World Journal of Science and Technology 2012, 2(10):191-193

ISSN: 2231 2587

Available Online: www.worldjournalofscience.com

Novel angle of arrival algorithms in smart antenna

Shivakumar Raga, Vijaykumar Katgi, Sharan Gowda and Prashant R S
Asst.Prof. Dept of E&CE, BKIT (REC) Bhalki, Karnataka, India
Abstract
Adaptive array smart antenna manipulate the signals produced on various antenna elements in such way that the main beam
directing towards the desired signal. Such that they can increase the channel capacity and coverage range. In Adaptive array
smart antenna, to locate the desired signal, various angle of arrival (AOA) estimation algorithms are used and depending on
values of these algorithms beam will be formed in desired location. This paper compares different Angle of Arrival Algorithms
in terms of resolution. Simulation in this project shows that MUSIC algorithm is highly accurate and stable and provides high
angular resolution compared to other algorithms and hence MUSIC algorithm can be widely used in mobile communication to
estimate the AOA of the arriving signals.
Keywords: AOA, MUSIC algorithm, smart antenna
INTRODUCTION
In the last few years, lot of research has been taken place in
array antennas which are smart enough to distinguish between
desired and interference signal. Currently, the use of smart antennas
in mobile communication to increase the capacity of communication
channels has reignited research and development in this very
exciting field. One such innovation is Smart Antenna (SA) and the
type of multiple accesses it works on is Space Division Multiple
Access (SDMA).Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) concept is
different from Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA).
Smart antennas involve processing of signals induced on an
array of sensors such as antennas, microphones, and hydrophones.
Smart antennas have the property of spatial filtering, which makes it
possible to receive energy from a particular direction while
simultaneously block energy from other direction. This property
makes smart antennas a very effective tool in detecting, locating
sources and finally forming the main beam in the look direction and
nulls in the interfering signal directions.
This paper explains about various AOA algorithms. In Chapter 2
we discussed different Angle of Arrival Algoritms. Chapter 3 covers
simulation results of ifdferent AOA algorithms.Chapter 4 describes
conclusions.
ANGLE OF ARRIVAL (AOA)
Algorithms
Maximum Eigen Value (MEV) Method
This method finds a power spectrum such that its Fourier

transform equals the measured correlation subjected to the

constraint that its entropy is maximized. For estimating DOA from the
measurements using an array of sensors, the Maximum Eigen
value(ME) method finds a continuous function PMEv() > 0 such that it
maximizes the entropy function.
The Maximum Eigen Value (MEV) method power spectrum is
given by

PMEV =

1
H

a ( ) E S E s a ( )

Where,

E s = max imum eigen vectors

a H ( ) = Hermitian transpose of steering vector
Maximum Entropy Method (MEM)
This method finds a power spectrum such that its Fourier
transform equals the measured correlation subjected to the
constraint that its entropy is maximized. For estimating DOA from the
measurements using an array of sensors, the Maximum Entropy
(ME) method finds a continuous function PME() > 0 such that it
maximizes the entropy function.
2

H ( P) = ln PME ( )d
0

Subject to the constraint that the measured correlation between

the ith and the jth elements rij satisfies
2

rij =

ME

( ) cos( 2 ij ( )) d

*Corresponding Author
Shivakumar Raga
Asst.Prof. Dept of E&CE, BKIT (REC) Bhalki, Karnataka, India
Email: conference@recb.com

()

ij
Where,
denotes the differential delay between
elements i and j due to a source in direction. The solution to this
problem requires an infinite dimensional search. The problem has to
be transformed to a finite dimensional search. One of the algorithms
proposed by Lang and McClellan has power spectrum given by

192
Shivakumar Raga et al.,
P ME =

1
[ S

C C

S ]

Where, C is column of R-1 and S is the steering vector.

PME() is based on selecting one of Lth array elements as a reference
and attempting to find weights to be applied to the remaining L-1
received signals to permit their sum with a minimum mean square
error fit to the reference. Since there are L possible references, there
are L generally different PME() obtained from the L possible column
selections of RFig 1: MEV Method for Closely Spaced Sources & More Antenna Elements

Multiple signal classification (Music)

MUSIC is an acronym which stands for MUltiple SIgnal
Classification. MUSIC promises to provide unbiased estimates of the
number of signals, the angles of arrival and the strengths of the
waveforms. MUSIC makes the assumption that the noise in each
channel is uncorrelated making the noise correlation matrix diagonal.
The incident signals may be correlated creating a non diagonal
signal correlation matrix. However, under high Signal correlation the
traditional MUSIC algorithm breaks down and other methods must
be -implemented to correct this weakness.
One must know in advance the number of incoming signals or
one must search the Eigen values to determine the number of
incoming signals. If the number of signals is M, the number of signal
Eigen values and eigenvectors is M and the number of noise Eigen
values and eigenvectors are L-M (L is the number of array elements).
Because MUSIC exploits the noise eigenvector subspace. The Eigen
values and eigenvectors for correlation matrix R is found. M
eigenvectors associated with the signals and LM eigenvectors
associated with the noise are separated. The eigenvectors
associated with the smallest Eigen values are chosen to calculate
power spectrum. For uncorrelated signals, the smallest Eigen values
are equal to the variance of the noise. The L (L M) dimensional
subspace spanned by the noise eigenvectors is given by
E

= [e 1 e 2 e 3 ..........

.......

eLM

From the fig 1 MEV Method is can detect all the mobile users.
The resolution of MEV method is improved as number of antenna
elements increases.

Fig 2: MEM Method for Closely Spaced Sources & More Antenna Elements

From the Fig 2 MEM Method is capable of detecting the mobile

users which are closely spaced. The resolution of MEM method is
improved as number of antenna elements increases.

Where, i is the ith Eigen Value.

The noise subspace Eigen vectors are orthogonal to the array
steering vectors at the angles of arrival 1 , 2 ,......... . M .
Because of this orthogonality condition, one can show that the
2
H
H
Euclidean distance d = a ( ) E N E N a ( ) = 0 for each
and every angle of arrival 1 , 2 ,......... . M .Placing this
distance expression in the denominator creates sharp peaks at the
angles of arrival. The MUSIC pseudo spectrum is given by
1
PMUSIC =
H
a ( ) E N E NH a ( )
Where, a ( ) is steering vector for an angle
x L-M matrix comprising of noise Eigen vectors.

and

E N is L

SIMULATION AND TEST RESULTS

Table 1:
Algorithm

No.of
Antenna
Elements

Amplitude

Direction

No.of
Mobile
Users

MEV

100

[1 2 3]v

[5 8 11]

MEM
MUSIC

100
100

[1 2 3]v
[1 2 3]v

[5 8 11]
[5 8 11]

3
3

Fig 3: MUSIC Method for Closely Spaced Sources & More Antenna Elements

From the Fig 3 MUSIC Method is capable of detecting the

mobile users for closely spaced sources and more antenna
elements.
CONCLUSION
Above results shows that MEV Algorithm is worst in terms of
Resolution. MEM method have better Resolution as compare to MEV
and MUSIC algorithm is highly accurate and stable and provides
high angular resolution compared to MEV and MEM and hence
MUSIC algorithm can be widely used to estimate the AOA of the
arriving signals in Smart Antennas.
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World Journal of Science and Technology 2012, 2(10):191-193

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