Phenology

Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns and changes in seasonal

cycles can affect plants and animals by slowing or increasing their growth,
lifetime. When the climate changes the animals and plants life change, if its
too warm some plants and animals will die because of the lake of food and
water, if its cold Animals will die from cold or because cant find food or
because its dead. Depending on the species of plants they will grow faster
in cold or in warm weather. For animals is somehow the same. If its too
warm some animals wont be able to get the water needed, if its too cold
other animals wont be able to get the food needed. So animals have
adapted to this climates. Phenology can affect in many different ways
animals and plants, we can control energy by preventing global warming.
To make Climate stay the same, making animals and plants keep their
adaptation techniques and survive and keep on growing. we need to work
together because we didnt create phenology but we can manipulate it to
are advantages, to help the animals and the plants live there live as
normal.
Evaluation of Pollen

Pollen can be preserved for long time

Each type of plant have there own distinctive type of pollen,
which makes easier to categorise.
They can help the scientists to determine climate conditions
in the past

The Study of Bug Beetles

The exoskeletons of beetles give a precise measure of climate

change; this is because it tells you how they have adapted to
climate change.

Tree- Ring Analysis (Dendrochronology)

Every year trees produce a ring, or a new layer of xylem by

the division of cells
The seasons changes the diameter of the xylem
By seeing how wide the rings are, how close to each other and
the years of life of that tree, you can analyse the climate
change.

Ice Thickness Measurements

As water freezes air bubbles are trapped and the ice keeps
growing
By analyse the air temperature from the bubbles you can see
how climate has changed

Temperature records:

It has very old data, but that is the most important one
because that way you can compare that climate with the onw
that we have today
Temperature changes have been record for almost every
country in the world

Tree- Ring Analysis (Dendrochronology)

Dendrochronology has three main practical applications.
1. to put the present in proper historical context
2. to better understand current environmental processes and conditions
3. to improve understanding of possible future environmental issues
Skeleton plotting
The process of marking a tree's ring width variation on graph paper strips,
similar patterns of variation in individual plots (are matched among trees

Conifer Tree Ring

Earlywood
Appears light in colour
Cells have thin walls, large diameter

Latewood
Appears dark in colour
Cells have thick walls, small diameter

Angiosperm Tree Ring

Earlywood
Cells have large diameter vessels

Latewood
Cells: small diameter vessels

Ring Width Variation

1. variation in total ring width: a light and a
dark band
2. variation in latewood width: just the dark
bands
3. variation in latewood density: darkness
of dark band

Locally Absent Rings

Top part of this photo has 3 full rings and the lower part of
this photo has 4 full rings.
The wedge that is the 4th ring is "locally absent" from part
of this tree.

False Bands/Rings

This sample has 2 full rings; the right-most ring has a false
band.
The false band appears to go through a resin duct.
False bands are differentiated from true rings by their
cellular structure.

BIBLOGRAHOY:
http://ltrr.arizona.edu/about/treerings