Underthe1st or2nd manner?

*NB: motive only becomes material whenthe offenseis committed underthesecondmanner

Q:Supposealawyermadearguments that significantlystrengthenedthecasefortheprosecution

Q:Whenmayanoutcrybea crimeunderIncitingto Rebellion,andwhenmayitbeconsidereda

Q: AnAntiCharter Change rallyis ongoing. Suddenly, a passerby shouted Revolutionistheanswer!

Q: Whatabout actors and showbizpersonalities, aretheyallowed touse namesother thantheirreal

Q: Whatisbeingpunished by this provision: theleavingofthe penal institution orthefailuretogive

Q:Maythetimethe convict spent out of prison bededucted fromtheunexecuted portionof his

*NB: Even former coins withdrawnfromcirculation may be counterfeited. Theprovisiondoes

*Actuallyutteringfalse/mutilatedcoins, knowingthem tobeso, is acrime underart.165 EVEN IFthere

*nb: damage need not be

attaches. Thatswhy unverified complaints areproneto dismissal legally speaking; nobodyis

Q: Supposeyouexecuted afalse AffidavitofLoss.Youstatedthatyourdriverslicensewaslostwhen

*NB: By encouraging disobedience to the law or to the constituted authorities or by praising,

Q: Whenapublicofficer isprosecuted either for director indirectbribery, mayhelikewisebe

Q: Supposethe officer accepteda promise concerningthe offer ofa cartohimbyvirtueofhispublic

c)Directlyorindirectly requesting orreceiving anygift orpresent orother pecuniary ormaterial

g) Entering,on behalf of thegovernment into anycontractortransactionmanifestlyandgrossly

i) Directlyorindirectlybecoming interested,for personalgain,orhaving materialinterestinany

*Courtwithoriginal jurisdiction over offensesunder thisAct: The Sandiganbayan(otherwise knownas

*It is NOT allowedfora public officialto resignorretirepending investigationorprosecutionfor

Q:SupposetheDepartmentofHealthappropriatedPhp100 Millionformedicinesset tobedistributed

Q:Anofficialaskeda Chinese businessmantopayforPhp700,000fordelinquencytaxeswheninfact

Q: Supposeyouhada shadyagreementwithanofficial regardingthepaymentoftaxesbutitdidnot

Q: SupposeaRegional TrialCourt judge purchases millionsofstocksfroma companyinOrtigas. Ishe

Q: Supposeaguardianhad tosell some ofhis wards propertyduetothe wardshospitalization. The

Failure of an accountable publicofficer to have duly forthcomingany publicfunds or property

Q: Suppose a municipal treasurer goes to Shinjuku,Tokyo to attend an official convention without

Q: Suppose he goes toDisneyland withhis familywiththe intention ofreturning, butheleftwithout

Malversed funds are applied to

Malversed funds/property are

1. Preventing witnesses from testifying in any criminalproceeding or from reporting the

7. Soliciting, accepting or agreeing to accept any benefit in consideration of abstaining from, or