Analysis ofanorthotropic lamina

Stresstensor

Convention

t=n
Equilibrium:

dA1=dA.n1
dA2=dA.n2

dA3=dA.n3
2

Principalstresses
The principal directions are solutions of
Theprincipaldirectionsaresolutionsof

St
Stressinvariants:
i
i t

Inacoordinate
In
a coordinate systemoriented
system oriented along theprincipaldirections,
the principal directions
thestresstensor is diagonal:

Stressinvariantsinprincipalcoordinates
3

Generalized Hookes law

4th order tensor ofelastic constants

Because ofthesymmetry
ofthestrain tensor

Because ofthesymmetry
ofthestresstensor

Constitutive
Equation:

Because ofthe3symmetry relationships,thenumber

ofindependent elastic constantsis reduced
from 34=81 to21 inthemost general anisotropic material

Theorder ofpartialdifferentiation
Maybe changed

Changeofcoordinates intheelastic constants

Lettwo coordinate systems x andx related bytherotationmatrix A=aij

Change
g of coordinates of the stress tensor:

Applies toany
to any secondorder
second order tensor
(same rule forthestrain tensor)

Tensor ofelastic constant:

O th t i composite:3axesofsymmetry
Orthotropic
it 3
f
t
Theelastic constantsdonotchangeunder coordinate transformationsthat preserve symmetry

( 1,,x2)p
(x
)plane
ofsymmetry

Directioncosines:

One finds
Onefinds:

Mustbe =0
Similarly,8constantsmustbe equal to0:

Directioncosines:

(x2,x3)plane
ofsymmetry

Thefollowing contants
Mustalso be equal to0:

Thereis
There
is noadditional
no additional conditioncoming
condition coming from thethird
the third planeofsymmetry
plane of symmetry (x1,xx3).
)
Overall,there are2112=9independent elastic constantsforanorthotropic material.

Orthotropic materials:9independent elastic constants

Hookes law may be written in matrix form

Vector ofengineering
g
g
stresscomponents

Engineering
g
g
strain components

Stiffness matrix

[theaxes1,2,3coincide with thenatural (orthotropy)axesofthematerial]

In two dimensions:
Intwo

Stiffness matrix

Compliance matrix

10

Stressstrain relationsandengineeringconstantsfororthotropic lamina

Thecompliance
The
compliance matrix may be constructed
column bycolumn byconsidering 3load cases:

1.

Onegets thefirstcolumn
ofthecompliance matrix
11

2.

2nd column ofthe

Compliance matrix

3.

3rd column ofthe

C
Compliance
li
matrix
i
12

Orthotropic
p laminainnatural axes
1.Compliance matrix

Foranisotropic lamina,
EL=ET,G=E/2(1+)

2.Stiffness matrix

13

Changeofreference frame

We seek thetransformationmatrix [T]

Changeofcoordinates
Fora2nd order tensor:

[T]is nota
rotationmatrix !!

14

Stressstrain relationship
InLTaxes:

Inarbitrary axes:

15

Stiffness matrix inarbitrary axes

16

Compliance matrix inarbitrary axes:

17

Example:find thestrains inthelamina=60

Elastic constants:
Stresses:

Step 1:compute
1 compute thestressesinorthotropy
the stresses in orthotropy axes

18

Step 2:compute thestrains innatural axes:

19

Step 3:compute thestrains intheaxes(x,y)

[T(]
[T(
]

LT

20

Engineeringconstants

Thecompliance matrix in
arbitrary
bit
axesmay be
b written:
itt

Alltheelastic
All
the elastic constantsmay
constants may be expressed in
in
terms ofthe4constants:EL,ET,GLT,LT.
21

Graphiteepoxy system

Boronepoxy system

Ex<ET

22

Balanced lamina:ET=EL,LT=TL
Notisotropic !!

23