Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Domain:HYDRO POWER
Knowledge Management System
Area:Hydropower
Keywords:Turbine governing,Hydraulic governing
Submitted by:Dr.Suparna Mukhopadhyay
ersuparna@yahoo.com,9650997786
Turbine governing
Turbinia to Turbine
In 1884, British engineer Charles Algernon Parsons
put new steel technology to use. He created a
turbine capable of using compounded steam that
turned a dynamo at 18,000 revolutions a minute. In
1890, his steam turbine and accompanying electric
generator were installed in the Forth Banks power
station. The technology soon spread through
Europe.
Parsons also applied his steam turbine technology
to naval purposes, introducing his vessel, Turbinia,
at Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897.
steam technology
When water is heated to the point of vaporizing, the
vaporized water takes up more space than the liquid
water did.
the liquid contents will vaporize and eventually expand to
the point where the can will explode to release the
pressure inside.
When this pressure is used to perform a particular task - like turning a turbine or causing a kettle to whistle -steam technology is harnessing steam power.
The methods of heating, containing, channeling and
using steam have changed
A steam turbine is a device that converts the heat
energy in captured, pressurized steam, and converts
it to mechanical energy
These pipes direct the steam past other impellers, which the
steam also spins with kinetic energy. Each successive impeller
is easier to turn than the last, because the steam has less
energy after going through each impeller.
Steam turbine
turbine is a rotary engine that
takes energy from steam and
transfers the mechanical
energy to a generator to
produce electricity.
Reaction Turbines
Derive power from pressure drop
across turbine
Totally immersed in water
Angular & linear motion converted to
shaft power
Propeller, Francis, and Kaplan
turbines
Head Pressure
High
Low
Impulse
Pelton Crossflow
Turgo
Turgo
Crossflow
Multi-jet Multi-jet
Pelton
Pelton
Reaction
Francis
Propeller
Pump-asKaplan
Turbine
Impulse Turbines
Convert kinetic energy of water jet
hitting buckets
No pressure drop across turbines
Pelton, Turgo, and crossflow
turbines
Medium
Turbine power
Turbine Power =( M, H, )
Where, M=flow rate of steam (Kg/s)
H=Enthalpy drop (KJ/s)
= Efficiency of Turbine
INTRODUCTION
Governing system is an important control system
in the power plant as it regulates the turbine
speed, power and participates in the grid
frequency regulation.
For starting, loading governing system is the
main operator interface. Steady state and
dynamic performance of the power system
depends on the power plant response
capabilities in which governing system plays a
key role.
What is Governing?
TO GOVERN MEANS TO CONTROL AND REGULATE
CERTAIN PARAMETERS TO ACHIEVE EXPECTED
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS .
Speed range is the percentage below rated speed for which the
governor speed setting may be adjusted. For example, a turbine
with 4000 rpm rated speed and a governor system having a 30%
range can be operated at a minimum speed of 2800 rpm:
BYPASS GOVERNING
It is employed in small capacity turbines running
on high pressure conditions and with small
blading dimensions.
Here the loading up to appx 80% ( Economic
loading ) is met by normal control valves feeding
the First stage. For higher loading , to supply
more steam which is not possible due to small
blading dimensions ( can lead to operational
problems) the extra quantity of the steam is fed
to the intermediate section of turbine bypassing
the initial high pressure stages.
THROTTLE GOVERNING
NOZZLE GOVERNIMG
TYPES OF GOVERNING-II
Constant Pressure Mode: Here pressure
upstream of control valves is kept constant
and change is made by changing the position
of control valves.
Variable Pressure mode:Here control valves
are in full open position and pressure
upstream of control valves varies
proportionately with the load requirement.
Response of Constant pressure Mode is
much faster than Variable pressure mode, but
Constant pressure leads to more losses.
REGULATION
Regulation % of Turbine is defined as
(No load Speed - Full Load speed) X 100 %
( Nominal Speed)
It varies from 2.5% to 8%
Normally it is 4 to 5 %
Turbine having less regulation will be more
sensitive in the grid and hence will share
more load and vice versa
Normally base load plant has high regulation
and Peak load plant has small regulation.
Turbine Protection
System Stopping
The control fluid governing system is stopped by
the operator if the Turbine is shutdown - the
turbine stop valves are closed and the generator
is disconnected from the grid.
To stop the control fluid governing system it is
necessary to switched off all the working control
fluid pumps. Following the governing system
pump stopping, the governing system control
fluid temperature regulator is switched in use
and with 15 minutes time delay the governing
system fan stops.
Other abnormalities
1. Level Decrease in Control Fluid Tank
control fluid should be added to the tank during turbine operation to
reach normal level through the line
2.Governing System Control Fluid Temperature Increase
the inching valve opens automatically on the control valve bypass on
cooling water line.
3.Filter Fouling
the corresponding filter or strainers should be cleaned or replaced by
the personnel during the plant operation.
4.Tripping of Governing System Fan
the standby fan inlet gate valve should be open and then the standby
fan should be switched in use
5. Fire
control fluid pump starting automatics are blocked and the working
pumps stop automatically when the turbine stop valves are closed
and the generator is disconnected from the grid
At the unit start-up mode the run-up and initial loading of the turbine
are realized by means of steam supply to the IP cylinder while HP
control valves and non-return valves on the cold reheat lines are
closed, and parameters of the steam are maintained by controllers
of the HP and LP bypass stations. After the load corresponding to
the moment of HPC switch-on is achieved, turbine controller gives
out signal for opening of HPC governing valves and non-return
valves on the cold reheat lines.
During start-up, synchronization and load variation, the turbine is
controlled through electromechanical converters with application
actions of turbine controller on electro-hydraulic converters,
regulating servomotors of governing and non-return valve and nonreturn valves on the cold reheat lines servomotor.
Electro-hydraulic converters (10MAX...AS001) consists of
electromechanical converter (EMC) installed at summator (S) of
mechanical-hydraulic converter
PERFORMANCE ASPECTS
Regulation or droop characteristic
Whenever there is a mismatch in power, speed changes.
As seen earlier, the governing system senses this speed
change and adjusts valve opening which in turn changes
power output.
This action stops once the power mismatch is made
zero. But the speed error remains. What should be the
change in power output for a change in speed is decided
by the regulation.
If 4 % change in speed causes 100 % change in power
output, then the regulation is said to be 4 % (or in per
unit 0.04).
Transient performance
The governing system, as noted earlier is a closed loop
control system. Stability is an important parameter in any
feedback control system.
Stability and speed of response depend on the signal
modifications done by various blocks in the loop.
The closed loop gain depends on the individual block
gains and the adjustable gains provided in the speed
controller and load controller.
The gain at the steady state and during the transient is
important in deciding the performance. If the gain is not
proper there can be hunting in the system as shown in
Fig
Even when the control valves are closed steam remaining in the
steam volumes of reheater piping, turbine cylinders (entrained
steam) continue to do the work and increase the speed for few
seconds.
There is an emergency governor provided to stop the turbine if the
speed crosses its setting, usually 112 %. The standards specify that
the TSR value should be less than the emergency governor setting.
That means when there is a full load throw-off, governing system
should act fast so that turbine does not trip.
There are other devices provided in the governing system which
help in minimizing transient speed rise like load shedding relay
(LSR) which cause feed forward action to close governing valves
before speed variation is sensed by the speed transducer
THANK YOU