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(a)
The impulse
4
t1
2
F dt =
(10 + 2t 2 ) d t = 10(4) + (4)3 = 82.7 N-s
I=
3
t0
0
I = 82.7 N-s.
(b)
82.7 N-s
20 kg
v = 4.13 m/s.
30
I = (W sin 30 k N)t
100 N
9.81 m/s2
v2
Solving we find
v2 = 6.75 m /s.
254
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(b)
Solution:
(a)
=
0
t1
3
2
(100 + 2t 2 9.3[9.81]) d t = (8.77)(3) + (3)3 = 44.3 kN-s.
3
I = 44.3 kN-s.
(b)
t2
16(60)
F dt =
t1
(937,500 0.65t 2 ) d t
1
= (937,500)(960) (0.65)(960)3 = 7.08 108 N-s.
3
Using the principle of impulse and momentum, we have
mv1 + I = mv2
0 + 7.08 108 N-s = (150 106 kg)v2
Solving, we find
v2 = 4.72 m/s (9.18 knots).
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255
(b)
Solution:
m = 136 kg
g = 9.81 m/s2
mg
NR = 790 N
Fx = k NR = m
Imp =
0
(a)
dvx
dt
k NR
2
k NR dt = k NR t
0
(b)
k NR dt = m
NR
NF
dv = Imp
948 N-s = mv
v = 948 N-s/136 kg = 6.97 m/s
256
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Problem 16.6 A bioengineer models the force generated by the wings of the 0.2-kg snow petrel by an
equation of the form F = F0 (1 + sin t), where F0 and
are constants. From video measurements of a bird
taking off, he estimates that = 18 and determines that
the bird requires 1.42 s to take off and is moving at
6.1 m/s when it does. Use the principle of impulse and
momentum to determine the constant F0 .
Solution:
F0 (1 + sin t) d t = mv
t
1
1
F0 t cos t = F0 t + [1 cos t] = mv
0
F0 =
18 rad/s
F0 = 0.856 N.
I
t
x
F = (3600i + 360j) N.
(15)(2) +
(2t 2 3t + 7) d t = (15)v2x
(15)(3) +
5tdt = (15)v2y
(15)(5) +
(3t + 7) d t = (15)v2z
Solving we find v2x = 5.11 m/s, v2y = 5.67 m/s, v2z = 1.53 m/s.
v2 = (5.11i + 5.67j 1.53k) m/s.
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257
Ix =
(2t 2 3t + 7) dt =
Iy =
5t dt =
Iz =
5 2
(4) = 40 N,
2
(3t + 7) dt =
2 3 3 2
(4) (4) + 7(4) = 46.7 N,
3
2
3 2
(4) + 7(4) = 52 N.
2
F
A
x
4m
or
t2
F dt =
t1
1 2
t dt = (1/9.81 )vx2 ,
20
1 3
t
60
2
= (1/9.81 )vx2 .
0
258
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y
1
2m
Solution: We will use the principle of work and energy to find the
velocity at position 2.
T1 + W12 = T2
0 + (4 N )(2 m ) =
x
1
2
4N
9.81 m/s
4m
v2 2 v2 = 6.26 m /s.
(v2 v1 )
=
t
4N
9.81 m/s2
(6.26 m /s 0)
1.2 s
Fave = 2 .13 N .
Solution:
m = 14200 kg
F
F = (22000 + 18000 t) N
Imp =
5
Imp = 22000 t + 9000 t 2
0
(a)
tf
F dt = mvf mv00
(22000 + 18000 t) dt +
(112000) dt = mvf
t
335000 + 112000 t = (14200)(46)
5
t = 7.84 s
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259
F (N)
50 N
Solution: The impulse is equal to the area under the curve in the
graph
I=
12
t (s)
1
1
(50 N) (4 s) + (50 N) (4 s) + (50 N) (4 s) = 400 N-s.
2
2
F (N)
50 N
12
t (s)
Solution: The box will not move until the force F is able to overcome friction. We will first find this critical time.
N = W = (10 kg) (9.81 m/s2 ) = 98.1 N
f = N = (0.2)(98.1 N) = 19.6 N
F =
50 N
t = 19.6 N tcr = 1.57 s.
4s
(50 N)
(50 N + 19.6 N)
(4 s 1.57 s) + (50 N) (4 s) +
(4 s)
2
2
260
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cos 30 , from which 631.4 > 611.7. The motion indeed starts.
(a)
t2
t1
(b)
T
mg
F dt =
N
kN
The velocity is v =
121.7
= 1.01 m/s
120
t2
F dt =
t1
(b)
The velocity is v =
221.7
221.7
=
= 1.85 m/s
m
120
2m
30
2 sin 30 = 1 m, from
t2 which vB = 2g = 4.43 m/s. The impulse to
be exerted by B is
F dt = mvB = 88.6 N-s. The constant force to
t1
mg
88.6
= 590.67 N, from
0.15
F
N
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261
100
50
Integrating yields
0.4t 3
+ 4.43 m = 0.
mgt sin 30 540 t +
3
The graph of the left side of this equation as a function of t is shown.
By examining calculated results, we estimate the solution to be
t = 0.199 s.
50
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
t, s
(b)
+ + + + +
+ + +
30 mm
0.03
= 1.36 109 s.
2.2 107
The impulse is
t2
0
t1
=
F dt =
t2
(eE) dt =
(15 103 )e
cos t
1.36109
0
t1
2.3 1024
= 2.52 106 m/s.
9.11 1031
262
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5N
10 N
Solution:
Impulse = (10 N)(1 s) 0.4(5)(1 s) = 8 N-s
8 lb-s =
15 N
9.81 m/s2
v v = 5.23 m /s
20
B
T
mAg
= T + 78.9 N,
where T is the tension in the cable.
The impulse, since the force is constant, is
k mAg cos 20
mBg
mAg cos 20
(T + 78.9)t = mA v.
For crate B,
FB = T + mB g = T + 294.3.
The impulse, since the force is constant, is
(T + 294.3)t = mB v.
For t = 1 s, add and solve: 78.9 + 294.3 = (40 + 30)v, from which
v = 5.33 m/s
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263
impulse
and
A
B
t2
Crate B:
Fx dt = mvx2 mvx1 :
t1
t2
Crate A:
T
Fx dt = mvx2 mvx1 :
t1
(20)(9.81) N
x
N
(80) (9.81) N
(velocity of B
at t = 1s)
t2
x
0.1 N
0.1 N
(80) (9.81) N
Crate B:
(20)(9.81) N
0.1 P
(velocity of B
at t = 1s)
Fx dt = mvx2 mvx1 :
t1
t2
Crate A:
Fx dt = mvx2 mvx1 :
t1
(2)
264
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(a)
0
x
Solution:
a = gj
ax = 0
ay = g
vx0 = v0 cos 60 = 10 m/s
vy0 = v0 sin 60 = 17.32 m/s
60
x
x0 = y0 = 0
v0 = 20 m/s
ax = 0
ay = g
vx = v0 cos 60
vy = v0 sin 60 gt
v = 10 i 12.1 j (m/s)
IG = Impulse due to gravity
FG = mgj
IG =
mg j dt
0
IG = mg t|30 j = 3 mg j (N-s)
(b)
IG = 589 j (N-s)
IG = mv(3) mv0
589j = mvx i + mvy j mvxo i mvyo j
x:
0 = mvx mvxo
vx = vxo = 10 m/s
y:
20 vy = (20)(17.32) 589
vy = 12.1 m/s
(c)
v = 10 i 12.1 j (m/s) at t = 3 s
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265
vy
(6.26 m/s)
= 0.639 s.
=
g
(9.81 m/s2 )
d
(5 m)
=
= 7.83 m/s.
t
(0.639 s)
mv
(0.45 kg)(10.0 m/s)
=
.
t
0.04 s
F = 113 N.
266
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(a)
eN
eN = cos i + sin j
y
v0 = rw:
4 = (1)w
V0 = 4 m/s
w = 4 rad/s
d
= w = 4 rad/s
dt
= 4t rad
T = (mv 2 /L) cos(4t)i (mv 2 /L) sin(4t)j
x:
y:
eN
L = 1m
T
0 1
m = 2 kg
Tx = 32 cos 4t N
Ty = 32 sin 4t N
F dt = mvf mv0
x:
32 sin 4t 1
= 2vx
4
0
32 cos 4t 1
= 2vy 8
4
0
Problem 16.27 A rail gun, which uses an electromagnetic field to accelerate an object, accelerates a 30-g
projectile from zero to 5 km/s in 0.0004 s. What is the
magnitude of the average force exerted on the projectile?
Solution:
Fave =
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267
t2
F dt = mv2
t1
(420 kg) (14 m/s)
25
252 4(1)(114)
= 5.99 s.
2
t = 5.99 s.
268
Solution:
10 s
0
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Solution:
(a)
(b)
an =
mv
t
Fave =
rev
(0.002 kg) 130, 000
min
= (0.0419 m)
2 rad
1 min
(0.0419 m)
rev
60 s
60 s
(12 min)
min
(r)2
v2
=
= r2
r
130,000
1 min 2
rev 2 rad
min
rev
60 s
Fave = 0.00158 N
Solution:
w=
d
= 5 /s,
dt
constant = 0.0873
rad
s
mg
Ft = mg sin et
Ft = m
=m
dv
et mg sin et
dt
dv
et g
dt
sin
0
sin dt =
vf
dv
120
30
et
dt
d = Vf 120 m/s
d
30
g
( cos ) = Vf 120 m/s
w
0
Vf = 120 +
g
(cos 30 1)
w
Vf = 105 m/s
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269
Fave =
mv
=
t
0.05 m
0.001 s
0.0006 s
(0.046 kg)
Fave = 3830 N.
(v1 + v2 )
12700 N
=
t
9.81 m/s2
2.22 m /s + 0.44 m /s
0.4 s
Fave = 8609 N
(b)
a = 6.65 m /s2
270
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t2
t1
t2
t1
where the negative sign means that the force is directed parallel
to the negative x axis.
(b)
7.65
= 382.5 N
0.02
t2
F dt = Fave (t2 t1 ) =
t1
W
g
(v2 v1 ).
The velocities are obtained from energy considerations (the conservation of energy in free fall):
v1 =
W
g
Fave =
= 0 . 0 5 7 1 kg
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271
(12 m/s)
mg
F dt = Favg t = mVf mV0
Vf
V0 = 0
60
mg
|FAV | = 45.0 N
mg = (0.45)(9.81) = 4.41 N
FAV = FFOOT + FG
FAV = FFOOT mgj
FFOOT = FAV + mgj
FFOOT = 22.5i + 39.0j + 4.41j
(b)
|FFOOT | = 48.9 N
t2
t1
from which
Fave (2.5 102 ) = (5.85 103 )i + (8.36 103 )j N-s.
The average total force is
Fave =
1
((5.85 103 )i + (8.36 103 )j)
2.5 102
= 0.234i + 0.334j N.
The impulsive force is
Fimp = Fave (mgj) = 0.234i + 0.364j N
272
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30
t2
F dt = Fave (t2 t1 ) =
t1
W
g
From which:
(v2 v1 ).
Fave =
W
g
x = (v2 cos 30 )t
where v2 is the magnitude of the velocity at the point of leaving the
bat, and y0 = 0.91 m . At x = 54.9 m , t = 54.9/(v 2 cos 30 ), and
y = 0. Substitute and reduce to obtain
= 489.3 i + 116.1 j.
gt 2
+ (v2 sin 30 )t + y0 ,
2
v2 = 54.9
1
0.015
|Fimp | = 503.2 N
g
= 24.6 m/s.
2 cos2 30 (54.9 tan 30 + y0 )
Problem 16.40 Paraphrasing the official rules of racquetball, a standard racquetball is 56 mm in diameter,
weighs 0.4 N, and bounces between 68 and 72 centimetres from a 100-cm drop at a temperature between
70 and 74 degrees Fahrenheit. Suppose that a ball
bounces 71 cm when it is dropped from a 100-cm height.
If the duration of the impact is 0.08 s, what average
force is exerted on the ball by the floor?
v1 =
v2 =
v1 + v2
= (0.4 N)
t
1
9.81 m/s2
Fave = 4 .16 N .
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273
k
mA
mB
(a)
The velocity of the center of mass does not change because there
are no external forces on the system
vc =
(b)
v0
m A v 0 + mB 0
=
(mA + mB )
2
vC =
v0
.
2
274
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After she starts running, what is her velocity relative to the water?
While she is running, what is the velocity of the
common center of mass of the girl and the platform
relative to the water? (See Active Example 16.4.)
Solution:
(a)
Momentum is conserved.
0 = mg vg + mb vp , vg/p = vg vp
0 = (356 N )vg + (1446 N )vp , (3 . 05 m /s) = vg vp
Solving we find
vg =
(3.05 m/s)(1446 N)
= 2.45 m /s.
1802 N
0.61
. m/s
0.305
m/s
.
Solution:
(a)
vcenter
of mass
= 0.497 m /s
(b)
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275
Problem 16.45 Suppose that the railroad track in Problem 16.44 has a constant slope of 0.2 degrees upward
toward the right. If the cars are 1.83 m apart at the instant
shown, what is the velocity of their common center of
mass immediately after they become coupled together?
Solution: Time to couple (both accelerate at the same rate) is t =
1.83 m
= 6 s.
(0.61 m/s 0.305 m/s)
0.305 m/s
0.61 m/s
845200 N
2
9.81 m/s
= 0.2
vcenter of mass
45
Solution:
(a, b)
7 km/s
mA vA + mB vB = (mA + mB )vf
246
m/s
150
y
v
= 0.5
x
7 km/s
S
45
vM
M
276
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Problem 16.48 A 68-kg astronaut is initially stationary at the left side of an experiment module within an
orbiting space shuttle. The 105,000-kg shuttles center of
mass is 4 m to the astronauts right. He launches himself
toward the center of mass at 1 m/s relative to the shuttle. He travels 8 m relative to the shuttle before bringing
himself to rest at the opposite wall of the experiment
module.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Solution: Consider the motion of the astronaut (A) and shuttle (S)
relative to a reference frame that is stationary with respect to their
common center of mass. During the astronauts motion,
mA v A + m S v S = 0
and
vA vS = 1.
vS = 0.000647 m/s.
(b)
(c)
It is 4 m to his left.
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277
Solution:
(a)
(b)
The boy (B) in the wagon (w) throws one brick (b) at a time.
First brick:
vb vw = 3.05 m/s .
Solving,
vw = 0.704 m/s.
Second brick:
(mB + mw + 2mb )vw1 = (mB + mw + mb )vw2 + mb vb2 ,
vb2 vw2 = 3.05 .
Solving, vw2 = 0.489 m/s.
Third brick :
(mB + mw + mb )vw2 = (mB + mw )vw3 + mb vb3 ,
vb3 vw3 = 3.05 .
Solution:
0 = mc vc + mp (50 cos 30 ).
Solving,
vc =
278
(2)(50 cos 30 )
= 2.41 m/s.
36
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Solution:
0 = mc vc + mp vpx ,
where
vpx vc = 50 cos 30 .
Solving,
vc = 2.28 m/s.
v2 = 2k gd,
v=
M + mb
mb
2k gd =
5.0036 kg
0.0036 kg
2(0.4)(9.81 m/s2 )(0.024 m)
v = 603 m/s.
1m
vb =
M + mb
mb
v2 =
45 + 0.028
0 . 028
(0.382 m/s) = 615 m/s.
vb = 615 m /s.
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279
26
1m
/s
0.2 m/s
v=
mA v A
(12)(0.699)
=
mA + mB
12 + 1.6
= 0.617 m/s.
Use work and energy to determine the sliding distance d:
k (mA + mB )gd = 0 12 (mA + mB )v 2 ,
d=
v2
(0.617)2
=
2k g
2(0.2)(9.81)
d = 0.0969 m.
vB
vC
(a)
Solution:
(a)
53376 N
9.81 m/s2
(5.5i m/s) +
12454 N
9.81 m/s2
(10 j m/s) =
v = 4.84 m/s,
65830 N
9.81 m/s2
v
= 23.2
65830 N
9.81 m/s2
(4.84 m/s) 2 (0.6)(65830 N )s s = 1.99 m
280
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6m
A
B
9m
Solution:
(a)
(b)
6m
= 200 s.
0.03 m/s
vA
evA = v B vA
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281
vA
evA = v B vA
vA
vB
e(vA vB ) = v B vA
(8 kg) (20 m/s) + (12 kg) (4 m/s) = (8 kg)vA + (12 kg) (16 m/s)
e(20 m/s 4 m/s) = (16 m/s) vA
Solving we find vA = 2.0 m/s,
e = 0.875.
3 m/s
2 m/s
e(vA vB ) = v B vA
282
vA
v B = 0.4 m/s.
vB = 0.4 m/s to the right.
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vA
vB
vA
vB
e(vA vB ) = v B vA
(1900 N) (30 km/h) + (2800 N)(20 km/h) = (1900 N) vA + (2800 N)v B
(0.15)([30 km/h] [20 km/h]) = v B vA
Solving we find vA = 4.26 km/h, vB = 3.24 k m/h.
Converting into ft/s we find
(0.9 m/s) (5.55 m/s)
v
= 29.32 m/s2
=
t
0.22 s
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283
k
A
(a)
(b)
equations
mvA = mvA + mvB ,
we obtain
(a)
vB vA
,
vA
e=1=
vA
0, vB
B
= vA .
(b)
x=
so
dx
1
=
dt
2
dxC
dxB
+
dt
dt
.
Problem 16.64 In Problem 16.63, what is the maximum compressive force in the spring as a result of the
impact?
Solution: See the solution of Problem 16.63. Just after the collision of A and B, B is moving to the right with velocity vA , C is
stationary, and the center of mass D of B and C is moving to the right
with velocity 12 vA (Fig. a). Consider the motion in terms of a reference
frame that is moving with D (Fig. b). Relative to this reference frame,
B is moving to the right with velocity 12 vA and C is moving to the
left with velocity 12 vA . There total kinetic energy is
vB = vA
vD = vA
S = vA
vC = 0
(a)
2
2
1
1
1
1
1 2
m
vA + m
vA = mvA
.
2
2
2
2
4
When the spring has brought B and C to rest relative to D, their
kinetic energy has been transformed into potential energy of the spring.
This is when the compressive force in the spring is greatest. Setting
1
1
2
2
4 mvA = 2 kS , we find that the compression of the spring is
y
B
C
x
vA
(b)
vA
m
.
2k
284
mk
.
2
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(c)
Solution: See the solution of Problem 16.135. Just after the impact
vA = 0
e=
(b)
v
vD
A
vA
vD = vA
1
vA 0
1
= 2
= .
vA
2
1
)2 + 1 (2m)(v )2 = 1 mv 2 .
m(vA
D
2
2
4 A
2.
The energy lost is 14 mvA
(c)
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285
Problem 16.66 Suppose that you investigate an accident in which a 1300 kg car A struck a parked 1200 kg
car B. All four of car Bs wheels were locked, and skid
marks indicate that it slid 8 m after the impact. If you
estimate the coefficient of kinetic friction between Bs
tires and the road to be k = 0.8 and the coefficient of
restitution of the impact to be e = 0.4, what was As
velocity vA just before the impact? (Assume that only
one impact occurred.)
vA
A
1
2
mB v B k mB gd = 0 v B = 2k gd
2
mA vA = mA vA + mB v B ,
evA = v B vA
vA = 16.8 m /s
1.52 m
Solution: When dropped from 1.52 m, the ball hits the floor
with a speed
vbefore =
2(9.81 m/s2 )(1.52 m ) = 5.47 m/s
4.58 m/s
= 0.837
5.47 m/s
1 2
1
mv + m(9.81 m/s2 )(0.91m ) = m(10.13 m/s)2 v = 9.2 m /s
2
2
286
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12 m/s
1m
Solution: We must first find the velocity with which the ball strikes
the ground. Then we analyze the impact. Finally, we analyze the post
impact bounce.
Kick-to-Bounce Phase:- Use Cons. of Energy Datum is the ground
level.
1
2
2 mv0
Post Impact:
1
2
2 m(v1 )
h2 =
+ 0 = 0 + mgh2
(v1 )2
2g
h2 = 3.00 m
Impact occurs at v1
v0 = 12 m/s, h0 = 1 m, m = 0.45 kg,
g = 9.81 m/s2
Solving, v1 = 12.79 m/s (downward)
Impact:
e=
v1
= 0.6
v1
FAV
m = 0.45 kg
j:
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287
3.1/5.1 = 0.78
Problem 16.71 If you throw the golf ball in Problem 16.70 horizontally at 0.61m /s and release it 1.22 m
above the surface, what is the distance between the
first two bounces?
406 . 4 mm
2
288
Workpiece
305 mm
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406 .4 mm
2
Workpiece
305 mm
k 2
x + 2gh
m
1751 N/m
( 0 . 5 1 m 0 . 3 0 5 m ) 2 + 2(9.81 m/s2 ) (0.406 m) = 4.73 m /s
= 2
100 N
9.81 m/s2
v = ev = (0.6)(4.73 m/s) = 2.84 m/s.
v = 2.84 m /s.
6 m/s
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289
Problem 16.75*
(a)
(a)
(b)
L
u
m
m
1
mvA 2 vA = 2gL(1 cos )
2
mvA = mvA + mv B
evA = v B vA
v B =
1+e
vA
2
v B 2
1
2
mv B = mgL(1 cos ) = cos1 1
2
2gL
1.9
(3.26 m/s) = 3.1 m/s,
2
= cos1 1
[3.1 m/s] 2
2[9.81 m/s2 ][3 m]
= 33.2 .
= 33.2 .
290
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vA
B
A
vcomb =
mA
vA
mA + mS
18
(0.25i + 0.04j + 0.01k) m/s.
18 + 6.6
B
x
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291
vb
baseball
vB
Bat
45
Solution: Denote the line from the 8-ball to the corner pocket by
BP. This is an oblique central impact about BP. Resolve the cue ball
velocity into components parallel and normal to BP. For a 45 angle,
the unit vector parallel to BP is eBP = 1 (i + j), and the unit vector
and
1=
vAP
vBP
.
vAP
For mA = mB , these have the solution vAP
= 0, vBP
= vAP , from
which
,
+ mB vBP
mA vAP = mA vAP
292
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Problem 16.81 In Problem 16.80, what are the velocity vectors of the two balls just after impact if the coefficient of restitution is e = 0.9?
Solution: Use the results of the solution to Problem 16.80, where
the problem is solved as an oblique central impact about the line from
the 8-ball to the corner pocket. Denote the line from the 8-ball to
the corner pocket by BP. The unit vector parallel to BP is eBP =
1 (i + j), and the unit vector normal to BP is eBP n = 1 (i + j).
2
2
Resolve the cue ball velocity before impact into components:
vA = vAP eBP + vAP n eBP n ,
and
e=
vBP
vAP
.
vAP
1
(1 e)vAP = 0.05vAP ,
2
and
=
vBP
1
(1 + e)vAP = 0.95vAP .
2
The result:
vA = vAP eBP + vAP n eBP n = (0.05i + 0.05j + i + j)
= 0.95i + 1.05j m/s
vB = 0.95(i + j) (m/s)
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293
vAx1
yAy1
.
evA1x
vA1y
.
evA1x
evA1y
= .
The sides of the table at the two banks are at right angles; the angles
= show that the paths CP1 and CP3 are parallel.
294
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y
Direction
of goal
20
vP
vS
Solution: The strategy is to treat the collision as an oblique central impact with a moving object of infinite mass. The horizontal
component of the puck velocity is unchanged by the impact. The
vertical component of the velocity after impact must satisfy the condition tan1 (vP x /vP y ) = tan1 (10/vP y ) = 20 , from which the velocity
of the puck after impact must be vP y = 27.47 m/s. Assume for the
moment that the hockey stick has a finite mass, and consider only the y
component of the puck velocity. The conservation of linear momentum
and the definition of the coefficient of restitution are
mP vP y + mS vS = mp vP y + mS vS ,
and
e=
vS vP y
vP y vS
mS , vP y = lim
+
mP
e vP y = (1 + e)vS evP y .
mS
vS =
vP y + evP y
(1 + e)
= 15.67 m/s
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295
1
mP + mS
(mS (1 + e)vS + (mP emS )vP y ).
2vP y (1 e)vP y
vS =
= 35.3 m/s
(1 + e)
Problem 16.85 At the instant shown (t1 = 0), the position of the 2-kg objects center of mass is r = 6i + 4j +
2k (m) and its velocity is v = 16i + 8j 12k (m/s).
No external forces act on the object. What is the objects
angular momentum about the origin O at t2 = 1 s?
r
x
Solution:
HO = (6i + 4j + 2k) m (2 kg)(16i + 8j 12k) m/s
HO = (128i + 80j + 224k) kg-m2 /s
Solution:
(a)
(a)
(b)
t2
i + 2tj m/s,
2
Angular Impulse =
=
6 s
MO dt
6 s
0
6
0
r=
r Fdt =
"6
t3
i + t 2 j m [(2ti + 4j)N]dt
6
s
4t 3
k N-mdt
HO =
6 s
MO dt = (432k) kg-m2 /s
296
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Use conservation of angular momentum to determine the magnitude of the satellites velocity at
apogee C.
Use conservation of energy to determine the magnitude of the velocity at C.
13,900 km
Solution:
(a)
rA vA = rC vC = |H0 |
16,000 km
8000 km
8000 km
(8000)(8640) = (24000)vC
vC = 2880 m/s
(b)
2
2
mgRE
mgRE
1 2
1
mvA
= mvC2
2
rA
2
rC
2
2
2
v2
vA
gRE
gRE
= C
2
rA
2
rC
v = 4320 m/s
vr =
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297
v0
k
A
Solution: Since the spring force is radial, it does not affect the
angular momentum which is constant.
(0.2 m)(2 kg)[(0.2 m)(6 rad/s)] = (0.25 m)(2 kg)[(0.25 m)]
= 3.84 rad/s
298
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t2
(r
F) dt = 0 = H2 H1 ,
t1
H0
8
= = 2 m/s.
mr
4
Solve:
vr =
vr20 + v2o v2 +
k
(So2 S 2 ).
m
Problem 16.92 In Problem 16.91, determine the maximum value of r reached by the disk.
Solution: The maximum value is the stretch of the cord when
vr = 0. From the solution to Problem 16.91,
vr2 = vr20 + v2o v2 +
vr2 = 0 =
!
1
k
(So2 S 2 ) = 0,
m
1
r2
H0
H0
m/s, vr20 = 0, vo =
m/s, So = r0 = 1 m, S =
where v =
mr
m(1)
2
rm, and H0 = 8 kg-m /s. Substitute and reduce:
H02
m2
2 = b
Solve r1,2
+
H02
m2
!
1
1
r2
+
k
(1 r 2 )
m
k
(1 r 2 ).
m
!
H2
H02
+ 1 = 3.167, c = 0 = 5.333.
km
km
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299
(a)
Solution:
(a)
Circular motion
T = mv 2 /rer
er
|T| = (1)(2)2 /1 = 4 N
(b)
mr0 v0 = mrvT ,
r0 v0
r
(1)(2)
r
T = (1)
r v 2
0 0
/r
r
2 #
r = 4/r 3 N
0.5
mr02 r02
r3
= mr02 v02
= 4
0.5
!
er drer
0.5
1
dr
= (1)(1)2 (2)2
3
2
r
2r
1
1
+
2(0.5)2
2
300
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12 m
2
mgRE
2
r
t2
(r
F) dt =
t1
rA mA v + rB mB v = 4mA 0 k + 100mB 0 k
= 157.1 kg-m2 /s,
in magnitude, where 0 = 0.026 rad/s. After 6 meters is reeled out,
the distance along the cable from the center of mass to A is
mB (6 + 12)
= 3 m,
mA + mB
from which the distance to B is 15 m. The new angular velocity when
the 6 m is reeled out is
j = mg j,
t2
(rA WA + rB WB ) dt.
t1
i
j
rA WA = 2(cos 0 t) 2(sin 0 t)
0
mA g
k
0
0
H
= 0.0116 rad/s = 0.1111 rpm
32 mA + 152 mB
Case (b): Assume that the system rotates in the x-z plane, with
y positive upward. As above, choose the origin of the coordinates
at the center of mass of the system. Assume that both satellites
lie on the x axis at t = 0. The radius position of satellite A is
rA = 2(i cos 0 t + k sin 0 t), and the radius position of satellite B
is rB = 10(i cos 0 t + k sin 0 t). The force due to gravity is WA =
mA g j and WB = mB g j. The angular momentum impulse is
t2
(r
t1
= 2 mA g cos 0 tk.
i
j
k
rB WB = 10(cos 0 t) 10(sin 0 t)
0
0
mB g
= 10mB g cos 0 tk.
Substitute into the angular momentum impulse:
t2
(r
F) dt = 0 = H2 H1 ,
t1
F) dt =
t2
(rA WA + rB WB ) dt.
t1
t2
(r
F) dt = 0 = H2 H1 ,
t1
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currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
301
y
2i (m /s)
6m
Solution:
(a)
i
(r mv) = 0
(120)2
j k
6 0 = 6(2)(120)k
0 0
v
10 m
6m
1440
= 1.2 m/s
(10)(120)
vr
2 m/s
6m
10 m
1.2 m/s
= 36.9
and
= 0.304 m/s
302
= 1.728 m/s.
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rB
rA
Solution: Assume that the motion is in the x-y plane, and that the
ball lies on the positive x axis at t = 0. The radius vector
where A is the angular velocity of the ball in the path. The velocity
is
The angular momentum per unit mass about the axis normal to the
ceiling is
r mv
m
i
rA cos A t
rA A sin A t
j
rA sin A t
rA A cos A t
k
0 = k(rA2 A ).
0
t2
(r
t1
F) dt =
t2
(rA W) dt.
t1
i
rA W = rA cos A t
0
j
rA sin A t
0
k
0 = rA mg cos A tj,
mg
from which
t2
t1
= H2 H1 .
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303
20
6.1 m
3.66 m
10.67 m
2.44 = v 0 sin 20
10.67
v0 cos 20
1
( 9.81)
2
10.67
v0 cos 20
2
304
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Solution:
1780 N =
dmf
dt
3.2 1000
3600
dmf
= 2002.5 N-s/m
dt
dmf
dt
= 750 kg/s.
dmf
dt
vf = 750(1) = 750 N
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305
dvy
= mf g, from
dt
vx = vf cos 45 (m/s),
and
g
y = t 2 + vf sin 45 t + 2 m,
2
x = vf cos 45 t.
2 + 2bt
At y = 0, the time of impact is timp
imp + c = 0, where b =
vf sin 45
4
,c= .
g
g
The solution:
timp = b
vf
=
2g
b2 c
1+
8g
vf2
.
Substitute:
x = 20 =
vf
vf
2g
1
8g
1+ 2 .
vf
306
dmf
dt
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Problem 16.104 A nozzle ejects a stream of water horizontally at 40 m/s with a mass flow rate of 30 kg/s, and
the stream is deflected in the horizontal plane by a plate.
Determine the force exerted on the plate by the stream
in cases (a), (b), and (c). (See Example 16.11.)
y
45
x
(a)
y
x
(b)
x
(c)
Solution: Apply the strategy used in Example 16.7. The exit velocity is vf e = v0 (i cos + j sin ) where is the total angle of deflection
of the stream, and v0 is the magnitude of the stream velocity. The inlet
velocity is vf i = v0 i. The force on the plate exerted by the exit stream
is in a direction opposite the stream flow, whereas the force exerted
on the plate by the inlet stream is in the direction of stream flow. The
sum of the forces exerted on the plate (see Eq. (16.25)) is
F = (dmf /dt)(vf i vf e ),
from which
The mass flow is (dmf /dt) = 30 kg/s and the stream velocity is v0 =
40 m/s. For Case(a), = 45 ,
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307
y
70
20 m/s
80 m/s
x
vB
v0 v B
F = 236.9i 338.3j
308
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Solution:
1
e = (i + j + k),
3
r = 0.1i,
v = (8 m/s)e,
dmf
= 0.22 kg/s
dt
dmf
M=4
(r v) = (0.406 N-m)(j + k)
dt
The moment about the z-axis is Mz = M k = 0.406 N-m
45
y
2m
0.3 m/s
F=
dmf
dt
dmf
dt
= 45 kg/s. The force exerted on the
((vx 0.3)i + vy j) = 50.1i 289j (N)
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309
2 m/s,
vy = (v sin 45 )2 + 2gh
vx vBx )2 + (vy vby )2
= 6.377 (m/s).
The angle of impact:
= tan1
vy vbx
vx vbx
= 79.6 .
F=
dmf
dt
(vmag )(j cos + j sin ) = 51.9i 282.2j (N)
20
8.9N
W
W = 2.48 N
Booster
Payload
Solution:
v = (1200 m/s) ln
310
10,000 kg
1,000 kg + 0.2[9,000 kg]
= 1530 m/s
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Payload
Solution:
)
First burn,
Second burn
Fx =
dmf
dvx
vf mg = m
.
dt
dt
Substitute
dmf
dm
=
dt
dt
as in the example and divide through by m to get
vf
1
dvx
.
dmdt g =
m
dt
t
0
t
1
m
gdt =
m0
dm
g
m
0
dt =
dvx .
dm
dt
dt
dvx
dt.
dt
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311
Fy
Fx
100
300
A
dvx
=
v2
ds
m
sf
A
dv
=
ds
v
m
0
100
A
sf
ln(v) =
300
m
where
= 1000 kg/m3 ,
A = 0.01 m2 ,
m = 440 kg.
Solving
sf = 48.3 m
312
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(b)
Solution: The force is the sum of the mass flow reaction and
the weight of suspended part of the chain,
F = mg + v
(a)
dm
.
dt
Substitute:
dm
dt
=
43.8
9.81
v kg/s.
43.8s +
(b)
1.22
F ds =
16.3
g
s+
43.8 2 1.22
= 34.6 N -m
s
2
0
dv
dt
=F v
dm
dt
dv
dt
+2 s
F =
80
+ 4 3 . 8 s = 11.15 s
g
mg.
(b) The work done is
from which
dm
dt
0
F ds =
2 1.22
s
80
+43.8
= 38.66
g
2 0
+ 43.8s
Substitute:
m=
43.8
43.8
26.6
dm
=
s,
s,
v=
g
dt
g
g
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313
Solution: Assume that the chain is laid out lengthwise along the
runway, such that the aircraft hook seizes the nearest end as the aircraft
proceeds down the runway. As the distance s increases, the length of
s
(see figure). The mass of the chain being
chain being dragged is
2
Ls
. The mass flow of the chain is
dragged is
2
d
Ls
2
dt
=
Lv
.
2
2
Ls
dv
Lv
+m
=
.
2
dt
2
Ls
dv
Lv dv
L
ds,
+m
=
,
= s
L
2
ds
2
v
+m
2
2
mv0
.
Ls
m+
2
Ls
ln(v) = ln m +
+ C.
2
from which
Problem 16.116. From Problem 16.116, the weight of the chain being
Lgs
. From Newtons second law
dragged at distance s is
2
v2
2k g
=
2
L
Ls dv
k Lgs
m+
=
,
2
dt
2
Ls
L s
m+
m ln m +
+ C.
2
m
For v = v0 at s = 0,
v02
2k gm
+
(1 ln(m)),
2
L
where only the friction force is considered. Use the chain rule and
integrate:
C=
k Lgs
Ls
dv
Ls
ds,
=
, v dv = k g
v
m+
Ls
2
ds
2
2 m+
2
314
L s
2m
ln 1 +
v 2 = v02 2gk s
.
L
2m
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dmf
dt
dmc
dt
dmc
dt
Compressor
dm
dt
=
dmc
dt
+
dmf
dt
Combustion
chamber
Turbine
= 13.5 + 0.13 = 13.63 kg/s.
The inlet velocity is zero, and the exit velocity is 500 m/s. The thrust is
T = 13.63(500) = 6820 N
103
3600
= 111.11 m/s.
The thrust is
T =
dmf
dmc
+
dt
dt
500
dmc
dt
111.11,
20
Solution:
T=
dmc dt dmf
+
dt
dmc
ve
vi
dt
20
(i)
x
where
dmc
= 44 kg/s
dt
dmf
= 1.5 kg/s
dt
vex = 370 cos(20 ) m/s
20
T
x
vi = +60 m/s
Solving,
20
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315
Solution:
(a)
The impulse is
t2
t1
The velocity is
mv2 mv1 =
t2
F dt,
t1
from which
v2 = v1 +
+
1
m
t2
t1
180
120
F dt = 8 +
i+ 6
j
10
10
40
k = 10i 6j + 4k (m/s)
10
Solution:
(a)
The impulse is
t2
t1
(b)
t2
F dt
m=
t1
48 0
5(122 )
= 15 k g.
48
The velocity at 6 s is
mv2 mv1 =
t2
F dt,
t1
from which
v2 = 20j +
316
360
180
i+
j = 12i + 44j (m /s).
15
15
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Solution:
(a)
The impulse is
t2
t1
(b)
t2
F dt
t1
Fave =
t2 t 1
3.8 106
= 4.153 105 N.
9.15
dv
dt
ave
Fave
= 8.743 m/s2
47500
t2
F dt
Fave =
t1
t 2 t1
(38)(300)
= 877,000 N
0.013
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317
(a)
Solution:
(a)
t2
(b)
h=
t1
=i
W
g
(9.45) + j
W
g
(7.92)
Fy =
318
W
g
W
g
tf =
9.45
= 85.8 N .
0.8
7.92
0.8
vy2 + 2.13 = 5.33 m .
From the solution of Newtons second law for free fall, the time
of flight is
from which
Fx =
1
2g
2(h 2.13 )
+
g
2h
= 1.85 s
g
+ W = 143.2 N .
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30
Solution:
(a)
WA
g
WB
g
vA +
WB
g
vB sin =
vB cos =
WA + WB
g
WA + WB
g
vx ,
vy .
The kinetic energy before the collision minus the kinetic energy
after the collision is the loss in kinetic energy:
1
2
WA
WB
1 WA + WB
2 + 1
vA
vB2
v2
g
2
g
2
g
= 21, 2853 N-m
vy
vx
= 62.4 .
where s is the distance the players slide after collision. From the conservation of work and energy 12 (mA + mB )v 2 k g(mA + mB )s = 0,
from which
s=
v2
= 16.6 m.
2k g
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319
Solution: Assume that the height of the cannon mouth above the
ground is negligible. (a) Relative to a reference frame moving with the
cannon, the cannonballs velocity is 61 m/s at. The conservation of
linear momentum condition is mC vC + mB (vB cos 10 vC ) = 0,
from which
10
vB
vC
10
mB vB cos 10
= 1.464 m /s.
vC =
mB + mC
The velocity of the cannon ball relative to the ground is
vB = (61cos 10 v C )i + 61 sin 10 j = 58.57 i + 10.59 j m /s,
from which v0x = 58.57 m /s, v 0y = 10.59 m /s. The maximum height
2 /(2g) =
is (from the conservation of energy for free fall) hmax = v0y
5.72 m/s, where the height of the cannon mouth above the ground is
negligible. The time of flight (from the solution of Newtons second
law for free fall) is twice the time required to fall from the maximum
height,
2hmax
= 2.16 s.
tflight = 2
g
From which the range is ximpact = v0x tflight = 126.5 m since v0x
is constant during the flight.
25
Solution: First we analyze the impact between the ball (b) and the
block (B). The component of the balls velocity parallel to the inclined
surface is vb = (12) cos 25 = 10.9 m/s. Solving the equations
mb vb = mb vb + mB vB ,
e=
vB vb
,
vb
we obtain vB = 1.58 m/s. We use work and energy to determine the
distance d the block slides:
(mB g sin 25 k mB g cos 25 )d = 0
1
mB (vB )2 .
2
320
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Hammer
mH
70
vH =
(4.43) = 3.45 m/s.
mH + mP
90
The work done
s by the resistive force exerted on the pipe
by the cap is 0 F ds = F s N-m, where s = 0.03 m. The
work and energy principle for the hammer, pipe and cap is
F s + (mH + mP )gs = 12 (mH + mP )v 2 , from which
(90)(3.452 + 2(9.81)(0.03))
(mH + mP )(v 2 + 2gs)
=
2s
2(0.03)
= 18,700 N
F =
1h
3600 s
mT vT = mT vT + mB vB ,
e=
(a)
m
h
(b)
With e = 1, we obtain
v T = 0.617 m/s (1.2 knots),
v B = 0.412 m/s (0.8 knots).
vB vT
.
vT
With e = 0, we obtain
vT = vB = 0.206 m/s (0.4 knots).
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321
t2
t1
from which Fave = mB vB /4 = (4 104 )vB . For Case (a) vB =
0.206 m/s, from which Fave = 8230 N . Case (b). v B = 0.412 m/s,
Fave = 16,500 N
5 m /s
1m
e=
vB vA
.
vA
Solving these two equations, we obtain vB = 2.73 m/s. We use work
and energy to determine how far B slides:
k mgd = 0 12 m(vB )2 .
Solving, d = 0.632 m.
322
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0.1 m
60
y
0.1 NA
Fx = mA g sin 60 0.1 NA = mA aA .
NA
1
2
2 aA t
1
2
2 aB t
mAg
+ 0.1
aA
x
y
0.4 NB
mBg
NB
aB
x
Solving for t
t=
2(0.1)
=
aA aB
2(0.1)
= 0.369 s.
8.01 6.53
(1)
vB vA
:
vA vB
Evaluating, we have
0.8 =
vB vA
2.95 2.41
(2).
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323
v
0.2
dv =
aA dtvA = 0.2 + aA t
e=
vB vA
vB vA
: 0.8 =
vA vB
2.26 1.68
(1);
(2).
324
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Problem 16.136
and slides down
restitution of the
e = 0.8. At what
hit the wall?
60
0.91 m
0.305 m
1.83 m
(5)
determine the time between the first bounce and impact with the
wall
(c)
from the velocity and height after the first bounce, determine
the height at the time of impact with the wall. The steps in this
process are:
(1)
(2)
The maximum height after leaving the ramp: From the conservation of energy, the maximum height reached is
hmax =
(3)
vy2
2g
tbh
2hy
g
= 0.3154 s.
(6)
The height at impact with the wall: The height of impact is (from
a solution to Newtons second law for free fall)
hw = hy
g
)2 = 0.48 m/s
(twb tbh
2
+ 0.305 = 0.762 m .
The velocity and maximum height after the first bounce: The
velocity of the first impact (from the conservation of energy
(4)
determine the time between leaving the ramp and impact with
the wall,
(b)
(vy )2
2g
= 0.49 m .
The time of impact with the wall, the time at the first bounce, and
the time between the first bounce and impact with the wall. The
time required to reach the wall is
tw =
1.83
= 1.058 s.
vx
2(hmax 0 . 3 0 5 )
+
g
(2)hmax
= 0.7 s.
g
The time between the first bounce and wall impact is twb =
tw tb = 0.3582 s.
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325
Problem 16.137 The cue gives the cue ball A a velocity of magnitude 3 m/s. The angle = 0 and the coefficient of restitution of the impact of the cue ball and
the eight ball B is e = 1. If the magnitude of the eight
balls velocity after the impact is 0.9 m/s, what was the
coefficient of restitution of the cue balls impact with
the cushion? (The balls are of equal mass.)
30
A
1=
vBP 3y vAP 3y
.
vAP 2y
0.9
= 0.6
1.5
For mA = mB , these equations have the solution vAP
3 =0
=
v
.
From
the
value
of
v
=
0.9
m/s,
0.9
=
0.4512
+
and vBP
AP
3
3
BP 3
1.477e, from which
e=
0.9 0.4512
= 0.304
1.477
and
326
1=
vBP
3 vAP 3
.
vAP 3
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Problem 16.139 What is the solution to Problem 16.137 if the angle = 15 and the coefficient
of restitution of the impact between the two balls is
e = 0.9?
Solution: Use the solution to Problem 16.137. The strategy is to
treat the second collision as an oblique central impact about P when
= 15 . The unit vector parallel to the line P is
eP = (i sin 15 j cos 15 ) = 0.2588i 0.9659j.
The vector normal to the line P is
1
(1 + eB )vAP 3 = 0.95vAP 3 .
2
From the value of vBP
3 = 0.9 m/s, 0.9 = 0.95(0.6724 + 1.449e), from
which e = 0.189
eP n = 0.9659i + 0.2588j.
The projection of the velocity vAP 2 = vAP 3 eP + vAP 3n eP n . From the
solution to Problem 16.139, vAP 2 = 2.6i 1.5ej, from which the two
simultaneous equations for the new components: 2.6 = 0.2588vAP 3 +
0.9659vAP 3n , and 1.5e = 0.9659vAP 3 + 0.2588vAP 3n .
Solve: vAP 3 = 0.6724 + 1.449e, vAP 3n = 2.51 0.3882e. The component of the velocity normal to the line P is unchanged by impact.
The velocity of the 8-ball after impact is found from the conservation
of linear momentum and the coefficient of restitution:
mA vAP 3 = mA vAP
3 + mB vBP 3 ,
and
eB =
vBP
3 vAP 3
,
vAP 3
3 m/ s
2m
=
is vAy = 2 gh = 2(9.81)2 = 6.264 m/s, from which vAy
0.6(6.264) = 3.759 m/s. From the conservation of energy for a
free fall, the height of the second bounce is
h =
)2
(vAy
2g
= 0.720 m.
From the solution of Newtons second law for free fall, the time
betweenthe impacts is twice the time required to fall from height
h, t = 2
2h
= 0.7663 s, and the distance D is
g
D = v0 t = (3)(0.7663) = 2.30 m
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327
1 2
mv ,
2
mg(0.91 m ) =
1
m(v )2 ,
2
v
= 0.866.
v
328
1.13
1.47
0.57
1.47
0.74
1.47
= 39.5 ,
= 67.1 ,
= 59.8 .
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0.1844 m
= 0.250 s.
0.74 m/s
Setting
x = 0 = x0 + vxo t
= x0 + (1.13)(0.250)
and
y = 0 = y0 + vy0 t
1 2
gt
2
1
= y0 + (0.57 )(0.250) (9.81)(0.305)(0.250)2 ,
2
we obtain x0 = 282.7 mm., y 0 = 163.1 mm .
RE
Solution: By definition,
H0 = |r mv| = mr0 v0 sin 45
= m(16090 )(1000 )(6096 ) sin 45
H0 = 6.93 m 10 10 kg-m 2/s.
The gravitational force
F=
45
r0
v 1 =
6.93 10 10
= 2155 m/s
3.21 10 7
2
mgRE
er ,
r2
t2
r
F dt = 0 = H1 H0 ,
t1
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329
v =
1 2
mv
2 0
r=16090
2
mgRE
=
r0
1 2
mv
2 1
r=24135
2
mgRE
,
r1
from which
2
v12 = v02 + 2gRE
1
1
r
r0
= (6096 ) + 2(9.81)(6372000 )
1
1
24135000
16090000
= 0.207 10 8 (m/s) 2 .
The radial velocity is
vr =
v12 v2 = 3520.4 m/s
dmf
dt
= ( 0.61 )
3142
(2.44 )(2.22 ) = 1058.3 kg/s.
g
The force is
F =
330
dmf
dt
v = 2375.2 N
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2.44 m
dmf
dt
=
5338
g
1
60
= 9.07 kg/s
5338
9802
40
60
= 0.363 m 3.
volume
= 0.553 m .
(0.4552 )
dmf
dt
v = 0.363 (9802 ) + 244.6 + 9.07 (6.081 ) = 3856.4 N
W = (volume)(9802 ) + 244.6 +
dmf
dt
v = 3 6 . 5 v.
from which
v=
36.5(24.4)
= 23.4 m /s
38
dmf
dt
(24.4 ) = 36.5 (24.4 )
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331
F = 38 v + 36.5 (24.4 ) N .
dv
dt
Invert:
= 38 v + 890.6 .
38g
t
v(t) = 2 3 . 4 1 e W .
g = 9.81 m/s 2.
dv
38g
=
dt,
W
23.4 v
(a)
At t = 20 s,
v = 10.54 m/s ,
from which
(b)
At t = 60 s,
v = 19.52 m/s
38g
t + C.
W
ln(23.4 v) =
v
38g
t.
=
23.4
W
dmf
dt
= L v.
dv
dt
= L v 2 .
dv
= L v 2 .
ds
mv0
L
.
332
mv0
(L s + m)
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