Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
JUNE 2010
UniversitiTeknologi PETRONAS
Bandar Seri Iskandar
31750 Tronoh
Perak DarulRidzuan
CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL
By
JUNE 2010
70r.
Nasir Shafiq
UniversitiTeknologi PETRONAS
Bandar Seri Iskandar
31750 Tronoh
Perak DarulRidzuan
11
CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this project, that the
original
work
is
my
own
except as specified
in
acknowledgements, and that the original work contained herein have not been
undertakenor done by unspecified sources or persons.
MUHAMMAD
III
ABSTRACT
Shell announced that Final Investment Decision has been taken to jointly develop the
Gumusut-Kakap field, located in deepwater, offshore Sabah, Malaysia.
SabahShell Petroleum Company will be operator of the development, which will
employ the region's first deepwater Floating Production System (FPS), with a
processing capacity of 150,000 barrels of oil per day. The field, which is in waters
up to 1,200 metres deep in blocks J and K, will be developed using 19 subseawells
with oil exported via a pipeline to a new oil and gas terminal, which will be built in
Kimanis, Sabah.
The Gumusut and Kakap fields were combined into a single development under a
Unitisation and Unit Operating Agreement signed by the co-venturers in 2006. Shell
and ConocoPhillips Sabah Ltd each hold 33% interests in the development;
PETRONAS Carigali has 20% and Murphy 14%.
The study of offshore floating structure subjected to random waves is focused on
semi submersible with cylinder column. In this study, the motion responsesin surge
and heave have been evaluated.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. Praise to Him the
Almighty that in His will and given strength, had I managed to complete this
researchin my Final Year Project.
My deepest gratitude goes to my supervisor for this final year project, Associate
Professor Ir. Dr. Nasir Shafiq whose has proposed, supervised and supported this
project continuously in making this project a success.
Thank you to all friends that willing to spend their time to help me during this
project. Without their help, it is difficult to finish this project by my own self.
Lastly I would like to raise thanks to Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) and
all lecturers and staffs from Civil Engineering Department of Universiti Teknologi
PETRONAS.
Thank you
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION
.i
ABSTRACT
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Vl
LIST OF FIGURES .
Viii
LIST OF TABLES
ix
CHAPTER 1:
.
INTRODUCTION
.1
1.1
Background of Study
1.2
Problem Statement
1.3
Objectives
1.4
Scope of Study
CHAPTER 2:
LITERITURE REVIEW
CHAPTER 3:
METHODOLOGY
.2
.4
10
3.1
Project Flow
3.2
11
3.3
Analysis of fundamental
11
3.4
11
3.5
14
3.6
15
vi
10
CHAPTER 4:
4.2
CHAPTER 5:
CHAPTER 6:
16
16
Parametric studies
.
20
CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Conclusion
5.2
Recommendation
ECONOMY BENEFITS
22
22
23
24
REFERENCES
25
APPENDICES
27
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Semi submersible based floating production system
Figure2.2 Semi-submersible
platform
12
12
13
13
14
14
18
18
19
21
21
viii
LIST
OF TABLES
16
16
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A GLOBAL RESPONSEOF FLOATING PLATFORMS
ix
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Study
For oil and gas offshore Exploration and Production (E&P) operations in deep waters,
floating platforms such as Semi-Submersible Platforms are used. Floating structure is
maintained by a variety of mooring line types and systemsto keep it stationary at desired
locations. Historically, ships were moored using a single anchor chain from the bow. In
1962, the first semi-submersible,the Blue Water 1 began drilling operations in the Gulf
of Mexico. After few years later, the semi-submersible SantaFe Choctaw was designed
and built as an offshore construction barge. Since that time, the offshore Industry has
gradually utilized the potential of the semi-submersible unit to assist the offshore
operations.
A semi-submersible is a compliant structure used in drilling for oil and natural gas in
offshore environments. This superstructureis supportedby columns sitting on hulls and
pontoons which are ballasted below the water surface. It provides excellent stability in
rough, deep seas. Semi-submersible platform has number of legs to provide sufficient
buoyancy to causethe structure float, and its weight will keepthe structure upright. This
structure is generally anchored by cable anchors during drilling operations, though they
can also be kept in place by dynamic positioning. Semi-submersible rigs are always
spread moored with mooring lines emanating from the four corner columns. Such a
spread mooring is possible becauseunlike ships, the environmental force on a semisubmersibleis relatively insensitive to direction.
The Gumusut-Kakap field is the first deepwater opportunity in Malaysia. Sabah Shell
Petroleum Company will be operator of the development,which will employ Malaysia's
first deepwatersemi-submersibleproduction system.The field will be developedusing
19 subseawells with oil exported via a pipeline to a new oil and gasterminal, which will
be built in Kimanis, Sabah. The production system will have a capacity of 135,000
bbl/d. Natural gas that is produced along with the oil will be re-injected into the
reservoir to help improve oil recovery.
1.2
Problem Statement
1.3
Objective
"
The main objective of this study was to investigate the actual design of Gumusut
semi submersibleplatform.
"
1.4
Scope of study
This study is based on existing platform and Gumust Kakap Deepwater Project
submersible platform. A few tasks and researchneed to be carried out by collecting all
technical details regarding the project and by studying the fundamental behavioral
aspectsof the platforms. A recommendationis to be made basedon the findings of this
study regarding the applicability of the semi-submersible platform in the Malaysian
context.
CHAPTER
LITERATURE
REVIEW
Semi-submersibleplatforms are well known in the oil and gas industries. These semisubmersibles have a relatively low transit that allows them to be floated to a stationing
location. Semi-submersibleplatform is a drilling rig that heaves, pitches and yaws with
each passing wave, and the industry needs more stable drilling platforms. Semisubmersible obtains its buoyancy from ballasted, watertight, pontoons located below the
ocean surface and wave action. The operating deck is located above the tops of the
passing waves. Structural columns connect the pontoons and operating deck. When it
has a movement, the pontoons will de-ballast so that the platform can float on ocean
surface. Semi-submersible drilling units utilize water ballast to minimize the up and
down motion of waves. They are the most stable floating offshore drilling unit available.
The forerunner of the semi-submersible was the submersible. A submersible barge is
floated to location and then ballasted down to sit on the seafloor prior to operation. As
the deck must remain above water, submersiblesare suitable only for shallow water. The
first submersible for open water use was constructed in 1948 and the last was built in
1963 for a water depth of 53m.The semi-submersible major advantagewhen compared
to a ship-shaped unit is in reduced motions when subjected to wave. The indications
used for describing semi-submersible motion in the translational and rotational
directions are shown in Figure 2.1. Roll, pitch and heave are greatly reduced by the
transparency and by spreading the water plane area. With the spreading of the water
plane area,the natural period of the unit increasesproportionately. The natural period of
a semi-submersible in heave is normally about 20 seconds, which is far above the
everyday wave period experienced during drilling. Heave motion is most critical
becausethe basic objective is to drill a hole and to do this one must keep the bit on the
bottom of the hole with the proper weight and rotation. Other motions, such
as roll and
4
pitch decreasethe efficiency of the people working on the vesseland can becomecritical
when severe.
SUCL'r
tiuati
J'
1i,
kI
f'Cc-alt
11 1 "..
axis
le
Figure 2.1: Semi-submersible Motion Indication
Lower Hulls - for attaining transit draft and maintaining a low center of
gravity at drill draft
"
"
"
Column
Hull
The structure of the platform is steel and dependsupon weldedjoints. Normal fabricated
steelweight varies between 6,000 and 12,000 tons. The primary structure and the tubular
trussjoints are designed, fabricated and inspectedto a very high quality. The buoyancy
of the unit is like a ship with many compartmentsthat can be flooded or de-ballastedto
change the draft of the semi-submersibles.The operating draft of the platform varies
between 70 and 90 feet with an air gap from the water surface to the main deck of
approximately 30 to 50 feet.
The design of the semi-submersiblesplatform should incorporate the water depth, the
design wave, the wind loading and soil conditions while performing the required
operations. Each of these items individually may have significant impact on cost and
configuration of the structure and collectively may have devastating impact. Increasing
water depths, of course involve additional materials, which result in greater cost, and
increasing wave size with its larger loading, has a similar effects. Wind loads are usually
relatively small, however for high winds and larger projected areas, they form a
significant part of the overall loads imposed on the structure.
The stability of the platform is the most important condition where is the effectiveness
mooring system will lead to kept in position. Therefore, the platform must have means
of producing forces and momentum to counterbalance the environmental forces like
wind, currents and wave induces in order to keep it at a standstill. Mooring system is a
connection of chain or wire from the structure itself to the sea floor as shown in Figure
2.3. Soil conditions play an important role in stability of the platform where is a hard
soil creating difficulty because it is difficult and expensive to obtain the necessary
mooring system in order to connect a platform to the sea.On the other hand, the soft soil
often yields a condition whereby almost no strength may be obtained during the soil
connection.
Hull is the semi-submersible part in the deepwater platform. It is the main part to
support the topside of the platform. There are some term have important meaning in hull
design rules for strength and stability. Tank is a compartment or space designs to hold
fluids (cargo or ballast). Void is sealed compartment providing buoyancy but
not
fluids
containing
while bulkhead is a vertical membranesto a tank and void. And deck is
a horizontal membraneto a tank and void.
For Gumusut Deepwater project, the basehull concept will follow be same geometry as
Na Kika platform (Figure2.5). But it wills different in shallower draft due to integration
constrains, has less mooring lines and simpler hull system. Na Kika is a complex
projects that involving Shell. It is the first semi-submersiblehost permanently moored in
6350 ft of water and deepest permanently moored semi-submersible development and
production system.The Na Kika semi-submersibleis basedon four squaresteel columns
with 56 ft wide and 142 high. The columns are connected by four rectangular steel
pontoons with 41 ft wide and 35 ft high. The hull weighs 20000 tons and provides 64000
tons of displacement.While the topside facilities measure335 ft x 290 ft, with a 130 ft x
120 ft central opening.
'
jr
i
While Gumusut hull system has been design with hull weighs 15300 tons and provides
50000 tons pf displacement.The hull dimension is assumedas follows:
-
deck modules)
- 16.9 m Column Width (required to support
- 2.0 m Corner Radius
- 8.8 m Pontoon Height
- 12.6 m Pontoon Width
- 39.0 m Column Height (limit for 25 m freeboard at 14 m Integration draft)
- 15.0 m Freeboard(to provide adequateDead Oil Storage in Upper Column)
- 24.0 m Operating Draft
This design is used to develop the hull system for Gumusut Deepwater Project along
with other details.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1
PROJECT FLOW
There are someproceduresdeveloped in order to carry out this project. This is to ensure
that the project flow is smooth and accomplish within the period given. Figure 3.1 shows
workflow and subsequentlythe details of eachpoint.
Researchand Literature
Review
L
---
Analysis of fundamental
knowledge on semi
submersibleplatform
Construct a semi
submersible model with
cylinder columns
Hydrodynamic stability
analysis (Test for response
amplitude operator (RAO)
10
3.2
REVIEW
First of all, a thorough researchthrough the internet and from Information Resource
Centre is done. Explore on this study to enableto grab as many information and records
available so that better comprehensionis obtained before carrying out further study and
analysis. The records are for instanceonline journals, handbookand literature review.
As of fundamental knowledge, historical background of semi submersible platform, the
developmentof this type of platform and deep water oil and natural gasexpansion are
beneficial information to enhanceunderstandingon this study.
3.3
ANALYSIS OF FUNDAMENTAL
KNOWLEDGE OF SEMI
SUBMERSIBLE PLATFORM
3.4
FINDIING TECHNICAL
DEEPWATER PROJECT
All the technical details for hull and mooring for Gumusut Kakap Deepwater Project are
gathered from the designer. The details of the compartmentationare below:
11
PLAN
-Si;
': -
A: TIVc
PASSivE
.-: _
Pontoons divided into 3
equal compartments
ti
PASS VE
ACTIV---
i
Figure 3.3: Compartmentation - Plan
17 2."
Se F"e
Oio--
17.20---4h,
64 CO
EL 39000
9 8m
E_
+EL 29200
iOCm
EL 19200
F-
104M
s D:
EL "`
$Frn
-T5 8
EL0
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Mezzanine
Deck
Figure 3.4: Compartmentation - Elevation
13
3.5
COLUMNS.
Using data from Figure 3.3 and Figure 3.4, a new model baseon the Gumusut Kakap
Deepwater project is constructing using Perspex.The size of the platform is scaleto 1:81
from the actual model. It meansthat the model is reducedto 0.5m height and I. Om
length and width. Columns for this model will be cylinder with is differing to Gumusut
Kakap platform with is rectangularas shown below:
Figure 3.6: New Model with cylinder column with scale of 1:81
14
3.6
HYDRODYNAMIC
AMPLITUDE
STABILITY
OPERATOR)
This analysis is done at Offshore Laboratory. The actual frequency and wave height are
2.0 Hz and 2.0 m respectively. The model is testedwith random wave (P-M spectrum)
with frequency of 0.06 Hz and wave height of 0.06 m (reduced by scaleof 1:34). From
test, the expected responseprofile in a given time interval can be easily plotted.
Parametric studies have been made also by varying parameterof different water depth.
15
CHAPTER 4
4.1
After the experiment, the results for the 50 secondstime interval are shown below:
Heave:
Surge:
t(s)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
n (cm)
0
0.2
0
-0.2
0
0
0.2
0.2
-0.2
0
0
0
0.2
0.2
0
0
-0.2
0
-0.5
0
0
0.2
t(s)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ri (cm)
0
0.75
0.5
-0.2
0
0.2
0.5
0
-1
-1.5
-0.5
-0.2
0
1
0.75
0
11
12
13
14
15
16
-0.2
-0.5
17
18
-2
-1.75
0
2
19
20
21
16
22
23
0
0
22
23
24
0.2
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
0.5
25
26
27
28
29
30
-0.2
0
-0.2
-0.5
-0.2
31
32
-0.2
0
0.2
33
34
0.2
35
0
0
-0.2
36
37
38
39
40
-0.5
-0.5
0
41
42
-0.2
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
-0.5
-0.5
0
0.2
-0.2
-0.2
0
0
0
-0.2
-1
-1.2
-1
-0.5
-0.2
0
0.5
0.75
1
0.75
0
1
0.5
-0.5
-1.5
-2
-1
0
0.5
45
46
0
0
47
48
49
50
0.5
1
From the table, graph of responseof semi submersible platform on surge and heave
motions areplotted.
17
0,0
-0.1
-cylinder
-0.2
column
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
Time (s)
Time
(s)
18
The plotted responsesof the structureare shown in Figure 4.1 and 4.2. From the graphs,
the maximum amplitudes of the two motion responseswere as follows:
"
Surge : 0.2 cm
"
Heave :2 cm
The maximum heaveresponseis higher than the maximum surge response.The tension
of the mooring allows the platform move in the heavedirection but restrain the platform
from moving in surge direction.
The predicted responsesof the semi submersiblewere only approximate due to the
following reasons:
"
"
"
The actual stiffness of mooring lines was not known and thus the computation of
stiffness was simplified by using static equilibrium conditions.
I Sl'RGE al-i
S`U
Max
4001
i60!
Mean
3_'/l
3041
: su
?601
1200
14040
1600
Ir00
20410
2][41
Tm'
2400
2600
2800
iwcl
SURGE 004
3000
3200
3100
3441
Graph in Figure 4.3 shows the responsesof a semi submersibleplatform for global
responses.The maximum responseis 375 ft (11430 cm). The plotted graph pattern in
Figure 4.1 follows the global responsepattern for the surge but limited to 0.2 cm due to
the limitation mention above.
For this experiment, some considerationsneed to be added to make it accuracy.
"
Stiffness and Mass Properties are a key input to any dynamic analysis.
"
Need a distributed weight model for the floater to determine mass properties.
"
4.2
PARAMETRIC STUDIES
Water depth was chosen to study the effect on the responseof the semi submersible
platform. The changing parameterusedin the study is water depth (0.8m and 1.0m). The
comparisons between surge and heaveresponsesof the parameterwere representedby
the time series curve. However, changeof water depth did not have significant effect on
the responsesof semi submersible platform in terms of its surge and heave.
20
Graph in Figure 4.3 shows the responsesof a semi submersible platform for global
responses.The maximum responseis 375 ft (11430 cm). The plotted graph pattern in
Figure 4.1 follows the global responsepattern for the surge but limited to 0.2 cm due to
the limitation mention above.
For this experiment, someconsiderationsneed to be added to make it accuracy.
"
"
"
4.2
PARAMETRIC
STUDIES
Water depth was chosen to study the effect on the responseof the semi submersible
platform. The changing parameterused in the study is water depth (0.8m and 1.0m). The
comparisons between surge and heaveresponsesof the parameterwere representedby
the time seriescurve. However, changeof water depth did not have significant effect on
the responsesof semi submersibleplatform in terms of its surge and heave.
20
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
5.1
CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION
Floating production systemswere developed in the 1970s for their advantagesin deeper
water and for shorter production lives. In the early years, semi-submersibles were a
natural choice for floating production systems; they offered drilling and work over
capability for wells located beneaththe vessel, good motion responseand drilling rigs
were available for conversion. In the late 1980sand early 1990s,the advantagesof semisubmersiblesfor very deep water becomeapparent.
In this study, the responseof the semi submersible with the cylinder columns has been
presented.This study also developed a simplified method to calculate responsesof the
semi submersibleto random wave loading.
Basedon the discussion in the previous section, the most important conclusions from the
work are summarizedas follows:
"
The maximum amplitudes obtained were 0.2 cm for surge and 2.0 cm for heave.
The predictions using frequency domain were not very accurateas it could not
take the nonlinearities into account. However the responsesfollowed the same
trend of the global responseof floating platforms.
"
Changeof water depth did not have significant effect on the responsesof semi
submersibleplatform in term of its surge and heaveresponse.
22
5.2
RECOMMENDATIONS
"
The time histories for plotting the waves can be extendedto thousand secondto
obtain more random wave.
"
"
"
The laboratory should be improve in order to make the experiment in future more
successfuland the data collected more accuratefor actual condition.
23
CHAPTER 6
ECONOMIC BENEFITS
REFERENCES
5. Gumusut Semi-submersibleFPU,
<h
asM>
25
18. Shell,
<http: //www. sheI1.nI/home/content/investor/news
26
APPENDICES
27
Hydrodynamics 101
John Halkyard
John Halkyard & Associates
Jhalkyardoaol. com
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m OOaLLAO
10((. II OaR. 00
ITTIMM-M-MM-M.
-IM"M"M
for symmetricalstructure, herethey are
t
31
0
]ohn MaIkyuo
& IKSOCISOes
32
eFd =1 ptc
u. k. 1
+2 pDuHz
3
4
pDCir. Iu. I
11Pohdj=iOAd.
F= p1, (I+C, ), pt, Cs+dmg
-
%
4
_XD
33
force)
to the left
3
5
ss
bnn llalkyard
6. Assouatm
34
w..
..
..
i
f4pM7.
members
Wave Loading
Regimes
" Normally added mass
coeffients are
frequency dependent.
" If the Diameter/
" Diameter = 12 m
" Wave Period = 10 sec
Wave length = 1.56*102 = 156 m
" 156/12 = 13 >5
" OK to use slender body theory
Wavelength ratio is
less than 5
assume
...
these are constant
and use slender body
theory.
MIRMI
,W.
yWwYylwyrrds
rWl
sm
37
__.
_..
38
6'
o'
(/(.
1y.:1/
dc'
aQnaaasonatcns
_v":
kPrd
-0,
IR
(c . 0)
Free surface
Velocity
7'
Potential
Y'inridrnl
dif vriion
solution
Jif
p(x.
)'. x))
7rodiariaa
G=Gf,
y,: 1[y,.:.,
". by
ic
ac`I
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a"l
41
42
'y
43
ss
Wr.
wM
iw
rwrwmMi.
iTw-iwar-
(Moving
. Mr
.
.
i. iu
". a
a.
. wn
s. ty
Body)
43
-..
.
_,...,
,_.. . ...,__
r.
11+
....,
John Halyard
& RSSOtlites
.,
.....
.
'.,.
flu. _.
--
fME,
i-
...
......,
fi
-m
xm HWkyuOa ASsoaa06
WAMIT
(or
equiv. )
Environment
Hydro
Forces,
Added Mass
& Damping
'Solver'
(frequency
or Time
Domain)
; " : F = : ;
Riser &
Mooring
Solver
Post Processing
(Spectral
analysis,
extreme
statistics)
Deepwater Linear
Wave Properties
t](x, t) = Asin(ux -kx)
p(x, z, t) =-pgz
!O
Heave Forces on Z
Barge and Spar (or semi column)
..,....,
area makes a
on keel
k=2x
d
310
John Malkyard
& AssoUaOes
"3
)^r`"
n. abww.
rT1
cs(ar)
wMMrWM.
d c. brcw (WM,
".
rw)
.....
wm. F. pusv. y; t. w. r. rent..
MIGb Mafb C . enov.
va"v...
>
.:......
-;
I ipn
RAOc
)c'''in(ka,
)+ka,
ccu(ka )}}sin(or)
C. - Fbntoon
vertlal
A, - Fond-
aose
i-
-8Ty+(us)=
$s
-ra in Fa)tliven)
N7
";
_;
- Aj(py
sed<Im area
- t/aYiength
oF port-
*mm
,t.
- t12 - rYM-Spanng
35
A4.rs.
d. - ppntomwrYdsectbndraft (- - r- In FaCmen)
danpnp
... 4 %
R,. r, --
(I+C,
%"'
Nomenclature
IFjI(PRA., 7. )
40
1+c.
7.11 I-A
o/
redo
N"
U
4
C.
a2aM
N
u
O. (AMW
3v"'i:
SIJ - =-r-
r
r
ax
a.
n
T_.
RRI'1i`_R'u"
_: I
u-T, =
T--. _-
I.
r--
<<c;
L
U
mv
. -o.,. s.
51/11r Ha)- pnaal mafY da. er M kg. myj
, WL
Wa. w k. d
I lwmrwo6qeda!
Wfl.
C', iQsl'
_FQ.
wfnd
37
" Mooring
o Non-linear behavior
" Wind and Current
o Current turbulence may be unrealistic
o Using string vs. actual wind or current
" Waves
o Matching
{.. way'.
Ir,. uJ. V nhr
Lr... l" V.. A
1-
Ir\i
^
1"
Scaling
4,..
Lw
In
Inn.
IV
t
I W. I. + "u
tua
t\
14
1
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\. v1...
<.
n...
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"n4r.
uw
'
. Nnd
WrWtnr
n
Aun1..
IA. tMl*.
1 Y.
MI.W. r1 Aw.. R
Converting from
Prototype to Model Units
(Froude Scaling):
IwiA.
I. tt..
I:
w"Iw""
(length)
C;: r (vrJociry)
N" n. sl
Y`nt"^munl
h=
1 J "
: `1J
Iry%
rll
AIA
IWt.
A'
III
I ALA
N"iww
I
IW "
: "I. r
In
a- _a,
bhn
A'
I
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IIUn
: 4J
A'
U. _
M
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: "t "
(acreleratioe)
I A.:
liwnwu
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nunt.
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tlMlweTwLeIqIC
fam, Tea NM UwMY.
Yaa
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._
42a
awTwbl4YYY\
ITp
---;
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on
w1
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63
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6a1
IIYeoelsa
rewd
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HIEG
.. :. J:.
.....
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lwrddY
IavmlalebllUMft
.. J,
.,
12a
Ppawaerswlw41'rY
wDT
<Jt;
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1QSa1Iliw(RI
rlm
(. wrl
un
lsa
IOw
IOaloa(/q
: .
.,.
.. '. +lr'!
.'__LIL
vf
_
.......
..
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,........,
.. ,_..........,..,.....,...
_ _....,.....,,,..,...
...,...
M.
lfflfi
.
.
JpAn
wrn..,.....
w..
-r..
. . rti1r
& ASSOC.IikS
HalkyarC
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- --
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1.*-/
ry,. +'
...... wa w...
1 . +n re
.. w. e ....
rsw. e. a m....,
/
: ;
&ASSOpalY3
or
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& Assoosocs
,O,nHaecysro
of
Questions?
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69
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