CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
A. Background of The Study
Literature is the kind of writing that used language in special way. In
technical term, it is called estranging or defamiliarizing as opposed today or
ordinary use of language. First of all not all literary work, a novel or drama
use the language with this estranging effect. They are still characterized as
literature. Other definition of literature namely literature as fictional writing
and literature as belles letter are easier to refute. Literature is as 'imaginative'
writing in the sense of fiction - writing which is not literally true. (Eagleton,
2005:1)
Literary genre is a category of literature composition. Genre may be
determined by literary technique, tone, content or even (as in the case of
fiction) length. Genre should not be confused with age category. By which
literature may be classified as adult, young adult or children. They must not
be confused with the format. The most general genres in the literature are
epic, tragedy, comedy, novel, short story and creative nonfiction. They can all
be in genre prose or poetry which shows the best how lousily genres are
defined.
A novel is a fictional piece of prose usually written in a narrative
style. Novels tell stories, which are typically defined as a series of events
described in a sequence. The novel has been a part of human culture for over

a thousand years, although its origins are somewhat debated. Regardless of

how it began, the novel has risen to prominence and remained one of the most
popular and treasured examples of human culture and writing. (Kenney,
1996: 104).
There have been stories and tales for thousands of years, but novels
must combine a few unique characteristics in order to be defined as such.
First, a novel is written down. rather than told through an oral account.
Secondly, novels are meant to be fictional in form, differentiating them from
myths, which are said to have their basis in reality or theology. Although
some modern scholars argue differently, there is no truly established
guideline for length, point-of-view, or even establishment of a moral or
philosophical point in novels. (Kenney, 1996: 104).
The film is one art form the interplay between Light and shadows shadows subtly. Film verbal communication through dialogue (such as
drama), the film uses complex rhythms and smooth (such as music), the film
communicates through images, metaphors, and symbols - symbol (such as
poetry), the film focuses on moving images (such as pantomimes) which has
a certain rhythmic (like dance), and finally, the movie has the ability to play
time and space, to develop and abbreviate, forward or back it freely within the
limits - Ample boundaries. Film remains something unique though there are
similarities with other media. Film exceed drama because the film has the
ability to take the point of view wide - range, motion, time and space is
limited. different from novel, the film does not communicate with the

emblem - abstract emblem printed on top of the paper so that it requires an

interpretation by the brain to visual portrayal and voice, but directly through
the images - visual images and real voice. (Farlex, 2008:1).
Film is the visualization story, many novel were transformed and
visualized into film, in the transformation novel into film there are many
expansion and ellipsis, some of novel were transformed are Harry Potter (the
transformation of the novel by JK Rowling to the film by Steven Kloves),
The Old Man And The Sea (transformation of the novel by Ernest
Hemmingway to the film by Spencer Tracey), and The Lord Of The Rings
(transformation of the Tolkien novels to the film by Peter S. Beagle) and
much more, in this study researchers interested to analyze Wuthering Heights
(Emily Bronte novel transformation into film by Andrea Arnold).
Based on the theory, adaptation of one particular medium into another
form of creating the work is often done by artists, for example from a short
story into a comic, novel into a comic drama in films, short stories into film,
radio plays in the film, from the novel into the film, or vice versa. The
process of converting the novel into a film is called Ecranization. Eneste
(1991: 60).
Ecranization is a theory to converting or transformation a novel to
film, with adaptation the character of the artists can create. Many film make
or produce began from the novel, the film maker read and catch the main idea
and they can put in the film. The process transformation from novel into film
is called Ecranization, in the process transformation into film there are some

different shades and there is also additional (expansion), in the film there is
also an ellipsis (removal time and the time of the telling of the story) the story
in the novel. Eneste (1991: 78).
Various reasons underlie the process of transformation from novel to
film. For these reasons, among others because of a well-known novel, so that
the general public is familiar with the story of the novel. In the end,
commonly supports commercial aspects. Reason last is because the idea of
the novel is considered good by the community and screenplay writer. The
emergence of the phenomenon of the film adaptation of the novel into shape a
change in the substance of the discourse that gave rise to the term
Ecranization. The term was raised by Bluestone, which means the process of
moving or changes in the shape of a novel into film. Bluestone (1957: 5).
Regarding the transformation from novel to film, one of the novel is
interesting to analyze the work of Emily Bronte's novel Wuthering Heights
entitled. Wuthering Heights is one of the classic works in English literature
that elevates the name of Emily Bronte (1818-148) into one of the great
figures in British literature. This novel is the story of a family saga about two
love stories never get. But this is not the usual sentimental love story as
Emily Bronte packaged in a compelling story with characters turn dark
characters vividly and candid. Wuthering Heights itself is the name of a large
house in Yorkshire UK. The story of this novel begins with the arrival of Mr.
Who met Mr Lockwood. Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights for rent
Thrushcross Grange, Heathcliff owned a house that is located not too far

away with Wuthering Heights. His meeting with Mr. Heathcliff that seem
strange and rude to make Mr. Lockwood tried to find out about the history of
Wuthering Heights Heathcliff and Miss. Ellen Dean, a housekeeper who had
long worked in Wuthering Heights. From the speech of Miss Dean is the
story of Wuthering Heights revealed in detail until the last pages of this
novel. Therefore, the authors chose the novel and the film Wuthering Heights
to be analyzed.
Based on the statement above, the researcher would like to conduct an
analysis of transformation with the title WUTHERING HEIGHTS: A
TRANSFORMATION FROM NOVEL INTO FILM.
B. Statements of Problem
Based on the background above, the fundamental problems in this the
study is a film depiction reveal differences and novel Wuthering Heights.
This problem can be follow as:
1.

What is the form of the transformation done in Wuthering Heights?

2.

How was it after being transformed?

C. Objective of The Study

1.

To know what the form of the transformation is done in Wuthering

Heights.

2.

To know how it was after being transformed.

D. Significance of The Study

This study is expected to give a meaningful contribution to the literary
study especially in the field of Ecranization theory. By knowing the
Ecranization theory, it means knowing the meaning of adaptation and
transformation. Thereby, it can give understanding the comprehension the
meaning in textual, contextual. This study also will be a helpful model for the
students of the English Department in studying Ecranization theory and
literary work. Moreover, it is expected to encourage the spirit of the student
in learning Ecranization theory and literary work in general.
E. Scope and Limitation
For the usefulness, the scope in this study is applying Ecranization
theory in the novel and film Wuthering Heights. Another thing considered to
be the limitation of the study is the transformation from novel into film of the
study is only taken in Wuthering Heights film.
F. Definition of Key Term
1. Literature
Literature is referred to as the entirety of written expression, with the
restriction that not every written document can be categorized as literature in
the more exact sense of the word. (Klarer, 2004, 1).

2. Novel
Naturally, novels could not receive wide distribution until the use of
printing presses became common throughout the world. Even so, a few
fictional works from the medieval and early modern periods stand out as
landmarks of literary style. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales is still taught to
lecture-halls full of English literature majors today as one of the earliest
celebrated novels.
Throughout the centuries, the novel stumbled along with great waxing
and waning in popularity. Many modern examples held up as great novels
were written throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, when novels finally
gained a permanent position as an acceptable form of literature. Since that
time, novels have become the most common form of published literature, far
outpacing the published plays, poetry, and works of non-fiction that once
held sway over the literate world.
Novels are often beloved for their creation of spectacular worlds,
empathetic characters, and carefully thought-out arguments. They are often
seen as a boundless realm of exploration and creativity, with subgenres
springing up to include nearly every type of subject that can be written about.
The literary style remains cost-effective despite the range of imaginary things
that can be put into novels; unlike the soaring costs of special effects and
computer graphics needed to make a fantastical movie, a novel requires only
imagination and talent to create massive worlds and detailed characters.

3. Film
Film meaning, Einstein suggested in 1925, occurs by a collision of
filmic ideas. This collision occurs in the form of Shots (which are, he
suggested, the basic units or elements of film form) in opposition. Each shot
must correspond to a concept or feeling, so pictured as to present to the
audience an idea. The following shot in the sequence presents to the audience
another idea, but one in opposition, one designed expressly to create a
conflict or collision of ideas. From this collision of ideas comes a synthesis
a new idea, depending upon the previous shots, but not being merely
additive. (Worth:1981: 159,160)
The film medium makes use of visual images, as compared to the
novel which has a vast vocabulary in its disposal. If in a novel the writer has
described, for instance, a certain kind of an armchair, then in a film the
spectator sees an armchair and for some spectator it can be just an armchair,
but for others it could be a unique piece of antique furniture, or as Monaco
(2000: 155-159) describes it different people perceive visual images with
different level of sophistication. In such a way spectator can read more into
film that actually depicted and readers of a novel have usually the limited
information provided by the author. Thus both media can be equally
demanding for the readers and spectator.
4. Ecranization
Visual interpretation of creativity, different from the concept of
intellectual, creative process in the form of the creation of literary art upon

work of art, as mentioned earlier, often using a variety of the following

terminology: inspired, adapted, composed, modified, be created, reproduced,
re-make, re-articulation, or Re-actualization (Eneste,1991:60).
5. Transformation
Adaptation proper is necessary in those cases in which transfer from
one medium to another is not possible, these include the prose narratives
indices and enunciation (writing). The use of adaptation proper is due to the
different signifying systems of the novel and the film, e.g. visual
representations of the places and persons. (McFarlane 1996:26). When the
book consists of verbal signs i.e. is passed on conceptually, then cinematic
sign that is visual, aural and verbal is passed on perceptually. So it is up to
the film-maker which signs to use when adapting a literary text into a
cinematic one representing most important verbal signs into visual ones.
Another reason for adaptation proper is the novels linearity and films
spatiality: words in the novel are presented linearly whereas frames in the
film have spatial impact (McFarlane 1996: 26-27).
6. Analysis
Transforming text into a movie drama is a complex process. The
element that was not there before in the text in a new text added drama as a
supporter of visualization as a basic text and film scenarios. Neil D. Isaacs (in
Maddux et al., 1970: 149) mentions that the new material contained in a
transformation of the scenarios included in the text of a dramatic elements
contained in the text. The sequence of events in which enhanced interpret

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literary elements and different materials to meet the needs of the filmmaking
process.
Changes inevitable in a transformation of the text into a movie is a
dramatization that can give a more explicit interpretation of a film than with
the interpretation of literary texts are full of signs and symbols (Isaacs in
Maddux et al., 1970: 155).
G. Research Method
1.

Design
Research Design is to describe and to analyze the transformation that

is used a research and also to understand the research. In analyzing the

transformation on the film Wuthering Heights the researcher uses
descriptive qualitative research.
2.

Approach
An approach means the basic principle that is used by the researcher

to appreciate literary work. An approach will become the basic framework of

thinking and analyzing literary work. To select and decide the appropriate
approach is mainly influenced by the intention of this study. The researcher
will use structural approach to analyze the transformation from novel into
film.

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3.

Source of data and data (object of research)

The importance source of the data is watching Wuthering Heights

film and read the Novel, determining part to the whole of the film,
understanding and interpreting the film.
4.

Instrument
The researcher use instrument novel and film of Wuthering Heights to

analyzing the transformation from novel into film.

5.

Procedure of collecting data

Data collection uses to the steps on follow:
a. Watching and understanding film Wuthering Heights.
b. Reading and understanding the novel of Wuthering Heights.
c. Classifying the data dealing with the question problem of the study.

6.

Procedure of analyzing data

Researchers used several procedures for data analysis include the
following:
a. Compare the differences between film and novel Wuthering Heights
b. Process transformation into film with different shades and also

addition (expansion), in the film there is also an ellipsis (removal time

and the time of the telling of the story) the story in the novel.