Termodinmica de la produccin Hidrgeno.

Traduccin por Mara Fernanda Obando Snchez

Estudiante de Ingeniera Ambiental
Instituto Tecnolgico de Costa Rica
United States Patent
Puharich

4,394,230

July 19, 1983

Method and apparatus for splitting water molecules

Abstract
Disclosed here in is a new and improved thermodynamic device to produce hydrogen gas and
oxygen gas from ordinary water molecules or from seawater at normal temperatures and pressure.
Also disclosed is a new and improved method for electrically treating water molecules to
decompose them into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas at efficiency levels ranging between
approximately 80-100%. The evolved hydrogen gas may be used as a fuel; and the evolved
oxygen gas may be used as an oxidant.
Se describe a continuacin un dispositivo termodinmico mejorado para la produccin de gas
hidrgeno y oxgeno a partir de molculas de agua en su estado simple o a partir de agua salada
bajo condiciones normales de T y P. Adicionalmente se mostrar un mtodo para tratar
elctricamente las molcula de agua hasta su descomposicin en hidrgeno y oxgeno con un
rango de eficiencia oscilante entre 80 y 100%. El hidrgeno obtenido podr utilizarse como
combustible y el oxgeno como agente oxidante.

Caractersticas del mtodo

I claim: Reclamacin I
1. A method for splitting water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen comprising
El mtodo para la separacin de molculas de agua y oxgeno comprende:

(a) generating complex electrical wave forms matching the complex wave form resonant
frequencies of tetrahedral water molecules;
La generacin de ondas elctricas complejas en forma de frecuencias resonantes para molculas
tetrahdricas de agua.
(b) applying said generated wave forms in resonance to said water molecules to shatter said
molecules, thereby liberating hydrogen and oxygen.
La aplicacin de dichas ondas en la separacin de las molculas de agua en H y O.
2. The method of claim 1, in which
Mtodo aplicable en molculas tetrahdricas cuyos ngulos eran aproximadamente de
109
(a) the bond angles of said tetrahedral water molecules are approximately 109.degree..
3. The method of claim 1, in which
Mtodo aplicable para el caso de molculas de agua salina
(a) said water molecules are saline water molecules.
4. The method of claim 1, in which
Mtodo aplicable para molculas con un ngulo de 109,28
(a) the bond angles of said tetrahedral water molecules are 109.degree. 28'.
5. The method of claim 1, in which
Mtodo para la aplicacin de la onda compleja en la cual sta es una forma de audio frecuencia
de amplitud modulada
(a) the applied complex wave form is a signal in the form of an audio-frequency, amplitude
modulated carrier wave;
Mtodo de suministro de las molculas a una celda para la electrlisis
(b) the water molecules are supplied to a cell during electrolysis;

Mtodo en el cual la impedancia de dicha seal es unificada continuamente con la celda que se
emplear en la electrlisis
(c) the impedance of said signal is matched continuously with that of said cell during the
electrolysis of said molecules.
6. The method of claim 5, in which
Adicionalmente, haciendo referencia al apartado 5 se analizarn los siguientes casos:
La radio frecuencia se encuentra en un rango de 20 a 200 Hz
(a) the audio frequency is in the range of 20 to 200 Hz.;
La onda se encuentra en un rango de los 200 a los 100 000 Hz
(b) the carrier wave is in the range of 200-100,000 Hz.

El aparato para separacin de molculas de agua incluye:

7. Apparatus for splitting water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen comprising
Celdas electrolticas con sus respectivos electrodos
(a) water cell means including a pair of electrode means;
Mtodos para el suministro de las molculas de agua a dichas celdas
(b) means for supplying water molecules to said cell means;
Mtodos para la generacin de seales en sus fomas complejas de onda elctrica con resonancia
aplicable a molculas tetrahdricas de agua
(c) means for generating signals in the forms of complex electrical waves having resonant
frequencies of tetrahedral water molecules;
Mtodos para la aplicacin de dichas seales a los electrodos mencionados
(d) means for applying said generated signals to said electrode means;
Mtodos para la recuperacin del hidrgeno y el oxgeno liberados
(e) means to recover liberated hydrogen and oxygen from said cell means.
Respecto al apartado anterior:

8. The apparatus of claim 7, in which

Los electrodos estn compuestos de un electrodo cilndrico recubierto por una aleacin de acero
y en su interior posee una aleacin de nquel, adems de un electrodo tubular coaxial interno
recubierto por una aleacin de nquel
(a) said electrode means includes an outer cylindrical electrode of steel alloys coated on its inner
surfaces with a nickel alloy and an inner coaxial hollow tubular electrode coated on its outer
surface with a nickel alloy;
Los mtodos de generacin de onda comprenden el procedimiento para unificar las impedancias
resultantes de las seales emitidas por los electrodos
(b) said signal generating means, including means matching the impedance of said generated
signal with that of said electrodes.

Respecto al apartado anterior:

9. The apparatus of claim 8, in which
El electrodo externo es ideal para el mtodo
(a) said outer electrode includes integral fins;
El electrodo interior se encuentra separado del exterior por un medio de vitro cermica
(b) porous vitreous ceramic means, are disposed about said center electrode;
Un par de tubos de vidrio cilndricos rodean el medio vitro cermico
(c) a pair of spaced cylindrical glass tubes, one of which surrounds said vitreous ceramic means
are disposed in said water cell means;
La parte ms externa del electrode exterior es de forma semi esfrica
(d) the uppermost portion of said outer electrode is generally hemispherically shaped;
Los tubos de vidrio descritos constituyen un mtodo de ventilacin del gas de las celdas
(e) the other of said glass tubes extends upwardly through said outer electrode and forms a gas
vent for said cell means.

Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Descripcin y contexto de la investigacin
The scientific community has long realized that water is an enormous natural energy resource,
indeed an inexhaustible source, since there are over 300 million cubic miles of water on the earth's
surface, all of it a potential source of hydrogen for use as fuel. In fact, more than 100 years ago
Jules Verne prophesied that water eventually would be employed as a fuel and that the hydrogen
and oxygen which constitute it would furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and light.
La comunidad cientfica ha descubierto las enormes potencialidades del agua como fuente de
energa hasta cierto punto inagotable, dado que existen cerca de 300 millones de millas cbicos
de la misma en la superficie terrestre y cuyo hidrgeno podra emplearse como combustible.
Hecho profetizado por Julio Verne hace ms de 100 aos, estableca que como fuente
inagotable sera una excelente forma de generar luz y calor.
Water has been split into its constituent elements of hydrogen and oxygen by electrolytic methods,
which have been extremely inefficient, by thermochemical extraction processes called
thermochemical water-splitting, which have likewise been inefficient and have also been
inordinately expensive, and by other processes including some employing solar energy. In
addition, artificial chloroplasts imitating the natural process of photosynthesis have been used to
separate hydrogen from water utilizing complicated membranes and sophisticated artificial
catalysts. However, these artificial chloroplasts have yet to produce hydrogen at an efficient and
economical rate.
El agua ha sido separada en sus elementos constituyentes por mtodos electrolticos, los cuales
han resultado altamente ineficientes mediante lo que se denomina extraccin termoqumica o
separacin termoqumica de las molculas de agua, adems de ser sumamente costosos
empleando incluso energa solar. Adicionalmente se han ideado cloroplastos artificiales los cuales
imitan el proceso natural de fotosntesis para separar el hidrgeno del agua empleando
complicadas membranas y catalticos artificiales. Sin embargo, dichos cloroplastos no han logrado
producir hidrgeno a una tasa que resulte rentable.
These and other proposed water splitting techniques are all part of a massive effort by the
scientific community to find a plentiful, clean, and inexpensive source of fuel. While none of the
methods have yet proved to be commercially feasible, they all share in common the known
acceptability of hydrogen gas as a clean fuel, one that can be transmitted easily and economically
over long distances and one which when burned forms water.

Los mtodos anteriores, sumados a otras alternativas para la separacin de las molculas de
agua han resultado ser poco fiables desde el punto de vista comercial.
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
Resumen sobre la invencin
In classical quantum physical chemistry, the water molecule has two basic bond angles, one angle
being 104.degree., and the other angle being 109.degree.28'.
En fsicoqumica cuntica clsica, la molcula de agua se encuentra unida formando un ngulo de
104 y otro de 109,28. La siguiente invencin incluye un mtodo con el cual la molcula es
energizada por mtodos elctricos de manera que el ngulo de unin de 104 cambie a uno de
109,28 con el fin de que la molcula adquiera una configuracin geomtrica tetrahdrica.
The present invention involves a method by which a water molecule can be energized by electrical
means so as to shift the bond angle from the 104.degree. configuration to the 109.degree.28'
tetrahedral geometrical configuration.
An electrical function generator (Component 1) is used to produce complex electrical wave form
frequencies which are applied to, and match the complex resonant frequencies of the tetrahedral
geometrical form of water.
El generador de funcin elctrica se emplea para producir ondas elctricas complejas las cuales
son utilizadas para unir las frecuencias resonantes complejas de la molcula de agua
tetrehdrica.
It is this complex electrical wave form applied to water which is contained in a special
thermodynamic device (Component II) which shatters the water molecule by resonance into its
component molecules--hydrogen an oxygen.
Es esta onda elctrica compleja aplicada al agua que es contenida en un dispositivo
termodinmico especial (Componente II) con el cual es posible romper la molcula en sus
elementos constituyentes, H y O.
The hydrogen, in gas form, may then be used as fuel; and oxygen, in gas form is used as oxidant.
For example, the thermodynamic device of the present invention may be used as a hydrogen fuel
source for any existing heat engine--such as, internal combustion engines of all types, turbines,
fuel cell, space heaters, water heaters, heat exchange systems, and other such devices. It can
also be used for the de-salinization of sea water, and other water purification purposes. It can also
be applied to the development of new closed cycle heat engines where water goes in as fuel, and
water comes out as a clean exhaust.

El hidrgeno en su forma gaseosa se emplear como combustible y el oxgeno como agente

oxidante. Por ejemplo, el dispositivo termodinmico de esta invencin podra emplearse como
fuente de generacin de H como combustible para cualquier motor, ya sea de combustin interna,
turbinas, celdas de combustible, calentadores, calentadores de agua, sistemas de intercambio de
calor, etc. Adems puede utilizarse como alternativa de desalinizacin del agua marina y para
otros propsitos de purificacin y tambin para el desarrollo de motores generadores de calor en
los cuales el agua entra como combustible y sale del sistema como producto limpio.
Para facilitar la comprensin del dispositivo y sus ventajas debe hacerse referencia a la
descripcin detallada de las siguientes figuras.
For a more complete understanding of the present invention and for a greater appreciation of its
attendant advantages, reference should be made to the following detailed description taken in
conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Descripcin de las figuras

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the electrical function generator, Component I,
employed in the practice of the present invention; La figura 1 corresponde a un diagrama de
bloques que ilustra el generador de funcin elctrica, Componente I.
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the apparatus of the present invention, including a cross
sectional representation of the thermodynamic device, Component II; La figura 2 es una ilustracin
esquemtica del aparato incluyendo una seccin transversal del dispositivo, Componente II
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of Component III of the present invention, the water cell section of
Component II; La figura 3 es una vista transversal de la seccin de celdas electrolticas
FIG. 4 is an illustration of the hydrogen covalent bond; La figura 4 corresponde a una ilustracin
del enlace covalente H-O
FIG. 4A is an illustration of the hydrogen bond angle; La figura 4a es una ilustracin del ngulo de
enlace del H

FIG. 4B is an illustration of hybridized and un-hybridized orbitals; La figura 4b es una ilustracin

que muestra orbitals hibridados y no hibridados
FIG. 4C is an illustration of the geometry of methane ammonia and water molecules; La figura 4c
es una ilustracin de la geometra de las molculas del CH4, el NH4, y agua
FIG. 5 is an illustration of an amplitude modulated carrier wave; La figura 5 es una ilustracin de
una onda de amplitud modulada
FIG. 6 is an illustration of a ripple square wave; La figura 6 es una ilustracin de una onda
cuadrangular
FIG. 6 A is an illustration of uni-polar pulses; La figura 6a es una ilustracin de pulsos unipolares
FIG. 7 is a diagram showing ion distribution at the negative electrode; La figura 7 es un diagrama
que muestra la distribucin de iones al electrodo negativo
FIG. 8 is an illustration of tetrahedral bonding orbitals; La figura 8 es una ilustracin de orbitales
de enlace tetrahdricos
FIG. 9 is an illustration of water molecules; La figura 9 muestra las molculas de agua
FIG. 10 is an illustration of productive and non-productive collisions of hydrogen with iodine; La
figura 10 muestra las interacciones productivas y no productivas del H con el I
FIG. 11 is a wave form found to be the prime characteristic for optimum efficiency; La figura 11 es
una forma de onda considerada la principal caracterstica para la eficiencia ptima
FIG. 12 is an illustration of pearl chain formation; La figura 12 muestra una formacin de perlas en
cadena
FIG. 13 is a plot of the course of the onset of the barrier effect and the unblocking of the barrier
effect; and La figura 13 muestra el bloqueo y desbloqueo del efecto barrera
FIGS. 14A, B, and C are energy diagrams for exergonic reactions. Finalmente las figuras 14a, 14b
y 14 c muestran diagramas de reacciones exergnicas, es decir que

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

Descripcin detallada de la invencin

Section 1--Apparatus of Invention

El aparato
The apparatus of the invention consists of three components, the electrical function generator, the
thermodynamic device, and the water cell. El equipo consta de tres componentes: el generador de
funcin elctrica, el dispositivo termodinmico y la celda.
COMPONENT I. The Electrical Function Generator
El Generador de Funcin Elctrica
This device has an output consisting of an audio frequency (range 20 to 200 Hz) amplitude
modulation of a carrier wave (range 200 Hz to 100,000 Hz). The impedance of this output signal is
continuously being matched to the load which is the second component, the thermodynamic
device.
El dispositivo posee una salida que consiste en una radio frecuencia (rango de 20 a 200 Hz)
amplitud modulada de una onda cuyo rango se encuentra entre los 200 y los 100 000 Hz. La
impedancia de esta seal es conectada a la carga del segundo componente que corresponde al
dispositivo termodinmico.
COMPONENT II. The Thermodynamic Device El Dispositivo Termodinmico
The thermodynamic device is fabricated of metals and ceramic in the geometric form of coaxial
cylinder made up of a centered hollow tubular electrode which is surrounded by a larger tubular
steel cylinder, said two electrodes comprising the coaxial electrode system which forms the load of
the output of the electrical function generator, Component I. Said center hollow tubular electrode
carries water, and is separated from the outer cylindrical electrode by a porous ceramic vitreous
material. Between the outer surface of the insulating ceramic vitreous material, and the inner
surface of the outer cylindrical electrode exists a space to contain the water to be electrolysed.
This water cell space comprises the third component (Component III) of the invention. It contains
two lengths of tubular pyrex glass, shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. The metal electrode surfaces of the
two electrodes which are in contact with the water are coated with a nickel alloy. El dispositivo es
fabricado con metales y cermica en forma de un cilindro coaxial, el cual posee un electrodo de
agujero tubular que a su vez est rodeado por un cilindro tubular largo de acero. El electrodo de
agujero tubular contendr el agua y es separado del electrodo exterior por un material poroso de
vitro cermica. En medio de la superficie externa del material vitro cermico y la parte interna del
electrodo externo existe un espacio que contendr agua, la cual posteriormente pasar por la

electrlisis. Este espacio comprimir el tercer componente. Las superficies metlicas de ambos
electrodos que se encuentran en contacto con el agua estn recubiertas con una aleacin de Ni.
The coaxial electrode system is specifically designed in materials and geometry to energize the
water molecule to the end that it might be electrolysed. The center electrode is a hollow tube and
also serves as a conductor of water to the Component III cell. The center tubular electrode is
coated with a nickel alloy, and surrounded with a porous vitreous ceramic and a glass tube with
the exception of the tip that faces the second electrode. The outer cylindrical electrode is made of
a heat conducting steel alloy with fins on the outside, and coated on the inside with a nickel alloy.
The center electrode, and the cylindrical electrode are electrically connected by an arching dome
extension of the outer electrode which brings the two electrodes at one point to a critical gap
distance which is determined by the known quenching distance for hydrogen. See FIG. 2 for an
illustration of Component II. El Sistema de electrodo coaxial est diseado especficamente con
los materiales y geometra adecuados para energizar la molcula de agua hasta el final para que
sea electrolizada. El electrodo central es un tubo hueco y es a la vez un conductor del agua. Est
recubierto con una aleacin de Ni y rodeado con una vitro cermica porosa y un tubo de vidrio,
con la excepcin de que la punta est en contacto con el segundo electrodo. El electrodo
cilndrico externo est hecho de una aleacin de acero conductor y est recubierto en la parte
interna con una aleacin de Ni. Ambos electrodos estn unidos por una extensin de arco de
domo del electrodo externo, lo que lleva a ambos electrodos a una distancia crtica de separacin,
la cual es determinada por el clculo de la franja de extincin del hidrgeno.
COMPONENT III. The Water Cell
The water cell is a part of the upper end of Component II, and has been described. An enlarged
schematic illustration of the cell is presented in FIG. 3. The Component III consists of the water
and glass tubes contained in the geometrical form of the walls of cell in Component II, the
thermodynamic device. The elements of a practical device for the practice of the invention will
include: La celda de agua es una parte de el extremo superior del Componente II, y se ha
descrito. Una ilustracin esquemtica ampliada de la celda se presenta en la figura. 3. El
componente III se compone de los tubos de agua y de vidrio contenidas en la forma geomtrica
de las paredes de la celda en el Componente II, el dispositivo termodinmico. Los elementos de
un dispositivo prctico para la prctica de la invencin incluirn:
(A) Water reservoir; and salt reservoir; and/or salt
Reservorio de agua y/o reservorio de sal y sal

(B) Water injection system with microprocessor or other controls which sense and regulate (in
accordance with the parameters set forth hereinafter): Sistema de inyeccin de agua con un
microprocesador u otros controles sensores para la regulacin de los siguientes parmetros
a. carrier frequency
Frecuencia
b. current
Corriente elctrica
c. voltage
Voltaje
d. RC relaxation time constant of water in the cell
Constante tiempo RC de relajacin del agua en la celda (RC)
e. nuclear magnetic relaxation constant of water
Constante magntica de relajacin del agua
f. temperature of hydrogen combustion
Temperatura de combustion del H
g. carrier wave form
Forma de la onda
h. RPM of an internal combustion engine (if used)
RPM del motor de combustin interna, de emplearse
i. ignition control system
Control de la ignicin
j. temperature of region to be heated;
Temperatura de la region a calentarse

(C) An electrical ignition system to ignite the evolved hydrogen gas fuel.
Sistema de ignicin elctrica para encender el H como gas combustible
The important aspects of Component III are the tubular vitreous material, the geometry of the
containing walls of the cell, and the geometrical forms of the water molecules that are contained in
the cell. A further important aspect of the invention is the manipulation of the tetrahedral geometry
of the water molecule by the novel methods and means which will be more fully described in the
succeeding sections of this specification. Los aspectos claves del componente III son el material
vitro cermico, la geometra de las paredes de la celda y la geometra de las molculas de agua
que se encuentran en la celda. Un aspecto ms importante de la invencin es la manipulacin de
la configuracin tetrahdrica de las molculas de agua, se describir ms ampliamente en las
secciones siguientes.
The different parts of a molecule are bound together by electrons. One of the electron
configurations which can exist is the covalent bond which is achieved by the sharing of electrons.
A molecule of hydrogen gas, H.sub.2 is the smallest representative unit of covalent bonding, as
can be seen in FIG. 4. The molecule of hydrogen gas is formed by the overlap and pairing of 1s
orbital electrons. A new molecular orbit is formed in which the shared electron pair orbits both
nuclei as shown in FIG. 4. The attraction of the nuclei for the shared electrons holds the atoms
together in a covalent bond. Las distintas partes de una molcula se encuentran unidas por
electrones. Una de las configuraciones electrnicas es el enlace covalente que se alcanza cuando
se comparten electrones. Una molcula de H2 es la ms pequea representacin de un enlace
covalente, como se muestra en la figura 4. La molcula de gas hidrgeno es formada por el
traslape de un par de orbitales de configuracin 1s. Se forma una nueva rbita molecular con los
pares de electrones que se comparten en el enlace. La atraccin nuclear producida por estos
electrones es lo que mantiene los tomos unidos en el enlace covalente.
Covalent bonds have direction. The electronic orbitals of an uncombined atom can change shape
and direction when that atom becomes part of a molecule. In a molecule in which two or more
covalent bonds are present the molecular geometry is dictated by the bond angles about the
central atom. The outermost lone pair (non-bonding) electrons profoundly affect the molecular
geometry. Los enlaces covalentes poseen direccin. Los orbitales electrnicos de un tomo no
combinado pueden cambiar de forma y direccin cuando dicho tomo forma parte de la molcula.
En una molcula en la que se presentan 2 o ms enlaces covalentes, la geometra molecular
estar dada por los ngulos de enlace con el tomo central. Los electrones no enlazantes
afectarn verdaderamente la geometra molecular.

The geometry of water illustrates this concept. In the ground state, oxygen has the outer shell
configuration. La geometra de la molcula de agua ilustra claramente este concepto.
In water the 1s electrons from two hydrogens bond with the 2p.sub.y and 2p.sub.z electrons of
oxygen. Since p orbitals lie at right angles to each other (see FIG. 4A), a bond angle of 90.degree.
might be expected. However, the bond angle is found experimentally to be approximately
104.degree. Theoretically this is explained by the effect of lone pair electrons on hybridized
orbitals. En el agua los electrones con configuracin 1s se enlazan con los electrones del
oxgeno, de configuracin 2p. Dado que los orbitales p se encuentran de forma casi perpendicular
como muestra la figura 4, se esperara que el ngulo de enlace sea de 90. Sin embargo, las
determinaciones experimentales muestran que el ngulo en realidad se aproxima a los 104.
Tericamente esto es explicado por el Efecto del Par de Electrones Ionizados.
Combined or hybrid orbitals are formed when the excitement of 2s electrons results in their
promotion from the ground state to a state energetically equivalent to the 2p orbitals. The new
hybrids are termed sp.sup.3 from the combination of one s and three p orbitals (See FIG. 4B).
Hybrid sp.sup.3 orbitals are directed in space from the center of a regular tetrahedron toward the
four corners. If the orbitals are equivalent the bond angle will be (See FIG. 15) consistent with the
geometry of a tetrahedron. In the case of water two of the orbitals are occupied by non-bonding
electrons (See FIG. 4C). There is greater repulsion of these lone pair electrons which orbit only
one nucleus, compared to the repulsion of electrons in bonding orbitals which orbit two nuclei. This
tends to increase the angle between non-bonding orbitals so that it is greater than 109.degree.,
which pushes the bonding orbitals together, reducing the bond angle to 104.degree.. In the case of
ammonia, NH.sub.3 where there is only one lone pair, the repulsion is not so great and the bond
angle is 107.degree.. Carbon forms typical tetrahedral forms and components the simplest being
the gas methane, CH.sub.4. (See FIGS. 4C and 8). The repulsion of lone pair electrons affects
charge distribution and contributes to the polarity of a covalent bond. (See FIG. 16) Los orbitales
hbridos o combinados se forman cuando electrones 2s son excitados por lo que son promovidos
a un nivel energtico superior equivalente al de los electrones 2p. Los nuevos orbitales hbridos
se denominan sp3 producto de la combinacin de un orbital s y tres orbitales p. Estos orbitales
poseen una distribucin espacial tetradrica por lo que su ngulo de enlace est acorde con la
geometra de un tetraedro (Fig, 4B). Los orbitales hbridos sp3 son dirigidos en el espacio desde el
centro de un tetraedro regular hacia las cuatro esquinas. Si los orbitales son equivalentes el
ngulo de enlace ser (Ver Fig. 15), consistente con la geometra de un tetraedro. En el caso del
agua dos de los orbitales estn ocupados por electrones no enlazantes (Ver. Figura 4C). Hay una

mayor repulsin de este par soliatrio de electrones que orbitan un nico ncleo, en comparacin
con la repulsin de los electrones en orbitales que rbitan dos ncleos de unin. Esto tiende a
aumentar el ngulo entre los orbitales no enlazantes de modo que sea mayor que 109.degree.,
Que empuja los orbitales enlazantes juntos, reduciendo el ngulo de enlace a 104.degree. En el
caso del amonaco, NH3 donde slo hay un par solitario, la repulsin no es tan grande y el ngulo
de enlace es 107.degree, el carbono forma formas tetradricas tpicos y componentes de la ms
simple es el gas metano, CH4. (Ver Figs. 4C y 8). La repulsin de pares de electrones solitarios
afecta a la distribucin de carga y contribuye a la polaridad de un enlace covalente. (Ver la figura
16.)

As demonstrated in succeeding sections of this patent specification, a significant and novel aspect
of this invention is the manipulation, by electronic methods and means, of the energy level of the
water molecule, and the transformation of the water molecule into, and out of, the geometrical
form of the tetrahedron. This is made possible only by certain subtle dynamic interactions among
the Components I, II, and III of the present invention. Como se demuestra en las secciones
subsiguientes de esta memoria descriptiva de patente, un aspecto importante y novedoso de esta
invencin es la manipulacin, por mtodos y medios electrnicos, del nivel de energa de la
molcula de agua, y la transformacin de la molcula de agua en, y fuera de, la forma geomtrica
del tetraedro. Esto se hace posible slo por ciertas interacciones dinmicas sutiles entre los
componentes I, II, y III de la presente invencin.
Section 2--Electrodynamics (Pure Water)
Electrodinmica del agua pura
The electrodynamics of Components I, II, and III described individually and in interaction during
the progress of purewater reaction rate in time. The reactions of saline water will be described in
Section 3. It is to be noted that the output of Component I automatically follows the seven stages
(hereinafter Stages A-F) of the reaction rate by varying its parameters of resonant carrier
frequency, wave form, current voltage and impedance. All the seven states of the reaction herein
described are not necessary for the practical operation of the system, but are included in order to
explicate the dynamics and novel aspects of the invention. The seven stages are applicable only
to the electrolysis of pure water.
La electrodinmica de los Componentes I, II, y III son descritos de forma individual y en la
interaccin durante el progreso de la velocidad de reaccin del agua pura en el tiempo. Las
reacciones de agua salina se describen en la Seccin 3. Es de notar que la salida del

Componente I sigue automticamente las siete etapas (en adelante AF) Etapas de la velocidad de
reaccin mediante la variacin de sus parmetros de frecuencia portadora resonante, forma de
onda, la corriente voltaje y la impedancia. Todos los siete estados de la reaccin descrita en este
documento no son necesarios para el funcionamiento prctico del sistema, pero se incluyen con
el fin de explicar la dinmica y aspectos novedosos de la invencin. Las siete etapas son
aplicables slo a la electrlisis del agua pura.
STAGE A
Etapa A
Carga seca del Componente II por el Componente I
Dry Charging of Component II by Component I
To make the new system operational, the Component I output electrodes are connected to
component II, but no water is placed in the cell of Component III. When Component I output is
across the load of Component II we observe the following electrical parameters are observed:
Para hacer que el nuevo sistema sea operativo, los electrodos de salida que los componentes
estn conectados al componente II, pero sin colocar agua en la celda del Componente III. Cuando
la produccin de componentes que est al otro lado de la carga del Componente II observamos
los siguientes parmetros elctricos:
Range of current (I) output with (dry) load:
0 to 25 mA (milliamperes) rms. Un rango de corriente con la carga seca que va de los 0 a los 25
mA
Range of voltage (E) output with (dry) load:
0 to 250 Volts (AC) rms. Un rango de voltaje con la carga seca de 0 a 250 Voltios
There is no distortion of the amplitude modulated (AM), or of the sine wave carrier whose center
frequency, fc' No hay distorsin de la amplitud modulada o de la onda sinusoidal cuya frecuencia
central se denotar como fc
Ranges between 59,748 Hz to 66, 221 Hz Los rangos van de 59,748Hz a los 66,221 Hz cuya fc
promedio es de 62, 985 Hz

with f.sub.c average=62, 985 Hz

The carrier frequency varies with the power output in that f.sub.c goes down with an increase in
amperes (current). The AM wave form is shown in FIG. 5. It is to be noted here that the electrical
function generator, Component I, has an automatic amplitude modulation volume control which
cycles the degree of AM from 0% to 100%, and then down from 100% to 0% .congruent. every 3.0
seconds. This cycle rate of 3.0 seconds corresponds to the nuclear spin relaxation time, .tau./sec,
of the water in Component III. The meaning of this effect will be discussed in greater detail in a
later section. La frecuencia portadora vara con la potencia de salida en que fc va hacia abajo con
un aumento en la corriente I. La onda de amplitud modulada se muestra en la figura 5. El
generador de funcin elctrica del componente I tiene un regulador automtico de volumen el cual
se comporta de forma cclica, de forma tal que la tasa de cambio va de 0 a 100% y luego de 100 a
0%, siendo congruente cada 3 segundos. Esta tasa de cambio corresponde al tiempo de
relajacin nuclear del spin, cuyas unidades son tau/s, del agua del componente III. El significado
de este fenmeno se discutir posteriormente.
In summary, the principal effects to be noted during Stage A -dry charging of Component II are as
follows: En resumen, los principales efectos durante la etapa A son los siguientes
a. Tests the integrity of Component I circuitry. Comprueba la integridad del circuito del
Componente I.
b. Tests the integrity of the coaxial electrodes, and the vitreous ceramic materials of Component II
and Component III. Comprueba la integridad del circuito de los electrodos coaxiales y de los
materiales vitro cermicos.
c. Electrostatic cleaning of electrode and ceramic surfaces. Limpieza de los electrodos y las
superficies cermicas.
STAGE B
Etapa B
Initial operation of Component I, Component II, and with Component III containing pure water.
There is no significant electrolysis of water during Stage B. However, in Stage B the sine wave
output of Component I is shaped to a rippled square wave by the changing RC constant of the

water as it is treated; Puesta en funcionamiento del Componente I, Componente II, y con el

Componente III que contiene agua pura. No hay electrlisis significativa de agua durante la Etapa
B. Sin embargo, en la fase B la onda sinusoidal de salida del Componente I est conformada por
una onda cuadrada ondulada por el cambio en la constante de relajacin RC del agua, ya que se
trata;
There is an `Open Circuit` reversible threshold effect that occurs in Component III due to water
polarization effects that lead to half wave rectification and the appearance of positive unipolar
pulses; and there are electrode polarization effects in Component II which are a prelude to true
electrolysis of water as evidenced by oxygen and hydrogen gas bubble formation. Existe un
circuito abierto con un efecto de umbral reversible que ocurre en el Componente III debido a la
polarizacin del agua que lleva a la rectificacin de una mitad de la onda y a la aparicin de
impulsos unipolares positivos, adems hay polarizacin de los electrodos lo que es una seal
clara de que se ha iniciado el proceso de electrlisis, evidenciado por la formacin de burbujas de
H y O.
Appearance of Rippled Square Waves
Aparicin de ondas cuadradas

Phase 1: At the end of the Stage A dry charging, the output of Component I is lowered to a typical
value of:
I = 1 mA

E= 24 V AC

fc = 66,234 Hz

Al agregar el agua a la celda del Componente III, debe hacerse gota por gota hasta la punta del
electrodo central, cuando esta hace contacto con la parte interna del electrodo externo se
presentarn una serie de eventos.
Phase 2: Then water is added to the Component III water cell drop by drop until the top of the
center electrode, 1', in FIG. 3 is covered, and when this water just makes contact with the inner
surface of the top outer electrode at 2'. As this coupling of the two electrodes by water happens,
the following series of events occur:
Entonces se aade agua a la cada de la celda de agua Componente III gota a gota hasta que la
parte superior del electrodo central, 1 ', en la figura. 3 est cubierta, y cuando el agua hace
contacto con la superficie interior del electrodo exterior superior a los 2 '. Como este acoplamiento
de los dos electrodos sucede por el agua, la siguiente serie de eventos ocurren:
Phase 3: The f.sub.c drops from 66,234 Hz, to a range from 1272 Hz to 1848 Hz. The current and
voltage both drop, and begin to pulse in entrainment with the water nuclear spin relaxation

constant, .tau.=3.0 sec. The presence of the nuclear spin relaxation oscillation is proven by a
characteristic hysteresis loop on the X-Y axes of an oscillscope. La fc pasa de los 66,234 Hz a
estar en un rango entre 1272 y 1848 Hz. Tanto la corriente como el voltaje experimentan una
variacin y una serie de impulsos debido al fenmeno de relajacin nuclear del spin del agua,
tau = 3s. La presencia de la oscilacin de relajacin del spin nuclear se demuestra por un bucle
de histresis caracterstica en los ejes XY de un oscilolscopio.
I = 0 a 0.2 mA surgiendo un ciclo de tau
E = 4.3 a 4.8 V AC surgiendo un ciclo tau
The sine wave carrier converts to a rippled square wave pulse which reflects the RC time constant
of water, and it is observed that the square wave contains higher order harmonics. See FIG. 6: El
cambio en la forma de la onda, reflejado en la RC es observado en las crestas ms altas de la
misma.
With the appearance of the rippled square wave, the threshold of hydrolysis may be detected (just
barely) as a vapor precipitation on a cover glass slip placed over the Component III cell and
viewed under a low power microscope. Con la aparicin de esta onda cuadrada, el umbral de la
electrlisis se detectar muy levemente como vapor que precipita a la pared del recipiente de
vidrio mediante la observacin en un microscopio de bajo poder.
The `Open Circuit` Reversible Threshold Effect
Efecto del Umbral Reversible para circuitos abiertos
Phase 4: A secondary effect of the change in the RC constant of water on the wave form shows
up as a full half wave rectification of the carrier wave indicating a high level of polarization of the
water molecule in tetrahedral form at the outer electrode. Un efecto secundario del cambio de la
RC en la onda se muestra como una semi rectificacin de la misma, lo que indica un alto nivel de
polarizacin de las molculas de agua en su forma tetradrica en el electrn externo.
With the already noted appearance of the rippled square wave, and the signs of faint vapor
precipitation which indicate the earliest stage of electrolysis, it is possible to test for the presence
of a reversible hydrolysis threshold. This test is carried out by creating an open circuit between
Components I and II, i.e., no current flows. This is done by lowering the water level between the
two electrodes in the region--1' and 2' shown in FIG. 3; or by interrupting the circuit between
Component I and II, while the Component I signal generator is on and oscillating. Con la aparicin
de esta onda cuadrada y las seales de vapor precipitado, lo que indica una etapa temprana de la
electrlisis, es posible probar la presencia de un umbral de hidrlisis reversible. La prueba
consiste en crear un circuito abierto entre los componentes I y III (no flujos de corriente). Lo

anterior se consigue disminuyendo el nivel de agua entre las regiones 1 y 2 que se muestran en
la figura 3, o bien interrumpiendo el circuito entre los componentes I y II mientras que la seal del
componente I est encendida y oscilando.
Immediately, with the creation of an `open circuit` condition, the following effects occur: Con la
creacin del circuito abierto ocurrir lo siguiente:
(a) The carrier frequency, f.sub.c, shifts from Phase 4 valve 1272 Hz to 1848 Hz to 6128 Hz. La
frecuencia portadora fc pasa de la fase 4 de la vlvula en 1272 Hz a 1848 Hz hasta 6128 Hz.
(b) The current and voltage drop to zero on the meters which record I and E, but the oscilloscope
continues to show the presence of the peak-to-peak (p-p) voltage, and the waveform shows a
remarkable effect. The rippled square wave has disappeared, and in its place there appear
unipolar (positive) pulses as follows in FIG. 6A. Tanto la corriente como el voltaje caen a 0 en los
medidores de I y E, pero el osciloscopio continuar mostrando la presencia de picos de voltaje y
la forma de la onda tendr un efecto notorio. El cuadrado ondulado de la onda habr
desaparecido para entonces y en su lugar aparecern pulsos unipolares positivos como se
muestra en la figura 6a
The unipolar pulse frequency stabilizes to ca. 5000 Hz. The unipolar pulses undergo a 0 to 1.3 volt
pulsing amplitude modulation with .tau. at 3.0 seconds. La frecuencia de pulso unipolar se
estabilizar a 5000 Hz y los pulsos unipolares pasarn de 0 a 1,3 V con una amplitud modulada
cuyo valor de =3,0 s.
Thus, there exists a pure open circuit reversible threshold for water electrolysis in which the water
molecules are capacitor charging and discharging at their characteristic low frequency RC time
constant of 0.0002 seconds. It is to be noted that pure water has a very high dielectric constant
which makes such an effect possible. The pulsing amplitude modulation of the voltage is
determined by the Hydrogen Nuclear Spin Relaxation constant, where .tau..congruent.3.0
seconds. It is to be noted that the positive pulse spikes are followed by a negative after-potential.
These pulse wave forms are identical to the classic nerve action potential spikes found in the
nervous system of all living species that have a nervous system. The fact that these unipolar
pulses were observed arising in water under the conditions of reversible threshold hydrolysis has a
profound significance. These findings illuminate and confirm the Warren McCulloch Theory of
water "crystal" dynamics as being the foundation of neural dynamics; and the converse theory of
Linus Pauling which holds that water clathrate formation is the mechanism of neural anesthesia.

As, existir un umbral de circuito abierto reversible para la electrlisis del agua en el cual las
molculas se cargan y pierden la carga a sus frecuencias caractersticas segn la RC para un
tiempo de 0,0002s. Debe notarse que el agua pura posee un valor muy elevado de constante
dielctrica, lo que hace posible este fenmeno. La amplitud modelada del voltaje es determinada
por la Constante de Relajacin Nuclear del Spin del H, donde =3,0s. Adems debe recordarse
que los picos positivos estn seguidos de un potencial negativo posterior. Estos pulsos de onda
son idnticos a los presentes en las terminaciones del sistema nervioso. El hecho de que estos
impulsos unipolares se observen bajo condiciones de umbral reversible de hidrlisis es
sumamente significativo puesto que estos descubrimientos permiten confirmar la Teora Warren
McCulloch sobre la dinmica de los cristales de agua, as como la teora inversa de Linus Pauling,
la cual sostiene que la formacin de caltratos en el agua, es el mecanismo de anestecia neuronal.
Phase 5: The effects associated with reversible threshold electrolysis are noted only in passing
since they reflect events which are occurring on the electrode surfaces of Component II, the
Thermodynamic Device. Los efectos asociados al umbral reversible de la electrolisis son
observados solo de pasada, ya que reflejan los acontecimientos que se estn produciendo en las
superficies de los electrodos del component II, el Dispositivo termodinmico.
A principal effect that occurs in Stage B, Phase 3, in Component II, the thermodynamic device, is
that the two electrodes undergo stages of polarization. It has been observed in extensive
experiments with different kinds of fluids in the cell of Component II i.e., distilled water, sea water,
tap water, Ringers solution, dilute suspensions of animal and human blood cells, that the inner
surface of the outer ring electrode at 3' in FIG. 3 (the electrode that is in contact with the fluid)
becomes negatively charged. Referring to FIG. 7, this corresponds to the left hand columnar area
marked, Electrode (-) . El principal efecto que ocurre en la etapa B, fase 3, en el componente II, el
dispositivo termodinmico es que los dos electrodos pasan por etapas de polarizacin. Se ha
observado en experimentos de forma extensiva con distintos tipos de fluidos en la celda, por
ejemplo agua destilada, agua marina, agua de grifo, soluciones contaminantes, suspensiones
diluidas de sangre animal y humana, que la superficie interna del anillo del electrodo exterior (el
electrodo que est en contacto con el fluido, ver figura 3) se torna negativo, ver figura 7.
Corresponde al rea de la columna a mano izquierda, electrodo (-)
Electrode Polarization Effects at the Interface Between Components II and III
Concurrently with the driver pulsing of Component I at the .tau. constant cycle which leads to
electrode polarization effects in Component II, there is an action on Component III which
energizes and entrains the water molecule to a higher energy level which shifts the bond angle

from 104.degree. to the tetrahedral form with angle 109.degree.28' as shown in FIGS. 8 and 15.
This electronic pumping action is most important, and represents a significant part of the novel
method of this invention for several reasons. First, the shift to the tetrahedral form of water
increases the structural stability of the water molecule, thereby making it more susceptible to
breakage at the correct resonant frequency, or frequencies. Second, increasing the polarization of
the water molecule makes the lone pair electrons, S- connected with the oxygen molecule more
electronegative; and the weakly positive hydrogen atoms, S+ more positive. See FIG. 9 and FIG.
22.
Efectos de polarizacin en la interfase entre los componentes II y III
Al mismo tiempo que el pulso del conductor del Componente I de la constante Tau, ciclo que
conduce al electrodo efectos de polarizacin en el Componente II, hay una accin de
Componente III que energiza y arrastra la molcula de agua a un nivel de energa superior que
desplaza el ngulo de enlace de 104.degree. a la forma tetradrica con ngulo 109.degree.28
'como se muestra en las Figs. 8 y 15. Este salto de los electrones representa una parte
significativa del mtodo de esta invencin por una serie de razones. En primer lugar, el cambio a
una geometra tetradrica le otorga una mayor estabilidad a la molcula de agua, lo que la hace
ms susceptible a romperse a la frecuencia resonante correcta. En segundo lugar, el aumentar la
polarizacin de la molcula de agua hace que el par de electrones s- unidos a la molcula de O la
vuelvan ms electronegativa y los tomos positivos de H, s+ ms positivos. Ver figuras 9 y 22.
As the outer electrode becomes more electronegative, the center electrode concomitantly
becomes more electropositive as will be shown. As the polarity of the water molecule tetrahedron
increases, a repulsive force occurs between the two S+ apices of the water tetrahedron and the
negatively charged electrode surface within the region of the Helmholtz layer, as shown in FIG. 7.
This effect "orients" the water molecule in the field, and is the well-known "orientation factor" of
electrochemistry which serves to catalyse the rate of oxygen dissociation from the water molecule,
and thereby causes the reaction rate to proceed at the lowest energy levels. See FIG. 10 for an
example of how the orientation factor works. Mientras que el electrodo externo se torna ms
electronegativo, el electrodo central se torna ms electropositivo. Al incrementarse la polaridad de
las molculas tetradricas de agua hay un aumento en las fuerzas de repulsin entre los dos
pices s+ del tetraedro y entre los electrodos cargados negativamente en la superficie en medio
de la regin de la capa de Helmholtz, como se muestra en la figura 7. Este efecto orienta la
molcula de agua en el medio, conocido como el factor de orientacin electroqumico, lo que
cataliza la tasa de disociacin del O de la molcula de agua y por ende causa que la tasa de
cambio de la reaccin caiga a los niveles energticos ms bajos. Ver figura 10.

STAGE C
Etapa C
Generation of the complex wave form frequencies from Component I to match the complex wave
form resonant frequencies of the energized and highly polarized water molecule in tetrahedral
form with angles, 109.degree.28' are carried out in Stage C. La generacin de las frecuencias de
ondas complejas del componente I que se enlazan a las frecuencias resonantes de las molculas
altamente polarizadas con configuracin tetradrica se describe a continuacin.
In the operation of the invention active bubble electrolysis of water is initiated following Stage B,
phase 3 by setting (automatically) the output of Component I to:
I = 1 mA, E = 22 V AC - rms
causing the rippled square wave pulses to disappear with the appearance of a rippled sawtooth
wave. The basic frequency of the carrier now becomes, f.sub.c =3980 Hz.
En el funcionamiento de la invencin activa, la electrlisis de la burbuja de agua, se inicia la
siguiente Etapa B, fase 3 mediante el establecimiento (automticamente) de la salida del
Componente I:
I = 1 mA, E = 22 V AC - rms
haciendo que los pulsos de onda cuadrada ondulado desaparezcan con la aparicin de una
onda de diente de sierra ondulada. La frecuencia bsica de la portadora se convierte ahora,
fc=3980 Hz.
The wave form now automatically shifts to a form found to be the prime characteristic necessary
for optimum efficiency in the electrolysis of water and illustrated in FIG. 11. In the wave form of
FIG. 11, the fundamental carrier frequency, fc =3980 Hz., and a harmonic modulation of the carrier
is as follows:
La forma de onda se traslada ahora automticamente a una forma encontrada para ser la primera
caracterstica necesaria para la eficiencia ptima en la electrlisis de agua y se ilustra en la figura.
11. En la forma de onda de la figura 11, la frecuencia portadora fundamental, fc = 3980 Hz, y una
modulacin armnica de la frecuencia portadora fc es la siguiente:
1st Order Harmonic Modulation (OHM)=7960 Hz.
2nd Order Harmonic Modulation (II OHM)=15,920 Hz.
3rd Order Harmonic Modulation (III OHM)=31,840 Hz.

4th Order Harmonic Modulation (IV OHM)=63,690 Hz.

What is believed to be happening in this IV OHM effect is that each of the four apices of the
tetrahedron water molecule is resonant to one of the four harmonics observed. It is believed that
the combination of negative repulsive forces at the outer electrode with the resonant frequencies
just described work together to shatter the water molecule into its component hydrogen and
oxygen atoms (as gases). This deduction is based on the following observations of the process
through a low power microscope. The hydrogen bubbles were seen to originate at the electrode
rim, 4', of FIG. 3. The bubbles then moved in a very orderly `pearl chain` formation centripetally
(like the spokes of a wheel) toward the center electrode, 1' of FIG. 3. FIG. 12 shows a top view of
this effect. Lo que se presume que sucede en el cuarto Orden de Modulacin Armnica (OHM) es
que cada uno de los cuatro pices de las molculas tetradricas de agua es resonante a una de
las armonas observadas. Se cree que la combinacin de fuerzas de repulsin negativas en el
electrodo exterior con las frecuencias resonantes anteriormente descritas trabajan en conjunto
para descomponer la molcula de agua en sus componentes, H y O como gases. Esta deduccin
est basada en las observaciones bajo un microscopio de bajo poder. Las burbujas de hidrgeno
se originaron en el borde 4 del electrodo, ver figura 3. Posteriormente se movieron muy
ordenadamente como una cadena de perlas de forma centrpeta como los radios de una rueda
de un vehculo, hacia el electrodo central, 1de la Fig. 3. Ver figura 12 la cual muestra una mejor
vista de este efecto.
Thereafter, upon lowering the output of Component I, the threshold for electrolysis of water as
evidenced by vapor deposition of water droplets on a glass cover plate over the cell of Component
III, is: Posteriormente, mientras se disminua la emisin del componente I, el umbral de la
electrlisis del agua se evidencia mediante la deposicin de gotas de vapor en la cubierta del
vidrio sobre la celda del componente III. Lo anterior est descrito por las ecuacion 1.
I = 1 mA
= 10 mw
E = 10 volts
with all other conditions and waveforms as described under Stage C, supra. Occasionally, this
threshold can be lowered to: con todas las dems condiciones y formas de onda como se
describe en la Etapa C, supra. De vez en cuando, este umbral se puede bajar para:
I = 1 mA
= 2.6 mw
E = 2.6 volts

This Stage C vapor hydrolysis threshold effect cannot be directly observed as taking place in the
fluid because no bubbles are formed--only invisible gas molecules which become visible when
they strike a glass plate and combine into water molecules and form droplets which appear as
vapor. Este efecto del umbral de la hidrlisis no puede observarse de manera directa mientras
ocurre en el fluido puesto que no se forman burbujas, nicamente molculas invisibles de gas que
se tornan visibles al entrar en contacto con el vidrio y se combinan formando molculas de agua,
las cuales forman gotas y aparecen como vapor.
STAGE D
Etapa D
Production of hydrogen and oxygen gas at an efficient rate of water electrolysis is slowed in Stage
D when a barrier potential is formed, which barrier blocks electrolysis, irrespective of the amount
of power applied to Components II and III. La produccin de los gases H y O en una tasa rentable
de electrlisis del agua se ve disminuida cuando un potencial elctrico que acta como barrera se
forma, pues bloque la electrlisis indistintamente de la energa suministrada por los componentes
II y III.
A typical experiment will illustrate the problems of barrier potential formation. Components I, II,
and III are set to operate with the following parameters: Un experimento tpico ilustrar los
problemas de este potencial elctrico con los parmetros que se describen:
I = 1 mA
= 2.6 mw (en el arranque)
E = 2.6 volts

(llegando a 100 mw)

This input to Component III yields, by electrolysis of water, approximately 0.1 cm.sup.3 of
hydrogen gas per minute at one atmosphere and 289.degree. K. It is observed that as a function
of time the f.sub.c crept up from 2978 Hz to 6474 Hz over 27 minutes. The current and the voltage
also rose with time. At the 27th minute a barrier effect blocked the electrolysis of water, and one
can best appreciate the cycle of events by reference to FIG. 13. El rendimiento del componente III
por electrlisis a 1 atm y 298 K es de 0,1 cm3 de gas H/min. Se observa que como funcin del
tiempo la fc pas de 2978 Hz a 6474 Hz en 27 min. Tanto la corriente como el voltaje tambin
crecieron con el tiempo. Al minuto 27, el efecto barrera bloque la electrlisis del agua. Ver figura
13.

STAGE E
Etapa E
The Anatomy of the Barrier Effect
Anatoma del Efecto Barrera
Region A: Shows active and efficient hydrolysis
La regin A muestra la electrlisis activa y eficiente.
Region B: The barrier region effect can be initiated with taps of the finger, or it can spontaneously
occur as a function of time.
En la regin B el efecto barrera puede iniciarse con las puntas de los dedos o dejarse ocurrir
espontneamente como funcin del tiempo.
Phase a: The current rose from 1 mA to 30 mA. The voltage fell from 22 volts to 2.5 V.
En la fase a, la corriente aument de 1 mA a 30 mA y el voltaje cay de 22 V a 2,5 V.
Phase b: If component II is tapped mechanically during Phase a supra--it can be reversed as
follows: The current dropped from 30 Ma to 10 Ma. The voltage shot up from 5 volts to over 250
volts (off scale). Si el componente II es accionado mecnicamente durante la fase a, puede
revertirse de la siguiente manera: Disminuir la corriente de 30 a 10 mA y aumentar el voltaje de 5
hasta ms de los 250 V.
Throughout Phase a and Phase b, all hydrolysis has ceased. It was observed under the
microscope that the inner surface of the outer electrode was thickly covered with hydrogen gas
bubbles. It was reasoned that the hydrogen gas bubbles had become trapped in the electrostricted
layer, because the water molecule tetrahedrons had flipped so that the S+ hydrogen apices had
entered the Helmholtz layer and were absorbed to the electronegative charge of the electrode.
This left the S- lone pair apices facing the electrostricted layer. This process bound the newly
forming H.sup.+ ions which blocked the reaction. En medio de las fases a y b, el proceso de
hidrlisis cesa. Se ha observado bajo microscopio que la superficie interna del electrodo exterior
fue gruesamente cubierta por el gas H en forma de burbujas. Se debe a que las mismas quedaron
atrapadas en la membrana electrosttica, debido a que la molcula de agua se volte de forma
que los pices s+ del H se incorporaron en la capa de Hemlhotz y fueron absorbidas por la carga
electronegativa del electrodo. Lo anterior provoc que los pares inicos de pices s- quedaran en
contacto con la membrana electrosttica. Este proceso uni los iones H+ formados, lo que detuvo
la reaccin.
H+ + H+

H2 (gas)

STAGE F
Etapa F
Region C: It was found that the barrier effect could be unblocked by some relatively simple
procedures: Se encontr que el efecto barrera puede revertirse de dos formas bastante simples:
(a) Reversing the output electrodes from Component I to Component II, and/or:
Poner en reversa los electrones de salida del Componente I al Componente II(b) Mechanically tapping the Component III cell at a frequency T/2=1.5 seconds per tap.
Presionando mecnicamente la celda del component III a una frecuencia de 1,5s por paso .
These effects are shown in FIG. 12 and induce the drop in barrier potential from: Los
procedimientos se encuentran en la figura 12, e inducir la cada de la barrera de potencial desde:
I = 10 a 1 mA
= 4 mw (estado final)
E = /250 a 4 volts
Upon unblocking of the barrier effect, electrolysis of water resumed with renewed bubble formation
of hydrogen gas. Una vez desbloqueado el efecto barrera, la electrlisis se reanuda con la
formacin de burbujas de gas H.
The barrier potential problem has been solved for practical application by lowering the high
dielectric constant of pure water, by adding salts (NaCl, KOH, etc.) to the pure water thereby
increasing its conductivity characteristics. For optimum efficiency the salt concentration need not
exceed that of sea water (0.9% salinity) in Section 3, "Thermodynamics of the Invention", it is to be
understood that all water solutions described are not "pure" water as in Section B, but refer only to
salinized water. El problema del potencial de barrera se ha resuelto mediante soluciones prcticas
disminuyendo el valor de la constante dielctrica del agua al adicionar sales como el NaCl o el
KOH al agua pura. Para una eficiencia ptima la concentracin de sal no debe exceder la del
agua marina (0,9% de salinidad).
Section 3--The Thermodynamics of the Invention (Saline Water)
Termodinmica de la invencin (agua salada)
Introduction (water, hereinafter refers to salinized water)
En adelante, agua se refiere a agua salinizada.
The thermodynamic considerations in the normal operations of Components I, II, and III in
producing hydrogen as fuel, and oxygen as oxidant during the electrolysis of water, and the
combustion of the hydrogen fuel to do work in various heat engines is discussed in this section.

Las consideraciones termodinmicas de ambos gases y la combustin de H como combustible en

motores generadores de calor se discutir a continuacin.
In chemical reactions the participating atoms form new bonds resulting in compounds with
different electronic configurations. Chemical reactions which release energy are said to be
exergonic and result in products whose chemical bonds have a lower energy content than the
reactants. The energy released most frequently appears as heat. En las reacciones qumicas, los
tomos participantes forman nuevos enlaces que resultan en compuestos qumicos que resultan
en configuraciones electrnicas diferentes. Las reacciones qumicas que liberan energa se
demoninan exergnicas o exotrmicas y resultan en productos cuyos enlaces tienen menores
valores energticos que los de los reactantes. Energy, like matter, can neither be created nor
destroyed according to conservation law. The energy released in a chemical reaction plus the
lower energy state of the products is equal to the original energy content of the reactants .La
energa al igual que la materia, no se crea ni se destruye de acuerdo a la Ley de Conservacin de
Materia y E. La energa liberada en la reaccin qumica sumada a los bajos estados energticos
de los productos, es igual a la E original contenida en los reactantes. The burning of hydrogen
occurs rather violently to produce water as follows: La combustin de hidrgeno se produce con
cierta violencia para producir agua de la siguiente manera:
2H2 + O2

2H2O - H 68.315 kcal/mol (esta es la entalpa o calor de combustin a presin constante)

(18 gms)=1 mol) 18g de agua producirn 1 mol de H.

The chemical bonds of the water molecules have a lower energy content than the hydrogen and
oxygen gases which serve at the reactants. Low energy molecules are characterized by their
ability. Los enlaces qumicos de las molculas de agua tienen menor contenido energtico que los
de H y O que sirven como reactantes, las molculas poco energticas se caracterizan por su
estabilidad, mientras que las altamente energizadas son estables inherentemente. Ver figuras 14,
14, a, b, y c. High energy molecules are inherently unstable. These relations are summarized in
the two graphs of FIG. 14. It is to be noted that FIG. 14 (b) shows the endergonic reaction aspect
of the invention when water is decomposed by electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen. FIG. 14 (a)
shows the reaction when the hydrogen and oxygen gases combine, liberate energy, and re-form
into water. Note that there is a difference in the potential energy of the two reactions. FIG. 14 (c)
shows that there are two components to this potential energy. The net energy released, or the
energy that yields network is labelled in the diagram as Net Energy released, and is more properly
called the free energy change denoted by the Gibbs function, -.DELTA.G. La energa neta liberada
se denominar Energa Libre de Gibbs. The energy which must be supplied for a reaction to
achieve (burning) spontaneity is called the activation energy. The sum of the two is the total

energy released. La energa que debe suministrarse para que la reaccin se concrete es la
energa de activacin. La suma de ambas energas da como resultado el total de energa
liberada.
"The Gibbs function is defined in terms of the enthalpy H, and the entropy S of the system:
A particularly important result is that for an electrochemical cell working reversibly at constant
temperature and pressure, the electrical work done is the net work and hence, for this to be a
reversible process, it is necessary for the cell to be on `open circuit`, that is, no current flows and
the potential difference across the electrodes is the EMF, E.
La funcin de Gibbs se definir en trminos de entalpa (H) y entropa (S), un resultado
particularmente importante es que para una celda electroqumica cuyo proceso es reversible a T y
P constantes. Para que el proceso sea reversible se requiere que la celda sea un circuito abierto.
Debe notarse que la energa de activacin est directamente relacionada con la tasa de control
de la reaccin y a su vez relacionada con la energa libre de Gibbs.
It is to be noted that the activation energy is directly related to the controlling reaction rate process,
and thus is related to the Gibbs free energy changes.
It should be possible to improve the efficiency achieved in practical electrolysis to about 100%
because, under optimal operating conditions, the theoretically-attainable energy conversion by
electrolysis is about 120% of the electrical energy input. The physical basis for this last statement
will now be considered. Debera ser posible aumentar la eficiencia de la electrlisis a un 100%
bajo condiciones ptimas de operacin.

"A useful definition for energy efficiency in electrolysis is the following: the energy efficiency is the
ratio of the energy released from the electrolysis products formed (when they are subsequently

used) to the energy required to effect electrolysis. The energy released by the process under
standard conditions (standard conditions in this example are: (1) atmospheric pressure=760 mm
Hg and (2) temperature=298.16.degree. K.=25.degree. C.=77.degree. F.) is 68.315 Kcal and is
numerically equal to the enthalph change (.DELTA.H) for the indicated process. On the other
hand, the minimum energy (or useful work input) required at constant temperature and pressure
for electrolysis equals the Gibbs free energy change (.DELTA.G). There is a basic relation
derivable from the first and second laws of thermodynamics for isothermal changes, which shows
that where .DELTA.S represents the entropy change for the chemical reaction. The Gibbs free
energy change (.DELTA.G) is also related to the voltage (E) required to implement electrolysis by
Faraday's equation, viz. where .DELTA.G is in Kcal/mol and n is the number of electrons (or
equivalents) per mol of water electrolyzed and has the numerical value 2. Una definicin til para
eficiencia energtica en electrlisis es la siguiente: la eficiencia energtica es la proporcin
existente entre la energa liberada por los productos de la electrlisis una vez utilizados y la
cantidad de energa requerida para efectuar la electrlisis. La energa liberada del proceso bajo
condiciones estndar, es decir a una presin de 760 mmHg y una T de 298K corresponde al
cambio de entalpa
corresponde a

. Por otra parte, l mnima energa requerida bajo condiciones estndares

. Existe una relacin bsica derivable de la primera y segunda ley de la

Termodinmica para cambios isotrmicos. La energa libre de Gibbs est adems relacionada
con el valor de E requerido para implementar la electrlisis por la ecuacin de F araday.
"At atmospheric pressure and 300.degree. K., .DELTA.H=68.315 Kcal/mol of H.sub.2 O (i) and
.DELTA.G=56.62 Kcal/mole of H.sub.2 O (i) for the electrolysis of liquid water. Hence, the energy
efficiency of electrolysis at 300.degree. K. is about 120%." ##EQU5## "(When) H.sub.2 (gas) and
O.sub.2 (gas) are generated by electrolysis, the electrolysis cell must absorb heat from the
surroundings, in order to remain at constant temperature. It is this ability to produce gaseous
electrolysis products with heat absorption from the surroundings that is ultimately responsible for
energy-conversion efficiencies during electrolysis greater than unity." A presin atmosfrica y una
T=300K, se tiene un valor de

de H2 en forma gaseosa. Por tanto la

eficiencia energtica bajo esas condiciones es de alrededor de 120%. Ver ecuacin 5. Cuando el
H2 y el O2 son generados mediante electrlisis, la celda para la electrlisis debe absorber calor de
los alrededores para permanecer a T constante. Es precisamente esta habilidad para producir
productos gaseosos con absorcin de calor de los alrededores, la responsable por las
conversiones en las eficiencias energticas mayores a la unidad.

Using the criteria of these two authorities, it is possible to make a rough calculation of the
efficiency of the present invention. Empleando estos criterios es posible efectuar el clculo de la
eficiencia de la presente invencin.

Section 4--Thermodynamic Efficiency of the Invention

Eficiencia Termodinmica
Efficiency is deduced on the grounds of scientific accounting principles which are based on
accurate measurements of total energy input to a system (debit), and accurate measurements of
total energy (or work) obtained out of the system (credit). In principle, this is followed by drawing
up a balance sheet of energy debits and credits, and expressing them as an efficiency ration, .eta..
##EQU6## La eficiencia es deducida de los cimientos cientficos de los principios cuantitatvos, los
cuales se basan en medidas exactas de energa total suministradas a un sistema y obtenidas del
mismo, se demuestra mediante balances energticos.
The energy output of Component I is an alternating current looking into a highly non-linear load,
i.e., the water solution. This alternating current generator (Component I) is so designed that at
peak load it is in resonance (Components I, II, III), and the vector diagrams show that the
capacitive reactance, and the inductive reactance are almost exactly 180.degree. out of phase, so
that the net power output is reactive, and the dissipative power is very small. This design insures
minimum power losses across the entire output system. In the experiments which are now to be
described the entire emphasis was placed on achieving the maximum gas yield (credit) in
exchange for the minimum applied energy (debit). La energa de salida del componente I es una
corriente alterna en una carga alta no lineal, la solucin de agua. Este generador de corriente
alterna est diseado de manera que en picos bajos de carga, est en resonancia. Los diagramas
de vectores muestran que la reactancia capacitiva y la reactancia inductiva se encuentran a 180
exactos, de manera que lo que sale tiene potencial reactivo por lo que la energa disipativa es
bastante baja. Este diseo garantiza prdidas mnimas de energa a lo largo de toda la salida del
sistema. En experimentos, el nfasis fue alcanzar el mximo rendimiento de gas con la menor
cantidad de E.

The most precise way to measure the applied energy to Components II and III is to measure the
Power, P, in Watts, W. This was done by precision measurements of the volts across Component
II as root mean square (rms) volts; and the current flowing in the system as rms amperes.
Precisely calibrated instruments were used to take these two measurements. La manera ms
precisa de medir la E aplicada a los componentes II y III es determinarla en watts. Esto se logr
con medidas de precision de los voltios a lo largo del componente II. A typical set of experiments
(using water in the form of 0.9% saline solution =0.1540 molar concentration) to obtain high
efficiency hydrolysis gave the following results:
Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo empleando agua en forma de solucin salina al 0,9% y
0,1540 Molar para obtener electrlisis de alta eficiencia, los resultados fueron los siguientes.
rms Current=I=25 mA to 38 mA (0.025 A to 0.038 A)
rms Volts=E=4 Volts to 2.6 Volts
The resultant ratio between current and voltage is dependent on many factors, such as the gap
distance between the center and ring electrodes, dielectric properties of the water, conductivity
properties of the water, equilibrium states, isothermal conditions, materials used, and even the
presence of clathrates. The above current and voltage values reflect the net effect of various
combinations of such parameters. The product of rms current, and rms volts is a measure of the
power, P in watts. La proporcin entre corriente y voltaje depender de una serie de factores,
como la distancia de separacin del centro y los anillos de los electrodos, las propiedades
dielctricas del agua, conductividad, equilibrio qumico, condiciones isotrmicas, materiales
utilizados e incluso la presencia de caltratos. Los valores anteriores reflejan el efecto de la
combinacin de dichos parmetros. El producto de la corriente y los voltios, es una medida de la
energa en watts.
At these power levels (with load), the resonant frequency of the system is 600 Hz (.5 Hz) as
measured on a precision frequency counter. The wave form was monitored for harmonic content
on an oscilloscope, and the nuclear magnetic relaxation cycle was monitored on an X-Y plotting
oscilloscope in order to maintain the proper hysteresis loop figure. All experiments were run so
that the power in Watts, applied through Components I, II, and III ranged between 98.8 mW to 100
mW. A estos niveles de energa, la frecuencia resonante del Sistema es de 600(5)Hz. La forma
de la onda fue monitoreada con un osciloscopio y el ciclo de relajacin magntico con un
osciloscopio de dos ejes para mantener la figura de lazo adecuada. Todos los experimentos se
llevaron a cabo en un rango de poder de 98,8 y 100 mW.

Since, by the International System of Units--1971 (SI), One-Watt-second (Ws) is exactly equal to
One Joule (J), the measurements of efficiency used these two yardsticks (1 Ws=1 J) for the debit
side of the measurement. Segn el SI, un W.s= 1J.
The energy output of the system is, of course, the two gases, hydrogen (H.sub.2) and oxygen
(1/2O.sub.2), and this credit side was measured in two laboratories, on two kinds of calibrated
instruments, namely, a Gas Chromatography Machine, and, a Mass Spectrometer Machine. La
energa de salida del Sistema fue determinada en dos laboratorios con dos tipos de instrumentos
calibrados, el cromatgrafo de gases y el espectrmetro de masa.
The volume of gases, H.sub.2 and (1/2)O.sub.2, was measured as produced under standard
conditions of temperature and pressure in unit time, i.e., in cubic centimeters per minute (cc/min),
as well as the possibly contaminating gases, such as air oxygen, nitrogen and argon; carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, water vapor, etc.
The electrical, and gas, measurements were reduced to the common denominator of Joules of
energy so that the efficiency accounting could all be handled in common units. The averaged
results from many experiments follow. The Standard Error between different samples, machines,
and locations is .+-.10%, and only the mean was used for all the following calculations. El volumen
de los gases se determin a condiciones estndar en cm3/min, as como los gases contaminantes
de la muestra como N, Ar, CO, CO2, vapor de agua, etc. Las mediciones de los gases y las
elctricas se redujeron a Joules de energa, de manera que la eficiencia se presentara en
unidades comunes. Se obtuvo un error estndar de 10%.
Section 5--Endergonic Decomposition of Liquid Water
Descomposicin Endergnica del Agua Lquida

Thermodynamic efficiency for the endergonic decomposition of liquid water (salinized) to gases
under standard atmosphere (754 to 760 m.m. Hg), and standard isothermal conditions @
25.degree. C.=77.degree. F.=298.16.degree. K., according to the following reaction:
As already described, .DELTA.G is the Gibbs function (FIG. 14b). A conversion of Kcal to the
common units, Joules, by the formula, One Calorie=4.1868 Joules was made. La eficiencia
energtica para la descomposicin endergonica del agua lquida (salinizada) para gases a
atmsferas estables (entre 754 y 760 mmHg) y condiciones isotrmicas para T=298K son
descrtas en la funcin de Gibbs, que se muestra en la figura 14b.

.DELTA.G=56.620 Kcal.times.4.1868 J=236,954 J/mol of H.sub.2 O (1) where, 1 mole is 18 gms.

que corresponde a la energa libre requerida para obtener una cantidad
equivalente de agua en forma de gas.
.DELTA.G=the free energy required to yield an equivalent amount of energy from H.sub.2 O in the
form of the gases, H.sub.2 and (1/2)O.sub.2.
To simplify the calculations, the energy required to produce 1.0 c.c. of H.sub.2 O as the gases,
H.sub.2 and (1/2)O.sub.2 was determined. There are (under standard conditions) 22,400 c.c.=V,
of gas in one mole of H.sub.2 O. Therefore, ##EQU7## Para simplificar los clculos, ver ecuacin
7.
*Revisar en el libro Atkins varios ejemplos que vienen sobre clculos de

The electrical energy required to liberate 1.0 cc of the H.sub.2 O gases (where H.sub.2 =0.666
parts, and (1/2)O.sub.2 =0.333 parts, by volume) from liquid water is then determined. Since P=1
Ws=1 Joule, and V=1.0 cc of gas =10.5783 Joules, then, ##EQU8## Segn la ecuacin 8, la
energa requerida para liberar 1 cm3 de gas es de 10, 5783J.
Since the experiments were run at 100 mW (0.1 W) applied to the water sample in Component II,
III, for 30 minutes, the ideal (100% efficient) gas production at this total applied power level was
calculated. Dado que los experimentos se llevaron a cabo suministrando 0,1W a la muestra de
agua por 30 minutos, la produccin ideal de gas a este nivel energtico fue calculada.
Adicionalmente se calcul la cantidad de agua en 17,01 cm3 de agua.
The amount of hydrogen present in the 17.01 cc H.sub.2 O (g) was then calculated.
Se obtuvieron 10,80 cm3 de H2 y 5,40 cm3 de O para un total de 16,20 cm3 de H2O
Ver ecuacin 9.
Section 6--Energy Release
Liberacin de Energa
The total energy release (as heat, or electricity) from an exergonic reaction of the gases, H.sub.2
and O.sub.2, is given by, ##EQU10## El valor total de E resultante de una reaccin exergnica se
obtiene de la ecuacin 10.
It is possible to get a total heat release, or total conversion to electricity in a fuel cell, in the above
reaction when the reactants are initially near room temperature (298.16.degree. K.), and the

reactant product (H.sub.2 O) is finally returned to room temperature. With this authoritative opinion
in mind, it is desirable to determine the amount of energy released (ideal) from the exergonic
experiment. The total energy of 1.0 cc of H.sub.2 O (1), as above is: ##EQU11## for H.sub.2
=12.7687.times.0.666=8.509 J/0.66 cc H.sub.2 for O.sub.2 =12.7687.times.0.333=4.259 J/0.33 cc
(1/2)O.sub.2 Es posible obtener una liberacin total de calor o conversion de este a electricidad
en una celda de combustible cuando los reactants se encuentran inicialmente a T ambiente y el
product resultante, agua en este caso, vuelve tambin a su T ambiente. Para el clculo de la
cantidad de E total liberada del experimento ver la ecuacin 11.
In practical bookkeeping terms the balance of debits and credits, n=(-.DELTA.H)-(+.DELTA.G), so,
n=206.8544 J-180.0=+26.8544 J (surplus)
El clculo se realiza de acuerdo a la ecuacin 12 y da como resultado +26,8544 J. (excedente)
Since, in the invention, the gas is produced where and when needed, there is no additional cost
accounting for liquifaction, storage, or transportation of the hydrogen fuel, and the oxygen oxidant.
Therefore, the practical efficiency, is ##EQU13## Dado que en la invencin el gas es producido
donde y cuando se require, no hay costos adicionales por licuefaccin, almacenamiento o
transporte del H combustible y el O oxidante. Para calcular la eficiencia prctica ver ecuacin 13.
In practical applications, the energy output (exergonic) of the Component II System can be parsed
between the electrical energy required to power the Component I System, as an isothermal closed
loop; while the surplus of approximately 15% can be shunted to an engine (heat) electrical,
battery, etc.) that has a work load. Although this energy cost accounting represents an ideal
model, it is believed that there is enough return (app. 15%) on the capital energy investment to
yield a net energy profit that can be used to do useful work. En las aplicaciones prcticas la
energa de salida del componente II puede emplearse como fuente prctica de E del componente
I como un sistema isotrmico, mientras que el restante 15% que corresponde al excedente puede
ser conectado a un motor elctrico, batera, etc, que posea carga baja. A pesar de que este costo
energtico resulta ideal, se cree que hay aproximadamente un 15% de utilidades resultantes de la
inversin energtica inicial que podra rendir como trabajo til.
Conclusion
From the foregoing disclosure it will be appreciated that the achievement of efficient water splitting
through the application of complex electrical waveforms to energized water molecules, i.e.
tetrahedral molecules having bonding angles of 109.degree. 28', in the special apparatus
described and illustrated, will provide ample and economical production of hydrogen gas and
oxygen gas from readily available sources of water. It is to be understood, that the specific forms

of the invention disclosed and discussed herein are intended to be representative and by way of
illustrative example only, since various changes may be made therein without departing from the
clear and specific teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, reference should be made to the
following appended claims in determining the full scope of the method and apparatus of the
present invention. Se espera que con las aplicaciones del dispositivo inventado puedan lograrse
importantes avances desde el punto de vista econmico, es un aparato pionero al emplear ondas
elctricas complejas para energizar molculas de agua tetradricas, adems que constituya una
referencia para la creacin de nuevos dispositivos que faciliten la produccin de H como
combustible.