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The University for business

and the professions

School of Engineering and Mathematical Siences


Department Mechanical Engineering and Aeronuotics
Degree Title
BEng (Hons)/ MEng (Hons) in Mechanical Engineering
BEng (Hons) / MEng (Hons) in Aeronautic Engineering
BEng (Hons) / MEng (Hons) in Automotive Engineering
BEng (Hons) / MEng (Hons) in Air Transport Engineering
BEng (Hons) / MEng (Hons) in Energy Engineering

Module Code
ME2109

Exam Title
Fluid Mechanics

Part 2 Examination
Date
?? May 2011

Division of Marks:
Instructions to students:

Time
?? (2.5 hours)

All questions carry equal marks


Answer any THREE from FIVE questions

Number of answer books to be provided: 1 with Graph paper


Whether or not calculators etc are permitted: Yes, Casio FX83/85 MS/ES.
Whether or not dictionaries etc are permitted: No.
Any stats tables or other additional materials: Data Sheet attached.
Whether or not the exam paper can be removed from the exam room: No

External Examiner:

Professor R Crookes

Internal Examiner:

Dr J M Nouri
Dr S Prince

Page 1 of X

Question 1
(a) Water of density =1000 kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity =1x10-6 m2/s, is pumped
up at 0.212x10-4 m3/s through an inclined pipe. Assuming that the flow is steady, the
velocity profile for the fully developed laminar flow is given by

1 d ( p gh) d 2 2
r
u
4

4
dz

where d(p-gh)/dz is the Pizometric pressure gradient in the direction of the flow (i.e.
z), r is the radial distance from the pipe centre, z is the distance along the pipe
centreline, g is the acceleration due to gravity, is the dynamic viscosity of water and
d is the pipe diameter. Using the above equation and considering the flow rate
through a cylindrical fluid element show that:
(i) The mean flow rate may be expressed

d 4 d ( p gh)
128
dz
[5 marks]

(ii) the mean flow velocity of the fluid is half the maximum velocity.
[4 marks]
(iii) the wall shear stress may be expressed

d d ( p gh)
4
dz
[3 marks]

(iv) when the local velocity is the same as the mean velocity, the radial position
is given by r=0.354d.
[3 marks]
(b) If the pipe diameter is 15 mm and its length is 65 m, verify that the flow is laminar
by neglecting end effect.
[2 marks]
Also calculate:
(i) the friction factor, f.
[1 marks]
(ii) the total head loss using the Darcy equation.
[2 marks]
(iii) the average wall shear stress.
[2 marks]
(iv) the Pizometric pressure difference over the given length of the pipe.
[2 marks]
The Manning friction factor equation is

8 w
u 2

Page 2 of X

Question 2
(a) A three-reservoir arrangement, shown in Figure Q2, is set up with each reservoir
connected to a common junction J by three identical pipes. The elevations of the
water surfaces in reservoirs are 25, 20 and 6.5 m above an arbitrary datum level.
With each pipe, the length, diameter and wall surface roughness is such that the
head losses (in meters) due to friction are equal to 22000Q12, 21000Q22, 20000Q32,
for pipes 1, 2 and 3, respectively, where Q is the flow rate in m3/s. Determine:
(i) the hydraulic grade head HJ at the common junction J. High accuracy is not
required. A good estimate value derived from plotting a graph will be
acceptable.
[12 marks]
(ii) Determine the flow rate in each pipe.
[3 marks]

Elevation 25m
20m
Pipe 1, Q1
Pipe 2, Q2

6.5m

Pipe 3, Q3

Figure Q2

Fig Q2

(b) Two water reservoirs A and B are joined with a long pipe of length L. Calculate
the percentage increase in the flow rate obtainable if, from two third of the pipe (away
from reservoir A), another pipe of the same diameter and roughness is added in
parallel to it. Neglect all losses except friction and assume constant and equal friction
factor for all pipes and the same head, h, in both cases.
[10 marks]

Page 3 of X

Question 3
(a) Describe briefly the boundary layer , BL, development over a flat plate, with help
of a schematic diagram. Define the boundary layer thickness, , and the Reynolds
number and give the transitional Reynolds numbers for both rough and smooth
surfaces.
[6 marks]
(b) Use the momentum thickness concept to show that the drag coefficient at the
back end of a plate can be expressed as CD= 2/c per wetted side where is the
momentum thickness and c is the chord length of the plate.
[3 marks]
(c) A glider with a smooth wing of 33 m long and a chord length, c, of 3.5 m flies at 49
m/s. If the air density and kinematic viscosity are 1.21 kg/m3 and 1.45x10-5 m2/s:
(i) calculate the position, from the leading edge of the glider, of laminar to
turbulent flow transition.
[3 marks]
(ii) calculate the total drag force, assuming the boundary layers are wholly
turbulent and the momentum thickness is given by

0.036 x

Rec

[4 marks]

0.2

(iii) calculate the power dissipated.


[2 marks]
(d) A 1-m2 fishing net consists of cylindrical threads arranged on a square mesh of 20
mm spacing. The threads has diameter 1 mm and its density is 2600 kg/m3.
Calculate the terminal velocity of the net as it settles vertically down in seawater of
density 1030 kg/m3. Take the drag coefficient as CD=1.1.
[7 marks]

Page 4 of X

Question 4
(a) State the main differences between the positive displacements pumps (PDP) and
dynamic pumps.
[4 marks]
(b) Show, with the help of a schematic diagram, that the kinetic energy available at
V j2
the exit of a nozzle jet for impulse turbine is KE
C v2 H a , where Cv is the velocity
2g
coefficient, Ha is total available head and Vj is the jet velocity.
[6 marks]
(c) A small impulse wheel turbine is to be used to drive a generator at speed of 890
rpm. The total head available is 120 m which provides a discharge of 45 l/s. If the
turbine efficiency is 79%, the velocity coefficient is Cv=0.96 and the velocity ratio of
wheel to jet is =0.48, determine:
(i) the power developed
[2 marks]
(ii) the speed of the wheel
[2 marks]
(iii) the diameter of the wheel
[1 marks]
(iv) the jet diameter.
Note that the velocity ratio is

=U/ Vj

[2 marks]

(d) The net positive suction head, NPSH of a pump is 4.1 m. The pump is fixed
above a supply tank with a suction head of 3.7m and delivering a flow rate of 0.0262
m3/s. The suction pipe is 8.9 m long with a friction factor f=0.035 and negligible pipe
secondary losses. If the atmospheric, pa, and water vapour, pv, pressures are 101.3
kPa and 3.14 kPa, respectively:
(i) express the Dracy equation in terms of flow rate, Q.
[1 marks]
(ii) determine the minimum diameter of the suction pipe to avoid cavitation
[7 marks]
NPSH is expressed as

NPSH

pa pv
h s h f where hf is the head loss in the pipe and hs is the
g g

suction head.

Page 5 of X

Question 5
An aircraft is in steady level flight at an altitude where the pressure relative to sea
level is 0.5052 and the ambient temperature is 260K. The pitot-static pressure
difference on the aircraft reads 13490 Pa.
(a) Determine the dynamic pressure.
[10 Marks]
(b) At a particular position on the wing the local pressure coefficient is 0.7.
Determine the local Mach number at this location.
[4 Marks]
(c) Also, at the position on the wing at which the flow becomes locally sonic,
determine:
(i)

the static pressure,


[2 Marks]

(ii)

the value of the pressure coefficient


[2 Marks]

(iii)

the local airspeed.


[7 Marks]

Page 6 of X

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