Electromagnetic Field Due to System of Conductors in Horizontally Stratified

Multilayer Medium
Petar Sarajev, Slavko Vujevi, Dino Lovri
University of Split, FESB, R. Boskovica 32, HR-21000 Split, Croatia.
(petar.sarajcev@fesb.hr, slavko.vujevic@fesb.hr, dino.lovric@fesb.hr)
Abstract
This paper presents a computational methodology, based on the finite element technique, for
the analysis of electromagnetic field due to system of arbitrarily positioned current-carrying
conductors in horizontally stratified multilayer medium, having arbitrary number of layers
with different characteristics (including air). Each soil layer is horizontally unbounded,
homogenous and isotropic, while conductors can penetrate different layers and extend into the
air. The effect of the stratified multilayer medium is taken into account by using the fixed
image method, based on the approximation of two kernel functions of the integral expression
for the scalar electric potential distribution (of the harmonic current point source). Complete
electromagnetic coupling between grounding system conductors (satisfying thin-wire
approximation) is taken into account, while attenuation and phase shift effects are
approximated. The electric and magnetic field in stratified multilayer medium are computed
from the scalar electric and vector magnetic potentials, using the fixed image method and
approximations to the attenuation and phase shift effects.
Key words: electromagnetic field, grounding grid, stratified multilayer medium, finite
element technique, image method, frequency domain analysis
1. Introduction
High voltage air-insulated switchyards and transformer stations feature complex threedimensional (3D) layout of metallic conductors. In case of, e.g., single-pole short circuit
within switchyard, large currents are dissipated through its grounding grid, giving rise to the
associated electromagnetic (EM) fields in the process. These low-frequency (50/60 Hz) EM
fields could have adverse effects on the neighboring (low-voltage) equipment, in terms of
electromagnetic compatibility. Hence, it is of interest to the practicing engineers to be able to
asses these EM fields. There are other situations which also give rise to the EM fields of lowto-medium frequencies, such as for example the capacitor bank switching. On the other hand,
high-frequency EM field phenomena, e.g., often associated with dissipation of lightning surge
currents through grounding grids, are also of significant interest.
This problem of numerically computing EM field and associated potential distributions,
due to the system of energized conductors, have already been treated by a number of authors,
e.g., [1-18]. Here, applied methodologies range from the method of moments (MoM), finite
element method (FEM), boundary element method (BEM), finite-difference time-domain
(FDTD) method, to name a few. A fairly comprehensive review of the various possible
computational methods applicable for the analysis of grounding systems has been presented in
[19], with extensive literature survey. The majority of the developed numerical codes account
for the two-layer medium, i.e., air and homogenous soil, e.g., [2-10]. Some of them are able to
account for the horizontally stratified multilayer medium, e.g., [11-13, 16-18], while fully
heterogenous medium is scarcely been accounted for, with only a handful of noteworthy
exemptions to this rule, e.g., see [19] for more information.
Numerical models are generally seen as a means of numerically solving a set of

Maxwell equations in situations involving complex geometry, where various degrees of

approximations are known to be introduced along the way. One could argue that prominent
EM approaches include (but are not limited to) ones derived from solutions to the Helmholtz
differential equation. Electromagnetic models could also be derived through the wire antenna
theory, by e.g. the Poclington integro-differential equation formulation. Also, Hertz vector
potential features prominently in formulating mathematical scaffolding of these methods, see
[19] for more information. Generally speaking, the accuracy of the model for different
frequencies depends on the inclusion of attenuation and phase shift effects of electromagnetic
quantities in the model. These attenuation and phase shift effects can be [19]: a) disregarded,
which makes the model quasistatic and valid only for low frequencies, b) taken fully into
account, which makes the model a full electromagnetic model valid for all frequencies and c)
approximated in some way. Furthermore, when dealing with multilayer soils one can
rigorously treat conditions on the layer boundaries or, e.g., resort to using the image methods,
where one can employ [19]: 1) exact image methods, 2) complex image methods or 3) fixed
image methods. Depending on the above mentioned selections, one ends-up with EM models
having varying degrees of accuracy as well as numerical efficiency.
The basic theoretical background and associated computational methodology, which
forms a backbone for the analysis of EM fields presented hereafter (due to system of
arbitrarily positioned conductors in horizontally stratified multilayer medium) has been
published in [17, 18] and will not be repeated here. Having said that, it could be noted that the
basis for the solution procedure provides an electromagnetic model, having integral problem
formulation derived in the frequency domain, of the system of current-carrying arbitrarily
positioned conductors in horizontally stratified multilayer medium, with arbitrary number of
layers (including air), [17]. The effect of the horizontally stratified multilayer medium has
been taken into account by imaging the current source using the so-called fixed image
method, purposefully developed in [20] and extended to conductors in [17, 18]. This fixed
image method is based on the approximation of two kernel functions of the integral
expression for the scalar electric potential distribution of the harmonic current point source.
Furthermore, complete electromagnetic coupling between grounding system conductors
(satisfying thin-wire approximation) has been taken into account, while attenuation and phase
shift effects have been approximated by the introduction of a complex attenuation-phase shift
factor, see [17, 18, 20]. In such a way formation of Sommerfeld integrals, which are
notoriously difficult to solve (not to mention time-consuming), has been circumvented in the
associated expressions for longitudinal and transversal self and mutual impedances of
grounding grid segments, making the computational approach numerically efficient.
2. Mathematical model
In finite element technique (FET) terminology, the grounding grid system consists of only one
finite element, initially having mutually coupled disconnected segments, with currents
flowing along each of the segments axis having been decomposed into the longitudinal and
transversal components. Longitudinal segment current is approximated by its average value
while a transversal segment current leaks uniformly from the segments surface into the
surrounding medium, [17].
The local systems of linear equations for longitudinal and transversal segment currents
were obtained using the well-known Galerkin - Bubnov method. Disconnected segments are
then joined in global nodes by means of the standard assembly procedure, thus, forming a
global system of equations [17, 18]. The global nodal potentials are obtained by solving the
so-called complete global system of complex linear algebraic equations. Then the local nodal
potentials are obtained straightforwardly, through the application of the incidence vector used

previously in the assembly process. Now, the longitudinal and transversal nodal currents are
easily computed, see [17, 18] for more information.
Once the current distribution on the segments has been obtained, one can proceed with
the computation of the scalar electric potential distribution within the multilayer medium, as
described in detail in [17]. In fact, scalar electric and vector magnetic potentials, which need
to be obtained in stratified multilayer medium, represent means by which the numerical
computation of the associated electric and magnetic fields is carried-out here. Another
approach would be to use the Hertz vector, which some authors prefer, e.g., [1].
2.1. Computation of the Electric Field in Multilayer Medium
Retarded scalar electric and vector magnetic potential (phasors) at the arbitrarily selected field
point, positioned within the i-th layer of the horizontally stratified multilayer medium, could
be obtained from their respective partial components, according to the following expressions,
e.g., [17, 21]:

i =
r
Ai =

Ns

iks

ks =1
Ns
Aiks
ks =1

(1)

r
l 0ks

(2)

where Ns is a total number of grounding grid segments. Here, iks and A iks are respective
partial contributions of the arbitrary ks-the segment to the scalar electric and vector magnetic
r
potentials (phasor values) at the field point, while l 0ks is a unit vector of the ks-th segment in
a 3D space. Numerical approximation of the electric field intensity (vector and phasor) at the
field point, arbitrarily positioned within the i-th layer (including the layer boundary) of the
multilayer medium, could be obtained from the following expression:
Ns
r
r
E i = {Eix , Eiy , Eiz } = i j Ai = Eiks
(3)
ks =1

thus, having following x-, y- and z-axis phasor components:

Eix =
Eiy =
Eiz =

Ns

Eixks

(4)

Eiyks

(5)

Eizks

(6)

ks =1
Ns

ks =1
Ns
ks =1

According to (3), expressions (4) to (6) yield:

iks
Eixks =
j Aiks aks
x
iks
ks
Eiy =
j Aiks bks
y

(7)
(8)

iks
=
j Aiks cks
(9)
z
where aks, bks and cks respectively denote partial components of the ks-th segment unit vector
r
l 0ks projected along x- y- and z-axis, while is a circular frequency ( = 2 f ).
Eizks

Partial contribution of the ks-th segment to the formation of the vector magnetic
potential at the field point, positioned within the i-th layer (including the layer boundary) of
the multilayer medium, is determined from the following expression [21]:
dl ks

Aiks = 0 f ks I ksl
(10)
4
ks R
with attenuation and phase shift factor given by [17, 20]:
el

f ks = exp j d j
(11)
j =bl

where: bl = min{i, s}and el = max{i, s}, with s being the ordinal number of the medium layer
where the ks-th segment is positioned; j - complex wave propagation constant of the j-th
medium model layer; dj length of the j-th segment of the straight line connecting (in 3D
space) the center of the ks-th segment and field point in the i-th layer; I ksl - longitudinal
current of the ks-th segment; R distance between the field point and source point.
Integration denoted in (10) is carried out, along the path ks positioned on the surface of the
ks-th segment of the length l ks (in local coordinate system of that segment), [16-18, 21, 22].
It ought to be mentioned here that, as far as the vector magnetic potential is concerned,
there is no need for the application of the imaging method to the grounding grid segments, in
accordance with the procedure for the derivation of the longitudinal segment currents, which
in-turn feature prominently in forming the vector magnetic potential. In other words, from the
perspective of the vector magnetic potential, stratified multilayer medium (where all the
layers have relative permeability equal to one) is in fact homogenous and unbounded.
On the other hand, partial contribution of the ks-th segment to the formation of the
scalar electric potential at the field point within the i-th layer is influenced by the relative
position of that segment (i.e., source point) to the field point at hand. Furthermore, in line
with the theory of the electromagnetic model (of grounding system in horizontally stratified
multilayer medium) presented in [17], mentioned contribution is dependent on the position of
the segment relative to the earths surface. In that regard, two different positions need be
examined: a) horizontal segments and b) general non-horizontal segments (including vertical
ones). Horizontal segment in a multilayer medium is replaced by three exact segment images
and thirty fixed segment images in homogeneous and unbounded medium, [17, 18]. On the
other hand, non-horizontal segment in a multilayer medium is replaced by three exact
segment images and 530 = 150 fixed images of five current point sources positioned along
the segment axis. These five current point sources are positioned in GaussLegendre
collocation points along the segment axis [16-18, 20-22]. The intensities of the current point
sources are defined by GaussLegendre weights.
In case of the ks-th segment being horizontal in relation to the earths surface, following
expressions respectively hold for the x-, y- and z-axis component partial derivatives to the
scalar electric potential at the field point, as introduced in (7) to (9), [21]:
j
iks
f
f ks
I t 33
dl ks
= q iks ks +
ks C jks
(12)
x
x
4 i l ks j =1
x j R
ks

i
y

ks

i
z

ks

ks

dl ksj
f ks
f ks
ks

C j
y
4 i l ks j =1
y j R

(13)

j
f ks
f ks
dl ks
+

C jks
z
4 i l ks j =1
z j R

(14)

I kst

33

ks

iks

I kst

33

ks

with a so-called quasistatic contribution to the scalar electric potential at the field point given

by [17]:
q

iks =

1
4 i

dl ksj
I kst 33 ks
C j
l ks j =1
R
j

(15)

ks

where: i - complex electrical conductivity of the i-th medium layer; I kst - transversal current
of the ks-th segment; C jks - coefficients derived by the fixed image method, denoting
complex transversal current intensities leaking from the images of the ks-th segment, see [17,
20] for more information. Integration denoted in (12) to (15) is now carried out along the path
ksj positioned on the surface of the j-th image of the ks-th segment, in accordance with the
fixed image method [16-18, 20-22].
In case of the ks-th segment being non-horizontal relative to the earths surface situation
is somewhat more complicated, as far as the fixed image method application is concerned,
[17, 20, 21]. According to the derivation carried-out in [21], following expressions
respectively hold for the partial derivatives of the scalar electric potential along the x- and yaxis components introduced in (7) and (8):
dl ksj
iks
f
f ks
It 3

= q iks ks +
ks C jks
x
x
4 i l ks j =1
x j R
ks

15
x x gks
x x gks
f ks I kst 5
ks
ks

Gg k
+ kg
3
4 i g =1 k =1 g R 3
R
k
k
g
g

( )

( )

iks
=
y

ks

(16)

dl ksj
f ks
f ks
I kst 3 ks

C j
y j R
y
4 i l ks j =1
ks

(17)

ks
ks
15
y
y
y
y

f ks I kst 5
g
g

G g kksg
+ kksg
3
3

4 i g =1 k =1
R
R
k
kg
g

Additionally, numerical computation of the partial derivative of the scalar electric potential
along the z-axis component (in the field point due to the ks-th non-horizontal segment), as
needed in (9), is obtained by the following expression [21]:
j
iks
f
f ks
It 3
dl ks
= q iks ks +
ks C jks
z
z
4 i l ks j =1
z j R

( )

( )

ks

(18)

ks
ks
z

H
+

i 1
g
k
i
g
k

G g kksg
+ kksg
3
3

4 i g =1 k =1
Rkg
Rkg

The quasistatic contribution to the scalar electric potential at the field point, found in
equations (16) to (18), is now provided by this expression [17]:
ks

3
5
15 k
kksg
dl ksj
I kst
1
g
q ks
ks

i =

C j
+ Gg
+
(19)
R

4 i l ks j =1
R
j
R
g
=
1
k
=
1
kg
ks
kg

along with

f ks I kst

15

( )

( )

2
Rkg = ( x x gks ) 2 + ( y y gks ) 2 + (ks
g k + z H i 1 )

(20)

2
Rk = ( x x gks ) 2 + ( y y gks ) 2 + ( ks
g k + H i z )
g

(21)

The newly introduced variables, in the above expressions (16) to (21), have following
ks ks
meaning: (x, y, z) - global coordinates of the field point within the i-th layer; ( x ks
m , ym , zm ) -

global coordinates of the middle point of the ks-th segment; Gg and x gks - weight factors and
associated coordinate points for the GaussLegendre quadrature, [16-18, 20]; Hi-1, Hi depths
(i.e., z-axis coordinates) of the i-th medium layer boundaries; gks , gks , k - parameters of
the fixed image method described in detail in [20]; kksg , kksg - coefficients derived by the
fixed image method, denoting complex transversal current intensities leaking from the ks-th
segment images defined by the GaussLegendre points and weights, again see [20] for more
details.
It might be interesting to note that integrals introduced in the above expressions have
known analytical solutions, which facilitates straightforward analytical derivation of their
appropriate partial derivatives, instead of using their numerical approximations. This feature,
among others already mentioned (with fixed number of images in all possible multilayer
medium cases being the most notable one), contributes to the significant speed-up of the
numerical computation routine.
The partial derivatives of the attenuation and phase shift factor found in the expressions
(12) to (14) and (16) to (18) can be numerically approximated as follows, [21]:
ks
f ks
e f ks ( x x M
)
(22)
=
x
( x x ks ) 2 + ( y y ks ) 2 + ( z z ks ) 2
M

f ks
=
y

e f ks ( y

ks
yM

ks 2
ks 2
ks 2
( x xM
) + ( y yM
) + (z zM
)
ks
e f ks ( z z M
)

f ks
=
z

ks 2
ks 2
ks 2
( x xM
) + ( y yM
) + (z zM
)
with equivalent complex wave propagation constant given by:

(23)

(24)

el

j d j

j =bl

e =

(25)
ks 2
ks 2
ks 2
( x xM
) + ( y yM
) + (z zM
)
Finally, the effective value (i.e., phasor magnitude) of the electric field intensity at the
field point within the i-th medium layer could be obtained from the modules of the partial
component phasors along x-, y- and z-axis, as follows:

Ei =

(Eix )2 + (Eiy )2 + (Eiz )2

(26)

2.2. Computation of the Magnetic field in Multilayer Medium

In numerical computation of the magnetic field intensity at the arbitrarily selected field point,
positioned within the i-th layer (including the layer boundary) of the multilayer medium, we
start from the following definition of the expression for the (vector and phasor) of the
magnetic field induction:
Ns r
r
r
ks
B i = {Bix , Biy , Biz } = Ai = B i
(27)
ks =1

where:

r ks
r ks
r
B i = Bixks , Biyks , Bizks = Ai = Aiks l 0 ks
(28)
Here, partial contributions to the magnetic field induction at the field point, due to the ks-th
segment in stratified multilayer medium, with respect to the x-, y- and z-axis are denoted
respectively by Bixks , Biyks , Bizks . They are formed by contributions from all Ns segments. With
the assumption of all medium model layers having relative permeability equal to one, x-, yand z-axis components of the magnetic field intensity at the field point within the i-th medium
layer could be simply obtained as follows:
1
H ix =
Bix
(29)

1
Biy
(30)
0
1
H iz =
Biz
(31)
0
The effective value (i.e., phasor magnitude) of the magnetic field intensity at the mentioned
field point can again be obtained from the modules of the partial component phasors along x-,
y- and z-axis, as follows:
H iy =

Hi =

(H ix )2 + (H iy )2 + (H iz )2

(32)

From the expression (28) it follows that:

Bixks = cks

Aiks
A ks
bks i
y
z

(33)

Aiks
A ks
cks i
(34)
z
x
Aiks
Aiks
ks
Biz = bks
aks
(35)
x
y
With the introduction of (10), expressions (33) to (35) yield [21]:
Aiks
dl ks l
dl ks f ks

= 0

+ f ks
I ks
(36)
x
4 ks R
x
x ks R
Aiks
dl ks l
dl ks f ks

= 0

+ f ks
I ks
(37)
y
4 ks R
y
y ks R
Aiks
dl ks l
dl ks f ks

= 0

+ f ks
I ks
(38)
z
4 ks R
z
z ks R
All variables found in expressions (33) to (38) have been previously introduced and
explained.
By successively treating different field points one can observe the distribution of the
electromagnetic fields along linear profiles and/or planar surfaces positioned within stratified
multilayer medium.
Biyks = aks

3. Numerical example
Numerical example is taken from [5, 6, 9] in order to compare numerically obtained results. It
features a 60 m 60 m square grounding grid (copper conductors with 5 mm radius) with 10

m 10 m meshes buried horizontally at a depth of 0.5 m. Figure 1 graphically depicts the

situation at hand. Originally, this grounding grid in [5, 6] is buried in homogenous soil with
= 1000 m and r = 9. Here it is buried in horizontally stratified multilayer soil with
parameters provided in table 1. It can be seen from this table that this multilayer soil in fact
simulates a homogenous soil from [5, 6]. In this way, although we are solving a problem in
stratified multilayer soil (i.e., 5-layer medium), the obtained results should compare well with
those obtained for the homogenous soil (i.e., 2-layer medium).
Also, in figure 1 is depicted the shaded area, which represents an observational surface
positioned at the ground level, with filed points spread at 1 m apart (6561 of them in total), at
which the EM field quantities are to be computed. The grounding grid is energized with a
1000 + j0 A current in its center point (figure 1), according to [5, 6]. Frequency of the current
equals 60 Hz.

Figure 1 - Layout of the grounding grid selected for the numerical example.
Obtained numerical results are graphically interpreted using the well-known ParaView
(www.paraview.org) open source software package, which is particularly well suited for
exploring and visualizing large and complex scientific data sets. The EM field quantities of
interest are graphically visualized as 3D surface plots with isolines provided on figures as
well. Forward-most surface edge on each figure extends along the x-axis (ranging from -40 m
to 40 m, left to right), while the left surface edge extends along the y-axis (ranging also from 40 m to 40 m, forward to back); observe also figure 1.
Table 1 - Parameters of the horizontally stratified multilayer soil.
Multilayer soil
Resistivity
Relative
Relative
Thickness
parameters
(m)
permittivity (r) permeability (r)
h (m)
1. soil layer
1000
9
1
2
2. soil layer
1001
9
1
5
3. soil layer
999
9
1
7
Substratum
1000
9
1
inf.

Hence, in accordance with the above stated facts, figure 2 displays a 3D surface plot of
the x-component of the electric field (intensity magnitudes, i.e., effective values) at the field
points forming the observational surface presented in the figure 1. At the same time, figure 3
graphically depicts a distribution of the effective values of the resultant / total electric field
intensity along the same observational surface. Figures 2 and 3 should be compared with the
appropriate figures published in [5, 6, 9], where a particularly good agreement could be
observed -- both in terms of shape of the distribution and obtained numerical field values -with results published in [5, 6]. In figure 3, we have obtained somewhat lover values of the
electric field at the four field points of the observational surface directly above the grounding
grid corners, compared to those of [5, 6]. However, when compared to the numerical results
presented in [9], our agreement between figures 2 and 3 and those published in [5, 6] is better;
the symmetry of the electric field distribution is particularly notable.

Figure 2 - Distribution of the x-component of the electric field magnitudes on the

observational surface (60 Hz).

Figure 3 - Distribution of the resultant electric field magnitudes on the observational surface
(60 Hz).
Figures 4 and 5 depict respectively x-component and resultant magnetic field intensity
magnitudes (effective values) along the same observational surface at the ground level above
the grounding grid at hand (see figure 1). Again, figures 4 and 5 should be compared with the
appropriate figures published in [5, 6, 9]. Here, a particularly good agreement could be again
observed -- both in terms of shape of the distribution and obtained numerical field values -with results published in [5, 6]; the symmetry of the magnetic field distribution is particularly
notable. The magnetic field in the field points directly above the current injection point is
slightly higher in our case than found in [5, 6]. However, considering again the results
published in [9], we have obtained better agreement with the results presented in [5, 6].

Figure 4 - Distribution of the x-component of the magnetic field magnitudes on the

observational surface (60 Hz).

Figure 5 - Distribution of the resultant magnetic field magnitudes on the observational surface
(60 Hz).
In order to asses the EM fields distribution in the higher frequency range, numerical

computation is repeated with the same input data, except for the frequency of the injected
current which is now taken to be 500 kHz, again in accordance with treatment of [5, 6].
Consequently, figures 6 and 7 depict respectively resultant electric field intensity magnitudes
and resultant magnetic field intensity magnitudes along the observational surface from figure
1 at this new frequency. It can be noted that these figures agree quite well with those
published in [5, 6]. This in fact corroborates the applicability and validity of the presented
numerical approach in computing the EM fields due to a system of conductors in horizontally
stratified multilayer medium.

Figure 6 - Distribution of the resultant electric field magnitudes on the observational surface
(500 kHz).

Figure 7 - Distribution of the resultant magnetic field magnitudes on the observational surface
(500 kHz).
Numerical computations were carried out on the following architecture: Intel Pentium D
3.0 GHz (3GB DDR2 RAM) on Ubuntu 10.04 OS (Linux kernel 2.6.32) with Intel Fortran
Compiler for Linux 11.1 (-O2 optimization level). Average CPU time needed for the
numerical solution of the treated problem is reported in the table 2.
Table 2 Average CPU time for the solution of the grounding grid treated in this example.
Numerical procedure
CPU time (s)
Data preparation, formation and solution of
the global complex system of linear algebraic
0.80
equations, determining current distribution on
the grid segments
Computation of the resultant electric field
intensity magnitudes in 6561 field points in
300
multilayer medium
Computation of the resultant magnetic field
intensity magnitudes in 6561 field points in
1.20
multilayer medium
Total numerical solution
302
This CPU time could be further reduced (if needed) by interventions at the source code
level, e.g., by implementing Intel MKL routines in place of the standard un-optimized
LAPACK routines, as well as by adjusting the compiler switches for the targeted architecture.
Further CPU time savings could be achieved by restructuring and fine-tuning the Fortran 95
source code of those routines for computing the electric field quantities, which has not been
done at this stage. It ought to be mentioned here that in those cases of grounding grids where
there is a large (i.e., predominant) number of non-horizontal conductors, CPU time could be
significantly longer.

4. Conclusion
This paper presented a numerical method for computing electromagnetic fields distribution in
horizontally stratified multilayer medium, produced by the system of arbitrarily positioned
harmonic current-carrying conductors. Presented numerical procedure forms an extension to
the general electromagnetic model of the system of conductors in horizontally stratified
multilayer medium, previously published by the authors, which has been able to compute
scalar potential distributions in horizontally stratified multilayer medium. The model is based
on the FET approach applied to the integral problem formulation in the frequency domain,
with soil boundaries treated with a fixed image method and an approximation to the
attenuation and phase shift effects. The validity of the method has been confirmed through the
comparison of the numerically obtained results with those published by other authors (using
different numerical approaches to the solution of this problem).
It has been corroborated, as already indicated by other authors, that the distribution of
the electric field intensity magnitude strongly depends on the frequency, while the magnetic
field intensity magnitude is almost frequency independent. This electromagnetic model is
general enough, in terms of the number of soil layers and position of conductors (which could
penetrate the earth surface and extend into the air), to allow further scrutiny of the behavior of
the EM fields above the transformer stations grounding grid, during, e.g., single-pole short
circuit events (including complicated 3D geometry of the metallic structures represented by
thin wires). Furthermore, analysis of the EM fields in the higher frequency range is also
possible using the here presented numerical method.

References
[1]
[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]
[8]

[9]

Dawalibi, F. P., Selby, A., Electromagnetic Fields of Energized Conductors, IEEE

Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No.3, 1275-1284, 1993.
Dawalibi, F., Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Overhead and Buried Short
Conductors, Part I Single Conductor, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.
PWRD-1, No. 4, 105-111, 1986.
Dawalibi, F., Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Overhead and Buried Short
Conductors, Part II Ground Networks, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.
PWRD-1, No. 4, 112-119, 1986.
Takasima, T., Nakae, T. S., Ishibashi, R., High Frequency Characteristics of
Impedances to Ground and Field Distributions of Ground Electrodes, IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-100, No. 4, 1893-1900, 1981.
Xiong, W., Dawalibi, F. P., Transient Performance of Substation Grounding Systems
Subjected to Lightning and Similar Surge Currents, IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1412-1420, 1994.
Dawalibi, F. P., Xiong, W., Ma, J., Transient Performance of Substation Structures and
Associated Grounding Systems, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 31,
No. 3, 520-527, 1995.
Grcev, L., Dawalibi, F., An Electromagnetic Model for Transients in Grounding
Systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1773-1781, 1990.
Otero, A. F., Cidras, J., del Alamo, J. L., Frequency-Dependent Grounding System
Calculation by Means of a Conventional Nodal Analysis Technique, IEEE Transactions
on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, No. 3, 873-878, 1999.
Nekhoul, B., et.al., A Finite Element Method for Calculating the Electromagnetic
Fields Generated by Substation Grounding Systems, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,
Vol. 31, No. 3, 2150-2153, 1995.

[10] Selby, A., Dawalibi, F., Determination of Current Distribution in Energized Conductors
for the Computation of Electromagnetic Fields, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,
Vol. 9, No. 2, 1069-1078, 1994.
[11] Andolfato, R., Bernardi, L., Fellin, L., Overhead and Buried Conductor System,
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, 1418 October 1998, 1064-1070.
[12] Andolfato, R., Bernardi, L., Fellin, L., Aerial and Grounding System Analysis by the
Shifting Complex Images Method, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No.
3, 1001-1009, 2000.
[13] Li, Z., Chen, W., Fan, J., Lu, J., A Novel Mathematical Modeling of Grounding System
Buried in Multilayer Earth, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 21, No. 3,
1267-1272, 2006.
[14] Zhang, B., et.al., An Electromagnetic Approach to Analyze the Performance of the
Substations Grounding Grid in High Frequency Domain, COMPEL: The International
Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Vol. 22, No. 3, 756-769, 2003.
[15] Baba, Y., Nagaoka, N., Ametani, A., Modeling of Thin Wires in a Lossy Medium for
FDTD Simulations, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 47, No.
1, 54-60, 2005.
[16] Vujevi, S., Kurtovi, M., Numerical analysis of earthing grids buried in horizontally
stratified multilayer earth, International Journal for Numerical Methods in
Engineering, Vol. 41, 12971319, 1998.
[17] Vujevi, S., Sarajev, P., Lovri, D., Time-harmonic analysis of grounding system in
horizontally stratified multilayer medium, Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 83,
28-34, 2012.
[18] Sarajev, P., Vujevi, S., Lovri, D., Time-harmonic current distribution on conductor
grid in horizontally stratified multilayer medium, Progress in Electromagnetics
Research B (PIER B), Vol. 31, 67-87, 2011.
[19] Sarajev, P., Vujevi, S., Grounding Grid Analysis: Historical Background and
Classification of Methods, International Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE), Vol.
4, 670-683, 2009.
[20] Vujevi, S., Sarajev, P., Potential distribution for a harmonic current point source in
horizontally stratified multilayer medium, COMPEL: The international journal for
computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering, Vol. 27, 624-637,
2008.
[21] Sarajev, P., Electromagnetic model of the system of conductors in multilayer medium,
PhD Dissertation, University of Split, Split, 2008 (in Croatian).
[22] Vujevi, S., Sarajev, P., Luci, R., Computing the mutual impedances between
segments of earthing system conductors, in Computational Methods and Experimental
Measuremens XII, 641-650, WIT Press, Southampton, UK, 2005.