DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATTION ENGINEERING

EI 2404-FIBER OPTICS AND LASER INSTRUMENTS

Prepared By: K. Rathna Priya A.P(O.G) EIE and Z. Jenifer A.P(O.G) EIE
UNIT-I- OPTICAL FIBRES AND THEIR PROPERTIES
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What is incident and reflected light?
2. What is angle of incidence?
3. What is Angle of Reflection?
4. Define critical angle.
What is an optical fiber?
6. What is bandwidth and wavelength?
7. What is total internal reflection?
8. Define a waveguide.
9. What are the three basic parts of an optical fiber
10. What are the two basic modes of fibers?
11. What is acceptance angle?
14. What is a decibel?
15. What is Zero-Dispersion Wavelength?
16. Among microwaves and light waves, which have high bit rate distance product? Why?
17. Mention three specific communication based advantages of optical communication.
18. Mention three advantages of optical fiber as waveguide over conventional metallic
waveguide.
19. What are the important elements in any communication system?
20. What is the necessity of cladding for an optical fiber?
23. Mention the advantages of graded index fibers.
24. Define Numerical aperture.
25. What are the various losses in an optical fiber?
26. Give the principle of light propagation through a fiber.
27. Give the classification of the optical fiber based on refractive index.
28. Among the different fibers which of the fibers have least dispersion?
29. What are laser diodes?
30. What is an LED?
31. Give the principle of operation of Fabry Perot Cavity in a Laser diode.
32. What are the different resonant cavities for laser action?
33. What is meant by impact ionization?
34. What is meant by avalanche effect?
PART B
1. Explain in detail about optical fiber and its modes.
2. Explain about fibre characteristics?
3. Explain about step index fiber structure and graded index fiber structure.
4. Explain in detail about attenuation and its causes.

5.

5. Explain about various types of fibre optic losses in detail.

6. What is pulse broadening? Explain about the pulse broadening in graded index fiber.
7. Explain different types of connectors and splicers?
8. Define Numerical aperture and derive an expression for it and explain the factors it depends.
9. What is ISI in optical fibres? Derive an expression for rms pulse broadening in single mode
fibre due to intramodal dispersion.
10. Explain about optical sources and optical detectors?
11.Explain the principle of operation of LED with neat sketches?
12. Explain about the ray optic representation.
UNIT II - INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF OPTICAL FIBRES
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
1.What are the properties that can be sensed using Fiber Optics?
2.What is a fiber optic gyroscope?
3. What is a modulator?
4. What are the different types of modulators?
5. What is an acousto optic modulator?
6. What are the important parameters of optical detectors?
7. What is the principle of fiber optic sensor?
8.What are the advantages of fiber optic sensor?
9. What is the classification of fiber optic sensors?
10. What is an extrinsic and intrinsic sensor?
11. What is polarization?
12. What is a Fiber Optic Polari meter?
13. What is Pockets effect?
14. What are the laser diode performance characteristics?
15. What is Kerr effect?
16. Give the special features of fiber optic sensors.
17. What is the principle of micro bending sensor?
18. Mention the classification of Micro bending sensors.
Part B
1. Explain about liquid level sensors.
2. Write about pressure sensors in detail.
3. What are temperature sensor and explain?
4. Explain about the different types of interferometer.
5. Explain the concept of polarization in optical fibers and discuss the polarization sensors.
6. Write in detail about fiber grating sensor.
7. Explain about the fiber optic gyroscopes.
8. Write about the acoustic sensors in detail.

UNIT III - LASER FUNDAMENTALS

PART A
1. What is meant by coherence in laser light?
2. Which gives the special characteristics for laser light?
3. What is mode locking? Give the principle of mode locking.
4. What are the different Mode locking methods?
5. What is active mode locking?
6. What is passive mode locking?
7. What is Q switching?
8. What is the principle of Q-switching?
9. What is Active Q-switching?
10. What is Passive Q-switching?
11. What are the applications of Q switching?
12. What is a dye laser?
13. What is a solid-state laser?
14. What is a gas laser?
15.Why gain guided lasers are not in practice?
16. What is a Brewster Window?
17. What is Beam Divergence?
18. What is a Ion Laser?
19. What is Irradiance (E)?
20.Mention the various resonator configurations in lasers.
21.What is the condition for amplification in lasers?
PART B
1. Explain the liquid laser in detail..
2. Explain the operation of Nd: YAG laser.
3. Write notes on a) mode-locking b) Q-Switching.
4. Write notes on a) Laser Modes b) Resonator Configuration c) Single Frequency Operation
5.Describe the construction and working of any one of the gas lasers with neat diagrams
6. Describe the construction and working of the semi conductor lasers with neat diagram
7.Explain the principle of operation of Fabry Perot Cavity with a neat sketch.(6)
8.Describe the construction and working of the Helium Neon lasers with neat diagram
UNIT IV - INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF LASERS
PART A
1. What are industrial lasers?
2. What are the industrial applications of lasers?
3. What are the uses of shielding gas during material processing by lasers?
4. What are the two modes of laser melting process?
5. What are the advantages of laser welding, cutting and drilling?
6. What are the techniques uses for distance measurement using Laser?
7. What is the principle of velocity measurement using laser?
8. What is Doppler effect?
9. What is laser cutting?

10. What are the advantages of laser cutting?

11.What is laser welding?
12. What is a laser rangefinder?
13. What is laser heat treatment?
14. What are the advantages of laser material processing?
15. What is hardening?
16. What are the types of laser hardening techniques?
17. What is shock hardening?
18. What is laser glazing?
19. What is mechanism of interaction between the laser beam and the processed material?
20. What are the two types of laser welding process?
21. What is seam welding and micro-welding?
22. Define trimming.
Part B
1. Write notes on a) Laser welding b) Hole Drilling.
2. Describe the following: a) Laser tracking b) Laser cutting c) Laser marking
3. With a neat block diagram, explain the operation of LIDAR.
4. Explain the inteferometric methods used for measurement of distance.
5. Explain the beam modulation telemetry and pulse echo techniques for measurement of
distance.
6. Explain the industrial applications of laser in material processing.
7. Explain the method for the measurement of acceleration and current.
8. Explain the method for the measurement of distance, velocity, voltage and current.
UNIT V - HOLOGRAM AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
PART A
1. What are the different laser interactions with tissues?
2. Discuss the effect of photo thermal processes in tissues.
3. What are the advantages of laser surgery?
4. Mention the names of some lasers and their main use with respect to medical field.
5. What are endoscopes?
6. What is holography?
7. Distinguish between a hologram and photographic film.
8. What are the uses of holography?
9. What are the classifications of holograms?
10. What are the applications of holography?
11. What are the applications of holographic interferometer?
1. What is a brain tumor?
14. Write about the light propagation through a tissue.
15. What is the principle of medical applications of LASER?
16. What is the role of laser in medical surgery?

17. What are the areas of medical laser surgery where laser will be used?
18. How are lasers used during cancer surgery?
19. What is oncology?
20. What is Photodynamic laser therapy?
21. What are the safety precautions to be followed while using lasers?
22. Mention the holographic components in holography.
23. What are the four basic optical processes that occur during the process of lasers with tissue?
24. What are the factors that the optical processes depend on during direct transmission?
25. What are the methods of Holographic interferometry?
26. What is acoustical holography?
27. What are the advantages of using laser in medical field?
28. What are the important features of CO2 lasers in vocal cord surgery?
29. What is meant by embolization?
30. What are the surgical techniques most commonly employed in the treatment of brain tumor?
31. What is a Photo sensitizer?
32. What are the different stages involved in holography?
33. What are the uses of holographic interferometry?
34. What are the conditions for recording a hologram?
35. What are the conditions during reconstruction of a hologram?
36. What are the methods of Holographic interferometry?
37. What is double exposure holographic interferometry?
38. What is Real time holographic interferometry?
39. What is Time averaged holographic interferometry?
Part - B
1. Explain Holography in detail.
2. Write short notes on a) HNDT b) Interferometry.
3. Explain in detail the serious medical applications of laser.
4. Explain in detail about the various instruments used for surgery.
5. Write Notes on a) Plastic surgery. b) Removal of tumors in vocal chords.
6. Describe tissue interaction in detail.
7. Describe oncology in detail.
8. Write note on a) gynecology b) brain surgery.