Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2012
HIGHLIGHT
Wastewater Irrigation in Gujarat
An Exploratory Study
Alka Palrecha
Dheeraj Kapoor
Teja Malladi
INTRODUCTION
The management of urban wastewater in India today
poses serious challenges in the face of rapid urbanization.
The treatment facilities in Gujarat, as elsewhere in India,
for sewage are highly insufficient and untreated sewage is
rapidly polluting the streams, sea creeks, and water
bodies, where it is disposed. Concurrently, it has been
observed that wastewater irrigation is commonplace in
peri-urban areas of Gujarat. Instances from field visits
support the growing use of wastewater for irrigation due
to scarcity of fresh water sources for irrigation. The
wastewater has become an important resource for
agriculture, especially for increasingly urbanized and
water scarce states like Gujarat.
While cognizance of concerns related to negative impact
on health and environment is taken, the significant use of
wastewater for irrigation generating economic benefits to
farmers also needs to be recognized. However, currently
there is a lack of enough systematic information on the
subject, particularly on the extent and magnitude of
wastewater's contribution to agricultural economy.
Moreover, there is no standard methodology developed to
estimate the wastewater use for agriculture.
WASTEWATER SCENARIO IN INDIA AND GUJARAT
As per Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) rules, a
city or town's municipality or Water Authority (WAs) is
responsible for collecting and treating 100 percent of the
sewage generated within its jurisdiction. At present, a
majority of the WAs in the country neither have the
installed capacity nor the collection networks to undertake
sewage recycling. A 2010 Centre for Science and
Environment (CSE) report puts installed treatment
capacity at only 19 per cent of total sewage generation
This IWMI-Tata Highlight is based on research carried out under the IWMI-Tata Program (ITP). It is not externally peer-reviewed and the views
expressed are of the author/s alone and not of ITP or its funding partners - IWMI, Colombo and Sir Ratan Tata Trust (SRTT), Mumbai.
2
Balasinor
--
--
162
Around 200
Class A
Nadiad
--
--
--
Class D
Oad
--
--
--
Class B
Palitana
--
--
--
Class A
Patan
--
--
--
210
108
Class B
--
--
--
Visnagar
Period of wastewater
charges collection
Water Charges
--
Table 2 Extent of wastewater use for irrigation in peripheral villages of major cities of Gujarat
Sr. No.
Percentage of
wastewater
irrigated area
Ahmedabad
45
21086
9450
45
Bhavnagar
391
195
50
Bhuj
619
248
40
Gandhinagar
2251
769
34
Rajkot
16
6921
3252
47
Surat
745
70
Vadodara
19
6001
3875
65
Total
94
38014
17,859
47
Net
Wastewater
irrigated
irrigated net
area (in ha) area (in ha)
Table 3 Receipts from agricultural produce irrigated with in peripheral villages of major cities of Gujarat
Sr.
No.
Crop
Average Yield In
Receipts per
Yield in
Expenses per Ha
Freshwater
ha of produce
Quintal/
(in Rs. '1000)
Irrigated Produce
(in Rs. '1000)
Ha
Quintal/Ha
Period
187
60
600
300
9 Months
112
30
400
250
6 Months
100
25
1200
800
3.5 Months
93
15
1000
500
3.5 Months
30
500
300
12 Months
130
30
130
---
3 Months
Mint
450
120
250
---
12 Months
Rose
140
120
---
---
12 Months
100
20
250
100
2 Months
10
100
30
250
100
2.5 to 3 Months
11
BT Cotton
210
80
30
20
12 Months
12
Rabi Wheat
112
25
40
25
3 Months
13
Castor
117
40
15
8 Months
14
Kharif Groundnut
91
25
25
20
4 Months
15
Kahrif Paddy
122
30
40
25
3 Months
16
Summer Groundnut
110
40
22
---
4 Months
17
Summer Paddy
142
40
40
25
3 Months
Table 4 Annual agricultural receipts and net profits of wastewater irrigated crop in peripheral villages of major cities of Gujarat
Sr.
No.
Ahmedabad
Percentage
of net profit
50.77
61
Bhavnagar
293
1.8
1.24
69
Bhuj
371
20.7
6.3
30
Gandhinagar
1834
8.79
5.62
64
Rajkot
5453
35.3
25
71
Surat
146
1.08
0.85
79
Vadodara
5748
33.32
18.78
56
27191
184.69
108.56
59
83.7
Agriculture
receipts
(in Rs. crores)
13346
Total
Wastewater irrigated
gross area (in ha)
CONCLUSIONS
The key factors driving increasing use of wastewater are
three fold.
First set of driving factors is based on limited availability
of freshwater. There is no access to canal water;
groundwater is saline; water table has gone very deep
and/or diesel costs are too high.
The second, and more recent driver of wastewater
irrigation expansion is rapid urbanization which has
resulted in competition between irrigation needs and
municipal demand with priority being given to the later.
There is ever-growing sewage generation and its use for
irrigation turns out to be a convenient way for cities to
dispose off this otherwise unmanageable sewage.
The third set of driving factors for expansion in
wastewater irrigation is related to farmers' convictions.
Many farmers irrigate with wastewater despite having the
REFERENCES
Bhamoriya, V. 2002. Wastewater and Welfare: Pump Irrigation Economy of Peri-Urban Vadodara.2002. IWMI-Tata Water Policy
Research Program, International Water Management Institute, Annual Partners' Meet 2002.
Central for Pollution Control Board. 2009. Status of Water Supply, Wastewater Generation and Treatment in Class-I Cities and Class-II
Towns of India. 2009. Central for Pollution Control Board, ministry of Environment and Forest, India.
Centre for Science and Environment (2012). Excreta Matters, 7th Citizens' Report on the State of India's Environment Report. 20012.
Centre for Science and Environment. New Delhi. India.
Scott, C.A., Faruqui, N.I., and Rashid-Sally, L. (Eds.). 2004. Wastewater Use in Irrigated Agriculture: Confronting the Livelihood and
Environmental Realities. CAB International in association with the International Water Management Institute and the International
Development Research Centre
Winrock Foundation. 2005. Urban Wastewater: Livelihoods, Health and Environmental Impacts in India, Research Report. 20042005.Prepared by Winrock International India (WII) in association with BAIF Development Research Foundation; Institute for
Studies and Transformations (IST); Jadavpur University (JU). Submitted to Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in
Agriculture.
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