Simple Present - Simple Past Present/Past Perfect

be (am, is, are) was, were been

bear bore born/borne
forbear forbore forborne
*misbear *misbore *misborne
overbear overbore overborne
underbear underbore underborne
beat beat beaten/beat
browbeat browbeat browbeaten
overbeat overbeat overbeaten/overbeat
become became become
misbecome misbecame misbecome
beget begot/*begat begotten/begot
misbeget misbegot misbegotten/misbegot
begin began begun
bend bent/bended bent/bended
overbend overbent overbent
unbend unbent unbent
beseech beseeched/*besought beseeched/*besought
bet bet/betted bet/betted
underbet underbet underbet
beware (no other forms)

bid [in auctions etc.] bid bid

outbid outbid outbid
overbid overbid overbid
rebid rebid rebid
underbid underbid underbid
bid [meaning to request or say] bade/bid/bidded
bidden/bid/bidded
bide bided/bode bided/bidden
abide abided/*abode abided/*abidden
bind bound bound
unbind unbound unbound
underbind underbound underbound
bite bit bitten
bleed bled bled
bless blessed/*blest blessed/*blest
blow blew blown
overblow overblew overblown
break broke broken
outbreak outbroke outbroken

Suppletive. See Indo-European copula.

Strong, class 4. The spelling born is used
in passive or adjectival contexts relating
to birth.

Strong, class 7

Strong, class 4
Strong, class 5
Strong, class 3
Weak with coalescence of dentals

Weak with Rckumlaut and Germanic

spirant law (now regularized)
Weak with coalescence of dentals
Defective; formed from be with predicate
adjective, used as infinitive, imperative
and subjunctive only. Inflected forms
(bewares, bewared, bewaring) are
considered obsolete.
Weak with coalescence of dentals

Strong, class 5
Strong, class 1
Strong, class 3

Strong, class 1
Weak with vowel shortening and
coalescence of dentals
Weak, regular with alternative (archaic)
spelling
Strong, class 7
Strong, class 4

rebreak rebroke rebroken

breed bred bred
inbreed inbred inbred
interbreed interbred interbred
overbreed overbred overbred
bring brought brought
build built built
overbuild overbuilt overbuilt
rebuild rebuilt rebuilt
underbuild underbuilt underbuilt
burn burned/burnt burnt/burned
burst burst/bursted burst/bursted
buy bought bought/*boughten
*abuy *abought *abought
overbuy overbought overbought
underbuy underbought underbought
can [auxiliary verb] could (none)
cast cast cast
broadcast broadcast broadcast
downcast downcast downcast
forecast forecast forecast
miscast miscast miscast
overcast overcast overcast
podcast podcast podcast
precast precast precast
recast recast recast
simulcast simulcast simulcast
telecast telecast telecast
typecast typecast typecast
undercast undercast undercast
upcast upcast upcast
webcast webcast webcast
catch caught caught
chide chided/*chid chided/*chid/*chidden
choose chose chosen
mischoose mischose mischosen
clad clad/cladded clad/cladded
cleave [meaning to split] clove/cleft cloven/cleft

*clepe *cleped/*clept *cleped/*clept

cling clung clung
clothe clothed/clad clothed/clad
overclothe overclothed/overclad

Weak with vowel shortening and

coalescence of dentals

Weak with Rckumlaut and Germanic

spirant law
Weak with coalescence of dentals

Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)

Strong, class 3 (or regular)
Weak with Rckumlaut and Germanic
spirant law

Preterite-present, defective. See English

modal verbs
Weak with coalescence of dentals. Many
of the prefixed forms can also take -ed.

Weak, French loanword conjugated

perhaps by analogy with teachtaught
Strong, class 1
Strong, class 2
Developed from clad, the past form of
clothe (see below).
Strong, class 2, sometimes switching to
weak with vowel shortening. When
meaning "adhere" the verb is regular.
Weak with vowel shortening, or regular.
Obsolete or dialectal.
Strong, class 3
Weak; the regular clothed is from OE
claian, while clad (weak with

overclothed/overclad
unclothe unclothed/unclad unclothed/unclad
underclothe underclothed/underclad
underclothed/underclad
come came come
overcome overcame overcome
see also under become
cost [intransitive sense] cost cost

creep crept/creeped crept/creeped

crow crowed/*crew crowed/*crown
cut cut cut
clearcut clearcut clearcut
crosscut crosscut crosscut
*forcut *forcut *forcut
intercut intercut intercut
recut recut recut
undercut undercut undercut
dare (dares/dare) dared dared

deal dealt dealt

misdeal misdealt misdealt
redeal redealt redealt
dig dug/*digged dug/*digged
underdig underdug underdug
dive dived/dove dived

do (does /dz/) did done

*fordo *fordid *fordone
misdo misdid misdone
outdo outdid outdone
overdo overdid overdone
redo redid redone
undo undid undone
underdo underdid underdone
drag dragged/drug dragged/drug
draw drew drawn
outdraw outdrew outdrawn
overdraw overdrew overdrawn
redraw redrew redrawn
underdraw underdrew underdrawn
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt

coalescence of dentals) is from OE

clan (both OE verbs having similar
meaning).[1]
Strong, class 4

Weak with coalescence of dentals.

Regular when meaning "calculate the cost
of".
Originally strong, class 2; switched to
weak with vowel shortening (or regular)
Strong, class 7. Now usually regular, but
crew can still be used of a cock's crowing.
Weak with coalescence of dentals

Preterite-present, now regular except in

the use of dare in place of dares in some
contexts. See English modal verbs
Weak with vowel shortening and
devoiced ending
Originally weak; past form dug developed
by analogy with stickstuck[2]
Weak, the alternative dove (found mainly
in American usage) arising by analogy
with strong verbs
Irregular since Proto-Germanic: past
tense formed by reduplication. Past
participle from Old English gedon

Strong, class 6, now usually regular; drug

is used in some dialects
Strong, class 6

Weak with vowel shortening and

dress dressed/*drest dressed/*drest

drink drank drunk/drank
outdrink outdrank outdrunk
overdrink overdrank overdrunk
drive drove driven
overdrive overdrove overdriven
test-drive test-drove test-driven
dwell dwelt/dwelled dwelt/dwelled
eat ate eaten
overeat overate overeaten
undereat underate undereaten
fall fell fallen
befall befell befallen
*misbefall *misbefell *misbefallen
*misfall *misfell *misfallen
feed fed fed
breastfeed breastfed breastfed
force-feed force-fed force-fed
hand-feed hand-fed hand-fed
misfeed misfed misfed
overfeed overfed overfed
self-feed self-fed self-fed
spoonfeed spoonfed spoonfed
underfeed underfed underfed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
refind refound refound
fit fit/fitted fit/fitted
misfit misfit/misfitted misfit/misfitted
flee fled fled
fling flung flung
fly flew flown
outfly outflew outflown
overfly overflew overflown
test-fly test-flew test-flown
forbid forbade/forbid forbidden
forget forgot forgotten
*forlese *forlore forlorn
forsake forsook forsaken
freeze froze frozen
quick-freeze quick-froze quick-frozen
refreeze refroze refrozen
unfreeze unfroze unfrozen
get got/*gat gotten/got

devoiced ending (or regular)

Weak with alternative (archaic) spelling
Strong, class 3

Strong, class 1

Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)

Strong, class 5. Past tense usually /et/,
sometimes /t/ in British English.
Strong, class 7

Weak with vowel shortening and

coalescence of dentals

Weak with vowel shortening and

devoiced ending
Strong, class 3
Strong, class 3
Weak with coalescence of dentals
Originally strong, class 2, switched to
weak with vowel shortening
Strong, class 3
Strong, class 2. Regular when used for
hitting a fly ball in baseball.

Strong, class 5
Strong, class 5
Past participle remains in use adjectivally.
Strong, class 6
Strong, class 2

Strong, class 5. Past participle is got in

*beget *begat *begotten

*misget *misgot *misgotten
*overget *overgot *overgotten
*underget *undergot *undergotten
gild gilded/gilt gilded/gilt
gird girded/*girt girded/*girt
undergird undergirt/undergirded
undergirt/undergirded
give gave given
forgive forgave forgiven
misgive misgave misgiven
overgive overgave overgiven
go went gone
*bego *bewent *begone
forego forewent foregone
forgo forwent forgone
*overgo *overwent *overgone
undergo underwent undergone
*withgo *withwent *withgone
*grave *grove/*graved graven/*graved

grind ground/grinded ground/grinded

grow grew grown
outgrow outgrew outgrown
overgrow overgrew overgrown
regrow regrew regrown
undergrow undergrew undergrown
upgrow upgrew upgrown
hang hung/hanged hung/hanged
overhang overhung overhung
underhang underhung underhung
uphang uphung uphung
have (has) had had

hear heard heard

mishear misheard misheard
overhear overheard overheard
unhear unheard unheard
heave heaved/hove heaved/hove/hoven
upheave upheaved/uphove
upheaved/uphove/uphoven
help *holp/helped *holpen/helped
hew hewed/hew hewn/hewed
*underhew *underhewed *underhewn/*underhewed
hide hid hidden

British usage (except in fossilized phrases

such as "ill-gotten"), and gotten in
American (but see have got).
Weak with coalescence of dentals and
devoiced ending (or regular)
Weak with coalescence of dentals and
devoiced ending (or regular)
Strong, class 5

Suppletive. See article on the verb go.

Strong, class 6. Past participle graven

remains in use adjectivally, as in graven
images in archaic language, e.g. from the
17th century. The verb engrave is regular.
Strong, class 3
Strong, class 7

Strong, class 7. Regularized alternative

hanged was influenced by OE causative
hangian, and is used chiefly for hanging
as a means of execution.
Weak; had results from contraction, from
OE haefd. Third person present has also a
result of contraction.
Weak, originally with vowel shortening
(the modern pronunciation of heard in RP
has the long vowel //)
Strong, class 6, now usually regular
except in nautical uses
Originally strong, class 6, but now weak.
Strong, class 7 (or regular)
Weak with vowel shortening and

hit hit hit

mishit mishit mishit
overhit overhit overhit
underhit underhit underhit
hoist hoisted/hoist hoisted/hoist
hold held held
behold beheld beheld
inhold inheld inheld
mishold misheld misheld
uphold upheld upheld
withhold withheld withheld
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
miskeep miskept miskept
underkeep underkept underkept
ken kenned/kent kenned/kent
misken miskenned/miskent miskenned/miskent
kneel knelt/kneeled knelt/kneeled
knit knit/knitted knit/knitted
know knew known
*acknow *acknew *acknown
foreknow foreknew foreknown
misknow misknew misknown
lade laded laden/laded
overlade overladed overladen/overladed
laugh laughed/*laught laughed/*laught
lay laid laid
belay belaid belaid
*forelay *forelaid *forelaid
*forlay *forlaid *forlaid
inlay inlaid inlaid
interlay interlaid interlaid
mislay mislaid mislaid
onlay onlaid onlaid
outlay outlaid outlaid
overlay overlaid overlaid
re-lay re-laid re-laid
underlay underlaid underlaid
unlay unlaid unlaid
*uplay *uplaid *uplaid
waylay waylaid waylaid
lead led led
*belead *beled *beled

coalescence of dentals, influenced by

strong verbs
Weak with coalescence of dentals

Weak, hoist was originally the past form

of the now archaic verb hoise
Strong, class 7

Weak with coalescence of dentals

Weak with vowel shortening

Northern and Scottish dialect word. Weak

with devoiced ending (or regular)
Weak with vowel shortening and
devoiced ending (or regular)
Weak with coalescence of dentals (or
regular)
Strong, class 7

Strong, class 6, often regularized (past

participle laden is common adjectivally)
Originally strong, now weak, regular,
with alternative (archaic) spelling
Weak, irregular in spelling only

Weak with vowel shortening and

coalescence of dentals

*forthlead *forthled *forthled

inlead inled inled
mislead misled misled
offlead offled offled
onlead onled onled
outlead outled outled
overlead overled overled
underlead underled underled
*uplead *upled *upled
lean leaned/leant leaned/leant
leap leaped/leapt leaped/leapt
beleap beleaped/beleapt beleaped/beleapt
forthleap forthleaped/forthleapt
forthleaped/forthleapt
outleap outleaped/outleapt outleaped/outleapt
overleap overleaped/overleapt overleaped/overleapt
learn learned/learnt learned/learnt
mislearn mislearned/mislearnt mislearned/mislearnt
overlearn overlearned/overlearnt
overlearned/overlearnt
relearn relearned/relearnt relearned/relearnt
unlearn unlearned/unlearnt unlearned/unlearnt
leave left left
beleave beleft beleft
*forleave *forleft *forleft/*forlaft
overleave overleft overleft
lend lent lent
*forlend forlent forlent
let let let
*forlet *forlet *forlet
sublet sublet sublet
*underlet *underlet *underlet
lie lay lain
*forelie *forelay *forelain
*forlie *forlay *forlain
overlie overlay overlain
underlie underlay underlain
light lit/lighted lit/lighted
backlight backlit/backlighted backlit/backlighted
green-light green-lit/green-lighted green-lit/greenlighted
relight relit/relighted relit/relighted
lose lost lost
make made made
remake remade remade
unmake unmade unmade
may might (none)

Weak with vowel shortening and

devoiced ending (or regular)
Originally strong, class 7, now weak with
vowel shortening (or regular)

Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)

Weak with vowel shortening and

devoiced ending

Weak with coalescence of dentals and

devoiced ending
Strong, class 7

Strong, class 5. Regular in the meaning

"tell an untruth".

Weak with vowel shortening and

coalescence of dentals (or regular)

Originally strong, class 2, now weak with

vowel shortening and devoiced ending
Weak; made formed by contraction from
"maked"
Preterite-present, defective. See English
modal verbs

mean meant meant

meet met met
melt melted/*molt melted/molten
mix mixed/*mixt mixed/*mixt
mow mowed mowed/mown
must (no other forms)
need (needs/need) needed needed

ought (no other forms)

pay paid/payed paid/payed
overpay overpaid overpaid
prepay prepaid prepaid
repay repaid repaid
underpay underpaid underpaid
pen penned/pent penned/pent

plead pleaded/pled pleaded/pled

prove proved proved/proven

Weak with vowel shortening and

devoiced ending
Weak with vowel shortening and
coalescence of dentals
Strong, class 3. Now regularized, but
molten survives in adjectival uses.
Weak, regular, with alternative (mostly
archaic) spelling
Strong, class 7. Now regularized in past
tense and sometimes in past participle.
Defective; originally a preterite. See
English modal verbs
Weak, regular except in the use of need in
place of needs in some contexts, by
analogy with can, must, etc.[3] See
English modal verbs
Defective; originally a preterite. See
English modal verbs
Weak, irregular in spelling only. The
spelling payed is used in the meaning of
letting out a rope etc.

Weak with devoiced ending, but usually

regular; pent is sometimes used when the
verb has the meaning "to enclose", and
mainly adjectivally
French loanword, weak with vowel
shortening and coalescence of dentals. In
North America, this verb is usually
irregular.
French loanword, weak, with the
alternative past participle proven by
analogy with some strong verbs
Weak with coalescence of dentals

put put put

input input input
output output output
*underput *underput *underput
*queath/*quethe quoth *quoth/*quethen
Strong, class 5. Past tense quoth is
bequeath bequeathed/bequoth bequeathed/bequethen literary or archaic; other parts of that verb
are obsolete. Bequeath is normally
regularized in -ed.
quit quit/quitted quit/quitted
French loanword, weak, with coalescence
of dentals (or regular)
reach reached/*raught reached/*raught
Weak, now regular (archaic raught from
original conjugation like teach)
read /rid/ read /rd/ read /rd/
Weak with vowel shortening and
*foreread *foreread *foreread
coalescence of dentals
lipread lipread lipread

misread misread misread

proofread proofread proofread
reread reread reread
sight-read sight-read sight-read
*reave *reft *reft
bereave bereaved/*bereft bereaved/bereft

rend rent rent

rid rid/ridded rid/ridden/ridded

ride rode ridden

outride outrode outridden
override overrode overridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
arise arose arisen
uprise uprose uprisen
rive rived/rove rived/riven

run ran run

*forerun *foreran *forerun
outrun outran outrun
overrun overran overrun
rerun reran rerun
underrun underran underrun
saw sawed sawn/sawed
say (says /sz/) said said
*forsay *forsaid *forsaid
*gainsay *gainsaid *gainsaid
missay missaid missaid
*naysay *naysaid *naysaid
*withsay *withsaid *withsaid
see saw seen
*besee *besaw *beseen
foresee foresaw foreseen
missee missaw misseen
oversee oversaw overseen
sightsee sightsaw sightseen
undersee undersaw underseen
seek sought sought
beseek besought besought
seethe seethed/*sod seethed/*sodden
sell sold sold
outsell outsold outsold

Weak with vowel shortening and

devoiced ending. The verb bereave is
usually regular, but bereft survives as past
participle, with distinct meanings.
Weak with coalescence of dentals
Weak with coalescence of dentals, or
regular; ridden by analogy with strong
verbs.
Strong, class 1

Strong, class 3
Strong, class 1

From Old Norse, originally followed

pattern of strong class 1, later regularized.
[4] Now rarely used.
Strong, class 3

Weak; sawn by analogy with strong

verbs[5]
Weak, with vowel shortening in said /sd/
and in the third person present says /sz/

Strong, class 5

Weak with Rckumlaut and Germanic

spirant law
Strong, class 2. Now regular, but sodden
survives in some adjectival uses.
Weak with Rckumlaut

oversell oversold oversold

resell resold resold
undersell undersold undersold
upsell upsold upsold
send sent sent
missend missent missent
resend resent resent
set set set
beset beset beset
handset handset handset
inset inset inset
misset misset misset
offset offset offset
overset overset overset
preset preset preset
reset reset reset
upset upset upset
*withset *withset *withset
sew sewed sewn/sewed
handsew handsewed handsewed/handsewn
oversew oversewed oversewed/oversewn
shake shook shaken
overshake overshook overshaken
shall should (none)
shape shaped shaped/*shapen
*forshape *forshaped *forshapen/*forshaped
misshape misshaped misshapen/misshaped
shave shaved/*shove shaved/shaven
shear shore/sheared shorn/sheared
shed shed shed
shine shined/shone shined/shone
*beshine *beshone *beshone
outshine outshined/outshone outshined/outshone
overshine overshined/overshone
overshined/overshone
shit/shite shat/shitted/shit shat/shitted/shit/*shitten
shoe shoed/shod shoed/shod/shodden
reshoe reshod reshod
shoot shot shot
misshoot misshot misshot
overshoot overshot overshot
reshoot reshot reshot
undershoot undershot undershot
show showed shown/showed
foreshow foreshowed foreshown
reshow reshowed reshown/reshowed
shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk/shrunken

Weak with coalescence of dentals

Weak with coalescence of dentals

Weak; sewn by analogy with strong verbs

Strong, class 6
Preterite-present; defective. See English
modal verbs, and shall and will
Originally strong, class 6, now regular,
but with misshapen (and archaically
shapen) still used adjectivally
Strong, class 6, now regular, but shaven
sometimes used adjectivally
Strong, class 4 (or regular)
Strong, class 7
Strong, class 1

Strong, class 1
Weak with vowel shortening (or regular);
shodden by analogy with strong verbs
Strong, class 2

Weak, with participle shown perhaps by

analogy with sown (from sow)
Strong, class 3; shrunken is mostly used

overshrink overshrank/overshrunk
overshrunk/overshrunken
*shrive *shrove *shriven
shut shut shut
reshut reshut reshut
sing sang sung
resing resang resung
sink sank/sunk sunk/sunken
sit sat/*sate sat/*sitten
babysit babysat babysat
housesit housesat housesat
resit resat resat
*withsit *withsat *withsat/*withsitten
slay slew/slayed slain/slayed
sleep slept slept
oversleep overslept overslept
undersleep underslept underslept
slide slid slid/slidden
backslide backslid backslid/backslidden
overslide overslid overslid/overslidden
sling slung/slang slung
slink slunk slunk
slip slipped/*slipt slipped/*slipt
*overslip *overslipped/*overslipt
*overslipped/*overslipt
slit slit slit
smell smelled/smelt smelled/smelt
smite smote/*smit smitten
sneak sneaked/snuck sneaked/snuck
sow sowed/sew sown/sowed
speak spoke/*spake spoken/spoke
bespeak bespoke bespoken
*forespeak *forespoke *forespoken
*forspeak *forspoke *forspoken
misspeak misspoke misspoken
speed sped/speeded sped/speeded
spell spelled/spelt spelled/spelt
misspell misspelled/misspelt misspelled/misspelt
spend spent spent
*forspend *forspent *forspent
misspend misspent misspent
outspend outspent outspent
overspend overspent overspent

adjectivally
Strong, class 1
Weak with coalescence of dentals
Strong, class 3
Strong, class 3. The form sunken appears
in some adjectival uses.
Strong, class 5

Strong, class 6 (or regular)

Originally strong, class 7, now weak with
vowel shortening
Strong, class 1

Strong, class 3
Strong, class 3
Regular, with alternative (archaic)
spelling
Strong, class 1
Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
Strong, class 1. Largely archaic; smitten
is quite commonly used adjectivally.
Weak, alternative form snuck (chiefly
American) by analogy with strong verbs
Strong, class 7, with regularized past
tense sowed
Strong, class 5

Weak with vowel shortening and

coalescence of dentals (or regular)
Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
Weak with coalescence of dentals

spill spilled/spilt spilled/spilt

overspill overspilled/overspilt overspilled/overspilt
spin spun/span spun
outspin outspun outspun
spit spat/spit spat/spit

split split split

spoil spoiled/spoilt spoiled/spoilt
spread spread spread
*bespread *bespread *bespread
spring sprang/sprung sprung
handspring handsprang handsprung
stand stood stood
forstand forstood forstood
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood
overstand overstood overstood
understand understood understood
upstand upstood upstood
withstand withstood withstood
starve starved/starf/storve starved/storven
stave staved/stove staved/stove/stoven

stay stayed/*staid stayed/*staid

steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung/stang stung
stink stank/stunk stunk
stretch stretched/*straught stretched/*straught
strew strewed/strew strewed/strewn
bestrew bestrewed bestrewn
overstrew overstrewed overstrewn
stride strode/strided stridden/strode/strided
bestride bestrode/bestrid bestridden
outstride outstrode outstridden
overstride overstrode overstridden
strike struck struck/stricken
overstrike overstruck overstruck
string strung strung
hamstring hamstrung hamstrung
overstring overstrung overstrung

Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)

Strong, class 3
Weak with coalescence of dentals (for
past form spit, which is common in
America), or spat by analogy with strong
verbs. (In the meaning of roast on a spit,
the verb is regular.)
Weak with coalescence of dentals
Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
Weak with coalescence of dentals
Strong, class 3
Strong, class 6

Strong, class 3
Originally weak; irregular forms
developed by analogy with strong verbs.
[6]
Regular, with alternative spelling staid
(now limited to certain adjectival uses)
Strong, class 4
Originally weak, irregular forms by
analogy with strong verbs
Strong, class 3
Strong, class 3
Weak, now regular; obsolete past form
straught as with teachtaught
Originally weak, irregular forms by
analogy with strong verbs
Strong, class 1

Strong, class 1. The form stricken is

limited to certain adjectival and specialist
uses.
Originally weak, irregular forms
developed by analogy with strong verbs

strive strove/strived striven/strived

outstrive outstrove outstriven
overstrive overstrove overstriven
swear swore sworn
forswear forswore forsworn
outswear outswore outsworn
sweat sweated/sweat sweated/sweat
sweep swept swept
upsweep upswept upswept
swell swelled/*swole swelled/swollen
upswell upswelled upswelled/upswollen
*swelt *swelted/*swolt *swelted/*swolten
swim swam swum/swam
outswim outswam outswum/outswam
swing swung/swang swung
overswing overswung/overswang overswung
*swink *swank/*swonk *swonken
take took taken
betake betook betaken
intake intook intaken
mistake mistook mistaken
overtake overtook overtaken
partake partook partaken
retake retook retaken
undertake undertook undertaken
*uptake *uptook *uptaken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
uptear uptore uptorn
tell told told
foretell foretold foretold
retell retold retold
*outtell *outtold *outtold
think thought thought
outthink outthought outthought
rethink rethought rethought
thrive thrived/*throve/*thrave thrived/*thriven

throw threw thrown

misthrow misthrew misthrown
outthrow outthrew outthrown
overthrow overthrew overthrown
underthrow underthrew underthrown
upthrow upthrew upthrown
thrust thrust/thrusted thrust/thrusted
outthrust outthrust outthrust

Strong, class 1 (or regularized)

Strong, class 6

Weak, usually regular, possible past form

sweat with coalescence of dentals
Weak with vowel shortening
Strong, class 3, with regularized forms
Strong, class 3 (or regularized). Archaic
Strong, class 3
Strong, class 3
Strong, class 3
Strong, class 6

Weak with Rckumlaut and Germanic

spirant law
Strong, class 4
Weak with Rckumlaut

Weak with Rckumlaut and Germanic

spirant law
Of Old Norse origin; followed strong
class 1 (now archaic) or weak (regular)
pattern[7]
Strong, class 7

Weak, with coalescence of dentals (or

regular)

tread trod/treaded trodden/trod/treaded

retread retrod retrodden/retrod
wake woke woken
awake awoke/awaked awoken/awaked
wax waxed waxed/*waxen
wear wore worn
*forwear *forwore *forworn
outwear outwore outworn
overwear overwore overworn
weave wove/weaved woven/weaved
interweave interwove/interweaved
interwoven/interweaved
*unweave *unwove *unwoven
wed wed/wedded wed/wedded
rewed rewed/rewedded rewed/rewedded
weep wept wept
*beweep *bewept *bewept
wend wended/*went wended/*went

wet wet/wetted wet/wetted

overwet overwet/overwetted overwet/overwetted
will would (none)

win won won

wind wound wound
rewind rewound rewound
unwind unwound unwound

Strong, class 5 (or regularized)

Strong, class 6
Strong, class 7, now regularized
Originally weak, fell into a strong pattern
by analogy with bear

Strong, class 7

Weak with coalescence of dentals (or

regular)
Originally strong, class 7, now weak with
vowel shortening
Weak, once with coalescence of dentals
and devoiced ending, but now regular;
went is used as the past of go
Weak with coalescence of dentals (or
regular)
Preterite-present, defective. See English
modal verbs, and shall and will. (In nonauxiliary uses the verb is regular.)
Strong, class 3
Strong, class 3. (The identically spelt verb
wind /wnd/, with meanings connected
with air flow and breathlessness, is
regular.)
Weak, now regular, formerly with
Rckumlaut and metathesis of r and o

work worked/*wrought worked/*wrought

overwork overworked/*overwrought
overworked/*overwrought
*worth *worth/*worthed *worth/*worthed/*worthen Strong, class 3, or regularized
wreak wreaked/wrought/wrack/wroke
Weak, usually regular; wrought (which is
wreaked/wrought/*wreaken/*wroken
in fact from work) has come sometimes to
be identified with this verb (perhaps by
analogy with seeksought). Other forms
by analogy with strong verbs.
wring wrang/wrung wrung
Strong, class 3
write wrote/*writ written/*writ
Strong, class 1
cowrite cowrote cowritten
ghostwrite ghostwrote ghostwritten
miswrite miswrote miswritten
overwrite overwrote overwritten
rewrite rewrote rewritten
underwrite underwrote underwritten
writhe writhed/*wrothe writhed/*writhen
Strong, class 1, now regularized