Professor Matthew Phillips

Physics & Advanced Materials

email: matthew.phillips@uts.edu.au
Lectures Weeks 9, 10, 11 & 12

Lectures Week 9
Lecture 1
Fluids at Rest
Nature of a Fluid
Density and Pressure
Pressure at Depth

Lecture 2
Fluids at Rest
Pascals Principle
Archimedes' Principle
Nature of a Fluid
Pressure Measurements

Lecture 3
Fluids in Motion
Ideal fluids in motion
Equation of Continuity
Bernoullis equation

Chapter 14
Fluids

14.2 What is a Fluid?

A fluid, in contrast to a solid, is a substance that

can flow
Fluids conform to the boundaries of any container
in which we put them.

They do so because a fluid cannot sustain a force

Fs
that is parallel to its surface (a shear force
)
Fs

A Fluid can, however, exert a force in the direction

perpendicular to its surface.
Both liquids and gases are fluids

Difference between a Fluid and a Gas.

Liquids and gases share common physical characteristics of
fluids but they have significant differences
Liquids are typically incompressible whereas gases are not
A specific mass of liquid occupies a fixed volume irrespective
of the shape or size of its container.
If volume of the liquid < volume of its container there is a free
surface
Conversely:
Gases are easy to compress
A specific mass of gas does not have a fixed volume & will
expand unrestrained if it is not confined in its container
A gas will completely fill its container irrespective of its
volume so no free surface if formed.

The Pitch Drop Experiment

Pitch looks like solid but is actually

a fluid

LIVE VIEW

Pitch 100 billion times more viscous

than water viscosity = resistance
to a shear force
Experiment commenced in 1927
8 drops since then but never
observed!
Go to this website to watch the exp

http://smp.uq.edu.au/content/pitch-drop-experiment

14.3 Density and Pressure

14.3 Density and Pressure

Density varies over 38 orders magnitude!

14.3 Density and Pressure

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14.3 Density and Pressure

Known pressures vary over 28 orders magnitude!

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A 90 kg man standing on your phone on one shoe of area 450

cm2.
Force = 90 x 9.8 = 882 N
Area = 450 cm2 = 0.045 m2
Pressure = Force/Area = 19,600 Pa
A 60 kg woman standing on your phone with one stiletto heel of
area 1 cm2.
Force = 60 x 9.8 = 558 N
Area = 1 cm2 = 0.0001m2
Pressure = Force/Area = 6,880,000 Pa ~ 3,500 X
A 90 kg man standing on your phone with on one shoe of area
2500 cm2.
Force = 90 x 9.8 = 882 N
Area = 450 cm2 = 0.25 m2
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Pressure = Force/Area = 3,528 Pa ~ 0.2 X

Example, Atmospheric Pressure and Force

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14

The pressure at a point

in a fluid in static
equilibrium depends on
the depth of that point
but not on any horizontal
dimension of the fluid or
its container.

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Example:

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Mount Everest 8,848 m

Mount Kosciusko 2,229 m
Cruising Altitude 777 10,000 m
Satellites >300,000 m

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Example:

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14.5: Measuring Pressure: The Mercury Barometer

A mercury barometer is a device
used to measure the pressure of the
atmosphere. The long glass tube is
filled with mercury and the space
above the mercury column
contains only mercury vapor,
whose pressure can be neglected.
If the atmospheric pressure is p0 ,
and r is the density of mercury,

Fig. 14-5 (a) A mercury barometer. (b) Another

mercury barometer. The distance h is the
same in both cases.

h = 760mm/Hg at Po = 1 atmosphere
Height of Hg, h only dependent on pressure at the free surface (p0)
And is independent of the shape of the barometer 20

14.5: Measuring Pressure: The Open-Tube Manometer

po

pg

An open-tube manometer measures the gauge

pressure pg of a gas. It consists of a U-tube
containing a liquid, with one end of the tube
connected to the vessel whose gauge pressure
we wish to measure and the other end open to
the atmosphere.
If po is the atmospheric pressure, p is the
pressure at level 2 as shown, and r is the
density of the liquid in the tube, then

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14.6: Pascals Principle

A change in the pressure applied to an enclosed

incompressible fluid is transmitted undiminished to every
portion of the fluid and to the walls of its container.

Blaise Pascal 1623-1662

air mattress
Addition pressure from stones
Spread over the entire air mattress surface
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14.6: Pascals Principle and the Hydraulic Lever

large piston
With area, Ao

If we move the input piston downward a

distance di, the output piston moves
upward a distance do, such that the same
volume V of the incompressible liquid is
displaced at both pistons.

Pressure (F/A) must be equal on

both sides Force increases as Area
increases: Pressure = constant

small piston
with area, Ai

The force Fi is applied on the left and the

downward force Fo from the load on the
right produce a change Dp in the pressure of
the liquid that is given by

Then the output work is:

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14.7: Archimedes Principle

When a body is fully or partially submerged in a fluid, a buoyant force from the
surrounding fluid acts on the body. The force is directed upward and has a
magnitude equal to the weight of the fluid that has been displaced by the body.

287 BC c.212 BC

weight = mg
The net upward force on the object is
the buoyant force, Fb.

Fb

The buoyant force on a body in a fluid

has the magnitude

Fig. 14-9 A thin-walled plastic sack of water

is in static equilibrium in the pool. The
gravitational force on the sack must be
balanced by a net upward force on it from the
surrounding water.

Fb = Wf = mf g (buoyant force),

where mf is the mass of the fluid that is

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displaced by the body.

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14.7: Archimedes Principle: Floating and Apparent Weight

When a body floats in a fluid, the magnitude Fb of the buoyant force on the
body is equal to the magnitude Fg of the gravitational force on the body.

That means, when a body floats in a fluid, the magnitude Fg of the

gravitational force on the body is equal to the weight mf g of the fluid that has
been displaced by the body, where mf is the mass of the fluid displaced.
W(N) =mg

Wapp(N)

That is, a floating body displaces its own weight of fluid.

Fb

The apparent weight of an object in a fluid is less than the actual weight of
the object in vacuum, and is equal to the difference between the actual
weight of a body and the buoyant force on the body.

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27

Example: Floating, buoyancy, and density

Fb = weight of displaced fluid

Fg = weight of block

Floating Fb = Fg

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Summary
Fluid is a material that flows gas or liquid
Density = mass/volume kg/cm3 and Pressure = Force/Area (Pa)
The pressure at a point in a fluid in static equilibrium depends on the
depth of that point but not on any horizontal dimension of the fluid or
its container.
Pressure can be measured using a barometer or a manometer.
Pascals Principle: A change in the pressure applied to an enclosed
incompressible fluid is transmitted undiminished to every portion of
the fluid and to the walls of its container.
Archimedes' Principle: The force is directed upward and has a
magnitude equal to the weight of the fluid that has been displaced by
the body.
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Proof of Archimedes Principle

The buoyant force is equal to the weight of displaced fluid of density, rL
PT=rgh

Cylinder with surface area, A and length,

L submersed in a fluid of density, r

Volume of liquid displaced VL= AxL

And the weight of displaced liquid,
WL = mLg = rVLg
L

PS=rg(h+L/2)

PS=rg(h+L/2)

FB = Fup Fdown
FB = PBA PTA = rLg(h+L)A-rghA

PB=rg(h+L)

FB = rLghA = rLgVL = mLVL = WL

FB

Note: as liquids cannot sustain

a shear force to pressure is always
acting perpendicular to a solid surface

FB = WL
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Archimedes Principle
An object will sink if the weight of the water displaced is less
than the weight of the object.
If the weight of the water displaced equal to the weight of the
object the object will float.
Weight of displaced
water is equal to the
weight of the hull
surface

Weight of displaced water

weighs less than the sphere

P = r.g.h

Pressure increases
linearly depth with
gradient rg

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Fluids in Motion

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1cm3 = 1ml

1m3 = 1000 litres

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14.9: Flow Rate

Dx
A

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14.8: Ideal Fluids in Motion

1. Steady flow: In steady (or laminar) flow, the velocity of the moving
fluid at any fixed point does not change with time.
2. Incompressible flow: We assume, as for fluids at rest, that our
ideal fluid is incompressible; i.e, its density has a constant, uniform
value.
3. Nonviscous flow: The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of how
resistive the fluid is to flow; viscosity is the fluid analog of friction
between solids. No slowing down due to fricton.
4. Irrotational flow: In irrotational flow a test body suspended in the
fluid will not rotate about an axis through its own center of mass.

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14.9: The Equation of Continuity

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14.9: The Equation of Continuity

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Example: Water Stream

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Add areas of all

capillaries

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Daniel Bernoulli
1700 - 1782

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41

V1 = 0.3 m/s
A1 = 5 x A2

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14.10: Bernoullis Equation

Fig. 14-19 Fluid flows at a steady rate through a
length L of a tube, from the input end at the left to
the output end at the right. From time t in (a) to time
t+Dt in (b), the amount of fluid shown in purple
enters the input end and the equal amount shown in
green emerges from the output end.

If the speed of a fluid element increases as

the element travels along a horizontal
streamline, the pressure of the fluid must
decrease, and conversely.
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14.10: Bernoullis Equation: Proof

The change in kinetic energy of the system is

the work done on the system.
If the density of the fluid is r,

The work done by gravitational forces is:

The net work done by the fluid is:

Work-energy principle
W = F.Dx= P.A. Dx=PDV
Therefore,
Finally,

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Example 2: Bernoullis Principle

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Continuity Equation & Bernoulli Principle

A1v1=A2v2

Wine aerator -Small tubes in the

sidewalls Fast moving wine
across tubes decreases pressure
& drags air into the wine

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Fast Air

Spinning Ball
Drift

Fast Air

Fast Air

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