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Express your attitude to the difference between intercultural and cross-cultural communication.
Write about the natural features of intercultural communication.
Point out features that distinguish Intercultural communication from other types of communication
Give the important facts or reasons about the necessity of Intercultural communication.
Speak on the role of Intercultural communication in resolving the conflicts between nations.
Write about the history of Intercultural communication in brief and comment on them.
Differentiate the following notions: intercultural, interethnic, interracial, cross-cultural
communications.
Speak on the general types of communication.
Speak on the role of Intercultural communication in life.
Evaluate each benefit of Intercultural communication giving samples.
Write about the Intercultural communication. The essence of the term.
Write about the role of new technologies in Intercultural communication.
Do culture and communication have the links? Prove it with examples.

What can you say about religious culture? Does it play an important role in Intercultural
communication?
What are the differences of verbal and non-verbal means of communication?
What can you say about the history of Intercultural communication? Illustrate with examples.
Edward T. Hall as a founder of Intercultural Communication.
Benefits of Intercultural Communication. Name them and illustrate with examples.
How Culture Affects Behavior? Explain the influence of culture on the behavior of different people
Edward Hall as the leading researcher and contributor to the field. Prove your answer with example
Express your attitude to the benefits of intercultural communication
State out the historical features of intercultural communication.
Show the difference between communicative and intercultural competences.
Point out the general types of communication.
Evaluate verbal and non-verbal types of communication.
Write about the components of intercultural communicative competence.
Show the importance of intercultural competence.
Give the contribution of E. Hall to the intercultural communication sphere.
State out the main facts of G. Hofstedes cultural dimension theory.
State out the main facts of E. Halls cultural dimension theory.
Give the definition of culture. Analyze its importance.
Write about the features of culture shock. Give practical tips to avoid the culture shock.
Express your attitude to stereotype or national character.
Express your attitude to symptoms and stages of culture shock.
Express your attitude to symptoms and stages of culture shock.
Speak on the main notions of intercultural communication.
Speak on the necessities of a knowledge about culture.
Write about the role of a language on cultures of different people.

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Find out the differences of countries male and female values.

Write about the intercultural communication as a discipline.
Express your attitude to four major influences on Halls intercultural communication theory.
Point out the importance of E. Halls paradigm for intercultural communication.
Evaluate on the communication, types of communication.

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Show the importance of intercultural and communicative competences.

Give the differences between low-context and high-context cultures by E. Hall.
Give the differences between individualistic and collectivistic cultures by G.Hofstede.
Comment on the culture, levels of culture.
Speak on the role of a sender and receiver in the process of communication.
Show the importance of non-verbal communication in comparison with verbal communication.
State out the advantages of a person who has proficiency in foreign languages.

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Explain the stages of culture shock you have had when your were in the new environment.

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State out the reasons of the importance of intercultural communication.

Describe the typical characteristics of three nations that live in your country.
Give the similarities and differences of levels of culture.
Give short summary about the components of intercultural competence.
Define the role of a sender and a reciever in the process of communication.
Give the difference between low-context and high-context cultures.
Give the diffference between individualistic and collectivistic cultures.
Give differentiating features of a person who has a proficiency of a foreign language and who has n
got.
Write about the basic objectives of Intercultural communication.
Comment on the role of context in intrecultural communication sphere.
Explain the features of a popular and foreign culture.
Give steretypical characteristics of the nations which live in your country.
Edward Hall is a founder of the theory of Intercultural communication.
Speak on the types of non-verbal communication and give examples.
Write about the main points of verbal communication.
Express your attitude to communication as a function of language.
Differ intercultural and communicative competences.
Evaluate each multiple components of intercultural communication.
Give the benefits and drawbacks of culture shock.
Give your own definition of a culture and explain your variant.
Compare the intercultural and communicative competences.
Write about the role of feedback and turn-taking in communication.
Write about influencing factors to communication.
Point out the links of Intercultural communication with other sciences.
Explain the statement that intercultural communication is the ingredients of everyday life.
State out common reasons that conflicts between nations take place.
Suggest the ways or methods to cope with conflicts between nations.
Give common stereotypes of some nations and comment on them.
Give facts on the history of Intercultural communication.
Write about the aspects of communication.
State out the characteristic features of communication.
Give your points of view about the areas or domains of Intercultural communicative competence.
Describe the tools or ways to assess Intercultural competence.
Give the reasons or necessity of Intercultural competence.
Write about the components of Intercultural communicative competence.

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Give your points on the cultural diversity and multiculturalism.

Write about four major influences on E. Hall's Intercultural paradigm.
Describe the main scientific works of E. Hall devoted to Intercultural context.
Characterize non-verbal means of communication according to E. Hall.
Speak on the role of widespread population migrations in Intercultural communication.
Express your attitude to characteristic features of Intercultural communication.
Give the natural features of Intercultural communication.
Differentiate the following notions: intercultural, interethnic, interracial, cross-cultural
communications.
Give the difference between Intercultural communication and other types of communication.
Identify that Intercultural communication is not new notion or idea.
Name the most popular and influential works of E. Hall and give short characteristics.
Identify the definition and distinguishing features of communication.
Characterize culture by your own researches or definitions.
Speak on the role of interaction sequence, turn-taking in communication process.
Explain the difference between communicative and intercultural competence.
Give the main features of communicative competence.
Give the main features of intercultural competence.
Give the main types of communication.
Explain the interrelation of intercultural communication with other sciences.
Give the benefits of Intercultural communication as a discipline.
Give the necessity and benefits of intercultural communication.
Write about the problems and consequences of Intercultural communication.
Give common reasons that cultural conflict take place among nations.
Name the things you will learn when you communicate with different cultures.
Explain the ways and scientsts who influenced E. Hall to make his paradigm on Intercultural
communication.
Give the interrelation of culture, language and communication.
Explain that communication in general is a broader concept.
Identify the basic linguistic functions of communication.
Why intercultural competence become important during the past years.
Speak of the goals of assessing intercultural competence.
Speak on the dimensions of Intercultural Communicative Competence.
Models and approaches of communication.
Write about the typical traits of countries which belong to high-context culture.
Write about the typical features of countries which belong to low-context culture.
Speak on the G.Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory.
Speak on the E.Hall's cultural dimensions theory.
Give the characteristic features of culture. What is culture for you?
Characterise the different levels of culture.
How social identity and ethnicity can be related to culture and national states?
Speak on the problems and consequences related to intercultural communication.
Write about the awareness and insight differences between cultures and communication patterns.
Write about barriers to Intercultural Communication.
What are the common reasons that Intercultural Communication formed as a science?
Explain how language influences on cultures of different people.

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Write about the functions and aspects of communication.

The necessity of a knowledge about culture.
What are the great differences in cultural norms and practices of non-verbal communication?
Find out the differences of countries male and female values.
What are stereotypes and how do they affect people's lives?
What are the attempts to understand national cultures?
What are the misunderstandings and differences in communicative behavior?
What are the aspects of communication on the individual level?
What are the most important body movements in intercultural communication?
Speak about the role of a sender and a reciever in the process of communication.
What are the aspects of communication on the interactive level?
Write about the role of turn-taking in communication.
Write about the role of feedback in the process of communication.
What is culture shock for you?
Explain each stage of culture shock and give examples.
Why communication, culture and interaction between cultures are important nowadays?
Problems and consequences related to intercultural communication.
What is the role of the development of technology for intercultural communication?
What is cultural diversity? Explain and give examples.
Write about E.Hall as the founder of intercultural communication.

1)Express your attitude to the difference between intercultural and cross-cultural communication.
What is the difference between intracultural, intercultural, cross-cultural, and international
communication?
They may all seem to be talking about the same thing, but when scheduling your classes, you might
see one intercultural class, one cross-cultural class, and another international communication
class. If you are already in a related class, you might be reading studies or chapters that use all of
these terms.
Intercultural Communication
Intercultural communication describes communication between at least two people who are
different in significant ways culturally. For instance, a conversation between a man who grew up in
Nepal and a woman who grew up in Micronesia would probably be an intercultural conversation
because we could study how the different cultural backgrounds of the two people affect their
communication strategies towards each other.
Cross-Cultural
Cross-Cultural communication IS NOT the same thing as intercultural communication. While
intercultural communication deals with the interaction between at least two people, cross-cultural
communication describes the comparison of communication styles across cultures. For instance, a
paper about what happens when a Moroccan man speaks with a Hawaiian woman would be
intercultural, but a paper comparing the communication patterns of people from Morocco with the
communication patterns of people from Hawaii would be cross-cultural.
2) Write about the natural features of intercultural communication.

In England the standard is simple handshake for both men and women. At the same time, constant as
ahandshake out of place to do it is only when meeting. You should not kiss the hands of a woman and
make compliments to the public. This will be a great indelicacy. Cuddle in England generally notaccepte
d.
In the Russian when men at a meeting can shake hands or pat on the shoulder,at greeting a girl cankis
s on the
cheek.

Features studied intercultural communication at an interdisciplinary level and within the sciences
such as cultural studies, psychology, linguistics , ethnology , anthropology , sociology, each of
which uses its own approaches to their study .
Cultural values , as already noted , in the life of every person have a different meaning . That is why
some people are adherents of collective values , while others - the values of individualism .
Dialogue of Cultures - a set of direct relations and relationships that develop between K. and their
results , mutual changes arising in the course of the relationship. DK - One of the most important
forms of cultural dynamics cultural communication .
Communication - is the act or process of transferring information to other people , communication
between two or more individuals, based on mutual understanding, communication of information
from one person to another, or a number of individuals .
Culture - the core characteristic of the person associated with the human capacity purposeful
transformation of the world in which creating an artificial world of things , symbols , as well as
connections and relationships between people. Everything that is done by man , or is related to it,
is part of the culture .
Language - is the mirror showing the world in human perception surrounding the human reality.
At the same time in the mirror first recognized the man himself , his lifestyle , behavior,
relationships with other people , values , and culture.
3) Point out features that distinguish Intercultural communication from other types of

communication.
Culture called the collective programming of thinking group of people , which has an impact on
human behavior and of the community to which he belongs. Culture - product of millions of minds,
filtered hundreds of generations and presented in the form of stable values, beliefs and patterns of
communication. Knowing the features of this software , you can build a communication model that
will successfully communicate with other cultures .
Thinking and behavior of different nations will never be the same. However, a small adaptation to
another culture will help avoid unintentional abuse anTime. If Western culture is clearly and
measures the time delay, for example, is regarded as a fault , then the Arabs , in Latin America and
in some Asian countries delay no surprise . Moreover, if you want to bring with you dealt seriously
enough , you need to spend some time on arbitrary ( ritual ) conversation. Moreover, you should not
show haste , as it may be cultural conflict : " The Arabs consider drinking coffee and conversation
as" doing something " , while Americans look at it as a waste of timed possible conflicts.
4) Give the important facts or reasons about the necessity of Intercultural communication.

Intercultural communication is becoming increasingly important due to the rise of globalisation

and increasingly multicultural work environments. Because of this, the cultural intelligence and
cross-cultural communication skills that come with studying in a foreign country are highly
sought after by employers who seek to gain a competitive edge and break into in foreign
markets.

Culture is the organization of society, plays the role of programmed behavior helps to preserve the
unity and integrity of the society and its interaction both at the group level as well as with other
communities . It is expressed in social relations , to the creation, assimilation , preservation and
dissemination of objects , ideas, values , ensuring mutual understanding among people in different
situations.
Hence, the culture gives a certain value of human activity and life, making them meaningless.
Therefore, cultural activities can be represented as a combination of knowledge , through which
people make sense of themselves and the world .
5) Speak on the role of Intercultural communication in resolving the conflicts between
nations.
Unity of world culture due to the unity of the historical process , the universal nature of work,
creative activities , etc. Any national cultures express universal universal content . Thus
theoretically the necessity and possibility of interaction and dialogue between cultures . Exchange
of spiritual values , familiarity with the achievements of other cultures enriches the individual and
society as a whole.
Participating in the production of cognitive activity of society , each individual is included in the set
of communicative processes . The possibility of its participation in communicative events is
determined by its communicative behavior.
The communication process may be described as the operation where the sender encodes the
message in a set of signals. These signals are transmitted through a variety of channels , open and
functioning of the recipient . The recipient decodes the signals to interpret the message. Once the
message interpreted decoding becomes encoding , sending back your own message using the same
process. Thus one who originally encoded message , the decoding becomes . It is this complex
process of exchange, the changing roles and encoding-decoding messages and makes the
communication process .
6) Write about the history of Intercultural communication in brief and comment on them.
Intercultural communication is one of the younger academic fields in the United States. In relating
the history of intercultural communication study, we separate our analysis into two parts: the
chronological development and the content of intercultural communication study.
Although the beginnings of the field of intercultural communication as a field can be traced back to
the 1920s in the teaching of linguistics and in various academic and youth-oriented programs,
communication scholars commonly recognize E. T. Hall as the father of the field of intercultural
communication study (Condon, 1981; Dodd, 1982; Gudykunst, 1985; Singer, 1987). Hall introduced
terms such as "intercultural tensions" and "intercultural problems" in 1950.

In 1958, Lederer and Burdick's The Ugly American first raised mass awareness of intercultural issues, but the
term "intercultural communication" itself did not appear until Hall's The Silent Language was published in
1959.

Hall's influence on the study of intercultural communication is far-reaching. His writings have
attracted numerous scholars to the study of intercultural communication.
7) Differentiate the following notions: intercultural, interethnic, interracial, cross-cultural
communications.

In the study of intercultural communication, there are various areas of study. There is
sometimes a distinction made between intercultural communication and cross-cultural
communication. According to this distinction, cross-cultural communication involves
the study of similar communication situations or behavior in different cultures.
Intercultural communication, in contrast, involves the study of the process of
communication between people from different cultures. Some other related areas of
study are interracial communication (communication between people of different
races) and interethnic communication (communication between people of
differentethnic groups.)
8) Speak on the general types of communication.
Communication is the process of exchanging information in the form of messages,
symbols, thoughts, signs, and opinions. There are mainly four types of communication,
which are used in varying ways depending on the medium used or the way in which
information is exchanged.
Verbal communication include sounds, words, language, and speech. Speaking is an
effective way of communicating and helps in expressing our emotions in words. This form
of communication is further classified into four types, which are: Intrapersonal
Communication, interpersonal.
Nonverbal communication manages to convey the sender's message without having to
use words.
Written communication is the medium through which the message of the sender is
conveyed with the help of written words. Letters, personal journals, e-mails, reports,
articles, and memos are some forms of written communication.
Visual. This form of communication involves the visual display of information, wherein
the message is understood or expressed with the help of visual aids. For example,
topography, photography, signs, symbols, maps, colors, posters, banners and designs
help the viewer understand the message visually. Movies and plays, television shows and
video clips are all electronic form of visual communication.

9) Speak on the role of Intercultural communication in life.

Culture is the organization of society, plays the role of programmed behavior helps to preserve
the unity and integrity of the society and its interaction both at the group level as well as with

other communities . It is expressed in social relations , to the creation, assimilation , preservation

and dissemination of objects , ideas, values , ensuring mutual understanding among people in
different situations.
Hence, the culture gives a certain value of human activity and life, making them meaningless.
Therefore, cultural activities can be represented as a combination of knowledge , through which
people make sense of themselves and the world .
Important in the interaction of cultures has a structure that is those substantive areas and specific
forms of mutual exchange , through which it is carried out . One of the oldest and most
widespread forms of interaction supports economic exchange technologies experts - professionals
; sustainable form of interaction are interstate relations polititicheskie , legal, artistic connections .
10) Evaluate each benefit of Intercultural communication giving samples.
Many people often focus on the benefits intercultural training brings to individuals. What is forgotten is
how these individuals then go on to benefit the company or organization that they work in. It can be
claimed that intercultural training brings them four clear cut benefits.
Communication:Much of intercultural training is in essence about communicating with people clearly and
avoiding misunderstandings. Intercultural training helps people appreciate how culture may impact
communication with their colleagues or clients.
Productivity and Efficiency
Following on from communication, a staff base that is able to understand one another more is only ever
good news. Intercultural training not only assists people working better with each other through
developing communication but also in other areas such as management, meetings styles, leadership,
reward schemes, retention and recruitment. When it comes down to it, all help an organisation work
better and therefore positively impacts productivity and proficiency.
Competitive AdvantageA company with employees that are on the ball when it comes to intercultural
skills is always going to have a competitive advantage over their rivals. If company A and company B are
both vying for business in China, which has the greater chance of success. Company A which has sent
out a negotiation team that has done no homework about Chinese culture and etiquette. Long Term
Benefits
The businesses that succeed in the future are the businesses that can tap the limitless bounties of the global
economy. However, in order to do so you need people with the right skills, experience, knowledge and
understanding. Having employees that have attained a certain level of intercultural competence through
training and on-the-ground experience provides access the aforementioned bounties.
11) Write about

the Intercultural communication. The essence of the term.

Intercultural communication is a form communication that aims to share information across

different cultures and social groups. It is used to describe the wide range of communication
processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from
different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is
sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural communication. In this sense it seeks to
understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the
world around them.
It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other
countries. Intercultural communication plays a role in social sciences such as anthropology, cultural
studies, linguistics, psychologyand communication studies. Intercultural communication is also
referred to as the base for international businesses.
12) Write about the role of new technologies in Intercultural communication.
Given the university's emphasis on and access to technology, I redesigned my Intercultural
Communication course in the summer of 1999. The main objectives for the students were:

- To develop competence in intercultural communication.

- To develop a relationship with someone from a non-U.S. culture via e-pal Web sites.
- To contribute to intercultural awareness by developing an intercultural communication Web site and
presenting their work, using PowerPoint, to area high schools.
1. Provide and promote knowledge of marginalized cultures thorugh traditional media. 2. Provide
opportunity for increased access to the internet for other remote communities, allowing them to build
partnerships with similar remote communities. 3. Train marginalized community groups to use internet
and to use it to share information about their particular culture; traits, industry,and uniqueness etc.
Let others know about their existence, their customs and and about their culture in general, that is,
that
the
world
knows
about
them.
The possibility of exchanging literature, folklore, traditional medicine, languages, and symbols. In this
way, one can spread knowledge of their own culture and get to know other cultures.
The application of the Internet to distance education is creating a radical change in the dynamics of
education. However, it is important to define what it is that the the State requires as obligatory knowledge
for each grade or level, and to what extent elective and diverse knowledge should be accepted, evaluated
and recognized acadmically into this structure, one that has historically not included diverse cultures into
its mainstream approach.

13. Do culture and communication have the links? Prove it with examples.
The Relationship Between Communication and Culture.
The relationship between communication and culture is a very complex and intimate one. First, cultures are created
through communication; that is, communication is the means of human interaction through which cultural
characteristics whether customs, roles, rules, rituals, laws, or other patternsare created and shared. It is not so
much that individuals set out to create a culture when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, or
societies, but rather that cultures are a natural by-product of social interaction. In a sense, cultures are the residue
of social communication.
To understand the implications of this communication-culture relationship, it is necessary to think in terms of
ongoing communication processes rather than a single communication event. For example, when a three-person
group first meets, the members bring with them individual thought and behavioral patterns from previous
communication experiences and from other cultures of which they are, or have been, a part. As individuals start to
engage in communication with the other members of this new group, they begin to create a set of shared
experiences and ways of talking about them. If the group continues to interact, a set of distinguishing history,
patterns, customs, and rituals will evolve. Some of these cultural characteristics would be quite obvious and
tangible, such that a new person joining the group would encounter ongoing cultural rules to which they would
learn to conform through communication. New members would in turn influence the group culture in small, and
sometimes large, ways as they become a part of it. In a reciprocal fashion, this reshaped culture shapes the
communication practices of current and future group members. This is true with any culture; communication shapes
culture, and culture shapes communication.
14 What can you say about religious culture? Does it play an important role in Intercultural communication?
Religious belief is the belief in the reality of the mythological, supernatural, or spiritual aspects of a
religion. Religious belief is distinct from religious practice or religious behaviors with some believers not
practicing religion and some practitioners not believing religion. Religious beliefs, being derived from ideas
that are exclusive to religion, often relate to the existence, characteristics and worship of a deity or deities,
divine intervention in the universe and human life, or the deontological explanations for the values and
practices centered on the teachings of a spiritual leader or group. In contrast to other belief systems,
religious beliefs are usually codified. (Wittgenstein, 2007)
In some content, religious beliefs are such an influential factor in intercultural communication because
they affect our conscious and unconscious minds, as well as the manner in which people communicate. The
religious beliefs of different people originate as they grow up in their cultures. Different religious beliefs
form different views of death in different cultures. Beliefs as one of the hidden aspects of culture, impact on

the culture by influencing other elements inner the hidden aspects of culture, such as, aspirations, laws, and
International
symbol, religion itself is a symbol of culture. Each religion has its own characteristic, and these
characteristics act as the symbols in various forms, such as, doctrines, churches, badges, figures, even
speeches, and so on. Beyond this, these symbols of religions also reveal the cultural components of each
group.

15 What are the differences of verbal and non-verbal means of communication?

Verbal vs. Nonverbal Communication
Verbal communication is best suited to convey specific information, and is better suited to communication through
technology over long distances. Nonverbal communication is more immediate than verbal communication, but its
meaning is typically more ambiguous, notwithstanding the fact that certain forms of nonverbal communication, such
as the use of the eyes, can convey emotions more effectively than words can. Some technological means of
communication, such as film, can effectively convey many forms of nonverbal communication.

16 What can you say about the history of Intercultural communication? Illustrate with examples
. A Short History of Intercultural Communication
Intercultural communication is one of the younger academic fields in the United States. In relating the history of
intercultural communication study, we separate our analysis into two parts: the chronological development and the
content of intercultural communication study.
http://210.46.97.180/jpk/backg/3.html
17 Edward T. Hall as a founder of Intercultural Communication.
The term "intercultural communication" was first used in Edward T. Halls (1959) book, The Silent Language, and
Hall has been acknowledged to be the founder of the field of intercultural communication (Note that The Silent
Language was translated into Japanese in 1966 by Masao Kunihiro, et al. as Chinmoku No Kotoba) (Rogers, Hart, and
Miike 2002). The original paradigm for intercultural communication took form in conceptualizations by Hall and
associates at the Foreign Service Institute of the U.S. Department of State during the 1951-1955 period; Halls early
life experiences as he grew up in the culturally diverse state of New Mexico, and commanded an African American
regiment in World War II expressed a high degree of cultural fluency, and were significant influences (Rogers et al.
2002): "Halls graduate training in anthropology at Columbia University and his work as an applied anthropologist in
the Foreign Service Institute brought him in contact with scholars who influenced his conceptualization of
intercultural communication"
Halls books (The Silent Language, The Hidden Dimension, and Beyond Culture) are among the most cited books in
intercultural communication on the basis of the Social Science Citation Index from 1972 to 1998 (Hart as cited in
Rogers et al. 2002) and he was also considered the most influential figure in the field of intercultural communication
by respondents in a survey of U.S. members of the Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research
(Harman and Briggs as cited in Rogers et al. 2002). The Silent Language was written for the general public but had a
profound influence on academic scholars: "Over the past four decades, the field of intercultural communication has
grown mainly within university departments of communication .Throughout the growth of intercultural
communication study, Halls work has remained influential" (Rogers et al. 2002, p. 15). The Silent Language placed a
heavy emphasis on "nonverbal" communication, and an important appeal of the book to its readers was its
illumination of previously hidden dimensions of human communication, particularly proxemics (how space affect
communication) and chronemics (how time affects communication). Elements of Halls paradigm include the
following (Rogers et al. 2002): (1) it was focused on intercultural communication, rather than on macro-level monocultural study; (2) nonverbal communication defined (by Hall) as communication did not involve the exchange of
words; (3) the emphasis, especially in nonverbal communication, was on the out-of-awareness level of informationexchange; and (4) the approach to intercultural communication accepted cultural differences was nonjudgmental,
reflecting a perspective from anthropological research and training. Halls paradigm was a strong intellectual
influence on conceptualizations of the Japanese ways of nonverbal communication, shaping the field of intercultural
communication in Japan. However, only recently have researchers studying intercultural communication devoted
systematic attention to the influence of cultural fluency: an influence expressed in Halls career.
18 Benefits of Intercultural Communication. Name them and illustrate with examples. Communication
Much of intercultural training is in essence about communicating with people clearly and avoiding
misunderstandings. Intercultural training helps people appreciate how culture may impact communication with their
colleagues or clients. With this appreciation they are then more able to ensure that was is being said is understood.

This allows for teams to cooperative more effectively, managers to direct their colleagues more efficiently, sales
personnel to be more attentive to their clients concerns and staff generally to get a job done.
Productivity and Efficiency
Following on from communication, a staff base that is able to understand one another more is only ever good news.
Intercultural training not only assists people working better with each other through developing communication but
also in other areas such as management, meetings styles, leadership, reward schemes, retention and recruitment.
When it comes down to it, all help an organisation work better and therefore positively impacts productivity and
proficiency.
Competitive Advantage
A company with employees that are on the ball when it comes to intercultural skills is always going to have a
competitive advantage over their rivals. If company A and company B are both vying for business in China, which has
the greater chance of success. Company A which has sent out a negotiation team that has done no homework
about Chinese culture and etiquette. Or Company B whose negotiation team have undergone a days intercultural
training and now appreciate the nuances of topics such as meeting, greeting, appreciating seniority, meeting
etiquette, communication styles and negotiation tactics. The chances are Company B will win every time.
Long Term Benefits
The businesses that succeed in the future are the businesses that can tap the limitless bounties of the global
economy. However, in order to do so you need people with the right skills, experience, knowledge and
understanding. Having employees that have attained a certain level of intercultural competence through training
and on-the-ground experience provides access the aforementioned bounties. Employees that are flexible in manner
and open in mind can approach the challenges of working in foreign environments much more easily.
19 How Culture Affects Behavior? Explain the influence of culture on the behavior of different people.
Each person is born in a cultural setting. The way we are brought up, our schools, religion and our social setting
determines our culture and our behavior.
A person's culture has an affect on their behavior. Different cultures believe in different things. In some cultures it
may be respectful to take your shoes off when entering a house, where in other cultures it may be offensive. What a
person believes will directly affect how they behave.
20 Edward Hall as the leading researcher and contributor to the field. Prove your answer with examples.
The anthropologist Edward T. Hall was born in Missouri in 1914. The foundation for his lifelong research on cultural
perceptions of space was laid during World War II when he served in the U.S. Army in Europe and the Philippines.
During this time, as well as during his subsequent service as director of the Foreign Service Institute training program
for technicians assigned to overseas duty, Hall observed the many difficulties created by failures of intercultural
communication. Hall began to believe that basic differences in the the way that members of different cultures
perceived reality were responsible for miscommunications of the most fundamental kind. Along with his wife,
Mildred Reed Hall, he has published numerous practical and academic books on cross-cultural communication.
http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/13

21 Express your attitude to the benefits of intercultural communication

Global interconnectivity has made intercultural communication critical for any organization. Intercultural
communication takes place with people of different cultures discussing and communicating. Businesses intending to
operate globally should invest in intercultural training for their staff to enjoy the immense benefits. Effective
intercultural communication produces benefits such as employee productivity and teamwork.
The era of global communication is here to stay. With the state-of-the-art technology we have today, we can no
longer expect to live our lives communicating only with people in our communities. As a result, anyone who is not
well-versed in effectively communicating with people from a variety of cultures will be at a great disadvantage in the
future. Your potential for
success in life may well be boosted or limited by how well you can communicate with people from cultures different
from your own. In this unit, we will look at how effective intercultural communication allows us to dispel myths,
break down stereotypes, foster more respect and acceptance, and build more cooperative relationships with one
another. No one is born automatically knowing the best way to communicate with people. We must learn to talk,
read, and communicate in other ways by observing the people around us who teach through their example and
instruction. If we have been taught to communicate openly and fairly with people of all cultures, ethnicities, and
races, then intercultural communication may seem to come "naturally." But many of us have not been taught to
communicate with people whose backgrounds are different from our own. We need to acquire these skills through

our own attention and study.

Read more: http://www.ehow.com/info_12066503_advantages-intercultural-communication.html#ixzz2qjZZMiL0

23 Show the difference between communicative and intercultural competences.

the term competence has been subject to long-term debates in
language studies. This chapter aims to outline the most important
contributions to studies on competence in the fields of linguistics and
applied linguistics. This will be provided along two organizing principles: first, I aim
to present the historical evolution of the construct of communicative competence
(CC); then, I will outline how the construct of CC has been broadened so as to
function in the altered circumstances of todays globalized world.
The first part of this chapter gives a critical overview of models of CC and
presents what features these models share and what makes them distinct from one
another. The second part of this chapter presents theories on how individuals from

24 Point out the general types of communication.

Communication is a process that involves an exchange of information, thoughts, ideas and emotions. The
components of a communication process are: a sender who encodes and sends the message, the channel through
which the message is sent, and the receiver who decodes the message, processes the information and sends an
appropriate reply via the same channel back to the sender. Communication can occur via various processes and
methods, and depending on the channel used and the style, there can be various types.
Communication Channels
Based on the channels used for communicating, the process of communication can be broadly classified as verbal
and non-verbal communication. Verbal communication includes written and oral communication whereas nonverbal communication includes body language, facial expressions and visuals diagrams or pictures.
Verbal
It is further divided into oral and written communication.
Oral communication refers to the spoken words in the communication process. It can either be face-to-face or a
conversation over the phone or on the voice chat over the Internet. Spoken conversations or dialogs are influenced
by voice modulation, pitch, volume and even the speed and clarity of speaking.
The other type of verbal communication is written communication. It can be either via snail mail, or email. The
effectiveness of written communication depends on the style of writing, vocabulary used, grammar, clarity and
precision of language.
Nonverbal
Non-verbal communication includes the overall body language of the person who is speaking, which will include the
body posture, the hand gestures, and the overall body movements. Facial expressions also play a major role in
communication. Even expressions on a person's face say a lot about his/her mood. Also, gestures like a handshake, a
smile or a hug can independently convey emotions and do not need to be accompanied by words. Non verbal
communication can also be in the form of pictorial representations, signboards, or even photographs, sketches and
paintings.
Communication Based on Style and Purpose
Based on the style of communication, there can be two broad categories: formal and informal communication, that
have their own set of characteristic features.
Formal
It includes all the instances where communication has to occur in a set formal format. Typically this can include all
sorts of business or corporate communication. The style of communication in this form is very formal and official.

Official conferences, meetings and written memos and corporate letters are used for this form of communication. It
can also occur between two strangers when they meet for the first time. Hence, formal communication is
straightforward, official and always precise and has a stringent and rigid tone to it.
Informal
Informal communication includes instances of free and unrestrained conversation between people who share a
casual rapport with each other. It requires two people to have a similar wavelength and hence occurs between
friends and family. It does not have any rigid rules and guidelines. The conversations need not necessarily have
boundaries of time, place or even subjects for that matter since we all know that friendly chats with our loved ones
can simply go on and on.
Even though the whole process of communication may seem so simple, the effectiveness of each type depends to a
great extent on certain internal and external environmental factors and also the communicator's ability to send,
receive, decode and send a response. This is why the field of communication has been and continues to be widely
studied and is given a place of importance in any walk of life.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-communication.html

25)Evaluate verbal and non-verbal types of communication.

Communication is simply the act of conveying information, and it is always going on around us. Whether a
person is speaking to an audience, typing an email, waving at a friend or putting up a sign, he or she is
engaged in communication. When it comes to conveying information, humans have many methods at their
disposal. Some methods involve using formal languages, like English or Spanish; others transmit messages
without a single word or sound. People even communicate unawares. However, all methods of
communication can be broken down into four basic types.
Verbal Communication
People are probably most familiar with verbal communication. Verbal communication refers to the oral
transmission, or speaking, of information. Much of verbal communication takes place face-to-face, but not
all. Spoken messages transmitted by telephone, radio, television and other media also count. Verbal
communication always involves words, sound, speaking and language, and can be interpersonal or public.
Over 3,000 languages exist in the world to facilitate verbal communication.
Though verbal communication is not the most commonly used type, it has its own particular advantages.
Speakers can exercise precise control over their messages, tailoring their delivery speed, volume and tone
to fit the needs of listeners. If listeners misinterpret a speakers message, the speaker can clarify any
statements made and resolve misunderstandings on the spot. Verbal communication is also great for
explaining difficult or abstract concepts, making it vital to education and business.
Nonverbal Communication
Experts estimate that up to two-thirds of all human communication is nonverbal, making it the most
common method of conveying information. Body language, gestures, facial expressions, touch, posture and
even clothing are all forms of nonverbal communication that can reveal a persons thoughts, attitudes and
desires. Since physical expression is innate to human behavior, most people are unconscious of the amount
of information they transmit to others. Crossed arms suggest defensiveness, a tapping foot shows
impatience, and a long embrace denotes intimacy. Nearly all forms of nonverbal communication derive
their meaning from culture and context. Plugging ones ears in a classroom conveys a very different
message than plugging ones ears at an air show.

All types of communication contain nonverbal elements. In speech, these elements are known as
paralanguage and include rate, pitch, volume, intonation and speaking style. Nonverbal elements in written
communication include handwriting style and page layout. Nonverbal communication plays an essential
role in interpersonal relationships and can lead to success if managed properly.
26) Write about the components of intercultural communicative competence.
About Intercultural Communicative Competence
Contact with other languages and cultures provides an excellent opportunity to foster the development of
intercultural communicative competence (ICC, or intercultural competence, for short). Once intercultural
contact has begun, ICC development generally evolves as an on-going and lengthy process, occasionally
with periods of regression or stagnation, but more commonly with positive results and no end point.
Different individuals bring differing goals and motivations to the intercultural experience that result in
varying levels of competence. Some wish to achieve native-like behavior in the host culture; others may be
content simply to gain acceptance; and for still others, mere survival may be adequate.
Generally, the more deeply one enters into a second language-culture (LC2), or "linguaculture", the greater
the effects on one's native linguaculture (LC1). As a result, individuals often modify their initial perspectives
of the world (or "worldview"). A willingness to truly engage in the new culture during a cross-cultural
sojourn, promotes both transcendence and transformation of one's original mode of perceiving, knowing,
and expressing about the world and interacting within it. Developing intercultural competencies aids this
process.
But what exactly is intercultural competence? Although this term is in wide use today, there is no clear
consensus about what it is. Some researchers stress global knowledge, others emphasize sensitivity, and
still others point to certain skills. The characterization of ICC presented below, based on a survey of the
literature, suggests that it is more complex that any one of these views.
The Components of ICC
As a complex phenomenon, ICC encompasses multiple components. These include:
a variety of traits and characteristics
three areas or domains
four dimensions
proficiency in the host language
varying levels of attainment throughout a longitudinal and developmental process.
27) Show the importance of intercultural competence.
Intercultural competence is the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately with people of other
cultures:
Appropriately. Valued rules, norms, and expectations of the relationship are not violated significantly.
Effectively. Values goals or rewards (relative to costs and alternatives) are accomplished.

In interactions with people from foreign cultures, a person who is interculturally competent understands
the culture-specific concepts of perception, thinking, feeling, and acting.
Intercultural competence is also called "cross-cultural competence"
28) Give the contribution of E. Hall to the intercultural communication sphere.
Edward Hall founded intercultural communication, and Th Silent Language was the founding document of
the field. Hall laid the intellectual foundation upon which many others have built. Edward T. Hall made
three major contributions to the field of intercultural communication in Japan. 1. Halls work made clear
the concept of intercultural communication in Japan stressing that interaction with non-Japanese people
involved more than the mere exchange of words. Cultural systems of beliefs, values, and worldviews were
also involved. Until Hall, much emphasis for so-called internationalization or international
communication in Japan was placed simply on the mastery of eikaiwa. 2. Halls work directed the attention
of Japanese scholars and language educators to nonverbal aspects of Japanese interpersonal and
intercultural communication. Stimulated by Halls writings, they started to describe cultural characteristics
of Japanese nonverbal communication. 3. Halls theoretical perspective, particularly high-context and lowcontext communication, facilitated the exploration of Japanese cultural concepts as they relate to
interpersonal and intercultural communication. Hall (1982, 1983, 1987) touched on many Japanese
indigenous concepts as high-context terms (for example, amae, ma, wa, and nemawashi) in his work. Hall
also encouraged Japanese scholars to explore these concepts, and these scholars published important work
on this topic. Despite these important contributions of Edward T. Hall to intercultural communication
studies in Japan, the celebration of his paradigm made Japanese scholars oblivious to some important
intercultural issues for the Japanese.
29) State out the main facts of G. Hofstedes cultural dimension theory.
Hofstedes model (1980) has been used widely in research in the past two decades. The culture-based
model consists of four dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism-collectivism, and
masculinity-femininity. Hofstedes research, based on information from 40 countries, identified 4 major
dimensions on which cultures differ. Hofstedes work outlining the 4 major dimensions that exist across
cultures has been very influential, as one might imagine. Not all researchers have supported or agreed with
all of Hofstedes conclusions and findings however. Therefore, the next sections will aim to outline some of
the key arguments against Hofstedes model and methodology.
30) State out the main facts of E. Halls cultural dimension theory.
Edward T. Hall was an anthropologist who made early discoveries of key cultural factors. In particular he is
known for his high and low context cultural factors. Edward Hall (1976), independently developed
paradigms for the organization and identification of cultures. The central motives of this research were to
see if there exist universal categories of culture that span social communities and nations. Context: High
context: In a high-context culture, there are many contextual elements that help people to understand the
rules. As a result, much is taken for granted.This can be very confusing for person who does not understand
the 'unwritten rules' of the culture.Low context: In a low-context culture, very little is taken for granted.
Whilst this means that more explanation is needed, it also means there is less chance of misunderstanding
particularly when visitors are present.
31) Give the definition of culture. Analyze its importance.

Culture is a learned pattern of behavior, and is a way in which a person lives his life. It is an integral part of
every society, and creates a feeling of belonging and togetherness among the people of that society.
Culture encompasses various aspects of communication, attitude, etiquette, beliefs, values, customs,
norms, food, art, jewelry, clothing styles, etc. Every society has a different culture, which gives it an identity
and uniqueness. Although culture is a social phenomenon, biological characteristics are often connected to
it. For example, we see people of a particular gender, age, skin color, or body type (height, weight, etc) and
we assume they must belong to a particular culture. All cultures have a system of communication (linguistic
and non-verbal), comprise the basis of self-identity and community, and exhibit behaviors and practices
that are visible. Cultures are organic entities. The most historically successful cultures adapt to outside
forces, manage their environmental resources equitably and sustainably, make friends with their neighbors,
and have relatively egalitarian social and economic structures. Culture is important because When the word
"culture" is mentioned, we can think of many things as "cultural", such as language, clothings... etc,
because we classify cultures of different places. Culture is so important that it is more than its distinct
visible features, if we extends this to the inner self of a person, to members within a society, further to the
whole community, maybe we can find some answers by finding out how they are affected by culture.
32) Write about the features of culture shock. Give practical tips to avoid the culture shock.
Culture shock exactly means the impact you may feel when you enter a culture very different from one to
which you are accustomed. Culture shock is common among immigrants and foreign students. No matter
how well you are prepared, there are many things in a culture that you cannot find in books. This is not
simply about meeting new and unexpected things, but also failing to meet what you would never have
believed would be missing from any culture. Differences in nonverbal communication and unwritten rules
play a large part. Culture shock can also happen when you take a culture for granted. Real CultureShock can
happen in places you expect to be similar - it's the accumulation of tiny things that can tip you over the
edge. Don't expect that it's just that there's snow, or that the buildings are taller. It's much, much deeper
than that. There is no solution to culture shock except to try to learn the culture, and the way to do that is
to watch and listen while withholding judgment for a while. Be careful of what you say and do, because it is
easy for others, not knowing your culture, to misunderstand you. In time, you will learn the other culture
and then you can participate at ease. The best way to avoid culture shock is to accept that every culture has
its own way of understanding things, and it all comes with evolution. You cannot expect every human being
to be the same.
33) Express your attitude to stereotype or national character.
A nation is a group of people who share common history and usually a language and usually, but not
always, live in the same area. Culture can be described as our everyday life: how we communicate, what
makes us happy and said. It also includes our language, religion, traditions, behavior, way of life in other
words, what we do each day. People that belong to various nations may differ and they always differ from
one another.
For example, the Germans are regarded as scientifically-minded and industrious, they're always considered
solid, intelligent and mathematical. And, for instance, Israeli are believed to be mercenary, industrious,
shrewd, loyal to family, religious. There is a big amount of examples we can list about national character of
different people. Proving the difference of the national stereotypes I want to compare Russian and English
nations. There are a lot of features that vary. The Russians are industrious, tough, brave, progressive and
suspicious. They are always considered to be nationalistic, over - patriotic (because of this reason they're
good soldiers), we are willing to respect opinion of other people.

Speaking about Englishmen I may note that they're reserved, tradition-loving, courteous, honest, extremely
nationalistic and etc. To my mind, they have a specific sense of humor. They say that they can't understand
our jokes and anecdotes not only because of the different meanings of the words, but because of their
humor is more delicate. Looking at these features of the Russians and the Englishmen it is not hard to mark
out the differences. The Englishmen are reserved, but the Russians are open-hearted and communicative.
The Englishmen are tradition-loving and the Russians, to my mind, don't keep their traditions in such a
degree. There is a great majority of factors that influence the nations stereotype and its people's character.
People that live in the southern countries have less problems than those who live in the North and because
of this they're more cheerful and artistic. The history also has a great influence on the national character.
The peoples in Asia are revengeful because their forefathers often were at war with others. In Africa many
countries were colonies of the Great Britain, Holland, Spain and so on and they (Africans) were the slaves
and because of this they're still hard-working and industrious. The National Character exists. It is not a
myth, it's a reality. But the National Character doesn't describe the character of every person, it describes
the character of people of nation in general. Every person has its own character, but according to the
person's belonging to some nation many traits of character are similar and these features may be explained
as the national character.
34) Express your attitude to symptoms and stages of culture shock.
Symptoms of culture shock
People differ greatly in the degree to which culture shock affects them, but almost everyone is affected by
it in one way or another. Symptoms vary, but can include:
boredom
withdrawal (e.g. spending excessive amounts of time reading; avoiding contact with host nationals)
feeling isolated or helpless
sleeping a lot or tiring easily
irritation over delays and other minor frustrations
suffering from various body pains and aches
longing to be back home
unduly criticizing local customs or ways of doing things
Stages of culture shock
The five stages of culture shock are:
The Honeymoon Stage - You are very positive, curious, and anticipate new exciting experiences. You even
idealize the host culture.
Irritability & Hostility - You may start to feel that what is different is actually inferior. The host culture is
confusing or the systems are frustrating. It is a small step from saying that they do things in a different way
to saying that they do things in a stupid way. You will often blame your frustrations and emotions on the
new culture (and its shortcomings) rather than on the process of your adaptation to the new culture.

Gradual Adjustment - You feel more relaxed and develop a more balanced, objective view of your
experience.
Adaptation of Biculturalism - There is a new sense of belonging and sensitivity to the host culture.
Re-entry Shock - You go home and it is not what you expected it to be
35) Express your attitude to symptoms and stages of culture shock.
36)Speak on the main notions of intercultural communication.
Intercultural communication is a form communication that aims to share information across different
cultures and social groups. It is used to describe the wide range of communication processes and problems
that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic,
and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with crosscultural communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and
cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them. Many people in intercultural business
communication argue that culture determines how individuals encode messages, what medium they
choose for transmitting them, and the way messages are interpreted.[1] As a separate notion, it studies
situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact. Aside from language, intercultural
communication focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of
people. It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other
countries. Intercultural communication plays a role in social sciences such as anthropology, cultural studies,
linguistics, psychology and communication studies. Intercultural communication is also referred to as the
base for international businesses
37. Speak on the necessities of a knowledge about culture.
Without past, there is no present and no future. It is very important to know about culture. Culture of every nation is
unique and different, but there is a problem such as forgetting the cultural values of the people, its history, and this is
simply unacceptable. How can people consider themselves culturally developed, if they do not remember the culture,
history? Generally , all the problems in the world because people have forgotten the culture of the past and trying to
appeal to the previous stage of development, preferring to build new , not noticing that only repeats the story of the
past. A cultural study helps us to address the cultural past of the society, its history, to consider and to avoid errors in
the development of present. Culture promotes awareness of national and ethnic cultural identity of the peoples of the
world, the role of culture in international relations. Culture helps to reveal the unity and integrity of world civilization,
consisting of many unique cultures of the world. It teaches us to reckon with the pluralism of opinions and values ,
makes cultivate traits such as intelligence, kindness, humanity, compassion and generosity. Creating an atmosphere of
respect for the culture of the peoples desire for mutual cooperation and help to promote humanism in the relations
between people, develops a sense of mutual responsibility for the historical fate of not only people, but also the world
of culture.
38. Write about the role of a language on cultures of different people.
The language of any nation is its historical memory, embodied in the word. Millennial spiritual culture, people's lives
are reflected in his unique language in its spoken and written forms, monuments of different genres. And, therefore,
the culture of language, culture word appears as an inextricable link many, many generations. Mother tongue - the
soul of the nation, the first and most obvious sign of her. In the language identified such important characteristics and
traits as the national psychology, character of the people, a warehouse of his thinking, distinctive originality of artistic
creativity, spirituality and moral condition. Language can be defined as a system of communication, implemented
through sounds and symbols whose values are arbitrary, but have a certain structure.

39. Find out the differences of countries male and female values.
It just so happens that in our patriarchal culture values divided into "male and female". For centuries in men brought
the desire for leadership, power, career growth, cultivated for its conquests and victories. "Victory" - is, in my opinion,
generally quintessential "man's world" - a victory over a woman, a victory over a rival, winning the war, in sports, in a
game of chess. Spit the farthest, above all to climb a tree. The share of women left in the first place all that is included
in the definition of personal happiness " : relationships , comfort, children, love . Charity, participation, care - is also to
women. So the world has become "a man's world". In the hands of men were money and power for which they are
fighting throughout the history of mankind. And women - watching to see who would win, and occasionally nursed
wounded. For example, in eastern countries women have less rights and responsibilities than men. They often do not
work, sitting at home and doing household chores. It is their values. In European countries, women and men have
equal rights. Both want to achieve something in life, and that is their values
40. Write about the intercultural communication as a discipline.
intercultural communication is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds
communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavour to communicate across
cultures.
Intercultural communication endeavours to bring together such relatively unrelated areas as cultural anthropology
and established areas of communication. Its core is to establish and understand how people from different cultures
communicate with each other. Its charge is to also produce some guidelines with which people from different cultures
can better communicate with each other.
Intercultural communication, as in many scholarly fields, is a combination of many other fields. These fields include
anthropology, cultural studies, psychology and communication. The field has also moved both toward the treatment
of interethnic relations, and toward the study of communication strategies used by co-cultural populations, i.e.,
communication strategies used to deal with majority or mainstream populations.
41. Express your attitude to four major influences on Halls intercultural communication theory.
Depending on the nature of the use of space and time Hall distinguished between all cultures and at high-contextual,
low-contextual and culture prevailing monochronal or polychronic time use. According to research by Hall, nature and
results of the communication process are determined, among other things, and the degree of awareness of its
participants. Awareness in turn depends on the density of social networks and the speed of information exchange
between members of the network. Accordingly, all cultures can be classified on the basis of the strong and weak
contextual dependency. People, who enjoy a dense network of information, refer to the culture of high- context and
individuals with more free sets ties in their social environment and with less exchange of information related to
culture low context.
42. Point out the importance of E. Halls paradigm for intercultural communication.
E.Hall gives an overall analysis of the relationship of communication and culture at this happens: 1) the shift from
single-cultural focus to the bi-cultural comparison, 2) the concept of culture from macro to micro level can move, 3)
denotes the connection of culture with a communicative process, 4 ) established the role of culture in influencing
human behavior
43. Evaluate on the communication, types of communication.
Communication: Communication is a process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions
through speech, signals, writing, or behavior. In communication process, a sender(encoder) encodes a message and
then using a medium/channel sends it to the receiver (decoder) who decodes the message and after processing
information, sends back appropriate feedback/reply using a medium/channel.

Types of Communication: People communicate with each other in a number of ways that depend upon the message
and its context in which it is being sent. Choice of communication channel and your style of communicating also
affects communication. So, there are variety of types of communication.
Types of communication based on the communication channels used are:
1.

Verbal Communication

2.

Nonverbal Communication
44. Show the importance of intercultural and communicative competences.
Intercultural communication, communication, carried out under conditions such significant cultural differences due to
the communicative competence of its members, that these differences significantly affect the success or failure of
communicative events. Under the communicative competence is understood knowledge used in communication
systems and symbolic rules for their functioning, as well as the principles of communicative interaction. During the
communication messages are exchanged, i.e. the information is transferred from one party to another.
Communication takes place whenever any behavior or outcome is assigned an and they act as signs or symbols.
45. Give the differences between low-context and high-context cultures by E. Hall.
The general terms "high context" and "low context" (popularized by Edward Hall) are used to describe broad-brush
cultural differences between societies.
High context refers to societies or groups where people have close connections over a long period of time. Many
aspects of cultural behavior are not made explicit because most members know what to do and what to think from
years of interaction with each other. Your family is probably an example of a high context environment.
Low context refers to societies where people tend to have many connections but of shorter duration or for some
specific reason. In these societies, cultural behavior and beliefs may need to be spelled out explicitly so that those
coming into the cultural environment know how to behave.
High Context

Less verbally explicit communication, less written/formal information

More internalized understandings of what is communicated
Multiple cross-cutting ties and intersections with others
Long term relationships
Strong boundaries- who is accepted as belonging vs who is considered an "outsider"
Knowledge is situational, relational.
Decisions and activities focus around personal face-to-face relationships, often around a central person who has
authority.
Low Context

Rule oriented, people play by external rules

More knowledge is codified, public, external, and accessible.
Sequencing, separation--of time, of space, of activities, of relationships
More interpersonal connections of shorter duration
Knowledge is more often transferable
Task-centered. Decisions and activities focus around what needs to be done, division of responsibilities.
46. Give the differences between individualistic and collectivistic cultures by G.Hofstede.
Separation of national cultures on individualistic and collectivist G. Hofstede was proposed in the 1980s . developed
within the framework of their classification. Analyzing profiles of employees of IBM and several other transactional
corporations from more than 50 countries around the world , the scientist drew attention to differences in responses
between the representatives of different nations to the same questions about the values and relationships between
people. G. Hofstede identified following items dichotomous scale to classify and describe cultures : 1) Power Distance

(high - low ), 2) Uncertainty avoidance (high - low ), 3) Individualism - collectivism 4) Masculinity - femininity ; 5 ) Long
- term orientation . Any choice can be positioned at each of the five scales is closer to one or the other pole.
Individualism - collectivism scale is most prevalent among psychologists , sociologists and economists , especially in
the U.S. , which, according to Hofstede , are pronounced individualistic nat . culture. Currently, individualism and
collectivism are recognized fundamental characteristics applicable to all societies of the world , and their study is
important in cross-cultural psychology . Individualism and collectivism are the characteristics of society, not the
individual. According to measurements by G. Hofstede, cultures of individualistic type are cultures in the U.S.,
Australia, UK, Canada, Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Ireland, Germany and
other collectivist cultures can be considered the same culture of Korea, Pakistan, Peru, Taiwan, Colombia, Venezuela,
Costa Rica, Guatemala, Ecuador, Indonesia, Portugal, Japan, China and other Russian culture Hofstede also ranks as
collectivist cultures type.
47. Comment on the culture, levels of culture.
Culture is the complex pattern of ideas, emotions, and observable/symbolic manifestations that tend to be expected,
reinforced, and rewarded by and within a particular group. The Cultural Orientations Approach blends this theoretical
concept with a practical appreciation of the impact of culture and the importance of cultural competence, which
allows people to purposely reduce risk, enhance innovation, and maximize opportunities as they adjust to new
environments and different conditions.
Culture results when people organize and interact, but this occurs mostly subconsciously and on the basis of their
experiences, expectations, and beliefs about themselves, others, and their shared context. The Cultural Orientations
Approach can be applied to each of the six levels of human organization and interaction at which culture operates.
These six levels include:

National/Societal: The level of culture that deals with awareness of cultural dynamics and patterns by nationality. It is
particularly relevant for (a) entering a new market for product, service, and/or talent; (b) cross-border division of
labor; and (c) international outsourcing relationships.
Organizational Culture: The level of culture that focuses on the experience of cultural dynamics in an organization.
This is especially relevant for global organizations and those involved in M&A.
Identity Group Culture: The level of culture for analyzing the diversification of society by gender, generation, ethnicity,
religious affiliation, and other social groups. It is particularly relevant for workforce diversity and talent management
concerns.
Functional Culture: The level of culture that addresses cross-functional effectiveness, based on the cultures created by
specific business units. Cross-functional or management teams concentrate on functional cultures and leverage their
differences carefully, bridging distinct cultural differences across their constituent units.
Team Culture: The level of culture that becomes apparent when teams develop a distinct identity and culture. To
effectively build teams in global and matrixed organization, an understanding of how to collaborate in complex and
dynamic situations is essential.
Individual Culture: The level at which the "building blocks" of culture are present,in both intrapersonal and
interpersonal dynamics. An understanding of this level is important for successfully addressing the concerns at any
level of culture.
48. Speak on the role of a sender and receiver in the process of communication.
The communication process is the guide toward realizing effective communication. It is through the communication
process that the sharing of a common meaning between the sender and the receiver takes place. Individuals that
follow the communication process will have the opportunity to become more productive in every aspect of their
profession. Effective communication leads to understanding. The communication process begins with the sender and
ends with the receiver. The sender is an individual, group, or organization who initiates the communication. This
source is initially responsible for the success of the message. The sender's experiences, attitudes, knowledge, skill,
perceptions, and culture influence the message. "The written words, spoken words, and nonverbal language selected
are paramount in ensuring the receiver interprets the message as intended by the sender" (Burnett & Dollar, 1989).
All communication begins with the sender. The receiver is the individual or individuals to whom the message is
directed. The extent to which this person comprehends the message will depend on a number of factors, which
include the following: how much the individual or individuals know about the topic, their receptivity to the message,

and the relationship and trust that exists between sender and receiver. All interpretations by the receiver are
influenced by their experiences, attitudes, knowledge, skills, perceptions, and culture. It is similar to the sender's
relationship with encoding.
49. Show the importance of non-verbal communication in comparison with verbal communication.
communication is the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) cues between
people. It is sometimes mistakenly referred to as body language (kinesics), but nonverbal communication
encompasses much more, such as use of voice (paralanguage), touch (haptics), distance (proxemics), and physical
[1]
environments/appearance. Typically overlooked in nonverbal communication are proxemics, or the informal space
around the body and chronemics: the use of time. Not only considered eye contact, oculesics comprises the actions of
looking while talking and listening, frequency of glances, patterns of fixation, pupil dilation, and blink rate. Even
speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking
style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation, and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal
elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page. However, much of
[2]
the study of nonverbal communication has focused on interaction between individuals, where it can be classified
into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, physical characteristics of the
communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction. Nonverbal communication involves the
processes of encoding and decoding. Encoding is the act of generating the information such as facial expressions,
gestures, and postures. Decoding is the interpretation of information from received sensations from previous
[2]
experiences. Only a small percentage of the brain processes verbal communication. As infants, nonverbal
communication is learned from social-emotional communication, making the face rather than words the major organ
of communication. As children become verbal communicators, they begin to look at facial expressions, vocal tones,
[
and other nonverbal elements more subconsciously. Nonverbal communication represents two-thirds of all
[3]
communication. Nonverbal communication can portray a message both verbally and with the correct body signals.
Body signals comprise physical features, conscious and unconscious gestures and signals, and the mediation of
[3]
personal space. The wrong message can be established if the body language conveyed does not match a verbal
message. Nonverbal communication strengthens a first impression in common situations like attracting a partner or in
[3]
a business interview: impressions are on average formed within the first four seconds of contact. First encounters or
[4]
interactions with another person strongly affect a person's perception. When the other person or group is absorbing
the message they are focused on the entire environment around them, meaning the other person uses all five senses
in the interaction: 83% sight, 11% hearing, 3% smell, 2% touch and 1% taste.

50.State out the advantages of a person who has proficiency in foreign languages.
There are some benefits of language proficiency.
Career goalsSome jobs require knowledge of a foreign language, but many more present additional opportunities to
multilingual applicants. Carleton graduates have used their language skills in any number of careers, including social
work, medicine, law, international business, community organizing, foreign service, journalism, hospitality, education,
the military, volunteer service, law enforcement and many others.
TravelStudy or travel in a foreign country can be an incredibly rewarding and enriching experience. Off-campus
seminars led by Carleton faculty are available in Chinese, French, German, Russian and Spanish. Carleton students may
also enroll in programs offered by other institutions or by consortia of which Carleton is a member. A number of
competitive Carleton fellowships provide additional opportunities for internships, research or service learning abroad.
Interest in the literature, history, politics, or cultureObviously, advanced study of the literature, history, politics or
culture of a particular country or region requires proficiency in a language. Students are often surprised to learn that
many graduate programs, especially in the humanities, require a reading knowledge of French, German or other
languages, no matter what their area of specialization.

Local immigrant populationsNearly 1 in 5 Americans speaks a language other than English at home. Spanish is the
most common, followed by Chinese, French, German, Tagalog, Vietnamese, Italian, Korean, Russian and Polish.
[Source: 2000 Census] Knowing another language can give you access to the cultural riches of immigrant communities,
while opening up opportunities in business and volunteer service.
Family backgroundLearning the language of your forebears can open lines of communication with non-Englishspeaking relatives, while deepening your understanding of your familys roots.
Sharpening intellectual skillsLearning a second language helps improve memory, critical thinking and study skills.
Many students find that the discipline and sustained effort required to learn a language help them succeed in other
academic endeavors.
51. Explain the stages of culture shock you have had when your were in the new environment.
Almost everyone experiences culture shock when they come to a completely new environment. Everything is
different: the language, the food, the plumbing, the people.
The experience of culture shock comes from not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and
not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.
One of the most difficult parts of experiencing culture shock is that we often are unaware that we're affected. We
recognize that we are sad, lonely, and generally irritated that everything is going wrong, but we don't know that it is a
normal reaction to being immersed in a new culture. The feeling of culture shock generally sets in after the first few
weeks of coming to a new place.
Some telltale signs of culture shock are:
Preoccupation with minor physical discomforts
Anger over minor frustrations
A desire to go back home
Disturbed sleep patterns - too much or too little
Changes in mood or behavior such as anger, irritability, resentment, or a persistent preference to be alone
Idealizing your home country
Inability to solve simple problems
Lack of confidence
Feelings of being lost, overlooked, exploited or abused
Immunity to culture shock does not necessarily come from being open-minded or full of good will (essential
characteristics for a successful au pair), though these qualities do help with a speedy recovery. Some people are
affected by culture shock more than others, but most au pairs go through an attack of it and then make a full
recovery.
Although one can experience discomfort from culture shock, it is also an opportunity for learning and acquiring new
perspectives. Culture shock can help develop a greater understanding of self. the usual stages:

First Stage: You may feel terrific. You know enough English to get along, the places are interesting, the people are
kind, and it is clear that a wonderful experience is at hand. This time is called the "honeymoon" stage, as everything
encountered is new and exciting. You may notice that other au pairs who have been here longer tend to complain.
You may feel a bit superior to your peers who obviously did not make as good an adjustment as you have.
Second Stage: You may be sensitive to otherwise minor problems in daily life. In this stage, there may be feelings of
discontent, impatience, anger, sadness, and feeling incompetent. You are no longer an interesting foreign visitor, but a
regular member of the family, and you may feel ignored or taken for granted. At this stage when au pairs get together,
they often criticize Americans, saying that heir host parents are always busy and that the children have bad manners,
have too many toys and are difficult to control. This is the hardest phase of culture shock.
Third Stage: You regain your sense of humor and enjoy your mastery of American language, customs and cultures. You
may not like everything about the country, but you've found enough things to enjoy and learned to live with the rest.
You begin to realize that a year is a very short time and that there are so many things you want to do while you're
here. You may start to establish new goals.
The Fourth Stage is reverse culture shock. This occurs when you return to your home country. You may find that things
are no longer the same as you remember. Or you may find that nothing but you has changed. You will have grown
during your stay in the U.S., and you may find that your friends and family are just the same as they were when you
left. They may be unable to understand the new you.
52. State out the reasons of the importance of intercultural communication.
The globalization process is forcing businesses to rethink their strategies. Intercultural communication, skills assume
an ever larger role in global marketing and sale strategies. Intercultural communication serves a vital role in that it can
foresrall miscommunication, prevent misunderstandings, and avert mistakes. Intercultural communication in all
spheres of the society is important since it helps people to work together, meet deadlines, confer and build
relationships. It also enables people to work with good etiquette and protocol in business. Intercultural
communication or cross cultural communication is important because it helps us understand other cultures. With this
understanding we are better able to trade and do business with different countries. For starters, it helps in developing
a common understanding of the needs, reason for being, philosophy and history of other cultures. To improve one's
own quality of life by learning how other cultures have solved similar problems as one's own. To develop a deeper
understanding of the purpose of spirituality for life on earth. learning about other cultures by communicating with
someone from that culture leads towards understanding and acceptance. so much tolerance would be gained if we all
communicated and learned from eachother. To sum up, Globalization has made intercultural communication
inevitable. Communicating with other cultures characterizes todays business, classroom, and community.
Technology especially the internet has increased the probability that whatever is documented online will be read by
someone from another culture. Intercultural communication is of importance in any career field thus the art of
knowing how to communicate with other cultures should be a work place skill that is emphasized.
53. Describe the typical characteristics of three nations that live in your country.
Kazakhs: Kazakhs are very hospitable people and enjoy hosting dinners at their homes. When invited to someones
house for dinner, it is polite to bring something for the hostess such as pastries.
The common greeting is the handshake, often done with both hands and a smile. Since many Kazakhs are Muslim,
some men will not shake hands with women, so be sensitive to these religious differences.
Once you have developed a personal relationship, close friends of the same sex may prefer to hug rather than shake
hands. Hierarchy is respected in Kazakhstan. Someone more senior is never ever contradicted or criticised, especially
in public

54. Give the similarities and differences of levels of culture.

Culture results when people organize and interact, but this occurs mostly subconsciously and on the basis of their
experiences, expectations, and beliefs about themselves, others, and their shared context. The Cultural Orientations
Approach can be applied to each of the six levels of human organization and interaction at which culture operates.
These six levels include:
National/Societal: The level of culture that deals with awareness of cultural dynamics and patterns by nationality. It is
particularly relevant for (a) entering a new market for product, service, and/or talent; (b) cross-border division of
labor; and (c) international outsourcing relationships.
Organizational Culture: The level of culture that focuses on the experience of cultural dynamics in an organization.
This is especially relevant for global organizations and those involved in M&A.
Identity Group Culture: The level of culture for analyzing the diversification of society by gender, generation,
ethnicity, religious affiliation, and other social groups. It is particularly relevant for workforce diversity and talent
management concerns.
Functional Culture: The level of culture that addresses cross-functional effectiveness, based on the cultures created
by specific business units. Cross-functional or management teams concentrate on functional cultures and leverage
their differences carefully, bridging distinct cultural differences across their constituent units.
Team Culture: The level of culture that becomes apparent when teams develop a distinct identity and culture. To
effectively build teams in global and matrixed organization, an understanding of how to collaborate in complex and
dynamic situations is essential.
Individual Culture: The level at which the "building blocks" of culture are present,in both intrapersonal and
interpersonal dynamics. An understanding of this level is important for successfully addressing the concerns at any
level of culture.

55.Give short summary about the components of intercultural competence.

Intercultural competence is a way of ensuring that the methods used to reach a pre-determined set of goals are
effective and operate within good practice guidelines. The goals set will be influenced by the social and political
climate operating in each country and the traditional atti-tudes towards receiving migrants. Here, the debate between
integration, assimilation or segregation is of interest. Normally when speaking of intercultural competence one refers
to the intercultural competence of individuals. But this notion is not sufficient, if we talk about advice and guidance for
the labour market integration of refugees and migrants. Here intercultural competence can be observed and is required
on three levels:
the level of encounters between individuals from different cultures;
the level of encounters of institutions working with refugees and migrants with individuals or ethnic/national groups
of migrants and refugees;
the level of encounters of ethnic/national groups of migrants with the dominant society.
These three levels will be discussed separately in the following chapters. But before doing so in order to arrive at an
understanding of intercultural competence, we need to have a working definition of culture. Despite the fact that
intercultural competence of individuals has always been emphasised as a necessary skill for dealing with migrant's
problems, there is no common agreement over the components parts inherit in it. Scheitza has assembled various
"ingredients" of intercultural competence from various sources. These are categorised under the personal attributes of

attitude, knowledge, communication, self-confidence and social relationships. These components of individual
intercultural competence are not only attributed to the migrant living in a host society, they are also needed for those
dealing with migrants and refugees in their everyday life. These skills have to be learned by both sides.
For our purposes we can state that individual intercultural competence is the result of the development of interpersonal
skills that arise from the following:
the motivation to communicate effectively with someone from a different culture;
being prepared to learn the skills needed for effective communication;
the ability to put this knowledge into use.

56. Define the role of a sender and a reciever in the process of communication.
Every change can be viewed from the perspective of a sender and a receiver. A sender is anyone providing information
about the change. A receiver is anyone being given information about the change. Senders and Receivers are often not
in a dialogue at the onset of a change. They talk right past one another. What a sender says and what a receiver hears
are typically two very different messages. For example, if a supervisor sits down with an employee to discuss a major
restructuring project within the company, the supervisor may be enthusiastic and positive. She may cover all the key
messages including the business reasons for change, the risk of not changing and the urgency to change the
organization to remain competitive. The supervisor may even emphasize that this is a challenging and exciting time.
However, when the employee discusses this change at home over dinner, the key messages to his family are often:I
may not have a job.The company is having trouble. Communication starts with an idea, issue, feeling, or some
information from a sender to listeners. The sender's role is to send understandable messages to the listeners. He/she has
to use written or spoken words in a way that the listener comprehends. Role of sender is to send informations to
receiver and he has to be clear,keep to the point and catchable
57. Give the difference between low-context and high-context cultures. In a high context culture, many things are
left unsaid, letting the culture explain. Words and word choice become very important in higher context
communication, since a few words can communicate a complex message very effectively to an in-group (but less
effectively outside that group), while in a lower context culture, the communicator needs to be much more explicit and
the value of a single word is less important. High-context culture the social environment is more important than spoke
words. Low-context culture nonverbal communication is not very important. The spoke word is everything in the lowcontext culture.

High-context cultures:
Japan, Arab nations and Greece, among others.
Emphasis is on cultural values; this may be geared to family life or working as part of a group (collectivism over
individualism).
Tends to emphasize visuals over text.
The messages context carries more weight than words.
Communication tends to be viewed as an art form thats meant to be engaged with; it may require more time to
process and decode, which the audience expects and responds to.
Learning is done through demonstration and group work.
Messages are rooted in the past and change is slow to come.
Low-context cultures:
The United States, Germany and Scandinavian nations, among others.
A persons identity tends to come from ones own accomplishments rather than from group effort (individualism
over collectivism).
Theres an emphasis on words and text.
Communication tends to be clear, direct and unambiguous.
Privacy, personal space and individuality are highly valued.
Learning is done through instructions and by ones attempts to perform the action.
Speed is prized and change happens fast.

HIGH CONTEXT (HC)

LOW CONTEXT (LC)

Association

Association

Relationships depend on trust, build up slowly, are stable. Relationships begin and end quickly. Many people can be inside
One distinguishes between people inside and people
one's circle; circle's boundary is not clear.
outside one's circle.
Things get done by following procedures and paying attention to
How things get done depends on relationships with people the goal.
and attention to group process.
One's identity is rooted in groups
culture, work).

(family,

One's identity is rooted in oneself and one's accomplishments.

Social structure is decentralized; responsibility goes further down
(is not concentrated at the top).

Social structure and authority are centralized;

responsibility is at the top. Person at top works for the
good of the group.
Interaction

Interaction

High use of nonverbal elements;

voice tone,
facial expression, gestures, and eye movement carry
significant parts of conversation.

Low use of nonverbal elements. Message is carried more by

words than by nonverbal means.

Verbal message is explicit. Context is less important than words.

Verbal message is implicit; context
(situation,
people, nonverbal elements) is more important than words. Verbal message is direct; one spells things out exactly.

Verbal message is indirect; one talks

around the point and embellishes it.

Communication is seen as an art

of engaging someone.

forma way

Communication is seen as a way of exchanging information,

ideas,
and opinions.
Disagreement is depersonalized. One withdraws from conflict
with another and gets on with the task. Focus is on rational
solutions, not personal ones. One can be explicit about another's
bothersome behavior.

Disagreement is personalized. One is sensitive to conflict

expressed in
another's nonverbal
communication. Conflict either must be solved
before work can progress or must be avoided
because it is personally threatening.
Territoriality

Territoriality

Space is communal; people stand

close to each
other, share the same
space.

Space is compartmentalized and privately owned; privacy is

important, so people are farther apart.

Temporality

Temporality

Things are scheduled to be done at particular times, one thing at a

Everything has its own time. Time is not easily scheduled; time. What is important is that activity is done efficiently.
needs of people may interfere with keeping to a set time.
What is important is that
activity gets done.
Change is fast. One can make change and see immediate results.
Change is slow. Things are rooted in
past, slow to change, and stable.

the

Time is a process; it belongs to others

to nature.

and

Learning

Time is a commodity to be spent or saved. Ones time is ones

own.

Learning

Reality is fragmented and compartmentalized. One source of

Knowledge is embedded in the situation; things are
information is used to develop knowledge. Thinking is inductive,
connected, synthesized, and global. Multiple sources of
information are used.
Thinking is deductive, proceeds from specific to general. Focus is on detail.
proceeds from general to specific.
Learning occurs by following explicit directions and explanations of
Learning occurs by first observing
others as they others.
model or demonstrate
and then
An individual orientation is preferred for learning and problem
practicing.
solving.
Groups are preferred for learning and problem solving.
Speed is valued. How efficiently something is learned is important.
Accuracy is valued. How well something is learned is
important.

58. Give the difference between individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Cultures are typically divided into two
categories: collectivist and individualist. Individualist cultures, such as those of the United States and Western Europe,
emphasize personal achievement regardless of the expense of group goals, resulting in a strong sense of competition.
Collectivist cultures, such as those of China, Korea, and Japan, emphasize family and work group goals above
individual needs or desires.
Collectivism and individualism deeply pervade cultures. People simply take their culture's stance for granted. In the
U.S., everything from 'self-serve' buffet tables to corporate structure to cowboy movies to payment card rules reflect
the deeply ingrained individualism.
Both collectivist and individualistic cultures have their failings. People in individualist cultures are susceptible to
loneliness, and people in collectivist cultures can have a strong fear of rejection. Elders who instill collectivist
rejection rules in youngsters are often rejected by foreign direct investment from individualist capital.
Traits of Collectivism
Each person is encouraged to be an active player in society, to do what is best for society as a whole rather than
themselves.
The rights of families, communities, and the collective supersede those of the individual.

Rules promote unity, brotherhood, and selflessness.

Working with others and cooperating is the norm; everyone supports each other.
as a community, family or nation more than as an individual.
Traits of Individualism
"I" identity.
Promotes individual goals, initiative and achievement.
Individual rights are seen as being the most important. Rules attempt to ensure self-importance and individualism.
Independence is valued; there is much less of a drive to help other citizens or communities than in collectivism.
Relying or being dependent on others is frequently seen as shameful.
People are encouraged to do things on their own; to rely on themselves

Examples of Countries with Generally Collectivistic Cultures

Argentina Armenia Belarus Brazil Bulgaria China Egypt Greece India Indonesia Japan Korea
Portugal Russia Ukraine
Examples of Countries with Generally Individualistic Cultures
Germany Austria Switzerland Canada Australia United Kingdom Italy France Ireland Czech Republic
Finland Estonia Hungary United States The Netherlands

59. Give differentiating features of a person who has a proficiency of a foreign language and who has not got.
The term proficiency implies that were dealing with skills, because language ability is just thata skill. In many
ways, its like dancing, playing the guitar, riding a bike, or driving a car. There is no such thing as across-the-board
proficiency in a particular language. Proficiency is usually measured in terms of four skills:speaking. Reading ,
listening, writing
Two widely used sets of guidelines are used to identify stages of proficiency (what one can actually do in the
language), as opposed to achievement (what one has studied). Both guidelines represent a hierarchy of global
characterizations of integrated performance in speaking, reading, listening, and writing. Each description is a
representative sample of a particular range of ability, and each level subsumes all previous levels, moving from simple
to complex. It is important to understand that these guidelines are not intended to measure what an individual has
achieved through specific classroom instruction but rather to allow assessment of what an individual can and cannot do
in the language, regardless of where, when, or how the language has been acquired. Both sets of guidelines reflect
differences in the amount of time needed by a reasonably capable English-speaking beginning learner of the language
to attain a certain level of proficiency in that language. Personal Benefits
An obvious advantage of knowing more than one language is having expanded access to people and resources.
Individuals who speak and read more than one language have the ability to communicate with more people, read more
literature, and benefit more fully from travel to other countries. Introducing students to alternative ways of expressing
themselves and to different cultures gives greater depth to their understanding of human experience by fostering an

appreciation for the customs and achievements of people beyond their own communities. Ultimately, knowing a
second language can also give people a competitive advantage in the work force by opening up additional job
opportunities (Villano, 1996).
Cognitive Benefits
Some research suggests that students who receive second language instruction are more creative and better at
solving complex problems than those who do not. Other studies suggest that persons with full proficiency in more
than one language (bilinguals) outperform similar monolingual persons on both verbal and nonverbal tests of
intelligence, which raises the question of whether ability in more than one language enables individuals to achieve
greater intellectual flexibility
Societal BenefitsBilingualism and multilingualism have many benefits to society. Americans who are fluent in more
than one language can enhance Americas economic competitiveness abroad, maintain its political and security
interests, and work to promote an understanding of cultural diversity within the United States. For example,
international trade specialists, overseas media correspondents, diplomats, airline employees, and national security
personnel need to be familiar with other languages and cultures to do their jobs well.
60.Write about the basic objectives of Intercultural communication.
What is intercultural communication? In short, it has many definitions but fundamentally it looks at how people,
from differing cultural/national backgrounds, endeavour to communicate or work together. It draws on areas within
academia such as cultural anthropology, sociology and business studies to provide it with a basic framework. Notable
academics that have become specialized in intercultural communication are Hall, Hofstede and Trompenaars. At its
foundation, intercultural communication's objectives are to establish and understand how people from different
cultures behave, think or do. Once this is appreciated it is then possible to help people overcome intercultural
differences and make for a better (working) environment.Intercultural Communication focuses on the importance of
culture in our everyday lives, and the ways in which culture interrelates with and effects communication processes.
We live in an era of rapid globalization in which being able to communicate across cultures is imperative to our ability
to function in a diverse workplace, city, and world.

61. Comment on the role of context in intercultural communication sphere.

From the ICC point of view, a context is a special setting or situation that communication takes place(happens). By
context we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, the nature of the relationship.
From ICC point of view 3 types of context:
-physical,
-social,
-interpersonal.
Physical context refers to the actual location of the interactance indoor or outdoor, together or far apart, warm or cold.
Social context refers to the shared expectations people have about the kinds of interactions that take place in different
kinds of social events.
The interpersonal context refers to the expectations people have about the behaviours of others as a result of differences
in the relationships between them.
From the linguistics point of view 4 types of context:
-lexical,
-grammatical,

-context of situation,
-common contextual associations (thematic group).
62. Explain the features of a popular and foreign culture
Culture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies,
religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired
by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.
The basic feature of Ukrainian culture is a system of archetypes. The basis of the Ukrainian mentality, as defined by
SB Crimea, is a triad archetype: earth, home, church, which lays the foundations of national mentality and form a
worldview, defining certain features ethnopsychological Ukrainian. Traditional customary Ukrainian culture, especially
folk based primarily on a combination of ethnic stereotyping inherent peculiar ethnic codes, symbols, etc., which reflect
the deep layer of the national consciousness, and especially their archaic beliefs that make up their belief system and
determine the way of life of the people. It should be appreciated that the spiritual roots of Ukrainian ethnic culture in its
three "pervnyah" (intuitively grasped Malaniuk) confirmed today archeology (L. iron ore and other). They show the
complex ethnogenesis-synthesis, which combines three Ukrainian provinces that were in close mutual relations with
various cultural and historical center Eurasia.
The basic features of the American culture
) American national character in popular culture
"The culture of the United States is a Western culture, and has been
developing since long before the United States became a country. Its
chief early influence was British culture, due to colonial ties with the
British that spread the English language, legal system and other
cultural inheritances. Other important influences came from other parts
of Europe, especially countries from which large numbers immigrated such
as Ireland, Germany, Poland, and Italy; the Native American peoples;
Africa, especially the western part, from which came the ancestors of
most African Americans; and young groups of immigrants. American culture
also has shared influence on the cultures of its neighbors in the New
World.
The United States has traditionally been known as a melting pot, but
recent academic opinion is tending towards cultural diversity, pluralism
and the image of a salad bowl rather than a melting pot.
Due to the extent of American culture there are many integrated but
unique subcultures within the United States. The culutral affliations an
individual in the United States may have commonly depend on social
class, political orientation and a multitude of demogrpahic
charateristics such as race, ethnicity, sex and sexual orientation.

63.Give stereotypical characteristics of nations which live in your country

Kazakhstan is a multinational country, home for 150 nations and nationalities. We live in friendly relations with
multiple number of nations such as Russian, Uzbeks, Turkish, Belarusian, Ukrainians, Uygur, Tatars, Tadzhik, Korean,
Chinese and many others. Each culture has its own traditions, beliefs, peculiarities, characteristics.
The Kazakhs are an extremely hospitable people. If you come to a Kazakh home unexpected you will be received as if
you had been invited. Since early childhood principles of respect of guests and older people as well as peacefulness and
tolerance are instilled in every Kazakh and these are the national features of Kazakh culture and tradition. This is why
Kazakhstan never had any national or religious conflicts in its history.
The Uygur have their own language and alphabet which belongs to the Turkic group of the Altaic phylum. The name
Uygur, which they also use to refer to themselves, means alliance or assistance. The Uygur people particularly enjoy

dancing and singing. Festivities such as wedding ceremonies are celebrated with all guests, joining in their traditional
folk dance. The Uygur culture reflects its wisdom, literary and artistic talents. Poems and oral legends are always
popular. The story of Afanti is a popular tale amongst Uygur children.
The basic feature of Ukrainian culture is a system of archetypes. The basis of the Ukrainian mentality, as defined by
SB Crimea, is a triad archetype: earth, home, church, which lays the foundations of national mentality and form a
worldview, defining certain features ethnopsychological Ukrainian. Traditional customary Ukrainian culture, especially
folk based primarily on a combination of ethnic stereotyping inherent peculiar ethnic codes, symbols, etc., which reflect
the deep layer of the national consciousness, and especially their archaic beliefs that make up their belief system and
determine the way of life of the people. It should be appreciated that the spiritual roots of Ukrainian ethnic culture in its
three "pervnyah" (intuitively grasped Malaniuk) confirmed today archeology (L. iron ore and other). They show the
complex ethnogenesis-synthesis, which combines three Ukrainian provinces that were in close mutual relations with
various
cultural
and
historical
center
Eurasia
: http://en.shram.kiev.ua/lib/article23article2676.shtml shram.kiev.ua
There are over 100,000 Koreans in Kazakhstan (Department of Korean Studies, Kazakh National University, 2006),
and their main area of compact settlement remains Uzun Agach in the south of the country and in Almaty. They are a
small but highly visible community which, because of their recent arrival in the region, have a relatively high level of
knowledge of their ancestral language (about 25 percent), though this remains mainly the domain of older Koreans.
They are also a highly Russified minority in language use and even their names.

64.Edward T. Hall as a founder of Intercultural Communication

This essay explores (1) the development of the original paradigm for intercultural communication, and (2) how this
paradigm was followed by scholars in the United States and in Japan. The term intercultural communication was used
in Edward T. Halls (1959) influential book, The Silent Language, and Hall is generally acknowledged to be the founder
of the field (Leeds-Hurwitz,1990; Rogers and Steinfatt, 1999). Hall was born in St. Louis, but grew up mainly in the
American Southwest. As a young man in the 1930s, Hall worked for the U.S. Indian Service, building roads and dams
with construction crews of Hopis and Navajos (Hall, 1992, 1994). He earned a Ph.D. in anthropology in 1942 at
Columbia University, then one of the most important centers in anthropological study. During World War II Hall served
as an officer with an African American regiment in Europe and in the Pacific (Hall, 1947).After the War, Hall returned
to Columbia University for post-doctoral study in cultural anthropology, where he participated in a seminar with Abram
Kardiner, Clyde Kluckhohn, Ruth Benedict, and others on the relationship of psychiatry and anthropology (Hall, 1992).
Hall investigated the U.S. governments post-World War II administration of the Pacific island of Truk (Hall, 1950).
a) Four major influences on Halls Intercultural Communication Theory
Cultural anthropology
Linguistics
Ethology
Freudian psychoanalytic theory
The Silent Language was the founding document of the new field of intercultural communication, although it was not
written with this purpose in mind, nor was it even directed at an academic audience. The book was written for the
general public, and became a major best-seller. It also had a profound influence on academic scholars.
65. Speak on the types of non-verbal communication and give examples
The nonverbal communication is the communication that occurs through clues, signs, symbols and lack of verbal
syntactic structure i.e. to have no syntactic structure so it can not be analyzed sequences of constituent hierarchy.
The nonverbal communication is the process of communication by sending and receiving messages without words.
These messages can be communicated through gestures, body language or posture, facial expression and eye contact,
communication of objects such as clothing, hairstyles or even the architecture, symbols or graphics, as well as through
an aggregate of above, such as communication behavior. Nonverbal communication plays a key role in the daily life of
everyone.
Types of Nonverbal Communication:
Gestures and Body Language

In our daily lives, we are constantly sending nonverbal messages to other people (faces, signs with arms, hands, finger,
e-feet, eyes), which may be more important than we think. Dr. Paul Ekman has studied up to fifteen acts of emotions in
the face that can be universally understood in the most different cultures, but there are signs made with other members.
The body language rather than language in evolutionary terms is an essential part of the communication system and the
vehicle for many fundamental human transactions that speech alone can not convey. Body language is an area that
many people have used to establish guidelines at all times of action or a line to follow in certain scenarios, are everyday
work or social.
Visual language
The visual language includes both simple signs and indications, such as complex semiotic codes. With sign language,
gestures and looks, people are able to transmit messages (sender), which allow the recipient to know what they mean to
disagree. In this case, the interpretation of what these signs may mean is highly dependent on the linguistic context
(according to Grice, conversational pragmatics dependent).
Look
The look is a key element in nonverbal communication. Not only transmit information through words. The eyes play a
critical role in the communication process. When we hear, it is important to look at the face of the party, although it is
advisable to keep your eyes stare for a long period, it can cause restlessness and nervousness in the person speaking.
Moreover, the gaze serves to interact and make the turn taking in conversation. Before answering, we tend to look
away, pretending that we'll talk. We listen carefully to the person who is addressing us, nodded with his eyes,
pretending to pay attention. All these actions and attitudes derive, in many cases, an unconscious behavior, but all
internalized and naturalized.
Paralanguage
AP paralinguistic the paralanguage refers to all types of signals concurrent with an issue properly convey linguistic
information, nuance, reaffirm or may even contradict the meaning of such issuance communicative language. Fernando
Poyatos, paralanguage are those non-verbal qualities of the voice modifier and also the sounds and silences that support
or contradict the verbal structures or kinesiology. He engaged in speech apparatuses and nasal organs. The existence of
paralanguage seems a universal fact of everyday human communication, although the specific forms it takes the
gestures or signals are highly culture specific. Moreover paralanguage generally supports gradual, and can not be
analyzed as opposed to proper linguistic messages in discrete units combined.
66. Write about the main points of verbal communication
Verbal Communication
Communication is at the heart of any relationship, be it familial, business, romantic, or friendly. While there has been
significant advances in how we understand body language and other forms of communication, verbal communication
continues to be the most important aspect of our interaction with other people. Its important to understand both the
benefits and shortcomings of this most basic communication.
Verbal communication is divided into two types oral and written.
To oral belongs- face-to-face conversation,speech,telephone,video/radio/tv,voice over Internet.
To written belong letters, proposals,telegrams,postcards,contracts,agreements,etc.
Four Purposes Of Communication
There are four basic purposes for communication. Almost all of these purposes are better served through verbal
communication than other options like E-Mail or print.
First, communication can be used to convey information. Of all the purposes of communication, this is the one that can
be adequately accomplished through text-based media as well as verbally. Many businesses use E-mail or interoffice
memos in this way. It is used simply to pass information such as meeting times or new policies from administration to
employees.
Second, communication can be used to ask for help. Asking verbally for help has been shown to trigger natural empathy
in the listener more than text-based communication. Often seeing the person asking for help increases the likelihood
that a request will be granted. Like other verbal communication, verbal requests also mean that a request can be stated
clearly and any miscommunication can be immediately rectified.

The third purposes of communication is to influence a listener or audience. This is the type of communication used by
politicians. While this includes non-verbal cues like appearance and dress, the most important aspect is what words and
syntax they choose to use. This is the most important component of influencing an audience.
The fourth and final form is entertainment. Once again there is a clear advantage to verbal communication over textbased communications. For example, most of the top comedians in the country make their living in live shows where
they can readily interact with an audience rather than in text-based communication like books or websites.
67.Communication as a Function of Language
Much modern linguistic theory is based on the assumption that the primary and fundamental function of
language is communication. This is the assumption which is apparent in definitions of language given in linguistic
handbooks. For example, in the popular introductory linguistic textbook by Fromkin and Rodman, human language is
contrasted to animal communication. The assumption is that an adequate definition of language is one which
distinguishes natural human language from other systems of communication. It is taken for granted that the primary
nature of human language is as a system of communication. Of course, there are good reasons for this assumption.
Language is a social phenomenon. It is a shared system of codified values. Speakers are able to communicate by virtue
of their participation in this system of values, i.e., by virtue of being able to recognize and interpret the values or
meanings of words in a given code. The code also includes rules for the combination of words, i.e., syntax. In
definitions of language which contrast human language to animal communication, syntax is usually taken to be the
defining feature of the linguistic code which distinguishes natural human language from forms of animal
communication. This is the position advocated by Noam Chomsky. The syntax of human language is taken to be the
creative aspect of the linguistic code which is not present in other forms of communication. Communication in general
is a broader concept which may not involve human beings or words. Communication in the sense of human language
may loosely be defined as the ability of one human being to get his thought across to another by verbal means. Whether
communication has taken place may be tested behaviorally by having the second person, who has understood the
thought which has been verbally communicated by the first person, then in his turn communicate the same thought or
message to another person. The study of human communication would thus focus on the question of the conditions
which make this process possible or constrain it, e.g., the conditions which may prevent the second person from fully
understanding the message, and therefore from being able to communicate it to somebody else.

68. Differ intercultural and communicative competences.

69.Evaluate each component of intercultural communication
The Components of ICC
As a complex phenomenon, ICC encompasses multiple components. These include:
a variety of traits and characteristics
three areas or domains
four dimensions
proficiency in the host language
varying levels of attainment throughout a longitudinal and developmental process.
Traits and Characteristics It is useful to distinguish traits (i.e., innate personal qualities) from acquired
characteristics developed later in life that are related to ones cultural and situational context a sort of nature vs.
nurture distinction. This distinction is particularly important in training and educational programs because it poses the
question: which abilities form part of an individuals intrinsic personality and which can be developed or modified
through training and educational efforts? Commonly cited traits and/or characteristics of ICC include: flexibility,
humor, patience, openness, interest, curiosity, empathy, tolerance for ambiguity, and suspending judgment, among
others.
Three Areas or Domains ICC involves ability in three areas or domains (which, curiously, are just as important in
ones own native LC1 as well). These are: the ability to establish and maintain relationships the ability to

communicate with minimal loss or distortion the ability to collaborate in order to accomplish something of mutual
interest or need.
Four Dimensions ICC also has four dimensions: knowledge (positive) attitudes/affect skills, and awareness.
Of these, awareness is central and especially critical to cross-cultural development. It is enhanced through reflection and
introspection in which both the individuals LC1 and the LC2 are contrasted and compared. Awareness differs from
knowledge in that it is always about the self vis--vis all else in the world (other things, other people, other thoughts,
etc.) and ultimately helps to clarify what is deepest and most relevant to ones identity. Awareness is furthered through
developments in knowledge, positive attitudes, and skills, and in turn also furthers their development.
Proficiency in the Host Language The ability to communicate in the host language greatly enhances ICC
development in both quantitative and qualitative ways. Grappling with another language confronts how one perceives,
conceptualizes, and expresses oneself; and, in the process, fosters the development of alternative communication
strategies on someone else's terms. This humbling and challenging process often facilitates transcending and
transforming how one understands the world. Lack of a second language even at a minimal level constrains one to
continue to think about the world and act within it, only in one's native system, and deprives the individual of one of the
most valuable aspects of the intercultural experience. Developmental Levels ICC normally evolves over a lengthy
and continuing process, occasionally with moments of stagnation and even regression. Much of what happens depends
on the strength of ones individual motivation (instrumental vs. integrative) vis--vis the host culture. For this reason,
establishing benchmarks can help to monitor and measure ones progress. Several levels (related to FEIL programs) are
posited that help mark one's journey along the way. These are: Level I: Educational Traveler e.g., participants in
short-term exchange programs (1-2 months) Level II: Sojourner participants engaged in extended cultural
immersion, e.g., internships of
longer duration, including service programs (3-9 months) Level III: Professional
appropriate for individuals working in intercultural or multicultural
contexts; e.g., staff employed in international
institutions or organizations like FEIL and its MOs Level IV: Intercultural/Multicultural Specialist appropriate for
trainers and educators engaged in
training, educating, consulting, or advising multinational students
70. Benefits and drawbacks of culture shock
Culture shock is when we enter a new culture, is that we do not know all of the cues that are used in the new culture.
The term, culture shock, was introduced for the first time in 1958 to describe the anxiety produced when a person
moves to a completely new environment.
This term expresses the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not
knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.
We can describe culture shock as the physical and emotional discomfort one suffers when coming to live in another
country or a place different from the place of origin.
Some drawbacks of culture shock:
It is an anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Often, the way that
we lived before is not accepted as or considered as normal in the new place.
Everything is different, and for example, we dont speak the language, dont know when to shake hands and what
to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take
statements seriously and when not.
Some benefits:
You meet new people, get knowledge about peculiarities of different cultures, nations, you have opportunity to
compare and contrast different cultures with your own culture, you share your knowledge with others.
71. Give your own definition of culture and explain your variant.
Culture rules virtually every aspect of your life and like most people, you are completely unaware of this. If asked, you
would likely define culture as music, literature, visual arts, architecture or language, and you wouldn't be wrong. But
you wouldn't be entirely right either. In fact the things produced by a culture which we perceive with our five senses are
simply manifestations of the deeper meaning of culture what we do, think and feel. Culture is taught and learned and
shared there is no culture of one. And yet, culture is not monolithic individuals exist within a culture. Finally,
culture is symbolic. Meaning is ascribed to behaviour, words and objects and this meaning is objectively arbitrary,
subjectively logical and rational. For example, a "home", is a physical structure, a familial construct and a moral
reference point which is distinct from one culture to another.
Culture is vital because it enables its members to function with one another without the need to negotiate meaning at
every moment. Culture is learned and forgotten, so despite its importance we are generally unconscious of its influence

on the manner in which we perceive the world and interact within it. Culture is significant because as we work with
others it both enables us and impedes us in our ability to understand and work effectively together.
72. Compare the intercultural and communicative competences
Intercultural competence is the ability for successful communication with people of other cultures. This ability can be
existing already at a young age, or be developed and improved thanks to willpower and competence. The bases for a
successful intercultural communication are emotional competence, together with intercultural sensitivity.
The goal of assessing intercultural competence is to find out if a person has this ability or the potential for it. Cultures
can be different not only between continents or nations, but also within
the same company or even family: every human being has its own history, its own life and therefore also (in a certain
extent) its own culture resp. cultural affiliation(geographical, ethnical, moral, ethical, religious, political, historical).
Intercultural competence enables you to interact both effectively and in a way that is acceptable to others when you
are working in a group whose members have different cultural backgrounds. The group may consist of two or more
people including yourself. Cultural may denote all manner of features, including the values and beliefs you have
grown up with, your national, regional and local customs and, in particular, attitudes and practices that affect the way
you work.Here intercultural competence can be observed and is required on three levels:

the level of encounters between individuals from different cultures;

the level of encounters of institutions working with refugees and migrants with individuals or ethnic/national groups of
migrants and refugees;
the level of encounters of ethnic/national groups of migrants with the dominant society.
Individual intercultural competence is the result of the development of interpersonal skills that arise from the following:

the motivation to communicate effectively with someone from a different culture;

being prepared to learn the skills needed for effective communication;
the ability to put this knowledge into use.
Communicative competence is the ability to communicate well in a language.
Canale
and
Swain's
Model
of
Communicative
Competence
In "Theoretical Bases of Communicative Approaches to Second Language Teaching and Testing" (Applied Linguistics,
1980), Michael Canale and Merrill Swain identified these four components of communicative competence:
(i) Grammatical
competence includes
knowledge
of phonology, orthography,vocabulary, word formation
and sentence formation.
(ii) Sociolinguistic competence includes knowledge of sociocultural rules of use. It is concerned with the learners'
ability to handle for example settings, topics and communicative functions in different sociolinguistic contexts. In
addition, it deals with the use of appropriate grammatical forms for different communicative functions in different
sociolinguistic
contexts.
(iii) Discourse competence is related to the learners' mastery of understanding and producing texts in the modes
of listening, speaking, reading and writing. It deals withcohesion and coherence in different types of texts.
(iv) Strategic competence refers to compensatory strategies in case of grammatical or sociolinguistic or discourse
difficulties, such as the use of reference sources, grammatical and lexical paraphrase, requests for repetition,
clarification, slower speech, or problems in addressing strangers when unsure of their social status or in finding the right
cohesion devices. It is also concerned with such performance factors as coping with the nuisance of background noise
or using gap fillers.

73. Write about the role of feedback and turn-taking in communication.

Feedback in the Communication Process
"Feedback is the final link in the chain of the communication process. After receiving a message, the receiver responds
in some way and signals that response to the sender. The signal may take the form of a spoken comment, a long sigh, a
written message, a smile or some other action. Even a lack of response, is in a sense, a form of response. Without
feedback, the sender cannot confirm that the receiver has interpreted the message correctly. Feedback is a key
component in the communication process because it allows the sender to evaluate the effectiveness of the message . . .
[and] take corrective action to clarify a misunderstood message."Feedback here means the processes through which the
speaker receives information from the listener about the way in which the listener has perceived, understood and
reacted to what the speaker has said. A major division of feedback behaviors is: 1) feedback elicitation and 2) feedback

giving. All languages seem to have both verbal and nonverbal (body movement) ways to develop and give feedback.
Some Swedish feedback elicitors are: inte sant (isnt that
true?) and eller hur, eller, vad (or how? or? what?). Similar expressions are used in many languages. They often contain
words for disjunction, negation, truth or correctness, e.g. nest ce pas (is this not so? in French), ne pravda li (not
true? in Russian), nicht wahr (not true? in German), no es cierto (isnt that certain? in
Spanish). In English, feedback elicitation has been grammaticized through the so called tag-questions: you smoke, dont
you?, you dont smoke, do you? Feedback elicitation takes place nonverbally in Swedish (and probably several other
cultures) by e.g. moving the head forward and raising the eyebrows.
Turn-taking
Since the middle of the 20TH century, the concept of turn taking has been used more and more to characterize a basic
set of principles for conversational interaction, The principles have to do with how the right to speak is distributed who speaks with whom, for how long, about what, when and in which way. Certain roles are very strongly associated
with rights and obligations in turn taking. One such is the role of chairman at a meeting. The task of a chairman is to
maintain order in turn taking. What will we talk about? Who will be allowed to speak? In what way will
we be allowed to speak?

74.Write about influencing factors to communication.

Communication skills are indicative of emotional intelligence. Strong emotional intelligence basically means an intuitive
ability to perceive and be sensitive to the emotions of others, as well as a raised awareness of your own emotions. In
practice, this sensitivity to emotion enables you to communicate well because you are able to build a strong rapport
with others; to cooperate with and influence them, as well as respond rationally to your own emotions before speaking
inappropriately. Successful communication doesn't simply acquire a language, but different cultural values reflected in
the language as well. Effective communication depends on the informal understandings among the parties involved that
are based on the trust developed between them. When trust exists, there is implicit understanding within
communication, cultural differences may be overlooked, and problems can be dealt with more easily. The meaning of
trust and how it is developed and communicated vary across societies. Similarly, some cultures have a greater
propensity to be trusting than others.

75.Point out the links of Intercultural communication with other sciences.

Intercultural communication is a form communication that aims to share information across different cultures and
social groups. It is used to describe the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear
within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. As a
separate notion, it studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact. Aside from language,
intercultural communication focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of
people. It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries.
Intercultural communication plays a role in social sciences such as anthropology, cultural studies, linguistics, psychology,
culturology, linguistics, sociology, etymology, cognitive linguistics and communication studies. Intercultural
communication is also referred to as the base for international businesses. The field has also moved both toward the
treatment of interethnic relations, and toward the study of communication strategies used by co-cultural populations,
i.e., communication strategies used to deal with majority or mainstream populations.

76.Explain the statement that intercultural communication is the ingredients of everyday life.
Cultural diversity and multiculturalism are the realities of everyday life for almost everyone. The growth of
interdependence of people and cultures in the global society of the twenty-first century has forced us to pay more
attention to intercultural issues. In order to live and function in this multicultural environment as effectively and
meaningfully as possible, people must be competent in intercultural communication. Therefore, demands for
intercultural communication skills are increasing as more and more businesses go global or international. We realize
that there are barriers and limitations when entering a foreign territory. Without the help of intercultural
communication we can unknowingly cause confusion and misunderstandings. !or these intercultural businesses to
breach the cultural barriers encountered when stepping into foreign grounds it is vital for business people to fully
understand the cultural differences that exist so as to prevent damaging business relations due to intercultural
communication gaps.
We should also be aware of the reasons for the development of the world into a global system
a. The development of technology has enabled a constant flow of information and ideas across boundaries.
Communication is faster and more available than ever. The development of transportation as well, has increased faceto-face contact with people from different cultural backgrounds immensely
b. These developments have affected the world economy. The business world is becoming more international and
interrelated.

c. Widespread population migrations have changed the demographics of several nations and new intercultural identities
and communities have been born.
d. The development of multiculturalism Working, meeting, dealing, entertaining, negotiating and corresponding with
colleagues or clients from different cultures can not be perceived outside the frame of intercultural communication.
This field is of importance to international businesses as it examines how people from different cultures, beliefs and
religions come together to work and communicate with each other. However, the basic skills of intercultural
communication are fundamentally general communication skills that can be used universally by all cultures and races.
These skills are simply tweaked in a direction that takes the cultural limitation into consideration. In example of such
communication skills in the intercultural environment is to listen without judging, repeat what you understand, confirm
meanings, give suggestions and acknowledge a mutual understanding.

77. State out common reasons that conflicts between nations take place.
Lack of understanding
Lack of understanding is a failure to interpret parts of or all of what the other person is
saying or doing. The lack of understanding may be conscious or unconscious, that is,
you may or may not notice that you have not understood. The lack can, if it is a
conscious, lead to an attempt to do something about it, such as to say that you have not
understood or to ask for an explanation. The lack of understanding can also be allowed
to pass, in spite of the fact that you are aware of it, perhaps because, owing to a lack of
time or to an inferior status, you do not consider yourself in a position to ask for help or
to admit that you have not understood.
4.2 Misunderstanding
The assumed difference in relevant pre-understanding can also lead to misunderstanding,
i.e. one actually makes an interpretation but this interpretation is inadequate or incorrect.
The risk that poor understanding will lead to misunderstanding is dependent on factors
like:
(i) strong expectations concerning communicative contents
(ii) insufficient awareness of your own lack of understanding of the others cultural
background
(iii) strong motivation, or perhaps an absolute need, to try to understand
(iv) mastery of the language used for the communication
(v) the occurrence of something that gives strong evidence against the interpretation
about to be made.
4.3 Emotional reactions and actions
Integrated with the process of understanding are different factors that have to do with
emotions and attitudes. These factors are also present in the cases of a lack of
understanding and of misunderstanding. In spite of a lack of understanding perhaps
being experienced as a challenge and as an incentive toward increasing the mutual
understanding, it is probable that a lack of understanding more generally, and
particularly if it leads to misunderstanding, is connected with negative emotional
reactions. As emotional reactions are usually associated with desire and dispositions
toward behavior, the consequence can be that both verbal and other actions are taken
that are built upon misunderstanding and hasty negative reactions.
The further consequences that such actions bring about depend in turn upon how great
the misunderstanding is, how great the communication need is of each of the parties, the
occurrence of conflicts of interest between the parties and, not least, the power relation
between the parties.
If the misunderstanding is great, the need of communication little, the conflict of interest
large and the power difference small, there is a great probability that the
misunderstanding will lead to some sort of conflict.
Such a conflict can in turn have several different consequences, on the one hand, on an
individual level for the individuals that are communicating, and on the other, on a group
level, which sometimes occurs; one individuals reaction pattern can become the general

78. Suggest the ways or methods to cope with conflicts between nations.
As the most effective ways of conflict resolution are considered:
- Negotiation processes;
- Mediation procedure;

- Arbitration;
- Reducing and eliminating the supply of weapons to the conflicting parties;
- The organization of free elections

79. Give common stereotypes of some nations and comment on them.

Canadians are boring.
Those who say that Canadians are boring are probably the same people who think that the Canadian capital is Toronto,
that the Canadian culture is based around Celine Dion, and that Canadians live in igloos.
The truth is, the climate is not the only thing that is cooler in this country. Canada offers a wide range of exciting
activities such as snowboarding, kayaking and many other sports for the adventurous. Youll also not run out of reasons
to laugh in this more-than-maple country. After all, many comedians in Hollywood are Canadians Mike Myers, John
Candy, Matthew Perry, Eugene Levy and Jim Carrey among others.
The French are arrogant.
Never trust the French, they say. When it comes to national stereotypes, the French probably suffer the most. Outside
France, ask any random guy who the most arrogant people are and theres a big chance they are likely to include the
French with a passion.
However, do they really think highly of themselves to the point that they get the ire of foreign nationals? One argument
that is often mentioned is that an average Frenchman do not smile at strangers. The truth is, it doesnt mean that they
are rude. It may just be a cultural thing. Unlike others who wear a smile all day, the French do not show emotions that
they do not feel. No one is required to smile in France, and it has nothing to do with being polite or rude.
Moreover, if the French are so drowned in their mightiness, how come they are humble enough to donate to countries
in need more than any other European nation? According to The Economist, France is the third largest aid donor in
the world, after the US and Japan. That is hardly what anyone would call arrogant.
The Chinese eat anything that moves.
They say that the Chinese can eat anything with four legs, except tables; anything on water, except boats; and anything
that flies, except airplanes. Although Bruce Lees lot actually have a diverse range of foods to choose from, saying that
the Chinese eats anything is a downright hasty generalization.
What many fail to realize is that every culture has its own food taboos. Some Asians find eating rabbits gross but its
normal to Westerners. Moreover, for a culture as diverse as the Chinese, it can be very hard to group over 1 billion
people and say that they ALL eat a certain exotic food. While some Chinese eat dogs, some dont. Some like eating
meat; some are Buddhist vegetarians. Some find cheese distasteful, but youll find cheese shops in some streets of
Beijing and Shanghai. Besides, if people really dont trust the taste of the Chinese people, how come Chinese food is so
popular all around the world?
Spaniards are lazy.
Siesta is a well-known part of the Spanish culture. But is it enough to conclude that the entire Spanish peoples deadly
sin is sloth? If indolence could be measured, wouldnt it be by looking at the output or product?
In other words, a peoples assiduity and laziness should reflect on the countrys economic performance. Carr argues,
Take a look at Germanys economic performance over the past few years. Its disgracefulthe average annual increase
in GDP growth is struggling to get off the ground at a rate of just over 1%but does that mean that Germany is now the
lazy man of Europe, and that Spain has nicked its crown? Spain is growing at more than twice the rate of Germany, with
an average annual increase of 2.8%.
Maybe for some of us, they are stereotypes for a reason. Maybe theres some truth in it. Maybe it applies to some
people. But the problem with stereotypes is that they tend to generalize. Perhaps its about time that we accept that
mankind is composed of fine, unique individuals with different ways of living life and avoid branding an entire nation
with what we think are characteristics of just some.
Remember that a person is judged not according to his race and definitely not his nationality. Humanity is defined by
how good we have been to ourselves and other people, not by the country we live in.

80. Give facts on the history of Intercultural communication.

Although the phenomenon of intercultural communication is as old as human society, the study of
intercultural communication is of recent origin. It was first started in the United States. Communication
scholars commonly recognize E. T. Hall as the father of the field of intercultural communication study. He
conceptualized this new field of ICC in the early (179s when he worked for the US. foreign service Institute
He popularized this new area of communication in his book, The Silent Language, which is considered the
founder of intercultural communication study and a classic in this field.

The field of ICC has continued to prosper in the United States considering the following reasons:
1)The United States provide many opportunities for people from different cultural backgrounds to
communicate with each;
2)There are thousands of new immigrants entering the country every year;
3)The US. has large numbers of foreign students and tourists;
4)The American involvement in the global economy# the majority of Americas Fortune 799 Corporations are
multinational and transnational companies with numerous employees and offices in many different countries
in the world.

Early influences on the discipline, from FSI through the 1980s, were mostly scientific. Even though some
early text writers (e.g., Michael Prosser) were rhetoricians, much of the research was scientific, so that one
author (Y.Y. Kim) in 1984, reviewing intercultural work, states outright that in her review of relevant
intercultural research, she would not include any qualitative or critical research, and Gudykunst and Nishida,
in a 1989 essay, suggest that there was at that time, no intercultural research looking at rhetoric.

Notably, in all of their presentations of research paradigm debates (interpretive versus scientific
research), Kim and Gudykunst have, for the most part, left out much (or any) discussion of critical theory and
research that strives for social change.

Many authors after 1980 (through the 1990s) have been working in ways that actually critique the
influences of E.T. Hall, seeking to return research to a more holistic, sometimes macrocultural focus. For
example, humanistic approaches like ethnography, and critical research seek to understand communication
within its larger contexts (holistically); other scholars have said we first need to understand single cultures
more deeply before we can really look at intercultural communication (e.g., Robert Shuter, 1990, 1998)
Today intercultural communication not only has become one of the major academic disciplines in the united
states but also is widely acknowledged and extensively researched in all parts of the world.

81. Write about the aspects of communication.

Communication, information exchange (communicative aspect of communication)
Communicative aspect of communication, or communication in the narrow sense of the word, is to exchange
information between communicating individuals.
Communication as interaction (interactive aspect of communication)
Interactive aspect is to organize interaction between communicating individuals, ie not only in the exchange of
knowledge, ideas, but also actions
communication as people's perceptions of each other (the perceptual aspect of communication)
Perceptual aspect of communication is the process of perception and learning from each other partners in dialogue and
the establishment of this common understanding.
Of course, in reality each of these aspects do not exist in isolation from the other two, and their separation is only
possible to analyze, in particular for the construction of experimental studies. All fields marked side of communication
are identified here in small groups, ie under the direct contact between human beings

82. State out the characteristic features of communication.

Important Characteristics of Communication:
1.)It is a 2-way process.
2.)Communication process happens between or among two or more parties. (Sender and Receiver)
3.)Communication involves exchange of ideas, feelings, information, thoughts, and knowledge
4.)Communication involves mutuality of understanding between Sender and Receiver.
5.)There are two types of Communication i.e., Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication.
Verbal Communication:1.) Oral Communication,2.) Written Communication.
Nonverbal Communication:1.) Body Language,2.) Para Language,3.) Space and Time Language,4.) Sign
Language.

83. Give your points of view about the areas or domains of Intercultural communicative competence.

The individual's skills in order to communicate with others from a different culture independently and in an appropriate
way to their culture called intercultural competence. Having enough information about his/her own culture and also
understanding and respect for the values of other culture is very important.
Nowadays the population of the world especially in Europe, Asia, America are growing fast. There are a lot of
multicultural countries and because of the advance of technology we can see different people from different culture in
every country. Also we can see more international students in advanced countries or more people from different
nationalities in business fields, so in spite of these facts the intercultural competences has an important meaning in
these societies.
Economical, political, commercial are the fields that we must increase our intercultural competence in order to get best
results. Because of the rapid advance of communication technology through media, people can communicate easily
with each other, so here again the intercultural competence has a significant effect.

84. Describe the tools or ways to assess Intercultural competence.

examine the following areas:

personal and professional commitment to the task at hand
approach to networking and relationship-building
understanding of sensitivity and respect
leadership style
background information on intercultural communication
general commitment to learning about intercultural issues
If you are indeed prepared to fine-tune your respective abilities to another culture, intercultural competence has
already begun.
Awareness: What is culture anyway? Is there more than one kind of culture? How do I personally react to such
differences when I encounter them in everyday life?
Knowledge: What can I find out about my host culture in comparison to my own culture? What sorts of emotions
does my research evoke? Am I fascinated, nervous, puzzled, amused, enthusiastic, etc.?
Skills: Can I apply my theoretical know-how about specific cultural differences to everyday life in another culture?
Does this help to adjust my behavior abroad and to better understand the way others behave? Can I thus minimize the
impact of culture shock and feel more at ease?

85. Give the reasons or necessity of Intercultural competence. (You should give your own opinion here!!!)
Intercultural competence is the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately with people of other
cultures. In interactions with people from foreign cultures, a person who is interculturally competent
understands the culture-specific concepts of perception, thinking, feeling, and acting. Intercultural
competence is also called "cross-cultural competence". The basic requirements for intercultural
competence are empathy, an understanding of other people's behaviors and ways of thinking, and the
ability to express one's own way of thinking. It is a balance, situatively adapted, among four parts:
Knowledge (about other cultures and other people's behaviors); Empathy (understanding the feelings and
needs of other people); Self-confidence (knowledge of one's own desires, strengths, weaknesses, and
emotional stability); Cultural identity (knowledge of one's own culture).
It is important that cross-cultural competence training and skills does not break down into the application
of stereotypes. Although its goal is to promote understanding between groups of individuals that, as a
whole, think differently, it may fail to recognize specific differences between individuals of any given group.
Such differences can be more significant than the differences between groups, especially in the case of

heterogeneous populations and value systems.

86. Write about the components of Intercultural communicative competence. Intercultural communication
competence (ICC) is the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in various cultural contexts.
There are numerous components of ICC. Some key components include motivation, self- and other
knowledge, and tolerance for uncertainty.
Initially, a persons motivation for communicating with people from other cultures must be considered.
Motivation refers to the root of a persons desire to foster intercultural relationships and can be intrinsic or
extrinsic. Developing self- and other-knowledge is an ongoing process that will continue to adapt and grow
as we encounter new experiences. Mindfulness and cognitive complexity will help as we continue to build
our ICC. Mindfulness is a state of self- and other-monitoring that informs later reflection on
communication interactions. Reflecting on the communication encounter later to see what can be learned
is also a way to build ICC. We should then be able to incorporate what we learned into our communication
frameworks, which requires cognitive flexibility. Cognitive flexibility refers to the ability to continually
supplement and revise existing knowledge to create new categories rather than forcing new knowledge
into old categories. Cognitive flexibility helps prevent our knowledge from becoming stale and also
prevents the formation of stereotypes and can help us avoid prejudging an encounter or jumping to
conclusions. In summary, to be better intercultural communicators, we should know much about others
and ourselves and be able to reflect on and adapt our knowledge as we gain new experiences. Motivation
and knowledge can inform us as we gain new experiences, but how we feel in the moment of intercultural
encounters is also important. Tolerance for uncertainty refers to an individuals attitude about and level of
comfort in uncertain situations.
87. Give your points on the cultural diversity and multiculturalism. (And please, you should give your
opinion here!!!) Cultural diversity is the quality of diverse or different cultures, as opposed to monoculture,
as in the global monoculture, or a homogenization of cultures, akin to cultural decay. The phrase cultural
diversity can also refer to having different cultures respect each other's differences. The phrase "cultural
diversity" is also sometimes used to mean the variety of human societies or cultures in a specific region, or
in the world as a whole. The culturally destructive action of globalization is often said to have a negative
effect on the world's cultural diversity. Multiculturalism relates to communities containing multiple
cultures. The term is used in two broad ways, either descriptively or normatively.[1] As a descriptive term,
it usually refers to the simple fact of cultural diversity: it is generally applied to the demographic make-up
of a specific place, sometime at the organizational level, e.g. schools, businesses, neighborhoods, cities, or
nations.
88. Write about four major influences on E. Hall's Intercultural paradigm. 1. Cultural Anthropology:
Cultural anthropology served as both a positive and negative influence on Halls formation of the paradigm
for intercultural communication. At Columbia University Hall was particularly influenced by Franz Boas and
Ruth Benedict (Hart, 1996b). In The Hidden Dimension, Hall acknowledged that the connection that he
made between culture and communication in his noted book The Silent Language had its beginnings with
Boas who laid the foundation of the view...that communication constitutes the core of culture... 2.
Linguistics: At the FSI, Halls most influential colleague was George L. Trager, a linguist with post-doctoral
training. Trager was perhaps closer to Whorf than any other scholar of his day; they shared scholarly
interests in Native American languages of the American Southwest, Hopi for Whorf and Tanoan for Trager.
Thus Hall was exposed to the concept of linguistic relativity, the process through which language influences
human thought and meaning. Hall later said that what Whorf did for understanding the influence of

language on human thinking, Hall himself did for human behavior through his study of nonverbal
communication.3. Ethology: Hall developed an interest in biology during his teenage years (Hall, 1992). This
interest, particularly in animal behavior, is evidenced in his books The Hidden Dimension (concerning
animal crowding and the handling of space) and Beyond Culture (regarding action chains). The map of
culture in The Silent Language is rooted in biology. Halls classification of time (and culture) as formal,
informal, and technical was based on Paul MacLeans reptilian, limbic, and neo-cortex (triune) brain
theory.4. Freudian psychoanalytic theory: The unconscious level of communication was a strong influence
on Hall and his colleagues at the Foreign Service Institute, especially their conception of nonverbal
communication. Hall was not influenced in forming the paradigm for intercultural communication by Georg
Simmels theory of the stranger nor by Charles Darwins research on the nonverbal communication of facial
expressions. Neither source is cited in any of Halls writings, although both are today considered important
roots of intercultural communication.

89. Describe the main scientific works of E. Hall devoted to Intercultural context. From 1933 through 1937,
Hall lived and worked with the Navajo and the Hopi on native American reservations in northwestern
Arizona, the subject of his autobiographical West of the Thirties. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia
University in 1942 and continued with field work and direct experience throughout Europe, the Middle
East, and Asia. During the 1950s he worked for the United States State Department, at the Foreign Service
Institute (FSI), teaching inter-cultural communications skills to foreign service personnel, developed the
concept of "High context culture" and "low context culture", and wrote several popular practical books on
dealing with cross-cultural issues. He is considered a founding father of intercultural communication as an
academic area of study.[2][3]
Throughout his career, Hall introduced a number of new concepts, including proxemics, polychronic and
monochronic time, and high and low context culture. In his second book, The Hidden Dimension, he
describes the culturally specific temporal and spatial dimensions that surround each of us, such as the
physical distances people maintain in different contexts. In The Silent Language (1959), Hall coined the
term polychronic to describe the ability to attend to multiple events simultaneously, as opposed to
"monochronic" individuals and cultures who tend to handle events sequentially. In 1976, he released his
third book, Beyond Culture, which is notable for having developed the idea of extension transference; that
is, that humanity's rate of evolution has and does increase as a consequence of its creations, that we evolve
as much through our "extensions" as through our biology. However, with extensions such as the wheel,
cultural values, and warfare being technology based, they are capable of much faster adaptation than
genetics.
90. Characterize non-verbal means of communication according to E. Hall. Nonverbal communication is
the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) cues between
people. It is sometimes mistakenly referred to as body language (kinesics), but nonverbal communication
encompasses much more, such as use of voice (paralanguage), touch (haptics), distance (proxemics), and
physical environments/appearance. Proxemics is a subcategory of the study of nonverbal communication
along with haptics (touch), kinesics (body movement), vocalics (paralanguage), and chronemics (structure
of time). Proxemics can be defined as "the interrelated observations and theories of man's use of space as a
specialized elaboration of culture". Edward T. Hall, the cultural anthropologist who coined the term in
1963, emphasized the impact of proxemic behavior (the use of space) on interpersonal communication.
Hall believed that the value in studying proxemics comes from its applicability in evaluating not only the
way people interact with others in daily life, but also "the organization of space in [their] houses and
buildings, and ultimately the layout of [their] towns. In his work on proxemics, Edward T. Hall separated his

theory into two overarching categories: personal space and territory. Personal space describes the
immediate space surrounding a person, while territory refers to the area which a person may "lay claim to"
and defend against others. His theory on territoriality has been applied to animal behaviors as well;
defending territory is said to be a means of "propagation of the species by regulating density".
http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/an-introduction-to-group-communication/s08-05-types-ofnonverbal-communicati.html

91. Speak on the role of widespread population migrations in Intercultural communication. (You should
also write your opinion!!!). Widespread population migrations have changed the demographics of several
nations and new intercultural identities and communities have been born. Cultural diversity and
multiculturalism are the realities of working and domestic life everywhere. In the process of migration and
general internationalization the idea of a national identity has changed. International alliances and
subcultures inside the nations have caused a de-emphasis on the nation-state.
92. Express your attitude to characteristic features of Intercultural communication.

93. Give the natural features of Intercultural communication.

94. Differentiate the following notions: intercultural, interethnic, interracial, cross-cultural

communications. Intercultural communication is a form communication that aims to share information
across different cultures and social groups. It is used to describe the wide range of communication
processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different
religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used
synonymously with cross-cultural communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from
different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them. Many people in
intercultural business communication argue that culture determines how individuals encode messages,
what medium they choose for transmitting them, and the way messages are interpreted. Cross-cultural
communication (also frequently referred to as intercultural communication, which, however, is also used in
a different sense) is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds
communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavour to communicate
across cultures. Interethnic communication is communication between people from different ethnic groups.
Interracial communication is communication between different races.

95. Give the difference between Intercultural communication and other types of communication.
Intercultural communication is a form communication that aims to share information across different
cultures and social groups. It is used to describe the wide range of communication processes and problems
that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic,
and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with crosscultural communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and
cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them. Many people in intercultural business
communication argue that culture determines how individuals encode messages, what medium they
choose for transmitting them, and the way messages are interpreted. Cross-cultural communication (also
frequently referred to as intercultural communication, which, however, is also used in a different sense) is a

field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and
different ways among themselves, and how they endeavour to communicate across cultures. Interethnic
communication is communication between people from different ethnic groups.
Interracial
communication is communication between people from different races.

96. Identify that Intercultural communication is not new notion or idea. (Give your point of view!!!)
Intercultural communication is one of the younger academic fields. As a disciple and as a study was
performed in 1850. The notion of IC was adopted by American Cultural anthropologist Edward Hall where
he made up adaptation program of politicians and businessman in other countries in America. Although the
beginnings of the field of intercultural communication as a field can be traced back to the 1920s in the
teaching of linguistics and in various aca-demic and youth-oriented programs, communication scholars
commonly rec-ognize E. T. Hall as the father of the field of intercultural communication study.
97) Name the most popular and influential works of E. Hall and give short characteristics.
Edward Hall is an American anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher. Anthropologist Edward T. Hall
received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1942 and did fieldwork on intercultural relations. Edward T.
Hall developed a cultural model that emphasized the importance of nonverbal signals and modes of
awareness over explicit messages. These insights proved invaluable in studying how members of different
cultures interact and how they often fail to understand one other . He is the author of many books, best
known for his work in intercultural relations and communication. The Silent Language (1959) - In the
everyday but unspoken give-and-take of human relationships, the silent language plays a vitally
important role. Edward T. Hall, a leading anthropologist, has analyzed the many ways in which people talk
to one another without the use of words. The pecking order in a chicken yard, the fierce competition in a
school playground, every unwitting gesture and action this is the vocabulary of the silent language.
According to Hall, the concepts of space and time are tools with which all humans beings may transmit
messages. In "Beyond Culture," Hall draws on his personal, firsthand experience and quotes from material
previously presented in his other publications, "The Silent Language" 1959, and "The Hidden Dimension,"
1966. In this book, Hall introduces the highly-significant concept of man's extensions and illustrates the
concept using examples from other species. Another major idea presented in this book is the concept of
high- and low-context communications that are used, in turn, as the basis for the classification of different
aspects of culture and society, including national and organizational institutions . The theme of this book is
the path to improvement in intercultural interaction.
98) Identify the definition and distinguishing features of communication.
Communication is the exchange of information and ideas from one person to another, it involves a sender
transmitting an idea, information, or feeling to a receiver. Another definition of communication is any act
by which one person gives to or receives from another person information about that person's needs,
desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. Communication may be intentional or unintentional,
may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or non-linguistic forms, and may
occur through spoken or other modes. Developing a message is known as encoding. Interpreting the
message is referred to as decoding. Important characteristics of communication are as follows: 1. Specific
objectives: Every work of human being should be specific objective oriented. 2. Message or information:
Message is the set of symbols that the sender transmits to the receiver through the media. It is content of
the interaction between sender and receiver. 3. Exchange of information: Communication helps to
exchange information or ideas between sender and receiver. 4. Two or more person/parties: Generally,
communication is the two-way process. It happens between or among two or more parties (sender and
receiver).5. Mutual of understanding: Communication involves mutuality of understanding between sender

and receiver. They should understand the subject matter of the communication. 6. Dynamic process:
Communication is a dynamic process between or among the sender and receiver. 7. Feedback: Feedback is
the reaction or response of the receiver to the sender. Feedback is essential to complete any
communication process. Communication has 3 aspects: communicative, interactive and perceptual.
99) Characterize culture by your own researches or definitions.
Culture - the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time; a particular society
that has its own beliefs, ways of life, art, etc. ; a way of thinking, behaving, or working that exists in a place
or organization. For anthropologists and other behavioral scientists, culture is the full range of learned
human behavior patterns. The term was first used in this way by the pioneer English Anthropologist Edward
B. Tylor in his book, Primitive Culture, published in 1871. Tylor said that culture is "that complex whole
which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired
by man as a member of society." Culture is a powerful human tool for survival, but it is a fragile
phenomenon. It is constantly changing and easily lost because it exists only in our minds. Our written
languages, governments, buildings, and other man-made things are merely the products of culture. No
matter where people live in the world, they share universal traits. Examples of such traits are
communicating with a verbal language ,using age and gender to classify people (e.g., teenager, senior
citizen, woman, man) , classifying people based on marriage and descent relationships and having kinship
terms to refer to them (e.g., wife, mother, uncle, cousin). While all cultures have these and possibly many
other universal traits, different cultures have developed their own specific ways of carrying out or
expressing them. For instance, people in deaf subcultures frequently use their hands to communicate with
sign language instead of verbal language.
100) Speak on the role of interaction sequence, turn-taking in communication process.
Process of communication is the process of sharing of meaningful information between two or more
people with the goal of the receiver understanding the sender's intended message. By process we mean
the steps have to be taken and in a particular order to achieve a desired result/goal. Turn-taking is a basic
form of organization for conversation. Turn in talk rules of a dialogue according to which each participant
of a dialog adheres to sequence in talk. These rules are rather difficult and include such receptions, as
pauses, intonations, expression acts, direct invitations of other person to speak, questions, the partial
outputs, etc. Some persons are not acquired with these rules well enough or are not capable to take them
into account, that's why in talk to someone prefer a monologue quite often. Turn-taking systems can
provide strong motivations for non-speakers to listen closely to the current-speaker: only by keeping track
of upcoming transition-places can an aspiring next-speaker know when to speak. Assent terms--such as,
'Yes,' 'Okay,' 'Uh-huh,' 'Right'--make it clear to the speaker that the listener has taken in and understood
the previous message. They also serve to establish the listener's ongoing availability, and they commit him
or her to attend the speaker's next utterance. During an exchange both sides play the active role. For
example, if you as a director describe to one of subordinates how to change work , it's only the beginning of
exchange .Exchange becomes effective, if your subordinate tells you how he understands the task.
Information exchange happens only in that case when one side "offers" information, and another perceives
it.
101) Explain the difference between communicative and intercultural competence.
Communicative competence is a term in linguistics which refers to a language user's grammatical
knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology and the like, as well as social knowledge about how and
when to use utterances appropriately. Grammatical competence: words and rules , sociolinguistic
competence: appropriateness ,strategic competence: appropriate use of communication strategies are 3
components of communicative competence. Intercultural competence is the ability to communicate
effectively and appropriately with representatives of other cultural backgrounds. Awareness knowledge

 skills are therefore three basic training steps in IC. Awareness: What is culture ? Is there more than one
kind of culture? How do I personally react to such differences when I encounter them in everyday life?
Knowledge: What can I find out about host culture in comparison to my own culture? Skills: usage of
theory about specific cultural differences in everyday life.
102) Give the main features of communicative competence.
The term communicative competence is comprised of two words, the combination of which means
competence to communicate. This simple lexicosemantical analysis uncovers the fact that the central
word in the syntagm communicative competence is the word competence.
Competence is one of the most controversial terms in the field of general and applied linguistics.
Communicative competence is a term in linguistics which refers to a language user's grammatical
knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology and the like, as well as social knowledge about how and
when to use utterances appropriately. The term was coined by Dell Hymes in 1966. The notion of
communicative competence is one of the theories that underlies the communicative approach to foreign
language teaching. Canale and Swain (1980) defined communicative competence in terms of three
components: 1.grammatical competence: words and rules 2. sociolinguistic competence: appropriateness
3. strategic competence: appropriate use of communication strategies.
Canale (1983) refined the above model, adding discourse competence: cohesion and coherence.
103) Give the main features of intercultural competence.
Intercultural competence ( also called "cross-cultural competence ) is the ability to communicate effectively
and appropriately with people of other cultures. IC involves adapting to cultural differences through
increased intercultural sensitivity, an appreciation of multiple perspectives, the ability to behave
appropriately and effectively in another cultural context. Typically, a newcomer bears the burden of
adaptation, tryingthrough trial and error or informal educationto figure out the dominant culture.
Intercultural communication, however, implies that both the dominant and non-dominant cultures are
responsible for adapting to one another. The basic requirements for IC are empathy, an understanding of
other people's behaviors and ways of thinking, and the ability to express one's own way of thinking. It is a
balance, situatively adapted, among four parts: Knowledge (about other cultures and other people's
behaviors), Empathy (understanding the feelings and needs of other people), Self-confidence (knowledge of
one's own desires, strengths, weaknesses, and emotional stability), Cultural identity (knowledge of one's
own culture). The development of intercultural competence is mostly based on the individual's experiences
while he or she is communicating with different cultures.
104) Give the main types of communication.
There are mainly four types of communication which are used in various ways to convey the final message
to the receiver. Verbal communication include sounds, words, language, and speech. Speaking is an
effective way of communicating and helps in expressing our emotions in words.This form of communication
is further classified into four types, which are: 1. Intrapersonal Communication (is extremely private and
restricted to ourselves),Interpersonal Communication(takes place between two individuals and is thus a
one-on-one conversation), Small Group Communication,Public Communication. Nonverbal communication
manages to convey the sender's message without having to use words. It involves the use of physical ways
of communication, such as tone of the voice, touch, and expressions. Symbols and sign language are also
included in nonverbal communication. Body posture and language convey a lot of nonverbal messages
when communicating verbally with someone. Written communication is the medium through which the
message of the sender is conveyed with the help of written words. Letters, personal journals, e-mails,
reports, articles, and memos are some forms of written communication. Unlike other forms of
communication, written messages can be edited and rectified before it is communicated to the receiver.
Visual type - involves the visual display of information, wherein the message is understood or expressed

with the help of visual aids. For example, topography, photography, signs, symbols, maps, colors, posters,
banners and designs help the viewer understand the message visually. The greatest example of visual
communication is the World Wide Web which communicates with the masses, using a combination of text,
links, images, and color. All of these visual features require us to view the screen in order to understand the
message being conveyed.
105) Explain the interrelation of intercultural communication with other sciences.
Intercultural communication is communication and between representatives of different cultures that
assumes as direct contacts between people and their communities, and the mediated forms of
communication (including language, the speech, writing, electronic communication).
Sometimes intercultural communication is called as "cross-cultural". Cross-cultural communication, as in
many scholarly fields, is a combination of many other fields. These fields include anthropology, cultural
studies, psychology and communication. The field has also moved both toward the treatment of interethnic
relations, and toward the study of communication strategies used by co-cultural populations, it means ,
communication strategies used to deal with majority or mainstream populations. Intercultural
communication is studied on an interdisciplinary level as the interrelation of sciences such as cultural
studies, psychology, linguistics, ethnology, anthropology, sociology, ecology of means of communication.
106) Give the benefits of Intercultural communication as a discipline.
Intercultural communication is an emerging discipline which studies communication between people from
diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds. The discipline is characterized by a diversity of approaches, as
any discipline is likely to be, especially in the early stages of its formation, and there is by no means a
general agreement on what the discipline consists of. Its diversity can be analyzed in terms of four main
areas of focus: linguistic interaction, cooperation, education for citizenship, and intercultural studies.
Intercultural studies focuses on the cultural field and the development of knowledge, skills and tastes
relating to the signifying practices of different linguistic or cultural traditions. Intercultural communication
is studied on an interdisciplinary level as the interrelation of sciences such as cultural studies, psychology,
linguistics, ethnology, anthropology, sociology, ecology of means of communication.
The benefits of ICC are healthier communities, effective and competent communication, personal growth
through tolerance, reduced conflict, increased commerce.
107) Give the necessity and benefits of intercultural communication.
Intercultural communication is an emerging discipline which studies communication between people from
diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds. The discipline is characterized by a diversity of approaches The
study of languages other than one's own can serve not only to help one understand what we as humans
have in common, but also to assist in the understanding of the diversity which underlines our languages'
ways of constructing and organizing knowledge. With globalization, especially the increase of global trade,
it is unavoidable that different cultures will meet and blend together. The benefits of ICC are healthier
communities, effective and competent communication, personal growth through tolerance, reduced
conflict, increased commerce. As necessity of ICC we can distinguish new technologies, globalization of the
economy, changes in immigration patterns, communication and culture.
108) Write about the problems and consequences of Intercultural communication.
The problems in intercultural communication usually come from problems in message transmission. In
communication between people of the same culture, the person who receives the message interprets it
based on values, beliefs, and expectations for behavior similar to those of the person who sent the
message. However, when the receiver of the message is a person from a different culture, the receiver
uses information from his or her culture to interpret the message. The message that the receiver interprets
may be very different from what the speaker intended.

With globalization, especially the increase of global trade, it is unavoidable that different cultures will meet,
conflict, and blend together. People from different culture find it is hard to communicate not only due to
language barriers, but also are affected by culture styles. In some degree, the effect brought by cultural
difference override the language gap. This culture style difference contributes to one of the biggest
challenges for cross-culture communication. Effective communication with people of different cultures is
especially challenging. Cultures provide people with ways of thinkingways of seeing, hearing, and
interpreting the world. Thus the same words can mean different things to people from different cultures,
even when they speak the "same" language. When the languages are different, and translation has to be
used to communicate, the potential for misunderstandings increases. The study of cross-cultural
communication is a global research area. As a result, cultural differences in the study of cross-cultural
communication can already be found.
109 Cultures are embedded in every conflict because conflicts arise in human relationships.
Cultures affect the ways we name, frame, blame, and attempt to tame conflicts. Whether a conflict exists at all is a
cultural question. In an interview conducted in Canada, an elderly Chinese man indicated he had experienced no conflict
at all for the previous 40 years.[2] Among the possible reasons for his denial was a cultural preference to see the world
through lenses of harmony rather than conflict, as encouraged by his Confucian upbringing. Labeling some of our
interactions as conflicts and analyzing them into smaller component parts is a distinctly Western approach that may
obscure other aspects of relationships.
Culture is always a factor in conflict, whether it plays a central role or influences it subtly and gently. For any conflict
that touches us where it matters, where we make meaning and hold our identities, there is always a cultural component.
Intractable conflicts like the Israeli-Palestinian conflict or the India-Pakistan conflict over Kashmir are not just about
territorial, boundary, and sovereignty issues they are also about acknowledgement, representation, and legitimization
of different identities and ways of living, being, and making meaning.
Culture is inextricable from conflict, though it does not cause it. When differences surface in families, organizations, or
communities, culture is always present, shaping perceptions, attitudes, behaviors, and outcomes.
When the cultural groups we belong to are a large majority in our community or nation, we are less likely to be aware of
the content of the messages they send us. Cultures shared by dominant groups often seem to be "natural," "normal"
"the way things are done." We only notice the effect of cultures that are different from our own, attending to behaviors
that we label exotic or strange.
Though culture is intertwined with conflict, some approaches to conflict resolution minimize cultural issues and
influences. Since culture is like an iceberg largely submerged it is important to include it in our analyses and
interventions. Icebergs unacknowledged can be dangerous, and it is impossible to make choices about them if we don't
know their size or place. Acknowledging culture and bringing cultural fluency to conflicts can help all kinds of people
make more intentional, adaptive choices.
110Name the things you will learn when you communicate with different cultures.
when dealing with other cultures , we learn such things as : Values - is generally accepted beliefs about the purposes to
which people should strive . They form the basis of moral printsipov.Pravila . These elements ( including regulations )
govern the behavior of people in accordance with the values of a particular culture. For example, our legal system
includes a plurality of laws prohibiting kill , injure others or threaten them . These laws reflect how much we appreciate
the life and welfare of the individual . Similarly, we have , there are dozens of laws prohibiting burglary , embezzlement ,
damage to property , etc. They reflect our commitment to the protection of personal sobstvennosti.Yazyk organizes
people's experience . Therefore, as the whole culture as a whole, it produces a generally accepted meaning .
Communication is possible only in the presence of values that are taken are used by its participants and understood
them .
111Explain the ways and scientsts who influenced E. Hall to make his paradigm on Intercultural
communication.
The term "intercultural communication" was first used in Edward T. Halls. Elements of Halls paradigm include the
following (Rogers et al. 2002): (1) it was focused on intercultural communication, rather than on macro-level monocultural study; (2) nonverbal communication defined (by Hall) as communication did not involve the exchange of words;

(3) the emphasis, especially in nonverbal communication, was on the out-of-awareness level of information-exchange;
and (4) the approach to intercultural communication accepted cultural differences was nonjudgmental, reflecting a
perspective from anthropological research and training. Halls paradigm was a strong intellectual influence on
conceptualizations of the Japanese ways of nonverbal communication, shaping the field of intercultural communication in
Japan. Nonverbal communication is hugely important in any interaction with others because people tend to look for
nonverbal cues when verbal messages are unclear or ambiguous (especially when different languages are being used) :
"Since nonverbal behavior arises from our cultural common sense (our ideas about what is appropriate, normal, and
effective as communication in relationships), we use different systems of understanding gestures, posture,
silence, emotional expression, touch, physical appearance, and other nonverbal cues" Language is both a product of
culture, and an important part, and the condition for the existence of culture. Moreover, it is a specific way of being
cultural factor in the formation of cultural codes. the main part of the language spoken by people obschayutsya language
among themselves

112 Give the interrelation of culture, language and communication.

Though, language is not the only means of communication. Whenever communication is thought of we always associate
it with language.Language is a vehicle that we use in presenting our ideas, thoughts, feelings, opinions to the world. It is
what we exhibit our cultural norms and orientations in and the whole essence of our being is captured in our language.
That is why whenever a country, people or race conquers the first thing that will be affected will be the conquered
peoples language. If the colonialists had come to Africa without imposing their languages on the continent, the issue of
political domination would not have been possible.
23. Language and communication are different things that cannot be seperated. Language is surely the most important
tool of communication that individual have at their disposal. This is because it is language that permit people to
communicate. The purpose of acquisition of Language as proved by Chomsky is for communicative purpose. Other
means of Communication have several weaknesses, therefore, human language is the best means of communication .
24. The role of language in communication If we believe that our language is what drives our value systems, then we
say that language drives our cultural orientation. Sapir (1921) holds it that: language is a purely human and noninstinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desire by means of voluntarily produced symbols. This means
that it is only human beings of all the creatures on the earth surface that uses language. The language that man uses is
not something his biological make bequeath on him he learns this language in a human community. We are not saying
here that other beings do not communicate but it is man alone that communicates with language. The nonverbal
communication we talked about is predicated on language. Language is the vehicle that our thoughts are conveyed in. if
our thoughts are conveyed in language then our culture in conveyed too through it.
113Explain that communication in general is a broader concept.
Communication, or communication - a broad and capacious term used to refer to conscious and unconscious verbal
communication , transmission and reception informatsii.Obschenie being complex socio- psychological process of mutual
understanding between people, conducted in the following channels:
speech - verbal from Lat. verbalis - oral , verbal , nonverbal - nonverbal
Speech as a means of communication , at the same time acts as a source of information ;
way interaction interlocutors.
Communication - it's not just a series of successive operations ( activities ) communicating entities. Any act of direct
communication - is the impact on human rights, namely their interaction .
There are two types of communication :
a socially communication ( lecture report oratorical speech , television appearance , etc.) , during which solved socially
significant tasks implemented public relations, organized social interaction ;
Lichnostnoorientirovannoe communication, which may be a business aimed at some joint ventures or associated with
personal relationships , not related to the activity.
114 Identify the basic linguistic functions of communication.
1) Communicative ( communication function ) . This is the oldest and most important function of language .
Communication - is the interaction of two or more people , consisting in the exchange of information among them
cognitive or affective- evaluative . Usually communication is included in practical interaction of people , providing
planning, implementation and monitoring of their activities. Communication is a consistent, existing in time , the chain of

acts of communication. Communication (from Lat . Communicatio ' transfer ') - it is a fact of transmitting and receiving
information. Communication is not only the transfer of information , but also in the joint development of its people and
comprehension . Thus, in the human community communication becomes a creative process : individuals in
communicating information not only passed , but also formed clarifies develops. The decisive factor of establishing
communication link is the presence of a single , understandable for both the subjects of a means of communication language.
2 Cognitive function ( function of knowing the world and consolidate existing knowledge ) . This function is not
implemented as separate subjects in communication , but in the linguistic experience of the people and by the ability of
language to fix a representation of the experience of knowing the world , keep this experience in the form of a verbal
sign and transmit it to future generations.
115 Why intercultural competence become important during the past years.
Intercultural competence - the ability to communicate effectively with other cultures . This ability may come from a
young age or can be developed . The structure of intercultural competence include:
Obschekulturologicheskie and culture-specific knowledge.
Practical communication skills .
Intercultural psychological susceptibility.
Everyone has their own story , their own lives , and - by and large - his own culture (including geographic , ethnic, moral
, ethical , religious , political, and historical aspects of it ), and cultural identity . In human relationships , of course, for
people from other cultural circles , continents or countries , as well as other companies , other sex , etc. ( the so-called
subculture ), even within the same family can be combined with different cultural values . Intercultural competence has
become important because each culture develops and predsaviteli obschayutsya each culture together
116 Speak of the goals of assessing intercultural competence. ICC is a system of knowledge , abilities , skills
and psychol. individual characteristics : a) knowledge of the conditions and the efforts required to ensure effective
intercultural O., which implies knowledge of the target language in the culture system , the awareness of similarities and
differences between native and learn languages / cultures with that sp. socio-cultural practices , including discursive ,
ethical and communicative ways of seeing and understanding the world , and b) the ability to carry out cross-cultural
interaction , which implies communicative skills in the target language , the ability to take into account differences in the
perception and description of the world , the ability to acquire and manipulate knowledge , essential for the study of
culture, ability to interpret events, facts , beliefs, behavior that sp. not only their own , but the study of culture , the
ability to show tolerance and empathy . We are talking about a multiplicity of perspectives and wider field of view ,
allowing the individual to overcome cross-cultural situations, to a certain extent swarm your ego - and ethnocentrism c)
emotional attitude associated with the willingness or unwillingness to reach an understanding in intercultural O. and
recognition of value orientations of their own culture as one of the possible points of view. Breeding concepts of
intercultural competence and ICC not be regarded as justified by all researchers on the grounds that the formation of a
conceptual picture of the world is associated with the development and use of language code , hence the development
of intercultural competence is always communicative nature . In this sense, refinement ICCevaluated as excessive and
ambiguous , since it seems that there is ICC and non-communicative type.
117 Speak on the dimensions of Intercultural Communicative Competence.
ICC is a system of knowledge , abilities , skills and psychol. individual characteristics : a) knowledge of the conditions
and the efforts required to ensure effective intercultural O., which implies knowledge of the target language in the
culture system , the awareness of similarities and differences between native and learn languages / cultures with that
sp. socio-cultural practices , including discursive , ethical and communicative ways of seeing and understanding the
world , and b) the ability to carry out cross-cultural interaction , which implies communicative skills in the target
language , the ability to take into account differences in the perception and description of the world , the ability to
acquire and manipulate knowledge , essential for the study of culture, ability to interpret events, facts , beliefs, behavior
that sp. not only their own , but the study of culture , the ability to show tolerance and empathy . We are talking about a
multiplicity of perspectives and wider field of view , allowing the individual to overcome cross-cultural situations, to a
certain extent swarm your ego - and ethnocentrism c) emotional attitude associated with the willingness or unwillingness
to reach an understanding in intercultural O. and recognition of value orientations of their own culture as one of the
possible points of view. Breeding concepts of intercultural competence and ICC not be regarded as justified by all
researchers on the grounds that the formation of a conceptual picture of the world is associated with the development
and use of language code , hence the development of intercultural competence is always communicative nature . In this

sense, refinement ICCevaluated as excessive and ambiguous , since it seems that there is ICC and non-communicative
type.
118 Models

and approaches of communication.

Model of communication - communication methods based on the interaction of the source ( device ) and the audience (
the recipient user).
The simplest model of communication includes the availability of source, destination , and a channel of communication
messages . On the basis of this model are being built all the rest - are more complex and accurate models of
communication.
You can select the following communication model :
Discursive model of communication .
Communication model with feedback.
Model of multiple exposure.
Propaganda model of communication.
Procedural model .
Semiotic model .
Societal model . According to DP Le Havre communication theory can distinguish two main approaches to its
understanding : [17] process- information approach , in which the developed theoretical models of communication such
as the model H. Lasswell , a mathematical model of communication K. Shannon and W. Weaver , socio-psychological
model of communication T. Newcomb , J. Gerbner model , integral ( generalized) model communication B. Westley and
M. McLean , transactional model of communication representative Texas school communication A. Taine .
semiotic approach , focuses on the signs and sign systems , represented by the following developments : the structural
and linguistic direction and the concept of the sign of Ferdinand de Saussure , the logical- philosophical direction and
model signs Peirce , the logical model of signs Frege and work Ch Morris , Ogden and Richards .

119)Write about the typical traits of countries which belong to high-context culture.
High-context culture and the contrasting low-context culture are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T.
Hall in his 1976 book Beyond Culture
Higher-context culture: African, Arab, Brazilian Chinese Filipinos French CanadianFrench Greek Hawaiian Hungarian
Indian Indonesian Italian Irish Japanese Korean Latin Americans Nepali Persian Russian Southern United States
Spanish
A high context culture is a relational, collectivist, intuitive and contemplative culture, which emphasizes interpersonal
relationships. This culture prefers group harmony and consensus to individual achievement and is less governed by
reason rather than feelings. It is seen in the Middle East, Asia, Africa and South America.
Characteristics of High-Context Cultures

Primarily use non-verbal methods to relay meaningful information in conversations, such as facial expressions, eye
movement, and tone of voice.
The situation, people, and non-verbal elements are more important than the actual words that are communicated.
People are comfortable standing close to each other.
The preferred way of solving problems and learning is in groups.
Members of the culture place emphasis on interpersonal relationships.
Trust must be developed before business transactions can begin.
120 Write about the typical features of countries which belong to low-context culture.
Lower-context culture: Australian Dutch English Canadian English Finnish German Hebrews/Jews New Zealand
Scandinavia Switzerland
Low context refers to societies where people tend to have many connections but of shorter duration or for some specific
reason. In these societies, cultural behavior and beliefs may need to be spelled out explicitly so that those coming into
the cultural environment know how to behave.

Characteristics of Low Context : People play by clearly defined external rules; A clear pattern of activities
Information is specific and transparent ; Close relationships for a small duration of time Knowledge is open and
transferable; Focus on task and responsibilities are shared; Results are the top priority in decision making.
121) Speak on the G.Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory.
Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory is a framework for cross-cultural communication, developed by Geert
Hofstede. It describes the effects of a society's culture on the values of its members, and how these values relate to
behavior, using a structure derived from factor analysis. The theory has been widely used in several fields as a paradigm
for research, particularly in cross-cultural psychology, international management, and cross-cultural communication.
Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory is a framework for cross-cultural communication. Hofstede developed his original
model as a result of using factor analysis to examine the results of a world-wide survey of employee values by IBM in
the 1960s and 1970s. The theory was one of the first that could be quantified, and could be used to explain observed
differences between cultures. The original theory proposed four dimensions along which cultural values could be
analyzed: individualism-collectivism; uncertainty avoidance; power distance (strength of social hierarchy) and
masculinity-femininity (task orientation versus person-orientation). Independent research in Hong Kong led Hofstede to
add a fifth dimension, long-term orientation, to cover aspects of values not discussed in the original paradigm.
Dimensions of national cultures
Individualism, Uncertainty,Masculinity, Indulgence versus restraint, Long-term orientation
122) Speak on the E.Hall's cultural dimensions theory.
Edward T. Hall was an anthropologist who made early discoveries of key cultural factors. In particular he is known for
his high and low context cultural factors.
Context
High context
In a high-context culture, there are many contextual elements that help people to understand the rules. As a result, much
is taken for granted.
This can be very confusing for person who does not understand the 'unwritten rules' of the culture.
Low context
In a low-context culture, very little is taken for granted. Whilst this means that more explanation is needed, it also
means there is less chance of misunderstanding particularly when visitors are present.
Contrasting the two
French contracts tend to be short (in physical length, not time duration) as much of the information is available within
the high-context French culture. American content, on the other hand, is low-context and so contracts tend to be longer
in order to explain the detail.
Highly mobile environments where people come and go need lower-context culture. With a stable population, however,
a higher context culture may develop.
When working across cultures, pay attention to high and low cultures through the actions of others. For example if
people are late for meetings it may be because they are polychronic, not because they are disrespectful or lazy.
When you understand the personal, national or organizational culture, then you can seek to align with them and hence
gain greater influence.
123) Give the characteristic features of culture. What is culture for you?
For me Culture is universal among all human groups and even exists among some primates.
Characteristics of Culture
Culture has five basic characteristics: It is learned, shared, based on symbols, integrated, and dynamic. All cultures
share these basic features.

Culture is learned. It is not biological; we do not inherit it. Much of learning culture is unconscious. We learn culture
from families, peers, institutions, and media. The process of learning culture is known as enculturation. While all
humans have basic biological needs such as food, sleep, and sex, the way we fulfill those needs varies cross-culturally.
Culture is shared. Because we share culture with other members of our group, we are able to act in socially appropriate
ways as well as predict how others will act. Despite the shared nature of culture, that doesnt mean that culture is
homogenous (the same). The multiple cultural worlds that exist in any society are discussed in detail below.

Culture is based on symbols. A symbol is something that stands for something else. Symbols vary cross-culturally and
are arbitrary. They only have meaning when people in a culture agree on their use. Language, money and art are all
symbols. Language is the most important symbolic component of culture.
Culture is integrated. This is known as holism, or the various parts of a culture being interconnected. All aspects of a
culture are related to one another and to truly understand a culture, one must learn about all of its parts, not only a few.
Culture is dynamic. This simply means that cultures interact and change. Because most cultures are in contact with
other cultures, they exchange ideas and symbols. All cultures change, otherwise, they would have problems adapting to
changing environments. And because cultures are integrated, if one component in the system changes, it is likely that
the entire system must adjust.

124) Characterize the different levels of culture.

The Cultural Orientations Approach can be applied to each of the six levels of human organization and interaction at
which culture operates. These six levels include:
National/Societal: The level of culture that deals with awareness of cultural dynamics and patterns by nationality. It is
particularly relevant for (a) entering a new market for product, service, and/or talent; (b) cross-border division of labor;
and (c) international outsourcing relationships.
Organizational Culture: The level of culture that focuses on the experience of cultural dynamics in an organization. This
is especially relevant for global organizations and those involved in M&A.
Identity Group Culture: The level of culture for analyzing the diversification of society by gender, generation, ethnicity,
religious affiliation, and other social groups. It is particularly relevant for workforce diversity and talent management
concerns.
Functional Culture: The level of culture that addresses cross-functional effectiveness, based on the cultures created by
specific business units. Cross-functional or management teams concentrate on functional cultures and leverage their
differences carefully, bridging distinct cultural differences across their constituent units.
Team Culture: The level of culture that becomes apparent when teams develop a distinct identity and culture. To
effectively build teams in global and matrixed organization, an understanding of how to collaborate in complex and
dynamic situations is essential.
Individual Culture: The level at which the "building blocks" of culture are present,in both intrapersonal and
interpersonal dynamics. An understanding of this level is important for successfully addressing the concerns at any level
of culture.
125) How social identity and ethnicity can be related to culture and national states?
Culture is a word for people's 'way of life', meaning the way they do things. Different groups of people may have
different cultures. A culture is passed on to the next generation by learning, whereas genetics are passed on by heredity.
Culture is seen in people's writing, religion, music, clothes, cooking, and in what they do.
national states

The growth in the number of nation-states means that nation-states are going to have to cope with new political,
economic, and social realities. The new entrants in the political system bring with them new opportunities for the
international political system, but also bring new problems that the international order must be able to approach and
attempt to solve.
Cultural identity is the identity of a group or culture, or of an individual as far as one is influenced by one's belonging
to a group or culture. Cultural identity is similar to and overlaps with, identity politics.
126Speak on the problems and consequences related to intercultural communication.
Intercultural communcation
As for the other key concept in intercultural communication communication I largely follow the analysis presented
in Allwood (1976). In this context, one can briefly characterize communication as the sharing of information between
people on different levels of awareness and control. I want especially to emphasize the latter since, in a intercultural
context, this can become a problem particularly with features in communication about which people have low degree of
awareness and find difficult to control. Examples would include the ways in which we show and interpret feelings and
attitudes.
If we use what is said above about culture and communication as a base, we would now be able to define
intercultural communication as the sharing of information on different levels of awareness and control between people
with different cultural
backgrounds, where different cultural backgrounds include both national cultural differences and differences which are
connceted with participation in the different activities that exist within a national unit.
127) Write about the awareness and insight differences between cultures and communication patterns.
What Is a communication Pattern
Communication means transferring messages from one to another and it has several forms such as intrapersonal,
interpersonal, group and mass communication. While it comes to group communication it has a certain patterns in its
own. Few patterns are popular in mainstream communication studies. Such as

Circle
Chain
Y
Wheel
All communication patterns are all have certain problems with each other. In circle, Chain and Y patterns all group
members cant directly communicate with the group leader. They can communicate to leader only through group
members. In Wheel, all the group members can communicate directly with the group leader.
What Is a Culture Pattern?
A culture pattern refers to a group of interrelated culture traits which show some continuity. Culture patterns normally
become the trademark of that particular group of people or society.
128)Write about barriers to Intercultural Communication.
Intercultural communication is the process of sending and receiving information between two different cultures. There
can be different barriers such as jargon and slang, ethnocentricity, stereotypes, personal space and time.
Ethnocentricity
Because many cultures around the globe speak English, Americans may forget that some businesses conduct
transactions in other languages or that some individuals don't understand English
Jargon and Slang
Each culture, even regional cultures within a larger culture, develops unique sets of jargon and slang.
Personal Space
Different cultures can take significantly different approaches to personal space, and a lack of cultural understanding can
make some individuals uncomfortable and insult othersStereotypes
Time
Different cultures maintain markedly different approaches to time, and communicators who don't understand a culture's
time orientation may experience difficulty building relationships in that culture.
129) What are the common reasons that Intercultural Communication formed as a science?

Intercultural Communication
Learn the various communication styles of people of other culturesnot only languages, but differences in
communication codes such as gestures and facial expressions. Youll share class time with students from Japan, who are
here to sharpen their English language skills and learn more about the communication trends of the American
teen. Learn about Asian foods, cartoons and comic books and teach them about high school prom and class rings. This
fun-filled learning experience is unique to Clemson University.
Intercultural Communications were scholars will learn the various communication styles of people of other cultures
not only languages, but differences in communication codes such as gestures and facial expressions. Learn about Asian
foods, cartoons and comic books and teach them about high school prom and class rings. During the second half-day
course scholars will register for Introduction to Biology or Intro to Chemistry with the same students from Japan, This
exciting program offers students a chance to learn about a college subject and participate in social and cultural events on
and off campus with students from Toho Academy.

130) Explain how language influences on cultures of different people.

Language can influence culture in a variety of ways. It can influence the way a community perceives the world, and can
create community through the use of varying languages and dialects in different areas. It can both influence the way a
society interacts with the world, and create a cultural identity separate from the rest of the world.
For example: The Russian language contains an extra distinction between light and dark blues; in tests, Russians are
better able to visually discriminate shades of blue than those who speak other languages. The language of the Piraha
tribe in Brazil doesnt have words for numbers but instead have terms like few and many; they are unable to keep track
of exact quantities.
Language is a uniquely human gift. When we study language, we are uncovering in part what makes us human, getting
a peek at the very nature of human nature. As we uncover how languages and their speakers differ from one another, we
discover that human natures too can differ dramatically, depending on the languages we speak.

141. What are the aspects of communication on the interactive level?

Interactive communication is an exchange of ideas where both participants, whether human, machine or art form, are
active and can have an effect on one another. It is a dynamic, two-way flow of information.Many forms of
communication previously thought one-way, like books and television, have become interactive with the rise of
computers, the Internet, and digital and mobile devices. Interactive communication forms include basic dialogue and
nonverbal communication, gamebooks, interactive fiction and storytelling, hypertext, interactive television and movies,
photo and video manipulation, video sharing, video games, social media, user-generated content, interactive marketing
and public relations, augmented reality, ambient intelligence, and virtual reality.
142. Write about the role of turn-taking in communication.
Speaker has the right, and the obligation, to speak. However, if the current-speaker does not select a next-speaker, he or
she can come to a transition-place and set the stage for competition between aspiring next-speakers: the first one to
speak becomes the next current-speaker. If no one speaks, the current-speaker has the option of continuing. Reactiontime latency is the time intervening between a current-speaker's completion and a next-speaker's start. Initiative-time
latency is the time intervening between a current-speaker's completion and the start of a follow-up utterance by the
same. An aspiring next-speaker must time his or her utterance to come just after the completion of the current-speaker's
utterance, but before the utterances of fellow aspiring next-speakers. At these moments, instances of multiple-peoplespeaking-at-once are common--but they are usually very brief, as the norm is for the first speaker to continue and for the
others to drop out.
143. Write about the role of feedback in the process of communication.
Communication plays a very crucial role in an organization. In fact, communication is the reason for human existence.
There are different forms of communication through which the intentions of people and animals and even plants alike
can be passed across to another. Without communication, life will be very difficult and in fact, it will be full of chaos.
Feedback makes communication meaningful. It is the end-result of an idea and makes communication continuous. In
the process of communication, the originator first gets the idea to be passed across and then think of how to get it across
via appropriate channel or medium. After the coding and dissemination, one expects the decoder after receiving the
information or idea to give response. The response thus given is called the response which may be verbal or non-verbal,
that is, in words or mere smile, glance, clap, etc.

144. What is culture shock for you?

CULTURE SHOCK is a normal, healthy psychological reaction to the stress of living in a
different culture. You experience feelings of tension and anxiety because you have lost familiar
cultural cues. Your actions do not always get you what you want. And your inability to
communicate effectively with others is frustrating. When you go to a new place, such as a new country or even a new
city, you often enter a culture that is different from the one you left. Sometimes your culture and the new culture are
similar. Other times, they can be very different, and even contradictory. What might be perfectly normal in one culture
for instance, spending hours eating a meal with your family might be unusual in a culture that values a more fastpaced lifestyle. The differences between cultures can make it very difficult to adjust to the new surroundings. You may
encounter unfamiliar clothes, weather, and food as well as different people, schools, and values. You may find yourself
struggling to do things in your new surroundings that were easy back home. Dealing with the differences can be very
unsettling; those feelings are part adjusting to a new culture.
145. Explain each stage of culture shock and give examples.
Cultural adjustment is a process an individual has to go through to be able to work effectively and live comfortably in a
place that is new and unfamiliar to them. Living in a new culture requires you to learn a new set of cultural patterns and
behaviors. This process can be very challenging and sometimes uncomfortable. There are generally three main types of
cultural adjustment*.
CULTURE SURPRISE usually occurs during the first few days of your visit as you initially
become aware of superficial differences. Examples: people dress differently, signs are in a
different language, nonverbal behaviors are different.
CULTURE STRESS is a fairly short-term response to "stimulus overload." This occurs when
you begin to respond to the behavior of the "new" culture. Examples: trying to drive a car, doing
your own shopping, hearing comments about yourself.
CULTURE SHOCK is a normal, healthy psychological reaction to the stress of living in a
different culture. You experience feelings of tension and anxiety because you have lost familiar cultural cues. Your
actions do not always get you what you want. And your inability to
communicate effectively with others is frustrating.
146. Why communication, culture and interaction between cultures are important nowadays?
The term culture refers to the complex collection of knowledge, folklore, language, rules, rituals, habits, lifestyles,
attitudes, beliefs, and customs that link and give a common identity to a particular group of people at a specific point in
time. All social units develop a culture. Even in two-person relationships, a culture develops over time. In friendship
and romantic relationships, for example, partners develop their own history, shared experiences, language patterns,
rituals, habits, and customs that give that relationship a special charactera character that differentiates it in various
ways from other relationships. Examples might include special dates, places, songs, or events that come to have a
unique and important symbolic meaning for two individuals. Groups also develop cultures, composed of the collection
of rules, rituals, customs, and other characteristics that give an identity to the social unit. Where a group traditionally
meets, whether meetings begin on time or not, what topics are discussed, how decisions are made, and how the group
socializes are all elements of what, over time, become defining and differentiating elements of its culture.
147. Problems and consequences related to intercultural communication.
Let us now look more closely at the different types of problems that can arise in
situations of intercultural communication. As in all communication, a fundamental
problem has to do with understanding.
Let us further assume that two persons with different cultural backgrounds start to
communicate because at least one of them has a need to do so. As they have different
cultural backgrounds, they probably have less common pre-understanding than two
persons with the same cultural background. If the lack of common pre-understanding is
relevant to their joint activity and communication.
Lack of understanding

Lack of understanding is a failure to interpret parts of or all of what the other person is
saying or doing. The lack of understanding may be conscious or unconscious, that is,
you may or may not notice that you have not understood. The lack can, if it is a
conscious, lead to an attempt to do something about it, such as to say that you have not
understood or to ask for an explanation. The lack of understanding can also be allowed
to pass, in spite of the fact that you are aware of it, perhaps because, owing to a lack of
time or to an inferior status, you do not consider yourself in a position to ask for help or
to admit that you have not understood.
Misunderstanding
The assumed difference in relevant pre-understanding can also lead to misunderstanding,
i.e. one actually makes an interpretation but this interpretation is inadequate or incorrect.
148. What is the role of the development of technology for intercultural communication?
Intercultural Dynamics is a multi-disciplinary Focus Area which promotes research into the relationships, interplay,
negotiations and tensions which operate between different cultures in the world. An important aim is to foster the
exploration of cultural borders and intercultural contact from perspectives associated with the humanities and thereby to
strengthen the involvement of the humanities within NTNU's Globalisation Programme more broadly. The Focus Area
brings together the work of scholars working within philosophy, linguistics, literary studies, architecture, urban
planning, political and social sciences and other areas. Emphasis is given to contemporary intercultural dynamics and to
normative approaches which seek to identify constructive ideas for the shaping of future interculturalism. The Focus
Area does not, though, exclude historicist analyses of intercultural issues and welcomes research into events and
conditions which produced contemporary phenomena and situations.
149. What is cultural diversity? Explain and give examples.
Cultural diversity encompasses the cultural differences that exist between people, such as language, dress and traditions,
and the way societies organize themselves, their conception of morality and religion, and the way they interact with the
environment. In many countries, such as the US, while we claim to celebrate cultural diversity, there is a enmeshing of
cultures over time. Some of this comes in the enjoyment of another culture, such as those of European background
enjoying oriental food, art, music and architecture. Others come from the cultures living in close proximity. Examples:
Going to a stuffy and formal law firm is always going to have a different feeling than going to a casual tech start-up.
Going to a progressive place like Amsterdam is always going to feel different than going to a very conservative country
such as a Muslim country in the Middle East.
These attitudes, feelings, ideas and things that you perceive as you go about your day are all examples of culture. These
examples relate to the type of culture defined simply as shared attitudes, values and beliefs of a people.This type of
culture is important because it helps you to learn how to think, act and feel if you want to fit in with the mainstream. It
also explains why you might experience culture shock when you suddenly move to a new country or start interacting
with a new group of people who have very different attitudes and beliefs from the ones you are used to.
150. Write about E.Hall as the founder of intercultural communication.
Study about intercultural communication began with by Hall and others at the Foreign Service institute in 1950s.
Edward Hall is considered the founder of intercultural communication. Before World War II the United States of
America was isolated and this state hadn't any relations with other countries. At the end of World War II the USA found
itself economically independent. Consequently the unite states assisted Europe to rebuild, but misunderstanding of
communication and culture caused many of these projects to be inefficient. According to Hall, "Human beings are such
an incredibly rich and talented species with potentials beyond anything it is possible to contemplate that. It would
appear that our greatest task our more important task and our more strategic task is to learn as much as possible about
ourselves and others." My point is that as humans learn more their incredibly sensitivity, their boundless talents and
manifold diversity, they should begin to appreciate not only about themselves but also others.