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I. INTRODUCTION
I
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n Germany, many offshore wind farms are currently in
5.0%
various planning stages [1]. Since their ratings range up to
several hundreds MW, they will have considerable impact on 0.0%
the grid. Many publications in the past discussed the reactions 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
of wind turbines on voltage drops such as those that may time in (s)
appear during short circuits [2],[3]. Problems arising from Fig. 1. HVRT Requirements in the Australian Grid Code
situations of overvoltages were addressed by some papers, but
have not yet been adequately discussed. Many wind turbine Overvoltages may lead to the reversal of the power flow in
manufacturers use generators based on the concept of the the line-side converter, meaning that under these conditions,
Doubly-Fed Induction Machine (DFIM). These machines current may flow from the grid into the DC-link. As a result,
basically consist of a slip-ring induction generator whose rotor the DC-voltage will rise. To protect the converters, the DC-
is connected to the grid through a back-to-back converter. The voltage has to be reduced to its rated value again. Beyond this,
major advantage of this design is the fact that the converter the current through the converter has to be limited, since
does not have to be rated for the machine's full power, but IGBT’s are highly sensitive to overcurrents. Possible
only for about a third of it. However, since it is not fully protection measures to ensure both limitations will be
presented and discussed in the paper, followed by simulation
results for illustration purposes.
C. Feltes is with the University Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany, (e-
mail: christian.feltes@uni-duisburg-essen.de).
S. Engelhardt is with Woodward SEG GmbH & Co. KG, 47906 Kempen,
II. GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS
Germany, (e-mail: stephan.engelhardt@woodward.com). Grid Code requirements on overvoltages need to take into
J. Kretschmann is with Woodward SEG GmbH & Co. KG, 47906 Kempen,
account overvoltages resulting from the operation of a power
Germany, (e-mail: joerg.kretschmann@woodward.com).
J. Fortmann is with REpower Systems AG, 22768 Rendsburg, Germany, (e- producer or consumer as well as overvoltages originating from
mail: j.fortmann@repower.de). the grid.
F. Koch is with REpower Systems AG, 22768 Rendsburg, Germany, (e-mail: Obviously the grid needs to be protected from
friedrich.koch@repower.de).
overvoltages which may arise as a result of abnormal system
I. Erlich is with the University Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany, (e-
mail: istvan.erlich@uni-duisburg-essen.de). operating condition. Therefore it is common to set limits that
©2008 IEEE.
2
A. Hardware System
Fig. 4. LSC circuit
The most commonly used generator type in modern wind
turbines is the DFIG. A typical layout of a DFIG system is The control structure of the LSC is shown in Fig. 5 and Fig.
shown in Fig. 3. The back-to-back frequency converter in 6. The outer loop of the LSC control features dc-link voltage
combination with pitch control of the rotor blades enable control and reactive power control by controlling active and
variable speed operation, leading to higher energy yields reactive current of the LSC [6]. The performance of the
compared to fixed speed wind turbines. Since the IGBT- voltage controller can be enhanced by a feed-forward control
converter is located in the rotor circuit, it only has to be rated of the active current of the MSC, which can be calculated via
to a small portion of the total generator power (typically 20- the MSC active power and the line voltage. The magnitude of
30%, depending on the desired speed range). A rotor crowbar the current set value is limited according to the converter
is used to protect the rotor side converter against over- rating with a priority for the active current to ensure correct
currents and the DC capacitors against over-voltages during dc-link voltage control.
grid faults. But a crowbar ignition means the loss of the With the voltage drop across the grid reactor considered, the
generator controllability through the machine side converter resulting converter voltage is:
(MSC), since the machine rotor is short-circuited through the
d i ∠ug
crowbar resistors and the MSC is blocked. During this time u ∠LSC
ug
= u G∠ug − l LSC − jω0l ⋅ i ∠LSC
ug (1)
slot the generator acts as a common induction generator and dt
consumes reactive power, which is not desirable for LVRT. In a voltage oriented reference frame ( u G∠ug ,q = 0
,
During HVRT a crowbar ignition would lead to a high ∠ug
generator torque and uncontrolled active and reactive power uG∠,ug
d = u G,d
) the dq-components of the LSC voltages are:
output. To avoid a crowbar ignition for most fault scenarios, a ∠ug
diLSC
∠ug ∠ug ,d ∠ ug (2)
DC chopper is used to limit the DC voltage by short-circuiting u LSC , d = u G ,d − l + ω0l ⋅ iLSC ,q
the DC circuit through the chopper resistors. A line inductor dt
∠ug
and an AC filter are used at the grid side converter to improve ∠ug diLSC ,q ∠ug
u LSC , q = −l − ω0l ⋅ iLSC (3)
the power quality. dt
,d
From eq. (2) and (3) the inner current control loop in Fig. 6.
can be easily derived. The cross-coupling terms of the voltage
across the grid reactor and the grid voltage are fed forward so
3
that the PI-controllers only have to provide a fast transition of pWT _ ref pS _ ref
1 - xS
the current to the respective set-values. ÷
1 + pT1 xh ∠u S
⎛ 1 ⎞ ∠ug i Rd
u DC _ ref K P ⎜⎜1 + ⎟
⎟ iLSCd _ ref
_ ref
⎝ pTI ⎠ pLSC uS
- - magnitude
u DC
÷
pR limiter
magnitude qS _ ref
uG limitation with qWT _ ref
active current 1 xS
priority 1 + pT2 xh ÷
∠u S
i Rq _ ref
∠ug qLSC uS
u AC _ ref iLSCq _ ref
1
-
u AC Fast local voltage controller xh
reactive current characteristic
u 1
∠ug
iLSCq 1 + pT1 KVC
_ ref * - uS
Fig. 5. DC voltage and reactive power control at LSC
u
uGd Fig. 7. Generator active and reactive power
∠u S
∠u S
i Rd u Rd
⎛ 1 ⎞ _ ref ⎛ 1 ⎞
∠ug K P ⎜⎜1 + ⎟ u ∠ug K I ⎜⎜1 + ⎟
⎟
iLSCd _ ref ⎝ pTI ⎟
⎠ -
LSCd _ ref
⎝ pTI ⎠
- -
∠ug ∠u S
iLSCd ωL magnitude iRd
limitation with
s
∠u S
s i Rd σ xR re
active power
∠ug
iLSCq ωL it
priority m
li ax
-
⎛ 1 ⎞
-
deu m
_
∠ug
iLSCq _ ref
K P ⎜⎜1 + ⎟
⎟
-
u ∠ug
LSCq _ ref s ⎛ xh ⎞ itn u
R
⎝ pTI ⎠ ∠u S u
s ⎜ ∠u S
u S − i Rq σ x R ⎟⎟ ga
iRq ⎜ xS
S
⎝ ⎠ M
uGq
∠u S
Fig. 6. LSC current control ∠u S
i Rq _ ref ⎛ 1 ⎞
u Rq
K I ⎜⎜1 + ⎟
⎟
C. MSC control ⎝ pTI ⎠
The MSC controls active and reactive power of the DFIG Fig. 8. MSC current control
and follows a tracking characteristic to adjust the generator
speed for optimal power generation depending on wind speed. The equations for the feed-forward current control can be
Optionally a fast local voltage controller can be implemented. derived considering steady state operation and neglecting the
The cascaded control structure of the MSC is shown in Fig. 7 stator resistance:
and Fig. 8 [7]. The outer power control loop of the MSC dψ S dψ R
= =0 (9)
adjusts the rotor current set values of the inner rotor current dt dt
loop. rS = 0 (10)
The fundamental system of equations for the DFIG in the After some algebraic manipulations one obtains the complex
synchronous reference frame linked to the stator voltage is state equation for the steady state rotor voltage:
given by the following equations: xh
Voltage equations: uR = s ⋅ u S − jsσx R i R
xS
dψ S
u S = rS i S + + jω S ψ S (4) (11)
dt By forwarding this voltage the parallel PI current controllers
dψ R only have to put into effect the transition of the rotor currents
u R = rR i R + + j (ω S − ω R )ψ R (5)
to the set values and compensation for the stator resistance.
dt
Flux equations: The corresponding current control loops are shown in Fig. 8.
ψ S = l S i S + lh i R (6) The equations for the power are:
pWT = p S + p LSC (12)
ψ R = lh i S + l R i R (7)
qWT = q S + q LSC (13)
Equation of motion:
dω R
{ }
pS = Re u i
*
(14)
1
(ψ i −ψ SqiSd + tm )
s S
= Im{u i }
= (8)
dt θ m Sd Sq qS
*
s S
(15)
Taking into account eq. (4),(6),(9) and (10) we receive with
i R = iRd + jiRq (16)
4
xh (17) With the derived converter voltage limitation the LSC control
pS = − u S iRd
xS enables secure HVRT up to a voltage level, which mainly
1 x depends on the maximum converter current and the critical
qS =
2
u S + h u S iRq (18)
xS xS
current of the grid reactor that may lead to saturation.
But the LSC voltage limitation derived so far can only provide
From eq. (17) and (18) the feed-forward terms of the outer good results for symmetrical HVRT, because un-symmetrical
power control loop shown in Fig. 7 can be derived. voltage components have not been considered.
To extend the LSC control for unsymmetrical overvoltages,
IV. HIGH VOLTAGE RIDE-THROUGH another term representing the magnitude of the negative
To guarantee a safe operation of the WT during HVRT it has sequence part of the grid voltage has to be considered in the
to be ensured that the converters always work in their converter output voltage limitation:
permissible voltage range. The maximum available converter ∠ug 2 ∠ug
(23)
, d ,lim = , max − u LSC , q − u G , 2
2
u LSC u conv
voltage, which can be modulated from the DC voltage, is:
This modification ensures that the negative sequence
3 ⋅ U DC (19)
uconv,max = mmax component in the measured grid voltage, which is included as
2 2 ⋅U LSCn feed-forward term in the LSC current control, is not shaved by
During HVRT different problems may arise from the the output limitation. This way the negative sequence
increased voltages at LSC and MSC. These problems require component in the LSC currents is minimized to reduce the DC
adequate solutions in the converter control and will be voltage ripple during unsymmetrical operation [8].
discussed separately for LSC and MSC in the following. This term can be obtained from the measured grid voltage by
A. HVRT with LSC sequence separation through coordinate transformation into a
reference system rotating with the negative sequence system
Fig. 4 can be used to elucidate the effect of an overvoltage in and filtering out the positive sequence components with a
the grid on the LSC. During HVRT the grid voltage may lowpass filter. It also has to be considered in the reactive
exceed the maximum converter voltage. current setpoint of the LSC.
To avoid over modulation the converter voltages have to be
limited: B. HVRT with MSC
2
u LSC = u LSC 2
(20) The requirements for the MSC are similar to those derived for
,d + u LSC ,q ≤ uconv , max
the LSC. But since the MSC is not directly connected to the
It has to be guaranteed that the active current can always be grid but to the rotor circuits of the generator, the voltage
controlled to maintain the DC voltage. Thus, the limitation of magnitude and frequency at the MSC during HVRT strongly
converter output voltage has to consider a priority for active depend on the operating point of the machine. To evaluate the
current i ∠ug that, however, is proportional to the q- effect of overvoltages to the MSC, the machine equations
LSCd
component of the LSC voltage as can be seen from Fig. 9. (section III. C. ) have to be considered.
Therefore only the d-component of the LSC voltage has to be From eqn. (11) it is apparent, that the impact of a HVRT to
limited while keeping the q-component unchanged: the MSC not only depends on the stator voltage magnitude,
∠ug 2 ∠ug but also on the machine slip. I.e., in the normal speed range of
, d ,lim = , max − u LSC , q
2
u LSC uconv (21) the generator the induced rotor voltage is smaller than the
maximum converter voltage, even during HVRT. HVRT may
only become critical for the MSC, when the generator is
∠ug
xiLSCq operated close to the speed limits.
∠ug During normal voltage operation the MSC control works with
u LSC active current priority to guarantee that the generator can
∠ug ∠ug
jxiLSCd track the active power set points provided by the supervisory
jxi LSC
∠ug
control. Usually, in this mode the voltage limitation of the
i LSC ∠ug MSC is not active. During fault (LVRT or HVRT) the priority
∠ug
jiLSCq uG is switched to the reactive current to ensure that the WT can
uconv,max fulfill the voltage support requirements stipulated by the grid
∠ug
iLSCd codes. In case of HVRT this means that the generator moves
Fig. 9. Phasor diagram of LSC voltages and currents for HVRT to the underexcited mode. The minimum requirement in the
German grid codes for the voltage controller is a proportional
To avoid undesired actions of the LSC current controllers, the gain of 2.0 p.u., but for a better voltage reduction higher gains
current due to the limitation are recommended.
∠ug 1 When the induced rotor voltage becomes bigger than the
i LSCq _ ref * = (u ∠ug − uG∠,ug
d )
(22)
ωL LSC ,d ,lim maximum converter output voltage, theMSC voltage is limited
is fed back and used as new setpoint for the q-axis current by a magnitude limiter.
controller (Fig. 5). Additionally the controller state variables In case of unsymmetrical voltages the MSC can also be used
are held, when the voltage limitation is active. to suppress the negative sequence component in the machine
currents. But the negative sequence voltage components
5
induced through the machine are amplified from the stator to A. Symmetrical HVRT
the rotor side with negative sequence slip: In the symmetrical HVRT scenario the wind farm is operating
ω + ωR (24) at nominal power at a generator speed of 1.25 p.u. All
sneg = 0
ω0 generators are working in underexcited mode, when a severe
Additionally, the turns ratio of the generator also amplifies three-phase fault of 200 ms duration occurs in the wind farm
voltages from stator to rotor side. As a result, the negative grid. After switching off the faulty line the voltage recovers
sequence control of the MSC is strongly limited. (Fig. 11). But since 75% of the wind turbines have been
In any case, since the MSC does not participate in DC voltage tripped the voltage does not return to its pre-fault value but to
control, the only reason to implement a negative sequence a steady-state value of approx. 115% with HVRT control and
control at the MSC would be to reduce oscillating torques on to approx. 120% without HVRT control. The overshoot after
the drive train. But this control would adapt the negative fault clearing brings along a transient peak voltage of approx.
sequence component of the stator voltage to the grid voltage, 130% for both cases. From Fig. 11 it can be seen that the wind
meaning that the voltage imbalance is accepted without turbines support the grid voltage during and after fault
countermeasures. Without this control the negative sequence through the provision of reactive power. When the fault
is short circuited in the generator like in the damper winding occurs, the wind turbines change from underexcited to
of a synchronous generator. From grid point of view this is overexcited mode for LVRT voltage support and after voltage
desirable, since the resulting negative sequence currents recovery they are operating in underexcited mode again to
contribute to balancing stator voltages [9]. reduce the grid voltage in HVRT mode. The reactive power
support is shared between stator and LSC to limit the LSC
V. SIMULATION output voltage according to section IV. A. . During transient
voltage recovery the active power at the LSC is reversed,
All simulation studies presented in this paper have been done
leading to an increased DC voltage. This can be handled by a
with MATLAB/ Simulink with use of the SimPowerSystems
well-designed DC chopper, which limits the DC voltage to
Toolbox. The generators are represented by a fourth-order
approx. 1.05 p.u.
model of the electrical circuit and the mechanical part is
neglected due to the small speed deviation during the time B. Unsymmetrical HVRT
period considered. Therefore, the simulations were carried out One situation which can lead to unsymmetrical overvoltage is
with constant rotor speed. The IGBT converters are modeled a single-phase short-term interruption (STI). In the simulated
as ideal switches with anti-parallel diodes. Distributed case the wind farm is operating at nominal load, when a single
parameter models are used for lines and the transformer phase short circuit occurs in the HV grid, which lasts for 100
models consider saturation effects, but no hysteresis. Circuit ms and is followed by a STI at the PCC. After 200 ms the line
breaker models are ideal and open exactly at the first current is switched on again. Normally a STI cycle is longer, but a
zero crossing after the open command. shorter period has been chosen here for observation.
For the simulation scenarios a 200 MW wind farm is modeled Fig. 12 shows the simulation results. The positive sequence
by two equivalent wind turbines in scenario A and by one component of the grid voltage drops to approx. 75% during
equivalent wind turbine in scenario B. In scenario A two wind fault and recovers during STI with a dampened oscillation
turbine equivalents are used, because one is tripped after a with a large overshoot of approx. 133%. The negative
three-phase fault while the behaviour of the other is studied sequence voltages during STI are slightly bigger than during
during voltage recovery. The wind turbines are connected at fault and show the same oscillations as the positive sequence
36kV level to a step-up transformer, whose primary side is components. In comparison with the negative sequence
connected to the 150 kV sea cable with a cross section of voltage at MV grid and generator stator it becomes obvious,
1200 mm2 and a length of 100 km. Shunt reactors are installed that the generator has a balancing effect on the stator voltage.
at both sides of the cable. The transmission system is The impact of the fault and STI on the WT active power is
connected to the extra-high voltage grid through a 150/380 kV rather small compared to symmetrical fault and the
transformer. Fig. 10 shows the observed test system. oscillations are well dampened. The oscillations in positive
HV Grid Transformer 150 kV Sea Cable Transformer sequence reactive power correlate with the voltage oscillations
400 kV 380/150 kV 100 km 150/36 kV Wind Farm
19.75 GVA R’=0.0208 Ω/km Equivalent
and are small in scope. The main oscillations are in the
270 MVA 270 MVA
X/R=8 uk=16% X’=0.1012 Ω/km uk=14% 200 MW distribution between stator and LSC reactive power. The
C’=0,229 µF/km negative sequence active and reactive power diagrams show
the generator acting as a resistive inductive load for the
negative sequence, which reflects the balancing effect of the
Shunt generator to the stator voltages.
Reactors
150 kV
2 x 60 MVA
Fig. 10. Test grid
6
1.5 voltage range. When the phase with the STI is switched on
MV grid voltages (p.u.)
again, there is a peak in the stator power and respectively in
without voltage control
the rotor power, which leads to a small overshoot in the DC
with voltage control
1.0 voltage, which is handled by the DC chopper.
0.5 1,5
Positive sequence voltages (p.u.)
0.0
2.0 1,0
Active and reactive power at MV grid (p.u.)
1.0
U1_MV
Q
U1_stator
0.0
U1_LSC
-1.0 0,5
P
-2.0
0,4 Negative sequence voltages (p.u.)
-3.0
-4.0 0,3
U2_MV
U2_stator
2.0 U2_LSC
Stator active and reactive power (p.u.) 0,2
1.0 Q
0,1
0.0
P 0,0
-1.0
1,0
Positive sequence active power (p.u.)
-2.0
-3.0 0,0
1.0
LSC active and reactive power (p.u.)
-1,0
0.5 P1_MV
P1_stator
-2,0 P1_LSC
Q
0.0 1.0
Positive sequence reactive power (p.u.)
P 0.5
-0.5
1.1 0.0
DC voltage (p.u.)
-0.5 Q1_MV
Q1_stator
1.0 Q1_LSC
-1.0
time (s)
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time (s)
0.9
0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3
Fig. 11. Simulation results for symmetrical HVRT
0,3 Q2_MV
Q2_stator VII. REFERENCES
0,2 Q2_LSC
[1] Bundesverband Windenergie e.V., [online], Available: http://www.wind-
0,1 energie.de
[2] I. Erlich, H. Wrede, C. Feltes, „Dynamic Behavior of DFIG-Based Wind
0,0 Turbines during Grid Faults”, Power Conversion Conference, IEEE 2007.
PCC Nagoya '07
-0,1 [3] A. Geniusz, S. Engelhardt, “Riding through Grid Faults with Modified
Multiscalar Control of Doubly Fed Asynchronous Generators for Wind
1,1
DC voltage (p.u.) Power Systems”, Records of the PCIM Conference, Nürnberg, 2006
[4] AEMC, “National Electricity Rules Version 13”, march 2007, online:
http://www.aemc.gov.au
[5] Eon Netz GmbH, “Grid Code High and Extra high voltage”, online:
1,0 http://www.eon-netz.com/, Bayreuth, 2006
[6] R. Pena, J. C. Clare, G. M. Asher, “Doubly fed induction generator using
back-to-back PWM converters and its application to variable-speed wind-
energy generation”, in Proc. 1996 IEE Electric Power Applications
time (s) [7] I. Erlich, J. Kretschmann, J. Fortmann, et al., “Modeling of Wind Turbines
0,9 based on Doubly-Fed Induction Generators for Power System Stability
0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 Studies”, presented at Power Systems Conference and Exhibition, Atlanta
2006
Fig. 12. Simulation results for unsymmetrical HVRT
[8] Müller-Engelhardt, S.;Wrede, H.; Kretschmann, J.: „Leistungsregelung
von Windkraftanlagen mit doppeltgespeister Asynchronmaschine bei
Netzunsymmetrie.“ S. 489–500, VDI-Fachberichte 1963 Elektrisch-
VI. CONCLUSION mechanische Antriebssysteme, VDIVerlag, 2006 (ISBN 3-18-091963-9)
[9] Engelhardt, S.: Regelung von Frequenzumrichtern für
In this paper the problems, which may occur during HVRT Windenergieanlagen mit doppelt gespeistem Asynchrongenerator, S.92-
were discussed and suitable solutions for the converter control 110, ISET Tagungsband Zwölftes Kasseler Symposium Energie-
were presented. During HVRT with the standard control the Systemtechnik, Regelungstechnik für dezentrale Energiesysteme, 22.-
23.11.2007
power flow at the LSC may reverse, which would lead to a [10] Hong-Seok Song, Kwanghee Nam, „Dual Current Control Scheme for
fast increase of the DC voltage in the converter. With the PWM Converter Under Unbalanced Input Voltage Conditions“, IEEE
proposed enhanced HVRT control for the LSC the power flow Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 46, October, 1999
into the DC circuit can be reduced. This is done by a
converter output voltage limitation considering active current
priority, which causes the LSC to operate in underexcited
mode during HVRT. With this solution the activity of the DC
chopper can be reduced.
The simulation results for symmetrical HVRT show that the
voltage control of the DFIG drives the generator into
underexcited operation mode, leading to a reduction of the
grid overvoltage. A comparison with the same scenario
without the voltage control confirms this statement and shows
differences in the MV voltage of approx. 5%. The voltage
control presented here only acts when the fault effects a
change of more than 10% of the nominal voltage. A
continuous voltage control, like the one stated in the E.ON
grid code, should be considered in future studies, since small
voltage disturbances will also be covered.
The unsymmetrical scenario shows that the generator has a
balancing effect on the stator voltages without any special
8