Tgepl 20MW DPR 24.07.2014

20 MW (AC) SOLAR PV POWER PROJECT BY TGEPL
Detailed Project Report
20 MW (AC) SOLAR PV POWER PROJECT

Village That, Tehsil-Pokharan, Distt- Jaisalmer, Rajasthan
Date: 24.07.2014
Prepared by:
Gensol Consultants Pvt Ltd,
108, Pinnacle Business Park,
Corporate Road, Prahaladnagar,
Ahmedabad, Gujarat-380015
Page 1 of 111
Copyright Protection Statement

Copyright Gensol Consultants Pvt. Ltd. The reproduction or transmission of all or part of this
work, whether by photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means or otherwise
without the written permission of Gensol Consultants Pvt. Ltd is prohibited, and the commission
of any unauthorized acts in relation to the work may result in civil or criminal actions. The author
asserts its moral right to be identified as the author of the work.
Disclaimer Notice
This document has been prepared for M/S Today Green Energy Pvt. Ltd. (the Client) only and
solely for the purpose stated in the contract (the Contract) between Gensol Consultants Pvt Ltd
(the Consultant) and the Client.
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Contents
GLOSSARY ...............................................................................................................................................................8
ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................................................10
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................................................................................................12
PROJECT AT A GLANCE ....................................................................................................................................16
1.
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................18
1.1 ABOUT TODAY GREEN ENERGY PRIVATE LIMITED ORGANIZATION ................................................................18
1.2 ABOUT PROJECT CONSULTANT........................................................................................................................19
1.3 SCOPE OF SERVICES FOR DPR .........................................................................................................................20
2.
INDUSTRY OUTLOOK .......................................................................................................................21

2.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT .......................................................................................................................21
2.2 OBJECTIVE AND BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT .....................................................................................................21
2.3 GLOBAL AND INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO .......................................................................................................21
2.4 RAJASTHAN STATE ELECTRICITY SCENARIO ....................................................................................................23
2.5 RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL IN THE STATE ..............................................................................................24
2.6 GROWTH IN DEMAND ......................................................................................................................................25
2.7 SOLAR PV REACHING TOWARDS GRID PARITY ...............................................................................................26
3.
INDIAN MARKET FOR SOLAR POWER ........................................................................................27

3.1 THE NATIONAL SOLAR MISSION AND STATE POLICIES....................................................................................27
4.
JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT ............................................................................................32
5.
PROJECT SITE .....................................................................................................................................32

5.1 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY .......................................................................................................................32
5.2 RAINFALL AND CLIMATE .................................................................................................................................35
5.3 LAND REQUIREMENT AND LAYOUT OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT .....................................................................36
6.
SOLAR RESOURCE ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................38
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6.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................38

6.2 INDIAS SOLAR RADIATION PROFILE ...............................................................................................................38
6.3 RADIATION PROFILE OF THE SITE ....................................................................................................................39
7.
SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY ......................................................................................................41

7.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES ......................................................................................................................42
7.1.1 CRYSTALLINE TECHNOLOGY ........................................................................................................................42
7.1.2 THIN FILM TECHNOLOGY .............................................................................................................................43
7.1.3 COMPARISON OF MAJOR PV TECHNOLOGIES: ..............................................................................................44
7.2 PV TECHNOLOGY RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................................................46
7.3 BALANCE OF PLANT SYSTEMS (BOS) ..............................................................................................................46
7.4 INVERTER TECHNOLOGIES ...............................................................................................................................46
7.5 CABLING..........................................................................................................................................................49
7.6 MODULE MOUNTING SYSTEM .........................................................................................................................50
8.
PROJECT REGISTRATION AND CLEARANCES .........................................................................52

8.1 PROJECT REGISTRATION/ CLEARANCES ...........................................................................................................52
9.
POWER PLANT DESIGN CRITERIA ...............................................................................................54

9.1 DESIGN AND SIMULATION PROJECTIONS BY PVSYST .....................................................................................54
9.2 PV POWER PLANT ENERGY PRODUCTION .......................................................................................................54
9.3 PV POWER PLANT CAPACITY UTILIZATION FACTOR (CUF) ..............................................................................55
9.4 SELECTION OF INVERTER AND COMPONENTS ..................................................................................................55
9.5 SELECTION OF MONITORING SYSTEM ..............................................................................................................55
9.6 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR CABLES AND JUNCTION BOXES ....................................................................................56
10.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE POWER PLANT .......................................................................57
10.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................................57

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10.2 SOLAR PV MODULES .....................................................................................................................................58

10.3 INVERTER ......................................................................................................................................................59
10.4 MODULE MOUNTING SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................61
10.5 MONITORING SYSTEM ...................................................................................................................................62
10.6 CABLES AND CONNECTORS ...........................................................................................................................63
10.7 BUILDINGS FOR PLANT EQUIPMENT (INVERTER ROOMS AND CONTROL ROOM)............................................64
10.8 OTHER FACILITIES INCLUDING WATER .........................................................................................................65
11.
POWER EVACUATION AND INTERFACING WITH GRID ........................................................66
11.1 POWER EVACUATION PLAN ...........................................................................................................................66

11.2 TRANSFORMERS ............................................................................................................................................66
11.3 132 KV SWITCHYARD ....................................................................................................................................67
11.4 HT, LV, 33KV AND 132KV METERING EQUIPMENT .....................................................................................69
11.5 CABLES .........................................................................................................................................................70
11.6 GRID SYNCHRONIZATION SCHEME ................................................................................................................71
12.
ESTIMATION OF ANNUAL ENERGY YIELD ................................................................................72
12.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................................72

12.2 ENERGY GENERATION ASSESSMENT .............................................................................................................73
13.
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS ...............................................................78
13.1 BASIC PLANT OPERATION .............................................................................................................................78

13.2 MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................................................................79
13.3 SPARE PARTS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM...........................................................................................................80
13.4 O & M MANUALS ..........................................................................................................................................80
13.5 OPERATION & MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION OF THE PLANT ......................................................................81
14.
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY .................................................................................83

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14.1 PROJECT PHASES ...........................................................................................................................................83

14.2 PROJECT REGISTRATION AND FINANCING......................................................................................................83
14.3 FINALIZATION OF THE EQUIPMENT AND CONTRACTS ....................................................................................83
14.4 PROCUREMENT AND CONSTRUCTION.............................................................................................................84
14.5 ERECTION AND COMMISSIONING PHASE ........................................................................................................84
15.
RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ........................................................................................86
15.1 PROJECT COMPLETION RISK MEDIUM/LOW ...............................................................................................86

15.2 TECHNOLOGY RISK LOW ............................................................................................................................86
15.3 COST OVER-RUN RISK - LOW .........................................................................................................................87
15.4 GENERATION ASSURANCE MEDIUM ............................................................................................................88
15.5 FORCE MAJEURE RISK LOW ........................................................................................................................88
15.6 OPERATING RISK LOW ................................................................................................................................88
15.7 PLANT PERFORMANCE RISK MEDIUM .........................................................................................................89
16.
PROJECT COST ESTIMATE AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS .......................................................90
16.1 PROJECT COST ...............................................................................................................................................90

16.2 SALEABLE ELECTRICITY ................................................................................................................................91
17.
LIST OF SUPPLIERS ...........................................................................................................................92
ANNEXURE-I : ENERGY SIMULATION REPORT (10 MW BLOCK) .........................................................94

ANNEXURE-II: MODULE DATASHEET ...........................................................................................................97
ANNEXURE-III: INVERTER DATASHEET ......................................................................................................99
ANNEXURE-IV: PROJECT SCHEDULE .........................................................................................................105
ANNEXURE-V: SLD- 20 MW PLANT ...............................................................................................................110
ANNEXURE-VI: SLD- 50 MW PLANT ..............................................................................................................111
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Seismic zone of India .............................................................................................................................33
Figure 2 Location of site .........................................................................................................................................34
Figure 3 Solar Resource Map of India .................................................................................................................39
Figure 4 Typical solar PV system components ...................................................................................................41
Figure 5 Mono-Crystalline Silicon Module ...........................................................................................................43
Figure 6 Multi-Crystalline Silicon Module ............................................................................................................43
Figure 7 Thin film PV module ................................................................................................................................44
Figure 8 Block diagram showing interconnection of various systems .............................................................58
Figure 9 Typical photovoltaic solar module .........................................................................................................59
Figure 10 Typical Solar Inverter ............................................................................................................................60
Figure 11 Typical Fixed tilt module mounting structure .....................................................................................61
Figure 12 Typical Control Room Section .............................................................................................................65
Figure 13 Tilt angle optimization snapshot from PVsyst ...................................................................................73
Figure 14 Sun path for the proposed location .....................................................................................................74
Figure 15: Organizational Chart ............................................................................................................................82
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GLOSSARY
Photovoltaic
The physical effect of direct Conversion of light (sunlight)

to electrical energy
PV Cell
The smallest photovoltaic (PV) element that generates

electricity from light
PV Module
A collection of interconnected PV cells, encapsulated

between protective materials such as glass and back
sheet (Poly Vinyl Fluoride) or glass and glass, and
mounted in an aluminum frame. This is a hermetically
sealed unit
Array
Several strings of modules with the same orientation and

tilt angle, located together
Inverter
An electronic device that converts direct current electricity

into alternating current electricity suitable for feeding
directly to the electrical grid or to normal AC loads
Insolation
It is a measure of solar radiation energy received on a

given surface area in a given time. It is commonly
expressed as average irradiance in watts per square
meter (W/m) or kilowatt-hours per square meter per day
(kWh/ (mday)) (or hours/day)
Mounting Structure
Device used to hold modules in place, at desired angle &

direction
Power Evacuation
Power generated from Solar PV Power Plant is

transmitted to a point (sub-station) where it is distributed
for consumer use
Sub-station
The place where the generated power from solar is

synchronized with utility grid and metered
Control Room
Room housing control equipment
Cable
A conductor with one or more strands bound together,

used for transmitting electrical energy
Junction Box
Inputs of several strings are connected to this box and

taken as single output
Current
A flow of electricity through a conductor measured in

Amps
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The rate at which energy is drawn from a source that

produces a flow of electricity in a circuit; expressed in volts.
It is the difference of electrical potential between two
points of an electrical or electronic circuit, expressed in
volts. It is the measurement of the potential for an electric
field to cause an electric current in an electrical conductor
Voltage
Lightning
Arrestor
Device used to protect all the components from lightning

strikes
Transformer
An electrical device by which alternating current of one

voltage is changed to another voltage
Grid
A system of high/low tension cables by which electrical

power is distributed throughout a region
SCADA
Instrumentation & Control system for the solar power plant

used to detect malfunctions and give information at a given
time interval about the availability and performance of the
plant
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ABBREVIATIONS
General
ACB
Air Circuit Breaker
AC
Alternate current
ACSR
Aluminum Conductors Steel Reinforced
BOS
Balance of the System
CO2
Carbon Dioxide
CT
Current Transformer
DC
Direct Current
DP
Double Pole
DPR
Detailed Project Report
HT
High Tension
LT
Low Tension
LV
Low Voltage
MNRE
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
SECI
Solar Energy Corporation Of India
KWh
Kilo Watt Hour
MCB
Main Combiner Box / Miniature Circuit Breaker
PLF/ CUF
Plant Load Factor/ Capacity utilization factor
PPA
Power Purchase Agreement
PV
Photo Voltaic
PT
Power Transformer
VCB
Vacuum Circuit Breaker
XLPE
Cross Linked Polyethylene
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Units
%
Percentage
Degree Centigrade
Kg
Kilogram
kV
Kilo-Volt
kW
kilo Watt
kWp
kilo Watt peak
Lt
Liter
Meter
m2
Square meter
m3
Cubic meter
Tons
Tons
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Today Green Energy Private Limited (TGEPL) is a SPV company promoted by Today
Homes & Infrastructure Private Limited (THIPL), a Group Today Company planning to
put up large scale Solar power projects at strategic locations suitable for Solar power
generation across India.
THIPL, is a well-established enterprise in the field of Real Estate Development with a
number of Residential, Retail and Commercial projects Delivered and Under
Development. Apart from real estate the THIPL is also in the business of Hospitality.
Over a period of next 5 years, the Company is committed to set up facilities to generate
more than 5000 MW of power, coal-based and renewable sources. The expansion will
be fuelled by setting up Greenfield projects as well as expansion in existing power plants.
THIPL has been declared as a successful bidder in the bid process against the Rfs No
SECI/JNNSM/SPV/P-2/B-1/Rfs/102013 issued by Solar Energy Corporation of India
(SECI) and had been issued Letter of Intents.
THIPL has formed a Project Company TGEPL for the development of Solar Power
Projects. In this regards, TGEPL is going to install a 20 MW (2x10MW) solar PV plant,
under the Open Category, at village That, situated in Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan state.
The geographical location of the project site is 26.840544 N and 71.818534 E. For the
proposed project approx. 115 acres of the land will be required.
Radiation profile of the location has been assessed using the industry standard
Meteonorm software and the electricity generation has been estimated. 255 Wp (or
higher) capacity poly-crystalline technology based PV modules are suggested for the
proposed solar plant. The basis of selection of poly-crystalline technology is its financial
competitiveness, long term stability and easy availability. Further, on the basis of basic
design engineering, 1000 kW solar inverter units are proposed and 20 nos. of inverters
shall be required for the plant. This project shall be using fixed tilt module mounting
structures for the installation of PV modules. With such arrangement, it is projected that
the proposed 20 MW project will operate at a CUF around 22.29% and will be generating
around 39, 048,487 kWh units per year. Probability analysis has also been presented in
the DPR at the P50, P75 and P90 probability level.
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The generated electricity from the solar PV plant will be evacuated in the dedicated 132
kV grid substation situated 12 kms from the project site. TGEPL has signed a PPA at flat
rate of Rs. 5.45/ kWh for life time of the project, which is considered as 25 years, with
Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI).
The project cost of the envisaged 20 MW (AC) PV Plant is estimated to be Rs. 15070
Lakhs. Debt equity ratio of the investment is 70:30 and debt equity amount for this ratio
is Rs. 10549 lakhs and Rs. 4521 lakhs respectively. The project will receive VGF funding
to the tune of Rs. 2190 lakhs. Furthermore, considering the financial analysis, it is
projected that investment in the proposed project will give a project IRR of 11.81%.
Average Debt Service Coverage Ratio (ADSCR) of the proposed investment is worked
out to be 1.45.
Apart from the financial benefits the solar power plant also helps to reduce the release
of carbondioxide produced by fossil fuel generation. The project converts solar radiation
into useful electricity, adding to sustainability of the project and the local environment.
Besides all these concerns, this report highlights the details of the proposed power
generation scheme, site facilities, solar radiation in the proposed site location and water,
evacuation of generated power, features of main plant and equipment including the
inverter system, electrical systems, environmental aspects, estimate of capital cost and
the financial analysis and the schedule for project implementation.
Group Company Today Homes & Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. (THIPL) located at Delhi is
a well established enterprise in the field of Real Estate Development and Hospitality with
numbers of Residential, Retail and Commercial projects already developed and the rest
are under development.
Further in 2007 Today Homes & Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. (THIPL) has diversified in
the Power Sector and form a company Today Energy (MP) Pvt Ltd.(TEMPPL)
promoted by Today Homes & Infrastructure Pvt Ltd.(THIPL) to set up 1320 MW
(2x660 MW) coal based Thermal Power Plant (IPP) at village Silari, Tehsil Gotegaon,
Dist. Narsinghpur, Madhya Pradesh. The details of the project is given below:
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I)
Land: Total land acquired is appox. 750 acres at Distt Narsinghpur in the State
of Madhya Pradesh (M.P.), which is sufficient, as per CEA norms for 1320
(2x660) MW coal based thermal Power Project with Supercritical technology.
a) Private Land appox 685.54 Acres of land in continuous stretch for the project
has been purchased directly from the land owners through consent route and is
in our possession.
b) Government land of 64.15 Acres has been allocated vide GoMP Revenue
Deptt. Order No. F16-41/2008/7/2A Bhopal dated 31.03.2011.
No forest land is involved.
II)
Firm allocation of 40 cusec of water has been granted by Water Resource Dept.
(WRD), GoMP.
III)
Coal:
(A) Coal linkage for one unit of 660 MW has been tied up with the State of Madhya
Pradesh.
(B) In addition, Central Electricity Authority (CEA) Standing Committee has
recommended the name of project company i.e. Today Energy (M.P.) Pvt Ltd
(TEMPPL) with maximum marks i.e. 90 (ninety) to Ministry of Power (MoP)
which has further recommended to Ministry of Coal (MoC). It is expected that
long term coal linkage shall be allocated to TEMPPL by Long Term Linkage
Committee shortly.
IV)
Environment Clearance: TOR was accorded by MOEF in September 2007.

Public hearing committee meeting was conducted on 19.06.2009 by M.P.
Pollution Control Board. EIA report was submitted through M.P. Pollution Control
Board to Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of MOEF and put up in their 65 th
meeting on 13.02.2010. In absence of firm fuel linkage to the project, proposal
was deferred till fuel tie up. Long term coal linkage for one unit of 660 MW has
been tied up with the State of Madhya Pradesh. We have again taken up the
proposal with EAC of MOEF for issuance of EC to the project.
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V)
International Competitive Bidding Corrigendum issued on 11.05.2011 to earlier

International Competitive Bidding (ICB) Notice Inviting Tender NIT-ICB wherein
leading international/national manufacturer of BTG participated in the bid. Initial
round of technical discussion have completed and final techno commercial
negotiations are in progress.
VI)
Rail Transport Clearance from Ministry of Railway (Railway Board) was

accorded for establishing railway siding at the Project Site.
VII)
Open Access The Bulk Power Transmission Agreement for 800 MW entered
into with Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd.
VIII)
Chimney Height Clearance from Airports Authority of India has been accorded.
IX)
Defence Clearance has been obtained from Defence Estate Office, Jabalpur
Circle.
X)
Fly Ash Utilization

a) MOU already signed with M/s ACC Ltd. for collection of 2000 MT of fly ash per
day.
b) MOU signed with M/s Vikas Concrete Industries, Jabalpur for collection of 1000
MT of fly ash per day.
XI)
Power Evacuation: In the past few years there was no procurement inspite of big
demand supply gap from various State Utilities because of the financial
constraints. The Central Government has approved a big financial package to
carry out the financial restructuring of the State Utilities. This has resulted into the
starting of the power procurement by such Utilities to meet their deficiency in
power. Recent bids have been in the range of Rs. 4/-kWh to Rs. 5/-kWh. Since
the fuel has been tied up, we are contemplating to participate in the various power
purchase bids being invited by various state Utilities. Some of them are already in
pipeline.
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PROJECT AT A GLANCE
Project Developer
Today Green Energy Pvt Ltd.

(TGEPL)
Project Installed Capacity
23 MWp (DC), 20 MW (AC) Solar

Photovoltaic Power Plant
Selected Location
Village: That ; Tehsil: Pokharan;

District-Jaisalmer, Rajasthan
Site Co-ordinates
26.840544 N and 71.818534 E
Global Horizontal Irradiation
1974.7 kWh/m2
Tariff details
Rs. 5.45 for 25 years
Annual degradation
1%
Nearest Major Towns
Pokharan, Phalodi, Jaisalmer,

Jodhpur
Solar module type
Poly Crystalline
Capacity of each module
255 Wp
No. of modules
90,192 (2x10 MW ac plant)
PV System Mounting Structure type
MS Galvanised
Power conditioning Unit (Inverters)

capacity
1000 kW
Power conditioning Unit specifications
Input voltage range 600 850 V
No. of inverters
20 Nos.
Inverters make
ABB
Capacity Utilisation Factor
22.29 %
Expected Generation(after 1st year of

operation)
39,048,487 kWh
Total Project cost (Rs in lakhs)
15070
Equity from Promoters (Rs. in lakhs)
4521
Term loan from Financial Institutions (Rs.

in lacs)
10549
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VGF Funding (Rs. in lacs)
2190
Project IRR
11.81%
Equity IRR
14.01%
Land
115 acres approx
Power Evacuation
132 kV Grid substation at Pokharan
Mode of Implementation
By EPC (Engineering, Procurement

and Construction)
Project Time Frame
Seven (7) months
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1. INTRODUCTION
This report is referred to as the Detailed Project Report for installation of 20 MW (AC)
Photovoltaic (PV) Plant at village That, Tehsil Pokharan, District Jaisalmer, Rajasthan
(Project Site or Site). The report is prepared by Gensol Consultants Private Limited
having been appointed as the Project Consultant for the client with the intention to
provide a detailed project pre-feasibility analysis and advisory. This report includes the
feasibility studies, system design and techno-commercial analysis for installation of the
PV plant.
1.1 About Today Green Energy Private Limited Organization
Today Green Energy Private Limited. (TGEPL) is a company promoted by Today Homes
& Infrastructure Private Limited, a Group Today Company planning to increase its energy
portfolio in the renewable energy sector in India.
Today Homes & Infrastructure Pvt Ltd. is a well established enterprise in the field of Real
Estate Development with a number of Residential, Retail and Commercial projects
Delivered and Under Development. Apart from real estate the Group Today is also in the
business of Hospitality.
Over a period of next 5 years, the Company is committed to set up facilities to generate
more than 5000 MW of power, largely coal-based. The expansion will be fuelled by
setting up Greenfield projects as well as extension in existing power plants. Discussions
at various levels with concerned authorities are already in progress.
The power projects are planned to be diverse in geographic location, fuel type, fuel
source & off take, and each project is planned to be strategically located near an
available fuel supply load center.
Power generated from these units will be sold under the combination of long term and
short term PPAs to state owned/private distribution companies and industrial consumers.
Discussions are already in progress.
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1.2 About Project Consultant

Gensol Consultants Pvt. Ltd. founded in March 2007 was setup as a 360 o Carbon
Solution Provider having expertise in generation, registration and trading of Certified as
well as Verified Emission Reductions (CERs and VERs), better known as carbon credits.
In the past 4 years, Gensol has spread its area of expertise from providing consultancy
for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to technical-commercial advisory services for
the setup and expansion of energy infrastructure, thus providing them with a complete
package to grow and benefit from our expertise and assistance. Having an early entry
advantage along with a creative and dedicated team, Gensol Consultants Pvt. Ltd. is
built on one of the most innovative, client friendly and revenue boosting models.
Consequently, the company boasts of handling numerous projects across the length and
breadth of the country with over 10 million Emission Reductions in the first commitment
period and more than 800MW of solar PV advisory projects already under its wing.
Gensol Solar Division, set up in early months of 2009 is dedicated to using technology,
engineering and innovation to give its clients the best returns on their capital. It is with
this view that we strive to provide support and engineering expertise to clients and
investors in Solar Power Sector through our offerings of complete concept to
commissioning advisory services for MW scale grid-connected and off grid standalone
solar power projects. Gensol Solar Team boasts of years of on-ground experience in
setting up of Solar Power Plants. Comprising of Electrical, Civil and Mechanical
Engineers on one hand and Financial and Regulatory Consultants on the other, Gensol
Solar team presents a unique blend of technological expertise with market intelligence,
thus, helping us provide a 360o perspective to clients.
Gensol Consultants is empanelled with various lending institutions and Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy. Gensol also hold the distinction of representing Ministry of
Environment and Forestry (MoEF) at International Forums.
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1.3 Scope of Services for DPR

The scope of work for the DPR includes all details concerning the feasibility, design, and
financial viability of the project.
The Report has the following main contents:
Site assessment
Solar radiation resource assessment
Solar PV technology assessment and evaluation
Annual Yield estimation
SPV Plant layout
Overall System description
Power evacuation arrangements and single line diagram (SLD)
Clearances and permits
Financial analysis
Risk Assessment
Page 20 of 111
2. INDUSTRY OUTLOOK
2.1 Background of the project
THIPL had participated in the JNNSM Phase II Batch I solar bid conducted by Solar
Energy Corporation of India (SECI). In the bid results THIPL has been allotted a total of
5 PV projects of 10 MW capacity each. Out of this, 2 PV projects of 10 MW each i.e.
20MW are under open category and 3 PV projects of 10 MW each i.e. 30MW are under
the DCR category. THIPL has formed a Project Company TGEPL for the development
of Solar Power Projects. This DPR is meant for Open category i.e. 20MW. TGEPL board
has decided to install 2 x10 MW project capacity, near village That, Pokharan. Electricity
sale arrangement has already been done by signing a long term PPA with SECI at Rs.
5.45/ kWh for the 25 years.
This project will be executed with an EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction)
partner. TGEPL will invest 30% of the total project cost as equity investment and rest of
the money which is 70% of the project cost shall be arranged from a financial institution
as debt.
2.2 Objective and benefits of the project
The objective of the proposed solar power plant is to generate clean energy from the
solar radiation using photovoltaic phenomenon. This energy will be evacuated to the
nearby grid and further distributed in the electricity network. Solar energy is a clean
source of electricity and produces no pollution. Hence, there are many social economic
benefits are associate with the development of this project.
2.3 Global and Indian Energy Scenario

Electricity is one of the world's fastest-growing form of end-use energy consumption. Net
electricity generation worldwide will rise by 2.3 percent per year on average from 2007
to 2035 as compared to 1.4 percent per year growth for total world energy demand. The
growth in electricity generation for non-OECD countries increases by an average annual
rate of 3.3 percent, as rising standards of living increases the demand. In OECD nations,
where infrastructures are more mature and population growth is relatively slow, growth
in generation is much slower, averaging 1.1 percent per year from 2007 to 2035.
Page 21 of 111
Graph 1: World Electricity Consumption Projections

The Indian government has set ambitious goals in the 11th plan for power sector owing
to which the power sector is poised for significant expansion. It has been estimated that
need-based capacity addition of more than 100,000 MW would be required. This has
resulted in massive addition plans being proposed in the sub-sectors of Generation
Transmission and Distribution.
Indian Energy Scenario

Solar
13%
Hydro 17%
Nuclear
2%
Thermal
68%
Graph 2: Indian Energy Scenario
Page 22 of 111
2.4 Rajasthan state electricity scenario

Rajasthan state has total installed capacity or the order of 14059.12 MW. Thermal is
leading source of energy with total installed capacity of 8454.75 MW. It is approximately
60.13% of the total installed capacity. Second highest installed capacity is of Renewable
energy source which is of the order of 3483.05 MW and hydro is of 1548.32 MW and
remaining is from the nuclear is 573 MW.1
Energy Scenario of Rajasthan State
RES 25%
Hydro
11%
Thermal
60%
Nuclear
4%
Graph 3: Rajasthan Energy Scenario

Furthermore, contribution of renewable energy sources in the total installed capacity is
really astonishing and also generates hope for the renewable energy investors. Including
Hydro capacity, total renewable energy capacity in the state is about 36% of the overall
installed capacity.
Now looking at energy demand and supply picture, in 2012-2013, energy requirement of
Rajasthan state was 55538 MU and energy availability was only 53868 MU. There was
around 3 % energy deficiency. Monthly records further showing the picture of the energy
deficiency condition of the state. Maximum deficiency was 8.9 % in the month of June
2012.2
1http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/inst_capacity/dec13.pdf
2http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/yearly/lgbr_report.pdf
Page 23 of 111
Energy in MU
Energy Demand Vs Supply in Rajasthan State

6000
5750
5500
5250
5000
4750
4500
4250
4000
3750
3500
Requirement (MU)
Availability (MU)
Graph 4: Energy Demand Vs Supply in Rajasthan

Anticipated power deficit in the state is 15.1 %. This data clearly indicates that there is a
huge demand of energy and electricity generated from solar PV plant can surly be
consumed.
2.5 Renewable Energy potential in the state

Rajasthan is the state having almost all commercial renewable energy technology
installed, whether it is wind mills, solar PV, Hydro, bio-mass etc. Moreover, the potential
of the renewable energy generation is also promising. State has 35% renewable power
installation out of total power. Major renewable energy sources in the state are wind and
solar. Considering the data of Indian Wind Energy Association, Rajasthan has wind
potential of the order of 5005 MW3.
Sun is the most abundant natural source of energy available on the earth. Solar energy
can either be used for the generation of electricity (photovoltaic energy) or for heating
purposes (solar thermal energy). As solar electricity generation and other use of solar
energy do not emit any GHG emission, it is treated as renewable energy source.
Centre for Wind Energy Technology (CWET): http://www.cwet.tn.nic.in/html/departments_wra.html

Page 24 of 111
2.6 Growth in Demand

Despite the rapid growth in this decade, solar photovoltaic is a young market. Thus the
different industry forecasters have different sizes even for the existing market, let alone
their forecasts in the longer term. The European Photovoltaic Industry Association
(EPIA) has comprehensive long-term forecasts for the photovoltaic industry. Its forecasts
have been much more cautious than the break-neck speed of industry growth in the last
2-3 years; however, there is every possibility that the much higher results in comparison
to forecasts over the last few years will result in over-estimation of the market.
Globally, the solar power industry has been growing rapidly in recent years. In 2010, an
estimated total capacity of 17,000 MW was installed globally. Germany leads the race
with more than 40 percent of the total global market.
The three leading countries (Germany, Japan and the US) represent nearly 89% of the
total worldwide PV installed capacity. Currently, around 84% of solar industry demand is
located in four countries where governments have actively promoted its development
through favorable regulation: Germany, Japan, Spain and the US in selected states.
Spain was one of the fastest growing markets in 2008 owing to very favorable legislation
and attractive feed-in tariffs. In 2008, Spain accounted for 45% of the new photovoltaic
Page 25 of 111
installments. However in 2009, Spain market reduced considerably due to government

policy change on the FIT.
Going forward, the growth in Sunbelt countries is expected to increase considerably due
to the higher demand for power and better solar resource in these countries such as
India, MENA, China, etc.
2.7 Solar PV Reaching towards Grid Parity
Grid parity is the point at which photovoltaic electricity is equal to or cheaper than grid
power. This is achievable first in areas with abundant sun and high costs for electricity
such as in California and Japan. For regions with subsidies for solar power generation,
grid parity can be achieved much sooner. Costs of solar electricity are falling steeply
through a combination of factors including better cell efficiency and improvements in
solar manufacturing.
As the PV system costs decrease, the geographies with higher solar radiation and high
price of electricity will achieve grid parity at the earliest. For example, in Hawaii where
the cost of electricity is high and there is also abundant solar radiation, PV has already
reached grid parity with todays system costs. Italy also is a very prime region where PV
will be at grid parity shortly.
Page 26 of 111
3. INDIAN MARKET FOR SOLAR POWER

A Solar PV Project Developer can set up a solar power project in India in one of the
following three ways:
National Solar Mission

Solar Policy of the Central Govt aimed at setting up
20,000 MW of Solar Power Plants by 2022
State Policies
Individual states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka and
Madhya Pradesh have released their own policies to set
up Solar PV Power Plants in the respective states
Renewable Energy Certificates

Any Project Developer can set up any size of project
anywhere in India. Unlike preferential tariff under NSM
and State Policies, REC's offer a variable tariff over the
lifetime of project.
3.1 The National Solar Mission and State Policies
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission is a major initiative of the Government of
India with active participation from States to promote ecologically sustainable growth
while addressing Indias energy security challenge. It will also constitute a major
contribution by India to the global effort to meet the challenges of climate change. The
objective of the Mission is to establish India as a global leader in solar energy, by creating
the policy conditions for its large scale diffusion across the country as quickly as possible.
The Mission has set a target, amongst others, for deployment of grid connected solar
power capacity of 20,000 MW by 2022 and is planned to be implemented in three phases
with phase-1 by 2013, phase-2 by 2017 and phase 3 by 2022. Against the targets for
phase 1, major achievements include the following:
Page 27 of 111
The entire capacity of 1,100 MW of grid connected solar power has been allocated.
The sanctioned capacity for off grid applications is over 118 MW.
No direct financial assistance is provided by the government for setting up solar power
projects connected to the grid. One scheme of 1000 MW has been implemented through
a mechanism of bundling of solar power with thermal power from unallocated quota of
the Government. For projects connected to less than 33 kV grid, a scheme of generation
based incentive has been implemented under which a total of 98 MW capacity projects
were allotted.
To support deployment of off-grid solar applications, the Government provides capital
subsidy upto 30% of the benchmark cost and / or soft loan at a rate of 5% interest.
Since launch of the JNNSM, the capacity of grid-connected solar power projects has
grown from 8 MW in January 2010 to over 2208 MW 4 by January 2014 in the country.
Recently, MNRE has established the Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) for
handling the power procurement from the second batch of the JNNSM. SECI (MNRE)s
role would be limited to providing a subsidy known as Viability Gap Funding (VGF), which
is basically a part payment, made by SECI to the project developer in order to make the
project viable. MNRE has recently unveiled guidelines for allocation of solar power
project worth 750 MW under the VGF route, out of which, half if earmarked for projects
opting for cells and modules of domestic origin.
State Policies
Subsequent to the launch of the JNNSM, many states have acknowledged the
importance of solar energy and hence formulated their own respective policies regarding
the same. Solar potential with their installed capacities for the states which have released
the solar policies have been summarized in the following table:
Source : MNRE : http://www.mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements

Page 28 of 111
Summary of solar potential, state policy targets and installed capacities in the states of India5
S.No.
State
Average
Solar
Annual
Govt. Policy/Target
Resource
Installed
PV
Capacity (MW)
(kWh/m2/day)
1)
Rajasthan
5.0-6.3
Solar power of 10000-
666.75
12000 MW capacity by
2022.
2)
Gujarat
5.2-6.0
500 MW by 2014
860.4
3)
Karnataka
4.6-5.8
200 MW by 2016
31
4)
Tamil Nadu
4.8-5.8
3000 MW of power by
31.82
2015
5)
Andhra Pradesh
4.8-5.8
97.2 MW sanctioned
92.9
6)
Madhya Pradesh
5.0-5.6
500 MW by 2013
195.32
7)
Chhattisgarh
5.0-5.6
500-1000 MW by March
5.1
2017
8)
Maharashtra
4.6-5.6
No
declared
specific
target
state-
237.25
other
than RPO fulfillment
Source: MNRE. Installed capacity data as on January 31st, 2014.

Page 29 of 111
9)
Uttar Pradesh
4.6-5.2
1000 MW by 2017
17.38
10)
Punjab
4.6-5.1
300 MW in Phase-I
9.33
11)
Haryana
4.7-5.3
No
declared
solar
7.8
solar
5.05
solar
16
solar
7.05
solar
15.5
solar
3.01
solar
5.1
solar
1.62
specific policy
12)
Uttarakhand
3.8-5.7
No
declared
specific policy
13)
Jharkhand
4.7-5.5
No
declared
specific policy
14)
West Bengal
4.2-5.1
No
declared
specific policy
15)
Odisha
5.1-5.5
No
declared
specific policy
16)
Delhi
4.7-5.1
No
declared
specific policy
17)
18)
Andaman
and
4.7-5.1
No
declared
Nicobar
specific policy
Others
No
declared
specific policy
Total
2208 MW
Page 30 of 111
The main features of the Rajasthan State policy is discussed as under:

Rajasthan State Policy:
The policy aims at developing Rajasthan as a global hub of solar power of 10,00012,000 MW capacity in next 10-12 years to meet energy requirements of Rajasthan
and India. To achieve grid parity in next 7-8 years, the State will encourage the Solar
Power Developers to establish manufacturing plant of their technology in Rajasthan.
The Rajasthan State will promote setting up of solar power projects for direct sale to
Discoms of Rajasthan. The total capacity under this category will be distributed equally
between SPV and CSP based power plants. The total maximum capacity under this
category for phase-1 (up to 2013) and phase-2 (2013-2017) would be as follows:-
Maximum Capacity to be developed
Phase-1 (up to 2013)
Phase-2 (2013 -2017)
200 MW
400 MW (Additional)
Selection of these Solar Power Projects shall be through tariff based competitive
bidding process. The State Government may undertake the review of targets mentioned
above as and when the need arises in view of any technological breakthrough resulting
in substantial decrease in cost of Solar Power generation. The Rajasthan State will also
promote Solar Power Producers to set up Solar Power Plants of unlimited capacity for
captive use or sale of power to 3rd party/States other than Rajasthan. The State will
also promote deployment of Roof Top and Other Small Solar Power Plants connected
to LT/11kV Grid as per guidelines of MNRE under Rooftop PV & Small Solar Generation
Programme (RPSSGP) of NSM and orders of appropriate Regulatory Commission.
Page 31 of 111
4. JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT

Average annual solar radiation at the proposed site at horizontal surface is 1975 kWh/m2
which is potentially adequate for the installation of the PV plant. Annual expected
generation from the 10 MW block is 19,524,243 kWh and for the entire 20 MW is
39,048,487 kWh.
Considering power demand for the state, power generated from the proposed power
plant will be utilized for the state itself. The proposed solar photovoltaic power plant
(SPV) will contribute to bridge the gap between the demand and availability of power.
Moreover, it will also help to cut out the dependency on the coal to generate the
electricity. Furthermore, electricity from the solar power plant will be evacuated to the
132 kV GSS of RRVPNL situated about 12 kms from the site. Being a higher capacity, it
is anticipated that grid outage and transmission losses will be considerably low and this
will help to optimize the electricity feed in the grid. The project - being a renewable energy
project - leads to sustainable development through efficient utilization of naturally
available sunlight.
Financial benefit is an important factor of any investment. Installation of solar PV plant
seems to be a financially lucrative preposition as it is projected that proposed project will
have IRR of the order of 11.81 %.
In other words, the proposed project is a beneficial preposition in term of financial returns,
environmental aspects and business preposition.
5. PROJECT SITE
5.1 Location and Accessibility
Proposed site location is situated at Latitude 26.840544 N and Longitude 71.818534 E,
in Village-That, Tehsil-Pokharan, Distt - Jaisalmer, State - Rajasthan. The site is located
at elevation of approximately 229 m above mean sea level. The project location comes
under seismic zone-2. Hence, the threat of damage due to an earthquake is also very
low.
Page 32 of 111
Figure 1: Seismic zone of India

The site is well connected with the intra-state and interstates locations through road,
railway and airways. Location is situated near to NH-15. Nearest city is Phalodi which is
about 75 km and nearest railway station is also located in Phalodi city. Nearest airport is
in Jodhpur which is 182 km from the site. The distance of state capital Jaipur from the
site is of the order of 478 km.
Page 33 of 111
1.1.1.1.1.1
Figure 2 Satellite map showing the location of the site
Page 34 of 111
The site selection for a solar power plant is pre-dominantly determined by solar insolation
availability & grid connectivity for exporting power. Equally important are other essential
factors/considerations such as:
Availability of adequate land for power plant and green belt development
Soil condition like soil bearing capacity etc.
Proximity to state electricity grid enabling economic evacuation of power generated
Availability of water and power during construction
Availability of local work force in the proximity
Availability of load centers (towns) within vicinity
Easy accessibility of the site
5.2 Rainfall and Climate

The following graph depicts that in the month of January temperature goes below even
from 8 0C and in the month of May goes high up to 45 0C. The average annual
temperature at the site is 26 0C.
Graph 5: Temperature profile of Village That
Page 35 of 111
The site receives scanty rainfall annually around 308.5 mm. Rainfall occurs mainly in the
months of June, July, August and September.
115.63
86.8
32.7
4.65
6.16
4.65
5.7
8.68
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
32.1
8.68
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
0.9
1.86
Nov
Dec
Graph 6: Rainfall Profile of Village - That
5.3 Land Requirement and Layout of the Proposed Project

The total land area required for the project is about 115 acres.
The power plant layout can be divided in to three main sections as:
1. Module mounting area
2. Control room
3. Inverter Rooms
The major portion of the site will be used for module mounting. The modules will be
mounted on a galvanized steel structures which will be installed facing south direction
for best efficiency & optimal power output. The steel structure will be grouted using RCC
foundation (or ramming if soil conditions permit). The proposed structure shall be
designed to hold 20-25 modules per structure and which can withstand wind speed up
to 170 km/hr. The structure is designed in such a way that it will occupy minimum
required space without sacrificing the performance.
Page 36 of 111
The interconnection cables are routed within the structure and the output cables from
the modules are taken through proper size conduit to the String Combiner Box (SCB).
The output cables from the SCBs are routed under the ground through conduits or cable
trenches. Earthing for the entire module mounting structures will be done using copper
or GI conductors. The earth pits for module area will be provided as the electrical
standards. In order to protect the modules from lightning, lightning protection will be
provided in the module mounting area. Sufficient number of lightning arrestors will be
provided in this area alone for protection of modules.
The layout of the array structures shall be so designed that it shall occupy minimum
space without sacrificing the output of Solar PV modules.
Page 37 of 111
6. SOLAR RESOURCE ASSESSMENT

6.1 Introduction
The electrical output of a solar power plant is dependent on the incident solar radiation
it receives. Outside the Earths atmosphere, on a surface normal to the solar beam, the
power density is 1,365 W/m2, which is known as Solar Constant. As the solar radiation
passes through the atmosphere, depending on the length of the atmospheric path
traversed by the solar radiation and the quantity of dust, water vapour, ozone, CO2 and
other aerosols/gases present, some amount of it is scattered and absorbed. The diffused
radiation plus the direct
irradiance from the sun are together termed as Global
Irradiance. The diffused sunlight can vary from about 20% on a clear day to 100% in
heavily overcast conditions. The peak irradiance of 1,000 W/m 2 is taken as the standard
value in the industry by which PV modules are rated. However, the total solar energy
received in a day over a specific area, called daily solar irradiance or insolation, is more
important
than the instantaneous solar irradiance. The solar resource is not equally
available in all regions of the world hence a site specific solar resource assessment is
required for every project.
6.2 Indias Solar Radiation Profile
India being a tropical country is blessed with good sunshine over most parts, and the
number of clear sunny days in a year also being quite high. The country receives solar
energy equivalent to more than 5,000 trillion kWh per year. Indias equivalent solar
energy potential is about 6,000 million GWh of energy per year. Being a tropical country,
India is blessed with good sunshine over most parts, and the number of clear sunny days
in a year also being quite high.
The daily average global radiation is around 5.0 kWh/m2 in north-eastern and hilly areas
to about 7.0 kWh/m2 in western regions and cold desert areas with the sunshine hours
ranging between 2300 and 3200 per year. In most parts of India, clear sunny weather is
experienced for 250 to 300 days a year. The annual global radiation varies from 1600 to
2200 kWh/m2. Following figure presents the global solar radiation map of India jointly
developed by MNRE and NREL.
Page 38 of 111
Figure 3 Solar Resource Map of India

6.3 Radiation Profile of the Site
Solar radiation data can be collected from many sources like NASA-SSE, 3 Tier,
SolarGIS, and Meteonorm. Meteonorm data is considered for this project since it uses
both satellite as well as weather station data nearest to the site, while other data sources
employ only satellite derived data.
METEONORM database contains the TMY files of solar and climatic parameters for
several Indian locations based on measured as well as estimated values. The software
provides a facility to interpolate the solar and meteorological data for any location through
geographical parameters.
Page 39 of 111
Average horizontal solar radiation at the site comes out to be 5.41 kWh/m2/day as per
meteonorm data. Monthly averages of the same data are given as follows:
Table 1: Solar Insolation, temperature and wind speed data for the site
Page 40 of 111
7. SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY
Photovoltaic comprises the technology to convert sunlight directly into electricity. The
term photo means light and voltaic, electricity. A photovoltaic (PV) cell, also known as
solar cell, is a semiconductor device that generates electricity when light falls on it.
Since its first commercial use in powering orbital satellites of the US space programs in
the 1950s, PV has made significant progress with total photovoltaic module industry
growing at more than 40% in the past decade.
The PV modules combined with a set of additional application-dependent system
components (e.g. inverters, batteries, electrical components, and mounting systems),
form a PV system. These PV systems are highly modular, i.e. modules can be linked
together to provide power ranging from a few watts to tens of megawatts (MW).
The solar PV panels typically produce DC electricity that is fed to a grid interactive
inverter, which in turn converts the DC electricity into AC electricity at a required voltage
level. In order to achieve a higher system voltage, the output of inverters is fed to step
up transformers to increase the voltage levels at the desired level. From the transformer,
the power is routed through the high voltage panel and eventually to other required
measuring & protection devices before connecting to the grid. The major equipment and
components of a typical solar plant are shown in the following figure.
Figure 4 Typical solar PV system components
Page 41 of 111
7.1 Photovoltaic technologies

Traditional solar cells are made from silicon, are usually flat-plate, and generally are the
most efficient. Second-generation solar cells are called thin-film solar cells because they
are made from amorphous silicon or non-silicon materials such as cadmium telluride.
Thin film solar cells use layers of semiconductor materials only a few micrometers thick.
Because of their flexibility, thin film solar cells can double as rooftop shingles and tiles,
building facades, or the glazing for skylights.
Third-generation solar cells are being made from variety of new materials besides silicon,
including solar inks using conventional printing press technologies, solar dyes, and
conductive plastics. Some new solar cells use plastic lenses or mirrors to concentrate
sunlight onto a very small piece of high efficiency PV material.
In spite of availability of all the technology, crystalline technology has maximum number
of installation world wise and has been demonstrated to perform in the field in excess of
30 years. In addition to this, the technologies are described concisely as follows:
7.1.1 Crystalline Technology
Typically, there are two types of crystalline technology mono-crystalline and multicrystalline. Both the technologies are made up of silicon material and have some pros
and cons. Basic features of individual technology are as follows.
Mono-Crystalline Silicon
Mono-crystalline Silicon has a continuous crystal lattice structure with practically zero
defects or impurities. Mono-crystalline Silicon is superior to other types of silicon cells in
terms of higher efficiencies which are typically around 18-23%. However, the mono
crystalline Si-cell production is an expensive process when compared to other types of
PV cells. Mono-Crystalline panels are mostly considered where the space is limited as
in the case of rooftops. The lifespan of mono-crystalline cells is a minimum of 25 years
and can go more, making them a worthwhile investment for long-term use.
Page 42 of 111
Figure 5 Mono-Crystalline Silicon

Module
Figure 6 Multi-Crystalline Silicon

Module
Multi-Crystalline Silicon
Multi-crystalline (or poly-crystal) silicon panels are made by using polycrystalline wafers.
Multi crystalline wafers consists of number of crystallites with different grain sizes will be
having grain boundaries and several defects. Multi-crystalline Si growth is relatively
cheaper than the mono crystalline Si and the cells made up of these wafers are relatively
cheaper. Due to the less pure crystals, the efficiency of these cells reduces and the
module efficiencies typically range in between 14-16%. The lifetime of these modules is
also around 25 years or more and these panels are cheaper option where the space is
not a limitation. These panels are commonly preferred ones for grid connected
applications.
7.1.2 Thin Film Technology
Thin film modules are potentially cheaper to manufacture than crystalline cells have a
wider customer appeal as design elements due to their homogeneous appearance
present. Disadvantages include low-conversion efficiencies and requiring larger areas of
PV arrays and more material (cables, support structures) to produce the same amount
of electricity.
Page 43 of 111
Figure 7 Thin film PV module

Material costs and manufacturing costs are lower per unit area as compared to those of
crystalline silicon cells.
7.1.3 Comparison of Major PV Technologies:
Table 2 Technology Comparisons

S. No.
Parameter
Crystalline
1)
Types of Materials
Poly-crystalline,
Thin Film
mono-
crystalline silicon
2)
Handling
Better
protection
Amorphous Silicon, CdS, CdTe,

CIS/ CIGS, etc.
against
Need extra care
breakage
3)
Power Efficiency
13-21.5%
7-13%
4)
Technology
Well Developed
Well Developed
5)
Module Weight
Light weight modules (0.1Kg/W)
Slightly heavy modules (0.17

Kg/W)
6)
Area utilization
Higher power generated
Less power per unit area
7)
Temperature Effects
Highest impact of Temperature
Lesser impact of Temperature
variations
variations
Used particularly for Normal
Better performance with Diffuse
radiations
radiations
8)
Irradiance
Page 44 of 111
9)
Module quantity
10)
Output
per
MW
Lesser quantity required
Higher quantity required
High
Higher
installed
11)
Land Requirement
Lesser space required per MW
Larger space requirement
12)
Cost
Comparable cost per Watt
Comparable cost per Watt
13)
Environment Effects
Less Sensitive
Sensitive
14)
Stabilization
Stable power output at initial
Stability achieved after 1-2
stages
months
15)
Availability
Easily available
Easily available
16)
Power Degradation
Less degradation
Slightly higher degradation
17)
Plant Maintenance
Less maintenance required after
High maintenance required, so
installation so lower cost
high maintenance cost
18)
Repair
Relatively easy
Easy
19)
Cooling Requirement
Required
Not required
20)
Cabling
Easy installation
Easy installation
21)
Suitability for Grid
Good
Good
Tech.
General Comparison of thin-film technologies

S. No.
a-Si
CdTe
CIS/CIGS
1)
a-Si suffer significant

initial degradation in
power output when
exposed to the sun
Lesser degradation
Lesser degradation
Page 45 of 111
2)
Overall efficiency around

6-8%
Overall efficiency around

8-11%
Overall efficiency 9-13%
3)
a-Si thin film modules

comprised about 31% of
thin film market and 4.4%
of global PV market in
2012
CdTe comprised 44% of

thin film market and
about 6.2% of the global
PV market in 2012
CIGS comprised 24% of

thin film market and
about 3.3% of the global
PV market in 2012
4)
Spectral Sensitivity
towards short wavelength
CdTe absorbs medium

wavelengths
CIS/CIGS also absorbs

medium wavelength
7.2 PV Technology Recommendation

Each of the above technologies has their own particular strengths and limitations. Multi
crystalline silicon photovoltaic technology is recommended for the project on the grounds
of easy availability, cost effectiveness and technological stability.
7.3 Balance of Plant Systems (BoS)
On an average, BoS constitutes 40-45 % of the total project cost of a solar PV Project.
For a solar PV Plant, the BoS comprises of inverters, cables, mounting structures,
foundations and power electronics. Often assigned secondary importance irrespective
of their being a significant cost component, BoS are critical determinants of the actual
plant life. High technical standards of BoS components should therefore be ensured as
a matter of standard practice.
7.4 Inverter Technologies
Solar inverter is a critical component in the solar energy system. It performs the
conversion of the variable DC power output of array (string of the Photovoltaic (PV)
modules) into a utility frequency AC power, which can be fed into the commercial
electrical grid. There are mainly two category of solar inverters are available central, and
string. A central inverter is generally for adopted for MW scale plant and string inverter
can handle comparatively less power.
Page 46 of 111
Inverter is the heart of a solar power project. It is also known as Power Conditioning Unit
(PCU). A PCU consists of an electronic Inverter along with associated control, protection
and data logging devices. Typically the utility scale inverters are unidirectional and supply
the power to the grid in the form of AC power conforming to IEC 61727 or equivalent
standard. The inverter has a feature that it automatically adjusts with the grid conditions
such as the voltage & frequency levels to suit the Grid. It is advised that following key
points can be considered while specifying your inverter requirements to various vendors.
a) Proven Technology: The inverter should be selected based on the proven
technology and it is advisable that the inverter has completed at least one year
successful operation in the high temperature weather conditions and fluctuating grid
conditions.
b) Grid Compliance: At times you may require changing some of the key parameters
of the inverters to match with your local grid conditions, hence the inverter should
have features of changing some of the threshold parameters, and it can be
programmed accordingly. It should also have features of grid islanding through Air
Circuit Breakers. Some of the new generation inverters have provision of self
protective and self diagnostic features so that it can protect itself from the PV array
faults and adjust with the changing parameters of the solar PV array. The Inverter
should have provisions of automatically wake up in the morning and begin to export
power provided there is sufficient solar energy and the grid voltage and frequency is
in range.
Page 47 of 111
The inverter should have MPPT control algorithm in such a way that it adjust itself
with the voltage of the SPV array to optimize solar energy fed into the grid. The MPPT
must have provision for constant voltage operation. The inverter MPPT feature
should comply with EN50530 or Equivalent standard.
The inverter output always follows the grid in terms of voltage and frequency. This
should be achieved by sensing the grid voltage and phase and feeding this
information to the feedback loop of the inverter. Thus control variable then controls
the output voltage and frequency of the inverter, so that inverter is always
synchronized with the grid.
c) Inverter Efficiency: The efficiency of the inverter is another key factor, and most of
the inverters are available in the efficiency range of about 97-98% efficiency levels.
However it is important to make a note of the inverter efficiency at the part load
conditions. Typically the part load efficiency levels are more than 97 % at 75% load
as per IEC 61683 or equivalent standard. It is important to assess the inverter
efficiency levels at different load say 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% and it should meet
the IEC 61683 standard.
d) Control and Protection: The inverter should have internal protection arrangement
against any sustained fault in the feeder line and against lightning in the feeder line.
It should also have the required protection arrangements against earth leakage faults.
The inverter should also have suitable rated DC disconnecting arrangement to allow
safe start up and shut down of the system. Inverter should also have required
protection arrangements against reverse polarity of DC Connection. There should be
suitable surge protection arrangement to pass the fault current to earthing
system. During the earth fault condition, the inverter should be having provision of
disconnection.
e) Operational Flexibility: The inverter should have provision of parallel operation.

Generally two inverters are connected to a single 3 winding transformer, the inverter
should have flexibility to work in such combinations. The inverter should have feature
of ON and OFF automatically based on solar radiation variations during the day.
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The inverter should have suitable display panels so that all important parameters
such as DC input voltage, DC input current, all phase to phase AC voltages , all phase
AC current, AC output power, frequency , apparent power , reactive power etc are
visible to the plant operators. Some of the inverters come with a suitable PCU with
display, and can be connected to the SCADA system.
During the sleep mode the inverter should be having the automatic control provisions
so that the threshold dc voltage of the inverter can decide the inverter to enter in
sleep mode and back to standby mode. The inverter must also automatically re-enter
standby mode when threshold of standby mode.
The standard warranty of these inverters is 5 to 10 years. However many inverter
manufacturer offer extended warranty also considering string inverter is a costlier
proposition as compared to a central inverter, however an apple to apple comparison
can only be made consideration of not only cost per watt of string versus central, but
also cost reduction of DC cables and other associated benefits such as reduced down
time in case of string inverter.
The central inverter takes input from number of arrays and operates at single MPP.
Hence the inverter MPP (maximum power point) is governed by the arrays which are
having partial shading ,mismatch losses , modules with tolerances which may lead to
reduce output in case of central inverter. However this can be reduced by selection
of string inverter as different strings have different MPP so that the output is
maximized.
7.5 Cabling
a) DC Cables and Connectors: Working with solar PV arrays can be hazardous since
Solar panels connected together in an array are often configured to produce high DC
voltage. Furthermore, DC voltages are constant in nature so, effect of electric shock
due to DC voltage will surely be severe. Hence, DC Cables should be double
insulated and polarized and DC connectors should always be used. The minimum
technical requirements for Cables laid down by MNRE states that they should
conform to General Test and Measuring Method PVC insulated cables for working
voltage up to and including 1100 V and UV resistant for outdoor installation
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(Standard: IEC 60227 / IS 694 IEC 60502 / IS 1554 (Pt. I & II)). However, operating
temperatures at the proposed Solar PV plant are expected to be high. Additionally,
the corrosive conditions at the site would put the cable strength to test. Therefore,
Electron beam cross-linked DC cables, though marginally costlier, may be used.
Adequate size of cable is selected for minimal voltage drop i.e. maximum voltage
drops in the string designed to be around 1%.
b) AC Cables: In order to make the system more reliable and facilitate maintenance
and management, output of three phase AC cables from the inverter are connected
to AC disconnector unit. The voltage output of the inverter is connected to the
transformer using required rating LT cables to step up the voltage. From the
transformer, the lines are connected to grid. AC cables sizing are designed to achieve
less than 1% of AC voltage drop from inverter to transformer. However, size of cable
varies by relative position of inverter, transformer and grid supply lines.
7.6 Module Mounting System
Solar PV modules are mounted on the structure, generally casted of galvanized steel.
Designing of mounting structure is majorly depended on two factors namely orientation
scheme and wind load. In case orientation scheme is sun tracking scheme (Single
tracking or duel tracking) then scope of movement in the tiled part of the structure is
provided. Generally, this movement is achieved through a motor.
Second important consideration in the design of mounting structures is the nature of wind
loads in the proposed location, taking into cognizance any seasonal /local winds that
may exert additional load. Accordingly, the concrete blocks are to be designed to counter
balance the load. This is done through STAAD Pro analysis or Field flow analysis. In
addition, the material of the structure is to be selected in such a way that it serves at
least for 25 years. In general galvanized steel is used to make the structures. The
mounting structures shall be designed as per the soil and wind conditions at the site.
However the typical practice is to design mounting structure to withstand a wind load of
160-170 km/hr. The support structure design & foundation shall also be designed to
withstand wind speed applicable for the site conditions. Nut & bolts, supporting structures
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including Module Mounting Structures shall have to be adequately protected from

atmosphere and weather prevailing in the area.
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8. PROJECT REGISTRATION AND CLEARANCES

8.1 Project Registration/ Clearances
Following clearances would be required for the envisaged project:
A) Permits and Clearances
The Government of India at the central level and the state governments at the local level
have established legal, policy guidelines and regulatory frameworks for setting up of nonconventional energy based power projects. Accordingly, certain clearances and
approvals are required to be obtained from different Government Bodies and Statutory
Agencies at various stages of development and operation phases of the project. These
clearances are classified into two broad categories known as statutory and non-statutory
clearances.
a) Statutory Clearances
Statutory Clearances mainly comprise water supply agreement from state government,
consent for establishment from State Pollution Control Board (SPCB), environmental
clearances from MOEF, forest clearances from state forest department and MOEF,
company registration through registrar of company, rehabilitation and resettlement of
displaced families on account of land acquisition from state/central government etc.
MOEF clearance is not applicable for the project. Forest clearance is also not applicable
as forest land is not considered for the project. The land identified for the project is free
of any inhabitation and is being directly purchased from the owners; hence there are no
R&R issues. However the agricultural land needs to be converted for non-agricultural
use.
b) Non-Statutory Clearances
The Non-Statutory Clearances mainly comprise land availability from state government
and clearance for National Monuments from Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) / Govt.
of India etc. There is no national monument in the identified land for the project.
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c) Other Clearances
Sanction of construction power from the office of Chief Engineer of the respective state
Electricity Utility and permission to use ground water if applicable.
Table 3: List of Clearances required for PV Projects in Rajasthan
S.No.
Responsible
Agency
Items
Tentative
Date
Nodal Agency registration
RRECL
Bid Evaluation Committee
Zero + 10
Registration certificate for plots
RRECL
Between Seller
& Buyer
State Level Screening Committee Approval

Consent from local panchayat for development of
project site
RRECL
Zero + 25
Panchayat
Zero + 30
Approval for Connectivity Diagram

Distribution Company/ Local agency Supervision
Application and payment for Sub Station
RVPNL
Zero + 45
Approval of Approach Route for Transmission Line
RVPNL
RVPNL
Zero + 60
Zero + 75
Transmission line permits
Energy Minister
Zero + 75
10
Allotment of Bay
RVPNL
Zero + 75
11
Power Purchase Agreement
Local Discom
Zero + 75
12
Metering Approval
Local Discom
Zero + 75
13
REC Accreditation
Zero + 90
14
Non Agricultural Certification for land approval
RRECL
District Collector
Office
15
Meter, CT PT testing and inspection certificates
RDPPC
Zero + 100
16
PCB
Zero + 100
17
Consent to Establish (Pollution Control Board)

Chief Electrical Officer visit for approval on the
electrical layout of plant
CEI
Zero + 110
18
Approval for Interconnection
RVPNL
Zero + 110
19
Permission for Charging
RDPPC
Zero + 110
20
State Level Empowered Committee Approval
RRECL
Zero + 110
21
NLDC
Zero + 110
22
REC Registration
Certificate of Commissioning - Nodal Agency/ Local
Agency
RRECL
Zero + 120
23
Customs & Excise Duty Exemption/ MNRE

Certificates
MNRE
RRECL
24
Consent to Operate (Pollution Control Board)
PCB
5
6
7
8
Zero
Zero + 20
Zero + 90
&
Ongoing
Basis
Zero + 150
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9. POWER PLANT DESIGN CRITERIA

The Power Plant is sized on the following major criteria:
Solar Power (average insolation available)
Power evacuation facility in the vicinity of the proposed site along with grid
availability on 24 Hours a day basis.
Details of the design process and are presented in the below sections.
9.1 Design and Simulation projections by PVSYST
PVSYST tool is one of the most accepted design tool for the study, sizing, simulation
and data analysis of complete PV systems. We have used this tool to generate the most
realistic energy yield simulation results, which are detailed in this report. Main features
of PVSYST:
1.
Detailed computation of the used components (modules, inverters, etc)
2.
Simulation on hourly basis and detailed evaluation and consideration of different

loss factors.
3.
Calculation of arbitrary orientated module planes (fixed and tracking systems)
4.
Most accepted and used tool to generate simulation results for PV power plants,
as the results are based on systematic and refined approach.
5.
Program with the most accurate results and functions available in the market.
9.2 PV Power Plant Energy Production

The system lifetime energy production is calculated by determining the first-year energy
generation as expressed in kWh (AC)/kWp (AC), and then degrading output over the
system life based on an annual performance degradation rate. System degradation
(largely a function of PV panel type and manufacturing quality) and its predictability are
important factors in lifecycle costs since they determine the probable level of future cash
flows. This stream of energy produced is then discounted to derive a present value of
the energy generated to make a levelized cost calculation. The first year production is a
function of the:
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1.
The amount of sunshine the project site receives in a year.
2.
The mounting and orientation of the system (i.e., flat, fixed-tilt, tracking, etc.)
3.
The spacing between PV panels
4.
The energy harvest of the PV panel (i.e., performance sensitivity to high

temperatures, sensitivity to low or diffuse light, etc.).
5.
System losses from soiling, transformers, inverters, and wiring inefficiencies.
6.
System availability largely driven by inverter downtime.
9.3 PV power plant capacity utilization factor (CUF)

The capacity utilization factor, a standard methodology used in the utility industry to
measure the productivity of energy generating assets, is a key driver of a solar power
plants economics.
A PV power plants capacity utilization factor is a function of the insolation at the project
location, the performance of the PV panel (primarily as it relates to high-temperature
performance), and the orientation of the PV panel to the sun, the system electrical
efficiencies, and the availability of the power plant to produce power.
9.4 Selection of Inverter and Components
For a complete reliable system and to ensure high energy yield from the plant, innovative
components with latest technology are selected. The inverter operates in range of 96.0%
-98.6% efficiency.
9.5 Selection of Monitoring System
Basic features of the monitoring system are presented as follows:
1.
Monitors the performance of the entire power plant

junction boxes, inverters, etc)
(string wise monitoring,
2.
Evaluates (strings, inverter, nominal/actual value), quantity of DC Power & AC

Power produced.
3.
Measures instantaneous irradiation level and temperature at site. It also

measures the module back surface temperature.
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4.
Alerts in case of error (discrepancy in normal operation of components, like

module string/ diodes/ inverter/ junction box / loose contacts/ etc,) to facilitate
recognition and correction of the fault with minimum downtime.
5.
Visualizes nominal status of the connected components via control center PC

Software (diagnosis on site or remote).
6.
Logs system data and error messages for further processing or storing.
7.
Stores and visualizes energy yield data (for life of the plant) in the portal from
where the data can be accessed remotely.
9.6 Design criteria for Cables and Junction Boxes

The power plant will adopt the best engineering practice for complete cable routing in
the power plant by using minimal cable length while connecting in series string, using
optimal size cables to ensure the entire plant cable losses are minimum.
The junction boxes proposed are completely pre-wired to ensure ease of installation,
maintenance and eliminates any installation hassles. These junction boxes not only
combine the DC power from strings but also monitor each string performance and feed
the same data to the central monitoring system.
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10. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE POWER PLANT

10.1 Introduction
The solar electricity is produced when the photons from the sun rays hit the electrons in
the solar PV panels, this will generate Direct Current (DC). The DC electricity from the
panels passes through inverter, which converts the DC electricity into 400V three phase
AC which is stepped up through transformers at about 33 kV voltage levels which is
finally stepped up to 132kV via a power transformer in the plants switchyard to feed this
electricity into the grid.
In order to achieve a higher system voltage, modules are connected in series, called a
string. A higher system voltage has the advantage of less installation work (smaller
conductor cross sections). Lower currents flow at the same efficiency so that cable
losses are reduced. The strings are connected with the photovoltaic branch or the PVdistributor (Smart connect box). This distributor is connected with the Main Combiner
Box (MCB) which acts as the main DC collecting unit which passes the power to be
converted to the central inverters.
Central inverters combine the various advantages of the other installation technologies.
Thus the module fields are less sensitive towards partial darkening, as is the case with
string inverters. This results in a very good MPP-matching of the inverters. Thanks to
higher system voltages than is the case with module oriented inverters, central inverters
reach a very high efficiency. Furthermore, installations can be expanded with additions
of more modules without problems. Thus photovoltaic installations of greater efficiency
can be constructed economically.
The AC power from the inverter are passed to low voltage panel and then to the main
transformer. From the transformer, the power is routed through the high voltage panel
and eventually to other required measuring & protection devices before connecting to
the grid.
Grid connected solar power plant comprises of the main equipment and components
listed below.
Solar PV Modules
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Central inverters
Module mounting system
Grid connect equipment
Monitoring system
SCADA
Cables & connectors
Buildings for housing the electronics (Power-house)
A simple block diagram, related to the interconnection of various systems for grid
connectivity, is shown below for reference. The power from modules is directed to the
central inverters through the DC combiner boxes and from the inverters it is routed
though the Low voltage panel to the transformer. From the transformer, the high voltage
power is routed to the metering panel and eventually to grid through the High Voltage
Panel.
Figure 8 Block diagram showing interconnection of various systems

10.2 Solar PV Modules
A photovoltaic module is a packaged interconnected assembly of photovoltaic cells,
which converts sunlight into energy. For this project, multi crystalline PV technology solar
module of 255 Wp is considered. Higher capacity modules may also be used. The
modules shall conform to IEC 61215, IEC 61730 and IEC 61701 standards. The proposed
tilt angle for the modules is 250 (all the modules will be facing south).
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Table 4 Solar PV module parameters

S.
No
Parameter
Value
Short circuit current- Isc
9.00 A
Maximum power point current-Impp
8.43 A
Temperature coefficient (power)
-0.43%/0C
Open circuit voltage
37.4 V
Maximum power point voltage-Vmpp
30.2 V
Figure 9 Typical pc-Si photovoltaic solar module

10.3 Inverter
Inverters are used for DC voltage to AC voltage conversion. According to output voltage
form they could be rectangle, trapezoid or sine shaped. The most expensive, yet at the
same time the best quality inverters have output voltage in sine wave. Inverters
connecting a PV system and the public grid are purposefully designed, allowing energy
transfers to and from the public grid. Central inverters are used in large applications.
Many times they can be connected according to the "master-slave" criteria, when the
succeeding inverter switches on only when enough solar radiation is available or in case
of main inverter malfunction. Inverters connected to module strings are used in wide
power range applications allowing for more reliable operation.
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In the proposed project the inverters will connect string of modules (each module of 255
Wp (0,+5). The output of the strings will be connected to an ABB_Multi_MPPT 1000 kW
inverter (Specification sheet enclosed in Annexure-III). 20 inverters are required (10 nos
each for the two10 MW blocks). The inverter converts the DC Power into AC power and
feeds it to the grid. The inverters are designed with a high efficiency >98% with IGBT
technology. It has a provision to deliver the maximum power generated through solar
modules in to grid due to its in-built feature of MPPT operations. The inverter is having
internal self-protection in case of any fault in the grid in addition to the inbuilt
contactors/breakers with fuses for self-protections.
The inverters are self-synchronizing with the utility (grid) power with respect to the
Voltage and frequency of grid and it gets corrected itself according to the grid parameters
within its settable limits. The inverter is designed in such a way that it will sense the array
power and grid power; if both are available it starts and stops automatically in the
morning and evening respectively. Each inverter is having a remote and local data
monitoring system with which we can monitor all the parameters and current energy
generation & past generation for the given period. The output voltage of the inverter shall
be connected to a step-up transformer of 0.400/33 KV.
Figure 10 Typical Solar Inverter
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Table 5 ABB PVS800-57-01000 kW-A Inverter parameters

S. No
Parameter
Value
Minimum MPPT voltage
600V
Maximum MPPT voltage
850 V
Absolute max PV voltage
1000 V
Output voltage
400 V
Maximum Efficiency
98.6%
10.4 Module Mounting System

The module mounting structure is designed for holding suitable number of modules in
series. The system will be fixed-tilt type hence requiring negligible maintenance
requirements .The frames and leg assembles of the array structures is made of mild steel
hot dip galvanized of suitable sections of Angle, Channel, Tubes or any other sections
conforming to IS:2062 for steel structure to met the design criteria. All nuts & bolts
considered for fastening modules with this structure are of very good quality of stainless
steel. The array structure is designed in such a way that it will occupy minimum space
without sacrificing the output from SPV panels at the same time.
Figure 11 Typical Fixed tilt module mounting structure
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Foundations and structures shall be designed in view of the following standards with a
minimal safety factor of 1.5:
IS-875-1987 (PART-2)
IS Code of practice for design load (imposed loads)
IS-1893-2002 (Part-1) IS Code of practice for Earthquake Resistant Design

IS-875-1987 (Part-3)
IS Code of practice for Design Load (wind loads)
SP-16
Design Aid for Wind load
SP-34
Reinforced detailing
10.5 Monitoring System

System proposed will maintain and provide all technical information on daily solar
radiation availability, hours of sunshine, duration of plant operation and the quantum of
power fed to the grid. This will help in estimation of generation in kWh per MWp PV array
capacity installed at the site. The system also enables diagnostic and monitoring
functions for these components. Communication: Data modem (analogue/ethernet), few
features are presented as follows.
Monitors the performance of the entire power plant

junction boxes, inverters, etc)
Evaluates (strings, inverter, nominal/actual value), quantity of DC Power & AC

Power produced.
Measures instantaneous irradiation level and temperature at site. It also

measures the module back surface temperature.
Alerts in case of error (discrepancy in normal operation of components, like

module string/ diodes/ inverter/ junction box / loose contacts/ etc,) to facilitate
recognition and correction of the fault with minimum downtime.
(string wise monitoring,
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Visualizes nominal status of the connected components via Control Center PC

Software (diagnosis on site or remote)
Logs system data and error messages for further processing or storing
Stores and visualizes energy yield data (for life of the plant) in the Portal from
where the data can be accessed remotely.
SCADA
The instrumentation & control system for the solar power plant will be based on the
prevailing standard engineering practices
Design will ensure full compliances of codes and standards as applicable the field of
instrumentation & control for power plant
The whole plant will be operated through SCADA system
a. The SCADA system shall have the following features:
Monitoring: Ability to control, using specially designed devices, the state &
evolution of one or various physiologic (or others) parameters to detect
possible malfunctions
Remote control: Group of devices which allow modifying the state of the
equipment and devices of the plant, from a remote location
b. The SCADA system shall be used for the following minimum tasks:
To invoice the produced energy
To detect the incidences and malfunctions (up to logical string level)
To give the information at a given time interval: a) Availability, b) Performance

Ratio and Energy Production
c. The SCADA System will be reliable and robust and some components need
redundancy for trouble free operation
10.6 Cables and Connectors
The size of the cables between array interconnections, array to junction boxes, junction
boxes to PCU etc shall be so selected to keep the voltage drop and losses to the
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minimum. The bright annealed 99.97% pure bare copper conductors that offer low
conductor resistance, they result in lower heating thereby increase in life and savings in
power consumption. These wires are insulated with a special grade PVC compound
formulated. The skin coloration offers high insulation resistance and long life. Cables are
flexible & of annealed electrolytic grade copper conductor and shall confirm to IS
1554/694-1990 and are extremely robust and resist high mechanical load and abrasion.
Cable is of high temperature resistance and excellent weather proofing characteristics
which provides a long service life to the cables used in large scale projects. The
connectors/lugs of copper material with high current capacity and easy mode of
assembly are proposed.
10.7 Buildings for Plant Equipment (Inverter Rooms and Control Room)
Concrete or pre-fabricated buildings will be utilized for housing the inverters, Low Voltage
panels, High Tension panels, Plant Monitoring system, Safety equipment, Office room
etc.
The buildings will be equipped with all necessary safety equipment as per the safety
rules and shall be appropriately ventilated. The equipment will be erected as per the
Indian Electrical Standards. The cables will be routed through cables trenches or cable
trays as required. Alarm system will be provided to alert the operator in case of
emergency or plant break-down.
The proposed power transformer will be installed outside next to the main control room.
The civil engineering and building works shall include the design, detailing, and
construction of all foundations, structures, buildings, installation and service of facilities
required for the installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance of all equipment
associated with the power plant.
The civil works includes preliminaries, additional survey, soil exploration, piling
if
needed, ground improvement, foundations, and all necessary site investigation

associated with the operations:- Site roads, site leveling and grading with boundary
fences, and gates. In order to avoid flooding, rain water drainage system is provided all
around the plant layout.
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Figure 12 Typical Control Room Section

10.8 Other Facilities Including Water
The other important requirement for the power plant is water, which will be used predominantly for module cleaning. An over-head tank / underground sump will be
constructed as per the requirement for the water storage.
A first-aid station will be located as part of the power house/office room. Sufficient space
will be provided for vehicle parking near to the power house. Within the layout approach
roads will be made for easy movement of man & machines.
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11. POWER EVACUATION AND INTERFACING WITH GRID

It is important that the power plant is designed to operate satisfactorily in parallel with
grid, under the voltage and frequency fluctuation conditions, so as to export the
maximum possible units to the grid. It is also extremely important to safeguard the
system during major disturbances like tripping, pulling and sudden over loading during
the fluctuation of the grid loads on the generating unit in the island mode, under
fault/feeder tripping conditions.
11.1 Power Evacuation Plan
The Direct Current (DC) from modules is converted into Alternating Current (AC) by
Inverters. The inverter outputs are given to a 0.400kV/33kV external transformers
located outside the inverter rooms. The voltage shall be further stepped up to 132kV at
the plants switchyard via a power transformer and then power shall be evacuated to the
nearest substation. The proposed plants SLD is enclosed in Annexure-V.
The Power evacuation system comprises of following major components:
33kV Transformer Oil immersed type with Off circuit tap changer with all
accessories
132kV Power Transformer Oil immersed type with Off circuit tap changer with
all accessories
Low Voltage (LV) Panel
High Tension (HT) Panels
LT & HT cables
Control & Power evacuation cables
11.2 Transformers
The proposed transformer shall be installed outdoor suitable for hot, humid and tropical
climate. The transformer will be free from annoying hum and vibration when it is in
operation, even at 10% higher voltage over the rated voltage. The noise level will be in
accordance with respective standards.
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The transformer will be designed and constructed so as not to cause any undesirable
interference in radio or communication circuits. The oil filled transformer will be capable
of operating continuously at its rated output without exceeding the temperature rise limits
as given below over design ambient temperature of 50 deg C.
In oil by thermometer 50 deg C
In winding by resistance 55 deg C
The transformer will be designed to withstand without injury, the thermal and mechanical
effect of short circuit at its terminal with full voltage maintained behind it for a period of 1
second. The transformer will be capable of continuous operation at the rated output
under voltage and frequency variation without injurious heating at that particular tap for
all tap positions.
Phase connections will be delta on LV side and star on HV side. HV side shall be
resistance earthed. HV side shall be suitable for connection to HT panels for the
respective transformers. LV side shall be suitable for connection to LV panel.
Transformer will be designed for over fluxing withstand capability of 110% continuous
and 125% for at least 1 minute. Further it shall be capable of withstanding 140% of rated
voltage at the transformer LV terminal for a period of 5 seconds to take into account
sudden load throw off conditions.
Overloads will be allowed within conditions defined in the loading guide of applicable
standard. Under these conditions, no limitations by terminal bushings, off circuit tap
changers or other auxiliary equipment shall apply.
11.3 132 kV Switchyard
A 132kV Switchyard has been envisaged for evacuation of power through Step up
Transformers for the proposed plant. The switchyard shall be located in adjacent to
Central Control Building. The switchyard shall be interconnected with the 132 kV grid
Substation by means of overhead conductor.
Switchyard equipment:
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a) Circuit beakers
The circuit breakers and accessories will be in general conforming to IEC: 600 56, IS
60947 Part I,II,III, EN 50521 and IS:13118 as applicable. The circuit breaker will be totally
re-strike free under all the duty conditions and will be capable of breaking magnetizing
current of transformer and capacitive current of unloaded overhead lines without causing
over voltages of abnormal magnitudes.
b) Disconnecting Switches
Electric motor operated center rotating post horizontal double break triple pole
disconnecting switch with or without earth switch will be provided. Operation of the
disconnecting switch will be interlocked with associated breaker and earth switch.
c) Current Transformers
Live or dead tank type single phase multi-core multi ratio current transformers will be
provided for indication, metering and protection requirements. Accuracy of tariff metering
cores shall not be less than Class 0.2. Separate CT cores will be provided for Main and
Check Tariff Metering
d) Inductive Voltage Transformers

Inductive voltage transformers (IVTs) with multiple secondary windings will be provided
on lines, bus bars and step up transformers for metering, protection and synchronism
requirements. Separate cores with Class 0.2 accuracy will be provided for metering.
e) Lightning Surge Arresters
Metal oxide (gapless) surge arresters of heavy duty station class (discharge class III)
shall be provided on each phase of 132 kV bays. The arrester will include a digital
impulse counter and leakage current detector.
f) LT Switchboard
The auxiliaries would be obtained from 33/0.415 kV auxiliary transformers. The system
will be a stable earthed system. The switchgear would be of metal enclosed design with
a symmetrical short circuit rating of 50 kA for 1 sec. All power and motor control centers
will be compartmentalized and will be of single/double front execution.
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g) Plant DC System
To supply power to various unit / loads, the following DC Systems (one main and one
standby) have been envisaged for the proposed plant:
The Battery and Battery Charger System shall be installed with float & float cum boost
charger for HT& the LT Control Building at different locations inside the plant area. The
battery & charger shall cater to all the DC loads of the respective building which mainly
comprises of DC lighting load, Control supply for the switchgears etc.
h) Battery
The battery shall be of storage type Valve Regulated Lead Acid Type (VRLA) battery
(Conforming to IS: 1652) or Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd) type. The Battery shall be high
discharge performance type. The plates shall be designed for maximum durability during
all service conditions including high rate of discharge & rapid fluctuation of load. For the
purpose of design, an ambient temperature of 50C and relative humidity of 85% shall
be considered.
i) Battery Chargers
Battery charger for each battery will be one number float & float cum boost charger of
suitable capacity for quick boost and trickle charging as well as supplying the DC loads.
The battery chargers will be of silicon controlled rectifier type completely automatic and
self-regulating type. The float charger will be capable of floating the battery and at the
same time supply the continuous DC load. The boost charger will be capable of charging
the fully discharged battery to full charge.
11.4 HT, LV, 33KV and 132kV Metering Equipment
Under the normal climatic and earthquake conditions, the HT and LV panels will meet
the following requirements:
1.
The physical alignment of switchgear panel along with incoming and outgoing feeder
connections, supporting insulators & structures of bus bars will not get disturbed and
there will not be any internal flashover and/or electrical fault.
2.
All relays, transducers, indicating instruments, devices in switchgear panels will not
mal-operate.
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3.
Current carrying parts, supporting structure, earth connection etc. will not get
dislocated and /or will not break or distort.
4.
Co-ordination with other systems
All equipment will have necessary protections. Every switchgear will be provided with
necessary arrangement for receiving, isolating, distributing and fusing of 230V AC and
DC supplies for various control, lighting, space heating and spring charging circuits. DC
supply for control shall be duplicated for each board which shall run through auxiliary
bus wires.
Lightning Arrestor will be of non-linear resistor type. Unless otherwise modified in this
specification the lightning arrestor shall comply with IS 3070(Pt.1)1974 or the latest
version thereof.
11.5 Cables
Cables will be unearthed grade suitable for use in medium resistance earthed system,
with stranded & compacted aluminum conductors, extruded semi-conducting compound
screen, extruded XLPE insulated, extruded semi-conducting compound with a layer of
non- magnetic metallic tape for insulation screen, extruded PVC (Type ST-2) FRLS outer
sheathed, multi-cored conforming to IS 7098 (Part II) IEC-60502 for constructional
details and tests.
LT Power Cables
LT Power Cable will be unearthed grade, multi-core, stranded aluminum conductor,
XLPE insulated with PVC outer sheath made on FRLS PVC compound. All other details
will be as applicable. Minimum conductor cross section of power cables will be 6 Sq.mm.
Control Cables
Control cables will be 1100V Grade, multi-core, minimum 2.5 mm2 cross section,
stranded copper conductor having 7 strands, PVC insulated, and outer sheath made of
FRLS PVC compound. In situations where accuracy of measurement is or voltage drop
in control circuit is not warrant, higher cross sections as required will be used. 4 sq.mm
copper conductor cables will be used for CT circuits all other specifications remaining
same.
Page 70 of 111
Power Evacuation Cable

XLPE insulated, aluminum cable confirming to IS 7098 of required length shall be
provided for power evacuation.
11.6 Grid Synchronization Scheme
The output power from the 33kV panel is taken to set-up transformer, where the voltage
is stepped up from 33kV to 132 kV. The output of the transformer is fed to the
transmission line through 132kV metering and protection equipment located in the plants
switchyard.
Transmission line towers shall be installed at equal intervals. The number of towers
required is determined based on sag calculation. The location of structures will be
decided during detailed engineering.
Page 71 of 111
12. ESTIMATION OF ANNUAL ENERGY YIELD

12.1 Introduction
Annual Energy Yield for the proposed PV power plant is defined as the amount of energy
fed into the grid after due consideration of all kinds of generation and distribution losses.
The solar PV based power plant comprises optical energy input (which is essentially
dependent on the geographical/seasonal/ climatic and operating parameters with time)
and electrical output (which depends on the technical specifications of electrical
appliances in use).
Industry standard software PVSYST has been used for Energy Generation Assessment.
a) PVSYST software
PVSYST is a software package for study, sizing, simulation and data analysis of
complete PV systems developed by Institute of Environmental Sciences (ISE), University
of Geneva, Switzerland. The software comprises a wide solar PV products database
including:
Modules and Inverters database: Direct link for importing PV modules and
inverters from PHOTON database.
Shadings: define a new object over the site
Meteo data: Hourly/daily values of global solar radiation, diffuse solar radiation,
and other meteorological parameters including wind
Page 72 of 111
12.2 Energy Generation Assessment

The 10 MW block is expected to generate about 19,524,243 kWh and for the entire 20
MW about 39,048,487 kWh of energy for the first year at a CUF of 22.29%. Thereafter a
conservative annual degradation factor of 1% in production is taken for financial
calculations whereas typical factor for crystalline technology varies from 0.5% to 0.8%
per year. The solar radiation data has been taken from the Meteonorm database.
Figure 13 Tilt angle optimization snapshot from PVSyst
Page 73 of 111
Figure 14 Sun path for the project site
The energy yield is calculated based on the optimized annual tilted (i.e. 250 estimated
from the PVsyst) SPV array surface considering south facing (i.e. zero azimuth angles).
The expected plant production for different probability scenarios (probability of meeting
a generation value) is presented in the below:
Table 6: Energy Generation and technical losses expected for 10MW Block
S. No.
Technical Losses
Value (%)
Incident angle modifier
2.70%
PV loss due to irradiance level
0.10%
Near Shadings
1.60%
Module temperature
9.00%
Array Soiling
2.00%
Module quality loss
1.50%
Module array mismatch
2.00%
Ohmic wiring loss
1.00%
Inverter loss during operation
1.30%
10
AC Ohmic Losses
0.30%
11
External transformer losses
1.80%
PV SYST Generation (kWh)

12
Grid and Plant Downtime
19,880,000
0.50%
Page 74 of 111
13
Auxiliary Consumption
0.80%
14
Transmission Loss
0.50%
P50 Generation Expected(kWh)
19,524,243
P50 PLF Expected

22.29%
18,356,468
P75 PLF Expected

20.95%
17,304,777
P90 PLF Expected
19.75%
In order to calculate the total amount of electricity annually we have considered the
following formula:
Total generation of units (kWh) = Sunshine Hours x Yield Factor x Total installed capacity
---- (1)
The plants Capacity Utilization Factor (CUF)/Plant Load Factor(PLF) has been
calculated using the following formula:
CUF = Energy Generation/ (Installed Capacity x 365 x 24) ------ (2)

Capacity factor is defined as the relationship between actual output that is produced
with the installed equipment, and the potential output which could be produced with it, if
capacity was fully used.
Yield factor
Yield factor is defined to be a factor consolidating all the system losses that are occurring
across this power plant. The major losses that occur during the operation of the solar PV
power plant are module quality loss, dirt and dust loss, temperature loss, array soiling
loss, DC to AC conversion losses, transformer losses and cable losses. Yield factor is
the multiplication of the typical coefficients for all these losses occurring across the
module up to the transformer output in this photovoltaic power plant. It is a figure that
Page 75 of 111
helps in understanding the totally generated units that can be evacuated into the grid.
These losses are explained in brief as follows:
Dirt & Dust losses
Dirt and dust can accumulate on the solar module surface, blocking some of the sunlight
and reducing output. Much of the area has a dry season. A typical annual dust reduction
factor to use is 98.0% or 0.98 accounting for marginal 2% loss due to dirt and dust.
Module Mismatch Losses
The maximum power output of the total PV array is always less than the sum of the
maximum output of the individual modules. This difference is a result of slight
inconsistencies in performance from one module to the next and is called module
mismatch. Maximum 3-4% losses will be there for module mismatch, but the modules
will be connected in series and parallel after testing to match the properties. This will be
reducing the mismatch losses to 2%.
Cable Losses
Power is also lost to resistance in the system wiring. These losses should be kept to a
minimum but it is difficult to keep these losses below 1% for the system. For this project
the total energy loss in the cables has been considered to be 1.3%.
DC to AC Conversion Losses
The DC power generated by the solar module must be converted AC power using an
inverter. Some power is lost in the conversion process. In this case as discussed before
that selected inverter has maximum DC power into AC power conversion efficiency of
98.6%.
Transformer Losses
Page 76 of 111
To account for different losses in the transformers like core and ohmic losses a typical
coefficient of 0.982 has been considered i.e. 1.8 %.
Temperature Losses
Whenever there is increase in ambient temperature, the temperature of the PV module

also increases, resulting in reduction of power output from the PV module. This depends
on the temperature coefficient of the PV module as specified by the manufacturer. A loss
of 9.0% will be there with increment in ambient temperature at the project site from
standard conditions.
Shading Losses
Shading on the solar PV panel can bring gigantic malicious effect on the energy yield.
Generally, the potential solar PV shading objects are tree, nearby building buildings.
Rooftop solar PV installations are more prone to the shading losses. As far as the large
scale solar PV installation is concerned, shading of inverter room, control room and interrow are the potential reason of shading losses. Moreover, these objects provide shading
in the early morning hours or late evening hours. However, while designing the solar PV
plant, all these factors are always taken under serious consideration and shading losses
are optimized. As the project design can be fixed at this stage, only inter-row shading
analysis has been exercised. A total loss due to the inter-row shading is of the order of
1.6%.
Annual degradation
The estimated life of PV modules is considered as 25 years. Performance of solar PV
modules degrades over its specified lifetime. Normally, PV module manufacturers
provide a performance guarantee and indicate the rate of degradation over the module
lifetime. Essentially the solar PV modules used in grid solar power plants are warranted
for output wattage which should not be less than 90% at the end of 10 years and 80% at
the end of 25 years. In the present analysis, the annual degradation in production has
been taken conservatively taken as 1 %, linear for entire project life of 25 years.
Page 77 of 111
13. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS

13.1 Basic Plant Operation
A photovoltaic system consists out of two parts:
a) Direct current (DC) side
b) Alternating current (AC) side
Solar PV array generates DC Power at a very high voltage and need to be handled
carefully.
a) DC Side of the Power Plant:
1 PV modules convert sunlight into DC Power.
2 PV modules are connected in series & parallel to create necessary voltage &
current. The series & parallel connections are done as per the design.
3 The output of PV array is connected to junction boxes and outputs of the several
junction boxes are connected to main combiner box.
4 This generated DC power is passed through the Inverter to convert DC power into
AC power.
b) AC Side of the Power Plant:

1 This converted AC power at 400 V is stepped up to 33 kV and then to 132kV using
step-up transformers.
2 AC Power is transmitted through overhead line to the 132kV substation located
about 12 kms from the project site.
3 Both on DC side of generation as well as AC side of conversion, protection and
safety devices are provided to ensure safe and reliable operation of the complete
Solar Power Generating system.
4 Monitoring and Analysis system provided with the power plant will record, store
and transfer data that are essential for the same purpose.
Page 78 of 111
Mode of Operation
The PV system basically consists of the following components:
1 PV arrays convert Sun light into DC Power.
2 This generated DC power is passed through the Inverter to convert DC power into
AC power.
3 This convert AC power at 400 V AC and is stepped up to 33 kV and then to 132kV
using step-up transformers.
4 AC power at 132kV is connected to the grid
5 Both on DC side of generation as well as AC side of conversion, protection and
safety devices are provided to ensure safe and reliable operation of the complete
Solar Power Generating system.
6 Monitoring and Analysis system provided with the power plant will record, store
and transfer data that are essential for the same purpose.
13.2 Maintenance Requirements

The main objectives of the maintenance section focus on keeping the plant running
reliably and efficiently as long as possible with any break down. Reliability is impaired
when a plant is thrown to forced and unforeseen outages.
The following measures will help in reducing the break down maintenance and also help
in planning for preventive maintenance.
1.
Careful logging of operation data and periodically processing it to determine

abnormal or slowly deteriorating conditions.
2.
Careful control and supervision of operating conditions. Wide and rapid variations
in voltage and frequency conditions do contribute to increased maintenance.
3.
Regulate routine maintenance work such as keeping equipment clean, cleaning

of module, proper maintenance of inverters etc.
4.
Correct operating procedures.
Page 79 of 111
5.
Frequent testing of plant equipment by Walk Down checks to internal condition

of equipment such as module performance, inverter efficiency test, monitoring
system testing etc.
6.
Close co-ordination with the manufacture to effect improvements in plant layouts

and design, use of better material, introduction of such facilities as lightning
protection, etc.
7.
Typically the O&M costs for PV plant normally range from Rs. 5 lakhs/MW to 8
lakhs/MW. The difference in prices can be due to many factors like use of thinfilm modules (requiring more area and hence more maintenance), plant design,
margins of different contractors etc.
8.
The O&M cost for a 50 MW Solar power project will be reduced significantly in
comparison to a 5-10 MW Solar power project. Accordingly we have assumed
O&M cost of INR 5 Lakhs/MW for the project.
13.3 Spare Parts Management System

The primary objectives of spare parts management system will be to ensure timely
availability of proper spare parts for efficient maintenance of the plant without excessive
build up on non-moving and slow moving inventory. The spare parts management
system for this project will cover the following areas:
1.
Maintaining the proper condition of all spares and consumables.
2.
Spare parts indenting and procurement policy.
3.
Ordering of critical mandatory and recommended spares.
4.
Judicious fixation of inventory levels and ordering levels for spare parts based on
past experience.
13.4 O & M Manuals

Operation and Maintenance (O&M) manual for the various sections of the plant in
adequate number of copies shall be made available to the plant personnel. It is also
proposed to have a sound and slide show for the education and training of the operators.
The set points as per O&M manual will be reviewed and any revisions required at the
pre-commissioning and commissioning stage will be incorporated for operator guidance.
Page 80 of 111
13.5 Operation & Maintenance Organization of the Plant

The organization proposed ensures that the proposed power plant will be headed by the
plant Manager, holding the full charge of the power plant operations, reporting directly to
the project promoters. The staffing recommended here takes care of the operation,
maintenance and the related record keeping.
Generally, the power plant will be similar to unmanned type. However, two more
technicians would be required for regular monitoring and few people will be engaged for
regular cleaning of the solar modules.
Training
During the commissioning of the plant training will be imparted to the Manager,
Engineers and supervisors. This operational training shall cover the following:
1.
The nature, purpose and limitations of all plant and equipment.
2.
The detailed operating instructions on each section and equipment of the plant.
3.
Normal startup and shutdown Program for the plant.
4.
The emergency procedures and all related HSE issues according to the
standards.
5.
The basis for the training shall be the plant's Operation and Maintenance Manual,
Contract document and drawings provided by the manufacturer.
Shift supervisors should be provided housing nearby the power plant premises. It is
considered that these personnel will be available for 24 hours for meeting any emergency
requirements of the operation of the plant.
The plant manager will be in charge for both technical and administrative functions. The
organization under plant manager shall be divided into operation and maintenance
group.
The plant operation team will work in three shifts per day. Each shift will be controlled by
a shift supervisor. There will be an additional shift supervisor who will function as reliever.
Page 81 of 111
PLANT MANAGER
PLANT ADMIN HEAD
PLANT SUPERVISOR
PLANT SUPERVISOR
PLANT SUPERVISOR
PLANT HELPER
PLANT HELPER
PLANT HELPER
PLANT SUPERVISOR
PLANT OPERATOR
PLANT HELPER
ACCOUNTANT
SECURITY
SECURITY
SECURITY
SECURITY
Figure 15: Organizational Chart
Page 82 of 111
14. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

14.1 Project Phases
It is envisaged that the project will have the below mentioned phase of activities. These
phases are not mutually exclusive; to implement the project on fast track basis some
degree of overlapping is envisaged.
1.
Project Registration and Financing
2.
Finalization of the Equipment and Contracts
3.
Procurement and Construction
4.
Plant Commissioning and performance testing
5.
Proposed date of initiation: 01.09.2014
6.
Proposed date of Commissioning: 28.02.2015
Please refer to Annexure-IV for detailed project schedule.

14.2 Project Registration and Financing
In a power project, registration and financing of the project is the first critical step towards
development. The below listed tasks will be under project development:
1.
Preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR)
2.
Participation in RFQ/submission of application with documents for registration
3.
In Principle clearance from state nodal agency
4.
Financial closure
14.3 Finalization of the Equipment and Contracts

In the power plant, PV modules, inverters and transformers are the long lead items and
the planning schedule for the project implementation should provide adequate time
period for the installation of these equipment. The specifications for major equipment like
the Modules, Inverters and Transformer design shall be drawn up at an early stage of
the project. Program of design information, from the equipment suppliers, that satisfies
the overall project schedule shall be drawn up.
Page 83 of 111
Since, the project execution calls for closer coordination among the contractors,
consultants and the company, proper contract co-ordination and monitoring procedures
shall be made to plan and monitor the project progress.
14.4 Procurement and Construction
The procurement is an important function of the implementation of the project. Once the
purchase order is placed, the project team follows up regularly to ensure smooth and
timely execution of the contract and for obtaining technical information for the interpackage engineering.
When the contract for the equipment are awarded, detailed program in the form of
network are tied up with the supplier to clearly indicate the owner's obligations and the
suppliers responsibilities. And upon placement of the purchase order, the project team
follows up regularly to ensure smooth and timely execution of the contract and or
obtaining technical information for the inter-package engineering. The procurement
activity includes review of drawings, expediting, stage and final pre-delivery inspection,
supervision of installation and commissioning.
To expedite supplies from the manufacturers, regular visits to the supplier's works will
have to be undertaken by the project engineers/consultants. The manufacturing program
and quality plans finalized at the time of award of contract. Regular reports shall be
prepared indicating the schedule variations, if any, their likely impact on the delivery
schedule, and the recommendations to meet with the schedules.
During construction, the erection and commissioning phase of all the contracts proceed
simultaneously. Adequate power and water shall be made available for the construction.
14.5 Erection and Commissioning Phase
The commissioning phase in a project is one where design, manufacturing, erection and
quality assurance expertise are put to test. The commissioning team will be from
manufacturer of the equipment, consultant and the company. As discussed in the earlier
section, staff identified to operate the plant will be involved in the commissioning phase
of the project itself.
Page 84 of 111
When construction phase is complete, the check list designed to ensure that the plant
has been properly installed with appropriate safety measures. The commissioning team
will follow the operating instructions laid down by the plant and equipment manufacturer.
The plant shall be subjected to a performance test, after the successful completion of
the performance test of the plant; the plant will be taken over by the company.
It is responsibility of the company to ensure that major civil work shall have to be planned
in the non-monsoon period. All the statutory clearances like pollution control board
clearance will be obtained much before of the start of the project commissioning.
Page 85 of 111
15. RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION
15.1 Project Completion Risk Medium/Low

The project implementation period for a 20 MW solar power plant normally varies from
to 8-10 months with a construction period of 6-8 months. However, the completion of the
power project can get delayed due to the following reasons:
Delay in achieving financial closure
Energy Purchase Agreement
Long lead time for imported plant & machinery.
First of its kind for the developer
Observation / Mitigation:
The plant PPA has already been signed which favours the project progress. The
technical consultant is already engaged with the project to assist the developer and has
experience with MW scale having long term relationship with vendors, which will ease
out the supply of plant equipment and project implementation.
15.2 Technology Risk Low
Choice of unsuitable PV technology or system can affect the project significantly. E.g. if
a new or emerging technology is chosen there may be a possibility of underperformance
as it may not have been tested sufficiently and for all environmental conditions and
locations. It may also suffer from technical issues.
The
Consultant
recommends
crystalline-silicon
photovoltaic
technology
after
consideration of various parameters such as temperature & efficiency, cost

effectiveness, durability, etc. Polycrystalline is the most suitable technology for the
proposed solar plant. The solar PV modules will be sourced by the EPC contractor from
a reputed supplier. Considering the proposed procurement of equipment from reputed
companies with adoption of proven & timely tested technology, the technology risk is
substantially mitigated.
Page 86 of 111
A study6 conducted by NREL verifies that crystalline PV module degradation rate is less
than 1% as indicated in the table below:
15.3 Cost over-run risk - Low

Finalization of equipment and execution strategy should be done as soon as possible in
order to avoid cost overrun due to change in equipment prices in future.
The risk is low if the contracts are signed on time with the EPC Contractor freezing the
equipment prices.
6 Source: C.R. Osterwald, J. Adelstein, J.A. del Cueto, B. Kroposki, D. Trudell, and T. Moriarty, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL), Comparison of degradation rates of individual modules held at maximum power 2006.
Page 87 of 111
15.4 Generation assurance Medium

Power plants must generate a requisite amount of energy to be viable.
PV projects are agreed upon on the basis of energy generation or PR guarantees to
minimize risk. The financial model has been prepared based on the above factors and
the client would generate necessary revenues to meet the debt obligations. Given the
fact that the EPC Contractor assures minimum generation performance and PR
guarantee over the life of the project, this risk has been adequately mitigated.
15.5 Force Majeure risk Low

Generation from the plant might suffer due to unforeseen circumstances like natural
calamities, war etc.
Adequate insurance cover is proposed for the plant to be obtained for insurable Force
Majeure risks.
15.6 Operating Risk Low

Power plants may need highly trained personnel to operate the plant equipment.
Compared to other renewable energy technologies, Solar PV is considerably easy to
operate as it does not involve any dependency on resources / manpower. The EPC
Contractor shall ensure proper training is imparted to the plant operators and developers
personnel responsible for the plant.
Page 88 of 111
15.7 Plant Performance Risk Medium

Except for nature, technology and plant components are designed for better
performance. However, extreme variation in meteorological condition viz. solar
insolation, ambient temperature, wind pattern, rainfall may have an impact on the overall
performance / yield from the project.
Site survey, analyzing a long term meteorological data using industry leading software ,
meteorological database and selection of right type of modules through a scientific
assessment ensures the yield / performance to the design.
Page 89 of 111
16. PROJECT COST ESTIMATE AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

16.1 Project Cost
The cost of the power project is estimated, on the basis of the prevailing prices rates and
the estimation is for the installation of power generation facilities described in the earlier
sections of this report.
Notably, the project has won five solar power projects of capacity 10 MW each at different
levels of VGF funding. Following table gives the VGF granted for the 20 MW project to
be implemented under the Open category:
Table 7 VGF Funding for the 20 MW project
Project
capacity
10
10
VGF amount approved

(INR/MW)
9950000
11950000
Total
Total VGF approved (INR)

99500000
119500000
219000000
The cost of the solar power plant, presented in this section of the report covers all the
costs associated with the construction of the plant and included civil construction cost,
cost of equipment for power generation, cost of auxiliaries and utilities. We have also
taken the reference of CERC considered capital cost for approving the purchase tariff for
solar photovoltaic based power plants in the country.
The estimated project cost for 23 MWp capacity (11.5x2 MWp) is Rs. 150.7 Cr. This is
estimated based on the land price, financing cost EPC cost, pre-operative costs, and
interest during construction. The main financial assumptions and indicators for the
project are given in the following table:
Page 90 of 111
Table 8 Financial assumptions and indicators

Particulars
20MW ac (open category)

Cost figures in INR crores
Project Cost Per MW (AC)
7.535
Project Cost Per MWp (DC)
6.552
Total Project Cost (23 MWp)
150.70
VGF
21.90
Tariff (Rs. per Unit)
5.45
CUF
22.29%
Rate of Interest
10.50%
Min DSCR
1.18
Average DSCR
1.45
EIRR
14.01%
PIRR
11.81%
Payback Period
Generation (in Million Units)
8.75 Years
39.05
16.2 Saleable Electricity

The expected annual generation of electricity from the proposed power plant will be
about 19,524,243 kWh and for the entire 20 MW about 39,048,487 kWh of energy for the
first year. As per PPA signed with Solar Energy Corporation Limited at per unit price of
Rs. 5.45 and this price is valid for the 25 years. The estimated returns of the project are
derived in the form of project IRR, equity IRR and DSCR. The project IRR is 11.81%, the
equity IRR is 14.01% and average DSCR is 1.45. Overall, the project is financially viable.
Page 91 of 111
17. LIST OF SUPPLIERS

For present analysis, PV modules from Renesola and inverters from ABB have been
used. The suppliers for modules/inverters may change before procurement stage without
any significant impact on energy generation. Supply of equipment is planned to be
sourced from either of the reputed suppliers listed as follows:
PV module suppliers:
S.No.
Supplier
Website
Canadian Solar
http://www.canadiansolar.com/in/
Trina Solar
http://www.trinasolar.com/
Yingli Solar
http://www.yinglisolar.com/en/
Renesola
http://www.renesola.com/
Jinko Solar
http://www.jinkosolar.com/
REC
http://www.recgroup.com/
Page 92 of 111
The following table contains a list of major PV inverter suppliers having presence in India :
S.No.
Manufacturer
Website
ABB Ltd.
AEG Power Solutions Ltd.
(http://www.aegps.com/en/)
Delta Energy Systems GmBH
(http://www.solar-inverter.com/in/index.htm)
Refusol GmBH
(http://asiapacific.refusol.com/en/)
SMA Solar India Private Limited
(http://www.sma-india.com/)
Schnider Electric
(http://www.schneider-electric.com/)
Hitachi
(http://www.hitachi-hirel.com/res.htm)
Toshiba
(http://www.toshiba-
(http://new.abb.com/indian-subcontinent/about)
tds.com/tandd/technologies/smartgrid/en/solar.htm)
The following table contains a list of 5 major cable suppliers in India:
S.No.
Manufacturer
Polycab Wires Pvt .ltd
Sterlite Technologies Ltd.,

Pune, Maharashtra
Website
(http://www.polycab.com/)
(http://www.sterlitetechnologies.com/)
Finolex Cables Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra

(http://www.finolex.com/)
KEI Industries Ltd., Delhi
(http://www.kei-ind.com/)
Havells India Ltd., Noida, Uttar Pradesh
(http://www.havells.com)
Page 93 of 111
Annexure-I : Energy Simulation Report (10 MW Block)
Page 94 of 111
Page 95 of 111
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Annexure-II: Module Datasheet
Page 97 of 111
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Annexure-III: Inverter Datasheet
Page 99 of 111
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Annexure-IV: Project Schedule
Page 105 of 111
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Annexure-V: SLD- 20 MW Plant
Page 110 of 111
Annexure-VI: SLD- 50 MW Plant
Page 111 of 111

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20 MW (AC) SOLAR PV POWER PROJECT BY TGEPL

Detailed Project Report

20 MW (AC) SOLAR PV POWER PROJECT

20 MW (AC) SOLAR PV POWER PROJECT BY TGEPL

Copyright Protection Statement

20 MW (AC) SOLAR PV POWER PROJECT BY TGEPL

INDUSTRY OUTLOOK .......................................................................................................................21

INDIAN MARKET FOR SOLAR POWER ........................................................................................27

JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT ............................................................................................32

PROJECT SITE .....................................................................................................................................32

SOLAR RESOURCE ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................38

20 MW (AC) SOLAR PV POWER PROJECT BY TGEPL

6.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................38

SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY ......................................................................................................41

PROJECT REGISTRATION AND CLEARANCES .........................................................................52

POWER PLANT DESIGN CRITERIA ...............................................................................................54

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE POWER PLANT .......................................................................57

10.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................................57

20 MW (AC) SOLAR PV POWER PROJECT BY TGEPL

10.2 SOLAR PV MODULES .....................................................................................................................................58

POWER EVACUATION AND INTERFACING WITH GRID ........................................................66

11.1 POWER EVACUATION PLAN ...........................................................................................................................66

ESTIMATION OF ANNUAL ENERGY YIELD ................................................................................72

12.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................................72

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS ...............................................................78

13.1 BASIC PLANT OPERATION .............................................................................................................................78

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY .................................................................................83

20 MW (AC) SOLAR PV POWER PROJECT BY TGEPL

14.1 PROJECT PHASES ...........................................................................................................................................83

RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ........................................................................................86

15.1 PROJECT COMPLETION RISK MEDIUM/LOW ...............................................................................................86

PROJECT COST ESTIMATE AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS .......................................................90

16.1 PROJECT COST ...............................................................................................................................................90

LIST OF SUPPLIERS ...........................................................................................................................92

ANNEXURE-I : ENERGY SIMULATION REPORT (10 MW BLOCK) .........................................................94

20 MW (AC) SOLAR PV POWER PROJECT BY TGEPL

20 MW (AC) SOLAR PV POWER PROJECT BY TGEPL

The physical effect of direct Conversion of light (sunlight)

The smallest photovoltaic (PV) element that generates

A collection of interconnected PV cells, encapsulated

Several strings of modules with the same orientation and

An electronic device that converts direct current electricity

It is a measure of solar radiation energy received on a

Device used to hold modules in place, at desired angle &

Power generated from Solar PV Power Plant is

The place where the generated power from solar is

Room housing control equipment

A conductor with one or more strands bound together,

Inputs of several strings are connected to this box and

A flow of electricity through a conductor measured in

20 MW (AC) SOLAR PV POWER PROJECT BY TGEPL

The rate at which energy is drawn from a source that

Device used to protect all the components from lightning

An electrical device by which alternating current of one

A system of high/low tension cables by which electrical

Instrumentation & Control system for the solar power plant

20 MW (AC) SOLAR PV POWER PROJECT BY TGEPL

Air Circuit Breaker

Aluminum Conductors Steel Reinforced

Balance of the System

Detailed Project Report

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

Solar Energy Corporation Of India