Name

Title:

Construction Equipment

Sherwin James A. Tumugdan

Date Performed:

Course & Year:

Sept. 23, 2013

BSCE 4
Prepare
equipment:

Date Submitted:

report

on

different

Sept. 25, 2013

construction

TRUCKS.
A truck or lorry is a motor vehicle designed to transport cargo. Trucks vary
greatly in size, power, and configuration, with the smallest being mechanically
similar to an automobile. Commercial trucks can be very large and powerful,
and may be configured to mount specialized equipment, such as in the case
of fire trucks and concrete mixers and suction excavators.

a. Efficiency. Several studies have identified fuel-efficient

technologies for long haul tractor trailers. a given
percentage reduction in this vehicle category will save more
fuel than a matching percentage improvement in any other
vehicle category. The potential fuel savings in tractor-trailer
trucks represents about half of the total possible fuel
savings in all categories of medium-and heavy-duty
vehicles.
b. Advantages:
Delivers directly from sender to recipient.
Quickness and urgency of cargo delivery.
Trucks are heavier than smaller
automobiles and allow a higher point of
view on the road.
Disadvantages:
Not fuel-efficient.
Limited seats for passengers.
c. Application. Trucking plays a key role in the economy in
the movement of freight. While there are competing ways to
move freight, trucks retain an important function, if nowhere
else than having the flexibility to deliver goods in the last
mile to any location and under delivery time constraints.

1
7

FRONT-END LOADERS.
A loader is
a heavy
equipment
machine
often
used
in construction, primarily used to load material (such
as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, snow, feed, gravel, logs,
raw minerals, recycled material, rock, sand, and woodchips)
into or onto another type of machinery (such as a dump
truck, conveyor belt, feed-hopper, or railcar).
a. Efficiency. The front-end loader is a self-contained unit
mounted on rubber tires or tracks and is one of the most
versatile and capable pieces of equipment. The front-end
loader can be equipped to operate as a loader, a dozer, a
scraper, a clamshell, a forklift, a backhoe, a crane, an
auger, or a sweeper.
b. Advantages:
Efficient material handling with oversized buckets.
Versatility for other uses.
Disadvantages:
c. Application. Front-end loaders are used to support
construction operations anytime there is a need to lift, load,
unload, clear, grub, excavate, or trench.

BACKHOES.
A backhoe is a piece of excavating equipment or digger
consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two-part
articulated arm. They are typically mounted on the back of
a tractor or front loader.
a. Efficiency. The efficiency of a backhoe's performance
depends greatly on the standards set by each part, the body,
the bucket, or even the tires have specified functions.

2
7

b. Advantages:
Compact and consolidate the tools used
for separate jobs into one unit.
Can be used for a wide variety of tasks
Good budget option as a first digger.
c. Disadvantages:
Parts can be very expensive.
Needs a proper mini digger trailer and
large vehicle to tow legally.
Tends to be very noisy.
d. Application.
Backhoe loaders are tractor-mounted bulldozers that
are used for road building, landscaping, and digging. The
task is accomplished with the help of a hoe and arm located
in the back, while a bucket in the front shovels the soil and
the debris.
BULLDOZERS
A bulldozer is a crawler equipped with a substantial metal
plate used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or
other such material during construction or conversion work
and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device to
loosen densely-compacted materials.
a. Efficiency. When the performance per watt is plotted, it
becomes obvious that the bulldozer-based processors are
most efficient when the voltage to them is as low as
possible.
b. Advantages:
A good choice for demolition and
clearing sites.
Caterpillar tracks give bulldozers a distinct
advantage allowing them to be surprisingly
maneuverable for their extreme weight.
Phenomenal strength for pushing and
dragging obstructions in their path.

3
7

c. Disadvantages:
Causes soil rutting, erosion and run off pollution.
Completely removes top layer of soil
Requires erosion permits, silt fences, etc.
d. Application.
Bulldozers are used for a variety of applications, and
they are classified according to the purpose for which they are
used. Compactors are used for reducing the size of soil, waste
matter, or gravel by the application of the heavy weight of the
bulldozer. They are used in landfills and also while
constructing roads. Excavators are bulldozers that are used
for digging, and they consist of a cab and a bucket, which are
connected to an articulated arm rotating on a pivot. They are
used for mining, digging foundations for houses, demolishing,
and river dredging.
CLAMSHELLS.
A machine equipped with a bucket in a form of a clamshell.
The clamshell bucket is a more sophisticated articulated severalpieces device including two elementary buckets associated on a
hinged structure forming a claw-like appendage with an internal
volume.
a. Efficiency. The fully mechanical clamshell is designed
specifically to be used on a crane for large capacity
dredging and digging application. The opening and closing
action is operated via cable. The inner side of the bucket
has a smooth surface for easy unloading of high viscosity
material such as mud and clay, while the outer layer is
reinforce with additional layer of wear strips. The hanger is
constructed with high tensile steel.
b. Advantages:
Consistent full load for maximum productivity.
Optional fitting of bolt-on cutting lips or fabricated teeth.

4
7

c. Disadvantages:
Not a positive digging tool.
d. Application. Clamshell buckets are commonly used for
dredging application, loading and unloading industrial wastes,
grains, sands and so forth in addition to digging and
excavation
POWER SHOVELS.
A power shovel is a bucket-equipped machine, usually
electrically powered, used for digging and loading earth or
fragmented rock and for mineral extraction.
a. Efficiency. The digging phase consists of crowding the
dipper into the bank, hoisting the dipper to fill it, and then
retracting
the
full
dipper
from
the
bank.
The swinging phase occurs once the dipper is clear of the
bank both vertically and horizontally. The operator controls
the dipper through a planned swing path and dump height
until it is suitably positioned over the haul unit. Dumping
involves opening the dipper door to dump the load, while
maintaining the correct dump height. Returning is when
the dipper swings back to the bank, and involves lowering
the dipper into the tuck position to close the dipper door.
b. Advantages:
Can dig far more easily and faster.
c. Disadvantages:
Use lots of gasoline and pollutes the earth.
Hard to get from one place to another.
d. Application.
Power
shovels
are
used
principally for
excavation
and
removal
of overburden in open-cut
mining operations,
though it may include loading of minerals, such
as coal. They are the modern equivalent
of steam shovels, and operate in a similar
fashion.

5
7

CRANES.
A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with
a hoist, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be used
both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally.
It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them
to other places. It uses one or more simple machines to create
mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the
normal capability of a man. Cranes are commonly employed
in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of
freight, in the construction industry for the movement of
materials and in the manufacturing industry for the
assembling of heavy equipment.
a. Efficiency. Cranes have to maintain safe, precise control
of their suspended loads at all times, a task that makes
great calls not only on the skills of their operators, but also
on their designers who are faced with hugely varied tasks
in manufacturing, mining, maintenance, construction and
other major industrial sectors.
b. Advantages:
Can be used in terrain areas.
Can lift, load, or unload heavy equipment.
Constant pressure can be maintained
once a part of the system has been
moved into place, and this makes them
extremely stable in use, and able to
support relatively large weights.
c. Disadvantages:
High levels of maintenance required on
key items.
Higher shock loads generated when changing from
high to low speed or stopping.
Expensive
and
inefficient
415V
contactors required to change speed.

6
7

d. Application. In practice, the magnitude of load that is

permitted to be lifted is some value less than the load that
will cause the crane to tip. Additionally, the stability of the
vessel or platform must be considered. For stationary
pedestal or kingpost mounted cranes, the moment created
by the boom, jib, and load is resisted by the pedestal base
or kingpost. Stress within the base must be less than the
yield stress of the material or the crane will fail.
SCRAPERS.
In civil engineering, a wheel tractor-scraper is a piece of
heavy equipment used for earthmoving. A scraper is a large
piece of equipment used in the mines. The rear part has a
vertically moveable hopper (also known as the bowl) with a
sharp horizontal front edge. The hopper can be hydraulically
lowered and raised. When the hopper is lowered, the front
edge cuts into the soil or clay like a plane and fills the hopper.
a. Efficiency. One of the main parameters of the quality of
the scraper or collimation systems is minimizing the yield
of primary particles from the system in cyclic and linear
accelerators. From this viewpoint the choice of materials
for the target, scraper and collimators, and its geometrical
size is considered taking into account the energy and
parameters of the formed beam.
b. Advantages:
It helps minimize the time in construction.
It is flexible.
c. Disadvantages:
The utilization of the equipment is
sensitive.
Takes a long time to repair which may
cause delays.
d. Application

7
7