GATE Strength of Materials Book

Strength of Materials
For
Mechanical Engineering
By
www.thegateacademy.com
Syllabus
SOM
Syllabus for
Strength of Materials
Stress and strain, stress-strain relationship and elastic constants, Mohrs circle for plane stress and plane
strain, shear force and bending moment diagrams, bending and shear stresses, deflection of beams,
torsion of circular shafts, thin and thick cylinders, Eulers theory of columns, strain energy methods,
thermal stresses.
Analysis of GATE Papers

(Strength of Materials)
Year
Percentage of marks
2013
5.00
2012
11.00
2011
9.00
2010
5.00
2009
6.00
2008
13.33
2007
8.00
2006
8.00
2005
9.33
Overall Percentage
8.29%
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, KeshavaKrupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11
: 080-65700750, info@thegateacademy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com
Content
SOM
CONTENTS
Chapters
#1. Simple Stress and Strain
Introduction
Simple Stress & Strain
Hookes Law
Stress Strain Diagram
Possions Ratio
Cylindrical Pressure Vehicle
Spherical Pressure Vehicle
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer keys
Explanations
#2. Shear Force and Bending Moment
Introduction
Shear and Moment
Shear Force and Bending Moment Relationships
Propped Means & Fixed Beams
Singularity Function
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer keys
Explanations
#3. Stresses in Beams
Introduction
Bending Stress
Important Points
Shear Stress
Composite Beams
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Page no.
1 33
1
1
12
34
45
56
7
8 21
22 24
24 27
28
28 33
34 - 58
34
34 35
35 37
37 40
40 41
42 48
49 52
52 54
55
55 58
59- 76
59
59 60
60
61 62
62
63 67
68 70
70 71
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11
Page i
Content
Answer keys
Explanations
#4. Deflection of Beams
Introduction
Double Integration Method
Area Moment Method
Maxwells Law of Reciprocal Deflections
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer keys
Explanations
#5. Torsion
Introduction
Torsion
Torsion of Shafts
Combined Bending and Torsion
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer keys
Explanations
#6. Mohrs Circle
Introduction
Mohrs Circle
Applications : Thin Walled Pressure Vessel
Solved Example
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer key
Explanation
#7. Strain Energy Method
Introduction
Elastic strain Energy in Uniaxial Loading
Elastic strain Energy in Flexural Loading
Elastic strain Energy in Torsional Loading
Castiglianos Theorem
SOM
72
72 76
77 - 105
77
77 78
78 79
79 85
86 94
95 97
98 99
100
100 105
106 - 133
106
106 - 107
108 109
109 110
111 118
119 122
123 124
125
125 - 133
134 - 150
134
134 135
135 136
137 141
142 144
145 147
148
148 150
151 - 163
151
151
151 152
152
152
Page ii
Content
Impact or Dynamic Loading

Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer keys
Explanations
#8. Columns and Struts
Introduction
Columns & Struts
Eulers Theory of Buckling
Effective Length of Columns
Limitations of Eulers Formula
Rankines Formula
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer keys
Explanations
Module Test
Module Test
Answer keys
Explanations
Reference
SOM
152 - 153
154 157
158 159
159 160
161
161 163
164 180
164
164 165
165 166
166 167
167
168
169 174
175 176
176 177
178
178 180
181 205
181 191
192
192 205
206
Page iii
Chapter 1
SOM
CHAPTER 1
Simple Stress and Strain
Introduction
Strength of materials deals with the elastic behavior of materials and the stability of members.
The concept of strength of materials is used to determine the stress and deformation of axially
loaded members, connections, torsion members, thin-walled pressure vessels, beams,
eccentrically loaded members and columns. In this chapter we will study the stress and strain
due to axial loading, temperature change and thin walled pressure vessels.
Simple Stress & Strain

Stress is the internal resistance offered by the body per unit area. Stress is represented as force
per unit area. Typical units of stress are N/m2, ksi and MPa. There are two primary types of
stresses: normal stress and shear stress. Normal stress, is calculated when the force is normal
to the surface area whereas the shear stress is calculated when the force is parallel to the
surface area.
Pnormal to area
A
P parallel to area
A
Linear strain (normal strain, longitudinal strain, axial strain is a change in length per unit
length. Linear strain has no units. Shear strain is an angular deformation resulting from shear
stress. Shear strain may be presented in units of radians, percent or no units at all.
parallel
Height
=tan [ in radians]
Hookes Law: Axial and Shearing Deformations

Hookes law is a simple mathematical relationship between elastic stress and strain: Stress is
proportional to strain. For normal stress, the constant of proportionality is the modulus of
elasticity (Youngs Modulus) E.
Page 1
Chapter 1
SOM
The deformation of an axially loaded member of original length L can be derived from Hookes
law. Tension loading is considered to be positive, compressive loading is negative. The sign of
the deformation will be the same as the sign of the loading.
PL
L L
E AE
This expression for axial deformation assumes that the linear strain is proportional to the
normal stress
E and that the cross-sectional area is constant.
When an axial member has distinct sections differing in cross-sectional area or composition,
superposition is used to calculate the total deformation as the sum of individual deformations.
PL
L
P
AE
AE
When one of the variables (e.g., A), varies continuously along the length,
PdL
dL
P
AE
AE
The new length of the member including the deformation is given by
Lf L
The algebraic deformation must be observed.
Hookes law may also be applied to a plane element in pure shear. For such an element, the shear
stress is linearly related to the shear strain, by the shear modulus (also known as the modulus of
rigidity), G.
G
The relationship between shearing deformation, s and applied shearing force, V is then
expressed by
VL
AG
Page 2
Chapter 1
SOM
Stress-Strain Diagram
Actual rupture
strength
Stress
P
A
Ultimate strength
Rupture
strength
Yield point
Elastic limit
Proportional limit
Strain
Proportional Limit: It is the point on the stress strain curve up to which stress is proportional to
strain.
Elastic Limit: It is the point on the stress strain curve up to which material will return to its
original shape when unloaded.
Yield Point: It is the point on the stress strain curve at which there is an appreciable elongation
or yielding of the material without any corresponding increase of load indeed the load actually
may decrease while the yielding occurs.
Ultimate Strength: It is the highest ordinate on the stress strain curve.
Rupture Strength: It is the stress at failure
Modulus of Resilience
The work done on a unit volume of material, as a simple tensile force is gradually increased from
zero to such a value that the proportional limit of the material is reached, is defined as the
modulus of resilience. This may be calculated as the area under the stress-strain curve from the
origin up to the proportional limit
Modulus of Toughness
The work done on a unit volume of material as a simple tensile force is gradually increased from
zero to the value causing rupture is defined as the modulus of toughness. This may be calculated
as the entire area under the stress-strain curve from the origin to rupture. Toughness of a
material is its ability to absorb energy in the plastic range of the material.
Page 3
Chapter 1
SOM
Percentage Elongation
The increase in length of a bar after fracture divided by the initial length and multiplied by 100 is
the percentage elongation. Both the percentage reduction in area and the percentage elongation
are considered to be measures of the ductility of a material.
Strain Hardening
If a ductile material can be stressed considerably beyond the yield point without failure, it is said
to strain-harden. This is true of many structural metals.
Poissons Ratio: Biaxial and Triaxial Deformations

Poissons ratio , is a constant that relates the lateral strain to the axial strain for axially loaded
members.
lateral
axial
Theoretically Poissons ratio could vary from zero to 0.5, but typical values are 0.33 for
aluminum and 0.3 for steel and maximum value of 0.5 for rubber.
Poissons ratio permits us to extend Hookes law of uniaxial stress to the case of biaxial stress.
Thus if an element is subjected simultaneously to tensile stresses in x and y direction, the strain
in the x direction due to tensile stress x is x/E. Simultaneously the tensile stress y will
produce lateral contraction in the x direction of the amount y/E, so the resultant unit
deformation or strain in the x direction will be
x
y
x
E
E
Similarly, the total strain in the y direction is

y
y
E
x
E
Hookes law can be further extended for three-dimensional stress-strain relationships and
written in terms of the three elastic constants, E, G and . The following equations can be used to
find the strains caused due to simultaneous action of triaxial tensile stresses:
1
x y z
E
1
y z x
E
1
z x y
E
Page 4
Chapter 1
xy
yz
zx
SOM
xy
G
yz
G
zx
For an elastic isotropic material, the modulus of elasticity E, shear modulus G and Poissons ratio
are related by
G
E
21
E 2G1
The bulk modulus (K) describes volumetric elasticity or the tendency of an object's volume to
deform when under pressure; it is defined as volumetric stress over volumetric strain, is the
inverse of compressibility. The bulk modulus is an extension of Young's modulus to three
dimensions.
For an elastic, isotropic material, the modulus of elasticity E, bulk modulus K, Poissons ratio
are related by
E 3K1 2
Thermal stresses
Temperature causes bodies to expand or contract. Change in length due to increase in
temperature can be expressed as
L
L. . t
Where, L is the length,

change.
(/oC) is the coefficient of linear expansion, t (oC) is the temperature
From the above equation thermal strain can be expressed as:
If a temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely no load or the stress will be induced in
the structure. But in some cases it is not possible to permit these temperature deformations,
which results in creation of internal forces that resist them. The stresses caused by these
internal forces are known as thermal stresses.
When the temperature deformation is prevented, thermal stress developed due to temperature
change can be given as:
E. . t
Cylindrical Pressure Vehicle

Hoop Stress : A pressure vessel is a container that holds a fluid (liquid or gas) under pressure.
Examples include carbonated beverage bottles, propane tanks and water supply pipes. In a small
pressure vessel such as a horizontal pipe, we can ignore the effects of gravity on the fluid. If the
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Strength of Materials

Analysis of GATE Papers

#2. Shear Force and Bending Moment

#3. Stresses in Beams

#4. Deflection of Beams

#6. Mohrs Circle

#7. Strain Energy Method

Impact or Dynamic Loading

#8. Columns and Struts

Simple Stress & Strain

Hookes Law: Axial and Shearing Deformations

E and that the cross-sectional area is constant.

The new length of the member including the deformation is given by

Poissons Ratio: Biaxial and Triaxial Deformations

Similarly, the total strain in the y direction is

Where, L is the length,

(/oC) is the coefficient of linear expansion, t (oC) is the temperature

From the above equation thermal strain can be expressed as:

Cylindrical Pressure Vehicle

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