Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AER 1304LG
Mass Transfer:
Mass-Transfer Rate Laws:
Ficks Law of Diffusion: Describes, in its basic
form, the rate at which two gas species diffuse
through each other.
For one-dimensional binary diffusion:
m
A
,1
mass flow of A
per unit area
= YA (m
A+m
B)
,
1
mass flow of A
associated with bulk
flow per unit area
dYA
DAB
, dx1
mass flow of A
associated with
molecular diffusion
(4.1)
AER 1304LG
(4.2)
m
A has the units kg/(s m2 ).
The binary diffusivity, or the molecular diffusion
coefficient, DAB is a property of the mixture and
has units of m2 /s.
4. Heat & Mass Transfer
AER 1304LG
(4.3a)
where m
is the mixture mass flux.
The diffusional flux adds an additional component
to the flux of A:
dYA
DAB
Diusional flux of A, m
A,di
dx
(4.3b)
4. Heat & Mass Transfer
AER 1304LG
Qx = k
(4.4)
dx
Both expressions indicate a flux (m
A,di or Q x )
being proportional to the gradient of a scalar quantity [(dYA /dx) or (dT /dx)].
4. Heat & Mass Transfer
AER 1304LG
A+m
B ) DAB YA
m
A = YA (m
(4.5)
symbols with over arrows represent vector quantities. Molar form of Eqn 4.5
N A = A (N A + N B ) cDAB A
(4.6)
AER 1304LG
= m
A + m
B
,1
,1
,1
mixture
mass flux
species A
mass flux
(4.7)
species B
mass flux
AER 1304LG
Or:
dYA
dYB
m
= (YA + YB )m
DAB
DBA
dx
dx
(4.8b)
For a binary mixture, YA + YB = 1; then:
dYA
dYB
DAB
DBA
=0
, dx1 , dx1
diffusional flux
of species A
In general
(4.9)
diffusional flux
of species B
m
i =0
8
AER 1304LG
AER 1304LG
10
AER 1304LG
11
AER 1304LG
12
theory
(4.10a)
(4.10b)
(4.10c)
(4.10d)
AER 1304LG
where
kB : Boltzmanns constant.
mA : mass of a single A molecule.
(nA /V ): number of A molecules per unit volume.
(ntot /V ): total number of molecules per unit volume.
: diameter of both A and B molecules.
13
(4.11)
AER 1304LG
Net mass
flux of
species A
(ZA )xa
, 1
mA
Number of A
crossing plane x
originating from
plane at (xa)
(ZA )x+a
, 1
mA
Number of A
crossing plane x
originating from
plane at (x+a)
(4.12)
Since mtot /Vtot , then we can relate ZA to
mass fraction, YA (from Eqn 4.10b)
1 nA mA
1
ZA mA =
v = YA
v
4 mtot
4
14
(4.13)
AER 1304LG
(4.14)
15
(4.15)
AER 1304LG
(4.16)
(4.17)
16
AER 1304LG
or
DAB T 3/2 P 1
(4.18b)
(4.18c)
17
AER 1304LG
18
AER 1304LG
19
AER 1304LG
Q x = Z (ke)xa Z (ke)x+a
ke is given by
3
1
2
v = kB T
ke = m
2
2
20
(4.20)
(4.21)
AER 1304LG
Qx = kB Z (Txa Tx+a )
2
(4.22)
(4.23)
21
AER 1304LG
(4.25)
(4.26)
Dependence of k on T (similar to D)
k T 1/2
(4.27)
22
AER 1304LG
23
AER 1304LG
Species Conservation:
One-dimensional control volume
Species A flows into and out of the control volume as a result of the combined action of bulk
flow and diffusion.
Within the control volume, species A may be created or destroyed as a result of chemical reaction.
The net rate of increase in the mass of A within
the control volume relates to the mass fluxes and
reaction rate as follows:
24
AER 1304LG
dmA,cv
dt
, 1
Rate of increase
of mass A
within CV
= [m
A A]x [m
A A]x+x + m
AV
, 1
, 1
,
1
Mass flow
of A into
CV
Mass flow
of A out
of the CV
Mass prod.
rate of A
by reaction
(4.28)
- where
- m
A is the mass production rate of species A
per unit volume.
- m
A is defined by Eqn. 4.1.
25
AER 1304LG
26
AER 1304LG
(4.31)
m
A
m
A
= 0 (4.32)
,1
, 1
Net rate of
species A production
by chemical reaction
27
AER 1304LG
28
AER 1304LG
Assumptions:
- Liquid A in the cylinder maintained at a
fixed height.
- Steady-state
- [A] in the flowing gas is less than [A] at the
liquid-vapour interface.
- B is insoluble in liquid A
Overall conservation of mass:
A+m
B
m
(x) = constant = m
29
(4.33)
AER 1304LG
Since m
B = 0, then
m
A=m
(x) = constant
Then, Eqn.4.1
(4.34)
now becomes
dYA
m
A = YA m
A DAB
dx
(4.35)
dx =
DAB
1 YA
4. Heat & Mass Transfer
30
(4.36)
AER 1304LG
x = ln[1 YA ] + C
(4.37)
DAB
With the boundary condition
YA (x = 0) = YA,i
(4.38)
31
(4.39)
AER 1304LG
(4.40)
32
AER 1304LG
Liquid-Vapour Interface:
Saturation pressure
PA,i = Psat (Tliq,i )
(4.41)
Psat (Tliq,i ) M WA
=
P
M Wmix,i
(4.42)
33
AER 1304LG
Q net = mh
fg
4. Heat & Mass Transfer
34
(4.45)
AER 1304LG
Droplet Evaporation:
35
AER 1304LG
Assumptions:
- The evaporation process is quasi-steady.
- The droplet temperature is uniform, and the temperature is assumed to be some fixed value below
the boiling point of the liquid.
- The mass fraction of vapour at the droplet surface
is determined by liquid-vapour equilibrium at the
droplet temperature.
- We assume constant physical properties, e.g., D.
36
AER 1304LG
Evaporation Rate:
Same approach as the Stefan problem; except
change in coordinate sysytem.
Overall mass conservation:
m(r)
= constant = 4r2 m
(4.46)
37
(4.47)
AER 1304LG
DAB dYA
m
= 4r
1 YA dr
2
(4.48)
(4.49)
- yields
(1 YA,s ) exp [m/(4D
AB r)
YA (r) = 1
exp [m/(4D
AB rs )]
(4.50)
4. Heat & Mass Transfer
38
AER 1304LG
=
)
A,
m
= 4rs DAB ln
(1 YA,s )
(4.51)
39
(4.52a)
AER 1304LG
or
YA,s YA,
BY =
1 YA,s
m
= 4rs DAB ln (1 + BY )
dt
where md is given by
md = l V = l D3 /6
4. Heat & Mass Transfer
40
(4.52b)
(4.53)
(4.54)
(4.55)
AER 1304LG
(4.56)
41
(4.57)
AER 1304LG
dD2 =
Kdt
(4.59)
Do2
4. Heat & Mass Transfer
8td
42
AER 1304LG
which yields
td = Do2 /K
(4.60)
(4.61)
43
AER 1304LG
44
AER 1304LG